1
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Menezes F, Wasinski F, de Souza GO, Nunes AP, Bernardes ES, dos Santos SN, da Silva FFA, Peroni CN, Oliveira JE, Kopchick JJ, Brown RSE, Fernandez G, De Francesco PN, Perelló M, Soares CRJ, Donato J. The Pattern of GH Action in the Mouse Brain. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae057. [PMID: 38728240 PMCID: PMC11137758 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
GH acts in numerous organs expressing the GH receptor (GHR), including the brain. However, the mechanisms behind the brain's permeability to GH and how this hormone accesses different brain regions remain unclear. It is well-known that an acute GH administration induces phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (pSTAT5) in the mouse brain. Thus, the pattern of pSTAT5 immunoreactive cells was analyzed at different time points after IP or intracerebroventricular GH injections. After a systemic GH injection, the first cells expressing pSTAT5 were those near circumventricular organs, such as arcuate nucleus neurons adjacent to the median eminence. Both systemic and central GH injections induced a medial-to-lateral pattern of pSTAT5 immunoreactivity over time because GH-responsive cells were initially observed in periventricular areas and were progressively detected in lateral brain structures. Very few choroid plexus cells exhibited GH-induced pSTAT5. Additionally, Ghr mRNA was poorly expressed in the mouse choroid plexus. In contrast, some tanycytes lining the floor of the third ventricle expressed Ghr mRNA and exhibited GH-induced pSTAT5. The transport of radiolabeled GH into the hypothalamus did not differ between wild-type and dwarf Ghr knockout mice, indicating that GH transport into the mouse brain is GHR independent. Also, single-photon emission computed tomography confirmed that radiolabeled GH rapidly reaches the ventral part of the tuberal hypothalamus. In conclusion, our study provides novel and valuable information about the pattern and mechanisms behind GH transport into the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Menezes
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Gabriel O de Souza
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Amanda P Nunes
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Emerson S Bernardes
- Radiopharmacy Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Sofia N dos Santos
- Radiopharmacy Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Fábio F A da Silva
- Radiopharmacy Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Cibele N Peroni
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - João E Oliveira
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Rosemary S E Brown
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Gimena Fernandez
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, La Plata, BA 1900, Argentina
| | - Pablo N De Francesco
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, La Plata, BA 1900, Argentina
| | - Mario Perelló
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, La Plata, BA 1900, Argentina
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Uppsala, Uppsala 75312, Sweden
| | - Carlos R J Soares
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
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2
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Adamowski M, Sharma Y, Molcan T, Wołodko K, Kelsey G, Galvão AM. Leptin signalling regulates transcriptional differences in granulosa cells from genetically obese mice but not the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8070. [PMID: 38580672 PMCID: PMC10997671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58181-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with increased ovarian inflammation and the establishment of leptin resistance. We presently investigated the role of impaired leptin signalling on transcriptional regulation in granulosa cells (GCs) collected from genetically obese mice. Furthermore, we characterised the association between ovarian leptin signalling, the activation of the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and macrophage infiltration in obese mice. After phenotype characterisation, ovaries were collected from distinct group of animals for protein and mRNA expression analysis: (i) mice subjected to a diet-induced obesity (DIO) protocol, where one group was fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and another a standard chow diet (CD) for durations of 4 or 16 weeks; (ii) mice genetically deficient in the long isoform of the leptin receptor (ObRb; db/db); (iii) mice genetically deficient in leptin (ob/ob); and (iv) mice rendered pharmacologically hyperleptinemic (LEPT). Next, GCs from antral follicles isolated from db/db and ob/ob mice were subjected to transcriptome analysis. Transcriptional analysis revealed opposing profiles in genes associated with steroidogenesis and prostaglandin action between the genetic models, despite the similarities in body weight. Furthermore, we observed no changes in the mRNA and protein levels of NLRP3 inflammasome components in the ovaries of db/db mice or in markers of M1 and M2 macrophage infiltration. This contrasted with the downregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome components and M1 markers in ob/ob and 16-wk HFD-fed mice. We concluded that leptin signalling regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the expression of M1 markers in the ovaries of obese mice in an ObRb-dependent and ObRb-independent manner. Furthermore, we found no changes in the expression of leptin signalling and NLRP3 inflammasome genes in GCs from db/db and ob/ob mice, which was associated with no effects on macrophage infiltration genes, despite the dysregulation of genes associated with steroidogenesis in homozygous obese db/db. Our results suggest that: (i) the crosstalk between leptin signalling, NLRP3 inflammasome and macrophage infiltration takes place in ovarian components other than the GC compartment; and (ii) transcriptional changes in GCs from homozygous obese ob/ob mice suggest structural rearrangement and organisation, whereas in db/db mice the impairment in steroidogenesis and secretory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Adamowski
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Yashaswi Sharma
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tomasz Molcan
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Karolina Wołodko
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Gavin Kelsey
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - António M Galvão
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland.
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK.
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, 4 Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK.
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3
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Hao Y, Wei Z, Wang S, An P, Huang Y, Yu L, Zhu M, Yu H, Yuan F, Wang S. Inhibition of SOCS3 signaling in the nucleus tractus solitarii and retrotrapezoid nucleus alleviates hypoventilation in diet-induced obese male mice. Brain Res 2024; 1822:148608. [PMID: 37778648 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The central leptin signaling system has been found to facilitate breathing and is linked to obesity-related hypoventilation. Activation of leptin signaling in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) enhances respiratory drive. In this study, we investigated how medullary leptin signaling contributes to hypoventilation and whether respective deletion of SOCS3 in the NTS and RTN could mitigate hypoventilation in diet-induced obesity (DIO) male mice. Our findings revealed a decrease in the number of CO2-activated NTS neurons and downregulation of acid-sensing ion channels in DIO mice compared to lean control mice. Moreover, NTS leptin signaling was disrupted, as evidenced by the downregulation of phosphorylated STAT3 and the upregulation of SOCS3 in DIO mice. Importantly, deleting SOCS3 in the NTS and RTN significantly improved the diminished hypercapnic ventilatory response in DIO mice. In conclusion, our study suggests that disrupted medullary leptin signaling contributes to obesity-related hypoventilation, and inhibiting the upregulated SOCS3 in the NTS and RTN can alleviate this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinchao Hao
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China; Functional Laboratory, Experimental Center for Teaching, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ziqian Wei
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Pei An
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yifei Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Lingxiao Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Mengchu Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Hongxiao Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China.
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4
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Nakagawa T, Hosoi T. Recent progress on action and regulation of anorexigenic adipokine leptin. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1172060. [PMID: 37547309 PMCID: PMC10399691 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1172060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Organismal energy balance is controlled by inter-tissue communication mediated by the nervous system and hormones, the disruption of which causes metabolic syndrome exemplified by diabetes and obesity. Fat-storing adipose tissue, especially those located in subcutaneous white adipose tissue, secretes leptin in a proportion of fat mass, inhibiting the accumulation of organismal fat by suppressing appetite and promoting energy expenditure. With a prevalence of obesity that exhibits hyperleptinemia, most of the investigation on leptin has been focused on how it works and how it does not, which is expected to be a clue for treating obesity. In contrast, how it is synthesized, transported, and excreted, all of which are relevant to the homeostasis of blood leptin concentration, are not much understood. Of note, acute leptin reduction after hyperleptinemia in the context of obesity exhibited a beneficial effect on obesity and insulin sensitivity, indicating that manipulation of circulating leptin level may provide a therapeutic strategy. Technological advances such as "omics" analysis combined with sophisticated gene-engineered mice studies in the past decade enabled a deeper understanding of leptin's action in more detail. Here, we summarize the updated understanding of the action as well as regulation of leptin and point out the emerging direction of research on leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nakagawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Sanyo-Onoda, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Toru Hosoi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Sanyo-Onoda, Yamaguchi, Japan
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5
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Kim YC, Fattah H, Fu Y, Nespoux J, Vallon V. Expression of leptin receptor in renal tubules is sparse but implicated in leptin-dependent kidney gene expression and function. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 324:F544-F557. [PMID: 37102688 PMCID: PMC10228677 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00279.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin regulates energy balance via leptin receptors expressed in central and peripheral tissues, but little is known about leptin-sensitive kidney genes and the role of the tubular leptin receptor (Lepr) in response to a high-fat diet (HFD). Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of Lepr splice variants A, B, and C revealed a ratio of ∼100:10:1 in the mouse kidney cortex and medulla, with medullary levels being ∼10 times higher. Leptin replacement in ob/ob mice for 6 days reduced hyperphagia, hyperglycemia, and albuminuria, associated with normalization of kidney mRNA expression of molecular markers of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, amino acid synthesis, and megalin. Normalization of leptin for 7 h in ob/ob mice did not normalize hyperglycemia or albuminuria. Tubular knockdown of Lepr [Pax8-Lepr knockout (KO)] and in situ hybridization revealed a minor fraction of Lepr mRNA in tubular cells compared with endothelial cells. Nevertheless, Pax8-Lepr KO mice had lower kidney weight. Moreover, while HFD-induced hyperleptinemia, increases in kidney weight and glomerular filtration rate, and a modest blood pressure lowering effect were similar compared with controls, they showed a blunted rise in albuminuria. Use of Pax8-Lepr KO and leptin replacement in ob/ob mice identified acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase and gremlin 1 as tubular Lepr-sensitive genes that are increased and reduced by leptin, respectively. In conclusion, leptin deficiency may increase albuminuria via systemic metabolic effects that impinge on kidney megalin expression, whereas hyperleptinemia may induce albuminuria by direct tubular Lepr effects. Implications of Lepr variants and the novel tubular Lepr/acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase/gremlin 1 axis remain to be determined.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides new insights into kidney gene expression of leptin receptor splice variants, leptin-sensitive kidney gene expression, and the role of the leptin receptor in renal tubular cells for the response to diet-induced hyperleptinemia and obesity including albuminuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Chul Kim
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Hadi Fattah
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Yiling Fu
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Josselin Nespoux
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Volker Vallon
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
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6
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Gogiraju R, Witzler C, Shahneh F, Hubert A, Renner L, Bochenek ML, Zifkos K, Becker C, Thati M, Schäfer K. Deletion of endothelial leptin receptors in mice promotes diet-induced obesity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8276. [PMID: 37217565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35281-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity promotes endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial cells not only respond, but possibly actively promote the development of obesity and metabolic dysfunction. Our aim was to characterize the role of endothelial leptin receptors (LepR) for endothelial and whole body metabolism and diet-induced obesity. Mice with tamoxifen-inducible, Tie2.Cre-ERT2-mediated deletion of LepR in endothelial cells (End.LepR knockout, KO) were fed high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks. Body weight gain, serum leptin levels, visceral adiposity and adipose tissue inflammation were more pronounced in obese End.LepR-KO mice, whereas fasting serum glucose and insulin levels or the extent of hepatic steatosis did not differ. Reduced brain endothelial transcytosis of exogenous leptin, increased food intake and total energy balance were observed in End.LepR-KO mice and accompanied by brain perivascular macrophage accumulation, whereas physical activity, energy expenditure and respiratory exchange rates did not differ. Metabolic flux analysis revealed no changes in the bioenergetic profile of endothelial cells from brain or visceral adipose tissue, but higher glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration rates in those isolated from lungs. Our findings support a role for endothelial LepRs in the transport of leptin into the brain and neuronal control of food intake, and also suggest organ-specific changes in endothelial cell, but not whole-body metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajinikanth Gogiraju
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudius Witzler
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Shahneh
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Astrid Hubert
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Luisa Renner
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Magdalena L Bochenek
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Zifkos
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Becker
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Clinic Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Madhusudhan Thati
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katrin Schäfer
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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7
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Tsirigotaki A, Dansercoer A, Verschueren KHG, Marković I, Pollmann C, Hafer M, Felix J, Birck C, Van Putte W, Catteeuw D, Tavernier J, Fernando Bazan J, Piehler J, Savvides SN, Verstraete K. Mechanism of receptor assembly via the pleiotropic adipokine Leptin. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:551-563. [PMID: 36959263 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-00941-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The adipokine Leptin activates its receptor LEP-R in the hypothalamus to regulate body weight and exerts additional pleiotropic functions in immunity, fertility and cancer. However, the structure and mechanism of Leptin-mediated LEP-R assemblies has remained unclear. Intriguingly, the signaling-competent isoform of LEP-R is only lowly abundant amid several inactive short LEP-R isoforms contributing to a mechanistic conundrum. Here we show by X-ray crystallography and cryo-EM that, in contrast to long-standing paradigms, Leptin induces type I cytokine receptor assemblies featuring 3:3 stoichiometry and demonstrate such Leptin-induced trimerization of LEP-R on living cells via single-molecule microscopy. In mediating these assemblies, Leptin undergoes drastic restructuring that activates its site III for binding to the Ig domain of an adjacent LEP-R. These interactions are abolished by mutations linked to obesity. Collectively, our study provides the structural and mechanistic framework for how evolutionarily conserved Leptin:LEP-R assemblies with 3:3 stoichiometry can engage distinct LEP-R isoforms to achieve signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tsirigotaki
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ann Dansercoer
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen H G Verschueren
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Iva Marković
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christoph Pollmann
- Department of Biology/Chemistry and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Maximillian Hafer
- Department of Biology/Chemistry and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jan Felix
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Catherine Birck
- Integrated Structural Biology Platform, Centre for Integrative Biology (CBI), Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U1258, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Dominiek Catteeuw
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Orionis Biosciences, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Fernando Bazan
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- ħ Bioconsulting llc, Stillwater, MN, USA
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Department of Biology/Chemistry and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Savvas N Savvides
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kenneth Verstraete
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.
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8
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Li X, Fu X, Li H, Gao Y, Wang W, Shen Y. Leptin differentially regulate cell apoptosis and cycle by histone acetylation in tibial and vertebral epiphyseal plates. Cell Biol Int 2023; 47:660-668. [PMID: 36453460 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Leptin showed different apoptosis regulation effects on the chondrocytes from tibial and vertebral epiphyseal plates. However, the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we tested the protein profile of tibial and vertebral epiphyseal plate chondrocytes with and without leptin stimulation by mass spectrometry and found that the histone acetylation level of tibial chondrocytes was decreased after leptin treatment, while increased in vertebral epiphyseal plates. COIP assay showed that leptin promoted H3, H4 histone acetylation by recruiting CREB binding protein (CBP)/P300 to activate histone acetyl transferases (HATs) activity in vertebral disc chondrocytes. But in tibial plate cartilage cells, leptin did not recruit CBP and p300, thus differently affect the apoptosis of epiphyseal plate chondrocytes. Through explored the mechanism of histone acetylation modulated by leptin, and its effect on cartilage cell apoptosis and cell cycle regulation, This provides a novel target therapy possibility therapeutic approach to for the related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomiao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjian Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weili Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Recent Advances in the Knowledge of the Mechanisms of Leptin Physiology and Actions in Neurological and Metabolic Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021422. [PMID: 36674935 PMCID: PMC9860943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess body weight is frequently associated with low-grade inflammation. Evidence indicates a relationship between obesity and cancer, as well as with other diseases, such as diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, in which inflammation and the actions of various adipokines play a role in the pathological mechanisms involved in these disorders. Leptin is mainly produced by adipose tissue in proportion to fat stores, but it is also synthesized in other organs, where leptin receptors are expressed. This hormone performs numerous actions in the brain, mainly related to the control of energy homeostasis. It is also involved in neurogenesis and neuroprotection, and central leptin resistance is related to some neurological disorders, e.g., Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. In peripheral tissues, leptin is implicated in the regulation of metabolism, as well as of bone density and muscle mass. All these actions can be affected by changes in leptin levels and the mechanisms associated with resistance to this hormone. This review will present recent advances in the molecular mechanisms of leptin action and their underlying roles in pathological situations, which may be of interest for revealing new approaches for the treatment of diseases where the actions of this adipokine might be compromised.
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10
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Guo Z, Yang H, Zhang JR, Zeng W, Hu X. Leptin receptor signaling sustains metabolic fitness of alveolar macrophages to attenuate pulmonary inflammation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo3064. [PMID: 35857512 PMCID: PMC9286500 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo3064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are critical mediators of pulmonary inflammation. Given the unique lung tissue environment, whether there exist AM-specific mechanisms that control inflammation is not known. Here, we found that among various tissue-resident macrophage populations, AMs specifically expressed Lepr, encoding receptor for a key metabolic hormone leptin. AM-intrinsic Lepr signaling attenuated pulmonary inflammation in vivo, manifested as subdued acute lung injury yet compromised host defense against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Lepr signaling protected AMs from necroptosis and thus constrained neutrophil recruitment and tissue damage secondary to release of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1α. Mechanistically, Lepr signaling sustained activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase in a Ca2+ influx-dependent manner and rewired cellular metabolism, thus preventing excessive lipid droplet formation and overloaded metabolic stress in a lipid-rich alveolar microenvironment. In conclusion, our results defined AM-expressed Lepr as a metabolic checkpoint of pulmonary inflammation and exemplified a macrophage tissue adaptation strategy for maintenance of immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Guo
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haoqi Yang
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing-Ren Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenwen Zeng
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing 100084, China
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11
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Butiaeva LI, Slutzki T, Swick HE, Bourguignon C, Robins SC, Liu X, Storch KF, Kokoeva MV. Leptin receptor-expressing pericytes mediate access of hypothalamic feeding centers to circulating leptin. Cell Metab 2021; 33:1433-1448.e5. [PMID: 34129812 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of how leptin receptor (LepR) neurons of the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) access circulating leptin is still rudimentary. Employing intravital microscopy, we found that almost half of the blood-vessel-enwrapping pericytes in the MBH express LepR. Selective disruption of pericytic LepR led to increased food intake, increased fat mass, and loss of leptin-dependent signaling in nearby LepR neurons. When delivered intravenously, fluorescently tagged leptin accumulated at hypothalamic LepR pericytes, which was attenuated upon pericyte-specific LepR loss. Because a paracellular tracer was also preferentially retained at LepR pericytes, we pharmacologically targeted regulators of inter-endothelial junction tightness and found that they affect LepR neuronal signaling and food intake. Optical imaging in MBH slices revealed a long-lasting, tonic calcium increase in LepR pericytes in response to leptin, suggesting pericytic contraction and vessel constriction. Together, our data indicate that LepR pericytes facilitate localized, paracellular blood-brain barrier leaks, enabling MBH LepR neurons to access circulating leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliia I Butiaeva
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC H4A 3J1, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Tal Slutzki
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC H4A 3J1, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Hannah E Swick
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC H4A 3J1, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Clément Bourguignon
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC H4H 1R3, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Sarah C Robins
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Kai-Florian Storch
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Maia V Kokoeva
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
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12
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Pereira S, Cline DL, Glavas MM, Covey SD, Kieffer TJ. Tissue-Specific Effects of Leptin on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:1-28. [PMID: 33150398 PMCID: PMC7846142 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of leptin was intrinsically associated with its ability to regulate body weight. However, the effects of leptin are more far-reaching and include profound glucose-lowering and anti-lipogenic effects, independent of leptin's regulation of body weight. Regulation of glucose metabolism by leptin is mediated both centrally and via peripheral tissues and is influenced by the activation status of insulin signaling pathways. Ectopic fat accumulation is diminished by both central and peripheral leptin, an effect that is beneficial in obesity-associated disorders. The magnitude of leptin action depends upon the tissue, sex, and context being examined. Peripheral tissues that are of particular relevance include the endocrine pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissues, immune cells, and the cardiovascular system. As a result of its potent metabolic activity, leptin is used to control hyperglycemia in patients with lipodystrophy and is being explored as an adjunct to insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes. To fully understand the role of leptin in physiology and to maximize its therapeutic potential, the mechanisms of leptin action in these tissues needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pereira
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Daemon L Cline
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Maria M Glavas
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Scott D Covey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Timothy J Kieffer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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13
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Srinivasan G, Parida S, Pavithra S, Panigrahi M, Sahoo M, Singh TU, Madhu CL, Manickam K, Shyamkumar TS, Kumar D, Mishra SK. Leptin receptor stimulation in late pregnant mouse uterine tissue inhibits spontaneous contractions by increasing NO and cGMP. Cytokine 2020; 137:155341. [PMID: 33128919 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The adipokine, leptin exerts inhibitory effect on both spontaneous and oxytocin-induced contractions in myometrium. However, the mechanisms involved in leptin-induced effect are not clear. In the present study, we studied the altered characteristics of uterine contractions in the presence of leptin and the possible mechanisms of its effect in late pregnant (18.5 day) mouse uterus. We conducted functional, biochemical and molecular biology studies to demonstrate the mechanism of leptin-induced response. Leptin exerted an inhibitory response (Emax 40.5 ± 3.99%) on basal uterine contractions. The extent of inhibition was less than that obtained with known uterine relaxants, salbutamol (Emax103 ± 8.66%) and BRL-37344 (Emax 84.79 ± 8.12%). Leptin-induced uterine response was inhibited by leptin receptor antagonist SHLA and JAK-STAT pathway inhibitor, AG-490. The relaxant response was also subdued by NO-cGMP-PK-G pathway blockers L-NAME, 1400W, ODQ and KT-5823. Further, leptin enhanced the levels of NO and cGMP in uterine tissues. Also, SHLA, AG-490 and a combination of 1400 W and L-NAME prevented leptin-induced increase in NO. Similar effect was observed on cGMP levels in presence of leptin and SHLA. However, leptin did not influence CaCl2-induced response in potassium-depolarized tissues. We also detected leptin receptor protein in late pregnant mouse uterus located in endometrial luminal epithelium and myometrial layers. Real-time PCR studies revealed significantly higher expression of short forms of the receptor (ObRa and ObRc) in comparison to the long form (ObRb). In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that leptin inhibits mouse uterine contraction by stimulating short forms of the leptin receptors and activating NO pathway in a JAK-STAT-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Srinivasan
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Subhashree Parida
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India.
| | - S Pavithra
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Manjit Panigrahi
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Monalisa Sahoo
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Thakur Uttam Singh
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - C L Madhu
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Kesavan Manickam
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - T S Shyamkumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Santosh K Mishra
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
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14
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Modulation of Leptin and Leptin Receptor Expression in Mice Acutely Infected with Neospora caninum. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070587. [PMID: 32709166 PMCID: PMC7399848 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite that in cattle assumes particular importance, as it is responsible for abortions reported worldwide. Leptin is an adipokine mainly secreted by adipocytes, which beside its role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis also has important effects in both innate and adaptive immunity. In previous work, we showed that mice chronically infected with N. caninum had elevated serum leptin levels. Here, we sought to assess whether acute infection with N. caninum infection influenced the production of this adipokine as well as leptin receptor mRNA levels. Our results show that acute infection with N. caninum led to decreased leptin serum levels and mRNA expression in adipose tissue. A decrease in leptin receptor transcript variant 1 mRNA (long isoform) and leptin receptor transcript variant 3 mRNA (one of the short isoforms) expression was also observed. An increase in the number of cells staining positive for leptin in the liver of infected mice was observed, although this increase was less marked in Interleukin (IL)-12/IL-23 p40-deficient mice. Overall, our results show that N. caninum infection also influences leptin production during acute infection.
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15
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Friedman-Einat M, Seroussi E. Avian Leptin: Bird's-Eye View of the Evolution of Vertebrate Energy-Balance Control. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:819-832. [PMID: 31699239 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Discovery of the satiety hormone leptin in 1994 and its characterization in mammals provided a key tool to deciphering the complex mechanism governing adipose tissue regulation of appetite and energy expenditure. Surprisingly, despite the perfectly logical notion of an energy-storing tissue announcing the amount of fat stores using leptin signaling, alternate mechanisms were chosen in bird evolution. This conclusion emerged based on the recent discovery and characterization of genuine avian leptin - after it had been assumed missing by some, and erroneously identified by others. Critical evaluation of the past and present indications of the role of leptin in Aves provides a new perspective on the evolution of energy-balance control in vertebrates; proposing a regulation strategy alternative to the adipostat mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Friedman-Einat
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeTsiyon, Israel.
| | - Eyal Seroussi
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeTsiyon, Israel
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16
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Monteiro L, Pereira JADS, Palhinha L, Moraes‐Vieira PMM. Leptin in the regulation of the immunometabolism of adipose tissue‐macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:703-716. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr1218-478r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lauar Monteiro
- Laboratory of ImmunometabolismDepartment of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of BiologyUniversity of Campinas Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Jéssica Aparecida da Silva Pereira
- Laboratory of ImmunometabolismDepartment of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of BiologyUniversity of Campinas Sao Paulo Brazil
- Department of ImmunologyInstitute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Lohanna Palhinha
- Laboratory of ImmunopharmacologyOswaldo Cruz InstituteOswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ) Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Pedro Manoel M. Moraes‐Vieira
- Laboratory of ImmunometabolismDepartment of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of BiologyUniversity of Campinas Sao Paulo Brazil
- Department of ImmunologyInstitute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
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17
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Pereira S, O'Dwyer SM, Webber TD, Baker RK, So V, Ellis CE, Yoon JS, Mojibian M, Glavas MM, Karunakaran S, Clee SM, Covey SD, Kieffer TJ. Metabolic effects of leptin receptor knockdown or reconstitution in adipose tissues. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3307. [PMID: 30824713 PMCID: PMC6397253 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39498-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The relative contribution of peripheral and central leptin signalling to the regulation of metabolism and the mechanisms through which leptin affects glucose homeostasis have not been fully elucidated. We generated complementary lines of mice with either leptin receptor (Lepr) knockdown or reconstitution in adipose tissues using Cre-lox methodology. Lepr knockdown mice were modestly lighter and had lower plasma insulin concentrations following an oral glucose challenge compared to controls, despite similar insulin sensitivity. We rendered male mice diabetic using streptozotocin (STZ) and found that upon prolonged leptin therapy, Lepr knockdown mice had an accelerated decrease in blood glucose compared to controls that was associated with higher plasma concentrations of leptin and leptin receptor. Mice with transcriptional blockade of Lepr (LeprloxTB/loxTB) were obese and hyperglycemic and reconstitution of Lepr in adipose tissues of LeprloxTB/loxTB mice resulted in males reaching a higher maximal body weight. Although mice with adipose tissue Lepr reconstitution had lower blood glucose levels at several ages, their plasma insulin concentrations during an oral glucose test were elevated. Thus, attenuation or restoration of Lepr in adipocytes alters the plasma insulin profile following glucose ingestion, modifies the glucose-lowering effect of prolonged leptin therapy in insulin-deficient diabetes, and may modulate weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pereira
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shannon M O'Dwyer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Travis D Webber
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Robert K Baker
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Victor So
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cara E Ellis
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ji Soo Yoon
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Majid Mojibian
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Maria M Glavas
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Subashini Karunakaran
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Susanne M Clee
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Scott D Covey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Timothy J Kieffer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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18
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Mercati F, Dall'Aglio C, Timperi L, Scocco P, De Felice E, Maranesi M. Epithelial expression of the hormone leptin by bovine skin. Eur J Histochem 2019; 63. [PMID: 30652436 PMCID: PMC6340309 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2019.2993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin (Lep) stimulates keratinocytes to proliferate, intervenes in the wound healing and participates to hair follicle morphogenesis and cycle. While it is secreted by skin structures including epidermis and hair follicles, intradermal adipose tissue also seems to have a role in Lep secretion and accordingly in the control of hair follicle growth in mice and humans. Lep was investigated in the skin of humans and laboratory animals but there are not data regarding bovine species. The aim of this work was to study the expression of Lep and its receptor (LepR) in the skin of bovine and, at the same time, to investigate the presence and extension of intradermal adipose tissue. A morphological evaluation of the skin was performed while the presence and localization of Lep and LepR were analyzed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. A high and thick dermis without adipocytes was observed. Hair follicles and sebaceous and sweat glands were located in the proximal part of the skin while a thick layer of connective tissue, lacking adipose cells, separated these structures by subcutis. RT-PCR evidenced the transcripts for both molecules. By immunohistochemistry, Lep and LepR were observed in the epidermis and hair follicles. Based on the absence of intradermal adipose tissue and the presence of both Lep and LepR in the epidermis and in the hair follicle epithelium, it can be posited that in bovine skin Lep participates to the control of epidermis growth and hair follicle cycle through a paracrine and autocrine mechanisms.
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19
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Dam J. [Traffic and signalisation of the leptin receptor]. Biol Aujourdhui 2018; 212:35-43. [PMID: 30362454 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2018020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Receptors are the master regulators conveying the information provided by the hormone from the extracellular environment to the intracellular milieu. As a result, the level of receptors at the cell surface can determine the signaling strength. Regulation of receptor trafficking to the cell surface or receptor retention processes in intracellular compartments are key mechanisms for leptin receptor (ObR) activity. An alteration of these mechanisms leads to the development of obesity. However, the canonical mechanism of plasma membrane receptors activation is challenged by the discovery that intracellular receptors also have their own signaling activity inside specific intracellular compartments. These intracellular receptors can trigger signaling that regulates a particular function, different from, or in continuity with, surface receptor signaling. We will address both these aspects by focusing particularly on the case of the leptin receptor (ObR), i.e., i) the regulation of its level of exposure to the cell surface and its impact on the development of obesity, and ii) the discovery of its location and signaling in some intracellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Dam
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France
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20
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Chakraborty TR, Gomez V, Adhikari D, Chakraborty S. The Synergism in Hormonal and Cellular Changes in Male Mice on Long Term High Fat Exposure. J Am Coll Nutr 2018. [PMID: 29533142 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2017.1412276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the hormonal changes that occur as a result of the long-term intake of a very-high-fat diet (VHFD) that leads to simultaneous changes in the islets of Langerhans and adipocyte cell size. METHODS Male mice were fed with a normal chow diet (ND, n = 15) and a VHFD (n = 30) for 2, 12, and 24 weeks. Body weight, food intake, caloric intake (fat [saturated and unsaturated], protein, and carbohydrate), hormone levels (leptin and insulin), and islet of Langerhans/adipocyte size were quantitatively recorded. RESULTS In VHFD-fed animals, body weight showed a significant percent increase within the first 12 weeks and then plateaued with time. VHFD-fed animals consumed significantly less food than ND at all time periods, indicating that it was the quality of food and not the quantity that caused this increase in body weight. Male mice on VHFD showed a significant increase in leptin and insulin levels, along with accompanying growth in islet and adipocyte size within the first 12 weeks, which plateaued as the mice aged. The increases in the islet and adipocyte size in VHFD-fed animals were similar to the analogous increases in hormonal levels (2 vs. 12 vs. 24 weeks). These results, therefore, suggest that in diet-induced obesity changes, shifts in hormonal levels works hand-in-hand with metabolic adjustments at the cellular level to combat the effect of fat. CONCLUSION Thus, mechanisms like hormonal resistance, changes in adiposity, islet size, and caloric intake with prolonged exposure to high fat are probably defensive mechanisms employed to protect against diabetes. In order to understand these complicated and nuanced effects of high fat and to comprehend the underlying mechanism associated with it, it is important to focus on long-term studies that emphasize the synergy between cellular and hormonal changes, in addition to an analysis of individual components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tandra R Chakraborty
- a Department of Biology , Adelphi University , Garden City, New York , New York , USA
| | - Victoria Gomez
- a Department of Biology , Adelphi University , Garden City, New York , New York , USA
| | | | - Sanjoy Chakraborty
- c Department of Biological Sciences , New York City College of Technology / CUNY , New York , New York , USA
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21
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Alternative mRNA Splicing in the Pathogenesis of Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020632. [PMID: 29473878 PMCID: PMC5855854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative mRNA splicing is an important mechanism in expansion of proteome diversity by production of multiple protein isoforms. However, emerging evidence indicates that only a limited number of annotated protein isoforms by alternative splicing are detected, and the coding sequence of alternative splice variants usually is only slightly different from that of the canonical sequence. Nevertheless, mis-splicing is associated with a large array of human diseases. Previous reviews mainly focused on hereditary and somatic mutations in cis-acting RNA sequence elements and trans-acting splicing factors. The importance of environmental perturbations contributed to mis-splicing is not assessed. As significant changes in exon skipping and splicing factors expression levels are observed with diet-induced obesity, this review focuses on several well-known alternatively spliced metabolic factors and discusses recent advances in the regulation of the expressions of splice variants under the pathophysiological conditions of obesity. The potential of targeting the alternative mRNA mis-splicing for obesity-associated diseases therapies will also be discussed.
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22
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Di Spiezio A, Sandin ES, Dore R, Müller-Fielitz H, Storck SE, Bernau M, Mier W, Oster H, Jöhren O, Pietrzik CU, Lehnert H, Schwaninger M. The LepR-mediated leptin transport across brain barriers controls food reward. Mol Metab 2018; 8:13-22. [PMID: 29254602 PMCID: PMC5985039 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leptin is a key hormone in the control of appetite and body weight. Predominantly produced by white adipose tissue, it acts on the brain to inhibit homeostatic feeding and food reward. Leptin has free access to circumventricular organs, such as the median eminence, but entry into other brain centers is restricted by the blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers. So far, it is unknown for which of its central effects leptin has to penetrate brain barriers. In addition, the mechanisms mediating the transport across barriers are unclear although high expression in brain barriers suggests an important role of the leptin receptor (LepR). METHODS We selectively deleted LepR in brain endothelial and epithelial cells of mice (LepRbeKO). The expression of LepR in fenestrated vessels of the periphery and the median eminence as well as in tanycytes was not affected. RESULTS Perfusion studies showed that leptin uptake by the brain depended on LepR in brain barriers. When being fed with a rewarding high-fat diet LepRbeKO mice gained more body weight than controls. The aggravated obesity of LepRbeKO mice was due to hyperphagia and a higher sensitivity to food reward. CONCLUSIONS The LepR-mediated transport of leptin across brain barriers in endothelial cells lining microvessels and in epithelial cells of the choroid plexus controls food reward but is apparently not involved in homeostatic control of feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Di Spiezio
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Elvira Sonia Sandin
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Riccardo Dore
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Helge Müller-Fielitz
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Steffen E Storck
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mareike Bernau
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Walter Mier
- Department of Radiochemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Henrik Oster
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Olaf Jöhren
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Claus U Pietrzik
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany.
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Yuan X, Caron A, Wu H, Gautron L. Leptin Receptor Expression in Mouse Intracranial Perivascular Cells. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:4. [PMID: 29410615 PMCID: PMC5787097 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Past studies have suggested that non-neuronal brain cells express the leptin receptor. However, the identity and distribution of these leptin receptor-expressing non-neuronal brain cells remain debated. This study assessed the distribution of the long form of the leptin receptor (LepRb) in non-neuronal brain cells using a reporter mouse model in which LepRb-expressing cells are permanently marked by tdTomato fluorescent protein (LepRb-CretdTomato). Double immunohistochemistry revealed that, in agreement with the literature, the vast majority of tdTomato-tagged cells across the mouse brain were neurons (i.e., based on immunoreactivity for NeuN). Non-neuronal structures also contained tdTomato-positive cells, including the choroid plexus and the perivascular space of the meninges and, to a lesser extent, the brain. Based on morphological criteria and immunohistochemistry, perivascular cells were deduced to be mainly pericytes. Notably, tdTomato-positive cells were immunoreactive for vitronectin and platelet derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFBR). In situ hybridization studies confirmed that most tdTomato-tagged perivascular cells were enriched in leptin receptor mRNA (all isoforms). Using qPCR studies, we confirmed that the mouse meninges were enriched in Leprb and, to a greater extent, the short isoforms of the leptin receptor. Interestingly, qPCR studies further demonstrated significantly altered expression for Vtn and Pdgfrb in the meninges and hypothalamus of LepRb-deficient mice. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the only intracranial non-neuronal cells that express LepRb in the adult mouse are cells that form the blood-brain barrier, including, most notably, meningeal perivascular cells. Our data suggest that pericytic leptin signaling plays a role in the integrity of the intracranial perivascular space and, consequently, may provide a link between obesity and numerous brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Yuan
- Division of Hypothalamic Research and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Division of Hypothalamic Research and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Hua Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Laurent Gautron
- Division of Hypothalamic Research and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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24
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Swarnalatha NB, Roy N, Gouda MM, Moger R, Abraham A. High-fat, simple-carbohydrate diet intake induces hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis dysregulation in C57BL/6J male mice. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 43:371-380. [PMID: 29099999 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Given the association between subclinical hypothyroidism and metabolic syndrome, we wanted to explore if high-fat, simple-carbohydrate (HFSC) diet affects hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. One-month-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed with control (C) and HFSC (T) feed (n = 18 each), respectively, for 5 months. There was a significant increase in triiodothyronine in the T group (13.5%) compared with the age-matched C group by the fifth month. Thyroid-stimulating hormone was significantly higher (1 month: 1.9-fold; 3 months: 2.66-fold; 5 months: 3.5-fold) from the first to fifth months in the T group compared with age-matched C group. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) gene expression showed significant decrease (1 month: 83.2%; 5 months: 40.7%) in the T group compared with the age-matched C group. TRHR1 showed significant decrease in the T group compared with the age-matched C group throughout the study (1 month: 82.8%; 3 months: 45.7%; 5 months: 75.2%). However, TRHR2 showed dynamic change during the study. Initially there was significant (1 month: 0.104-fold) downregulation, followed by significant upregulation (3 months: 3.6-fold) and downregulation (0.73-fold) by the fifth month in the T group compared with the age-matched C group. There was marked depletion of functional follicular cells and colloid substance in the thyroid glands of the T group by the fifth month compared with the C group. Leptin receptors ObRa (1 month: 48.25%; 5 months: 88%) and ObRb (1 month: 46.9%; 5 months: 63.3%) were significantly downregulated in the T group compared with the age-matched C group in the first and fifth months of feeding the respective diets. The expression of p-STAT3, a transcription factor known to have a role in energy balance, intermediate metabolism, and leptin signalling was seen to decrease significantly (6.25-fold) in the hypothalamus of the T group compared with the age-matched C group. In conclusion, HFSC feed disrupts the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in male C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraj Banavara Swarnalatha
- a Father George Albuquerque Pai Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Postgraduate Studies and Research in Biotechnology, St Aloysius College (Autonomous), Mangaluru-575003, India.,b PG Department of Biochemistry, St Aloysius College (Autonomous), Mangaluru-575003, India
| | - Neena Roy
- a Father George Albuquerque Pai Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Postgraduate Studies and Research in Biotechnology, St Aloysius College (Autonomous), Mangaluru-575003, India
| | | | - Rajeish Moger
- d Department Fisheries Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Mangaluru-575002, India
| | - Asha Abraham
- a Father George Albuquerque Pai Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Postgraduate Studies and Research in Biotechnology, St Aloysius College (Autonomous), Mangaluru-575003, India
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25
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Ramos-Lobo AM, Donato J. The role of leptin in health and disease. Temperature (Austin) 2017; 4:258-291. [PMID: 28944270 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2017.1327003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a master regulator of energy balance and body adiposity. Additionally, leptin exerts important control on glucose homeostasis, thermogenesis, autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine axes. In metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes mellitus, leptin signaling may be compromised, indicating the important role of this hormone in the etiology and pathophysiological manifestations of these conditions. In the present manuscript, we reviewed important concepts of leptin signaling, as well as about the effects of leptin on several biologic functions. We also discussed the possible therapeutic use of leptin administration and how our current obesogenic environment contributes to the development of leptin resistance. Our objective was to provide a comprehensive and state-of-the-art review about the importance of leptin to maintain the homeostasis and during pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Ramos-Lobo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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26
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Dey A, Hao S, Wosiski-Kuhn M, Stranahan AM. Glucocorticoid-mediated activation of GSK3β promotes tau phosphorylation and impairs memory in type 2 diabetes. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 57:75-83. [PMID: 28609678 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Hyperphosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein tau has been reported in rodent models of diabetes, including db/db mice, which exhibit insulin resistance and chronically elevated glucocorticoids due to leptin receptor insufficiency. In this report, we investigated endocrine mechanisms for hippocampal tau phosphorylation in db/db and wild-type mice. By separately manipulating peripheral and intrahippocampal corticosterone levels, we determined that hippocampal corticosteroid exposure promotes tau phosphorylation and activates glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β). Subsequent experiments in hippocampal slice preparations revealed evidence for a nongenomic interaction between glucocorticoids and GSK3β. To examine whether GSK3β activation mediates tau phosphorylation and impairs memory in diabetes, db/db and wild-type mice received intrahippocampal infusions of TDZD-8, a non-ATP competitive thiadiazolidinone inhibitor of GSK3β. Intrahippocampal TDZD-8 blocked tau hyperphosphorylation and normalized hippocampus-dependent memory in db/db mice, suggesting that pathological synergy between diabetes and Alzheimer's disease may involve glucocorticoid-mediated activation of GSK3β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Dey
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Shuai Hao
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Marlena Wosiski-Kuhn
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Alexis M Stranahan
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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27
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Yam KY, Naninck EFG, Abbink MR, la Fleur SE, Schipper L, van den Beukel JC, Grefhorst A, Oosting A, van der Beek EM, Lucassen PJ, Korosi A. Exposure to chronic early-life stress lastingly alters the adipose tissue, the leptin system and changes the vulnerability to western-style diet later in life in mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 77:186-195. [PMID: 28088658 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Early-life stress (ES) increases the vulnerability to develop psychopathologies and cognitive decline in adulthood. Interestingly, this is often comorbid with metabolic disorders, such as obesity. However, it is unclear whether ES leads to lasting metabolic changes and to what extent this is associated with the ES-induced cognitive impairments. Here, we used an established chronic ES mouse model (from postnatal day (P) 2 to P9) to investigate the short- and long-term effects of ES exposure on parameters of the adipose tissue and the leptin system (i.e. circulating levels and gene expression of leptin and its receptor) in both sexes. Immediately following ES, the offspring exhibited reductions in white adipose tissue (WAT) mass, plasma leptin levels and in leptin mRNA expression in WAT. Furthermore, ES exposure led to increased brown adipose tissue and browning of WAT, which was evident by a drastic increase in uncoupling protein 1 mRNA expression in the inguinal WAT at P9. Notably, the ES-induced reductions in WAT mass, plasma leptin and leptin expression in WAT were sustained into adulthood and were accompanied by changes in body fat distribution, such as a higher ratio between mesenteric WAT and other WATs. Interestingly, while ES exposure increased leptin receptor mRNA expression in the choroid plexus, it was unaltered in the hippocampus. This suggests an adaptation to maintain central leptin homeostasis following ES exposure. In addition, chronic ES exposure resulted in the well-established cognitive impairment in object recognition performance during adulthood, which correlated positively with reductions in WAT mass observed in male, but not in female mice. Finally, to assess if ES leads to a different metabolic phenotype in a moderate obesogenic environment, we measured body fat accumulation of control and ES-exposed mice in response to a moderate western-style diet (WSD) that was provided during adulthood. ES-exposed mice subjected to WSD exhibit a higher increase in adiposity when compared to controls, suggesting that ES exposure might result in a higher vulnerability to develop obesity in a moderate obesogenic environment. To conclude, chronic ES exposure alters parameters of the adipose tissue, leads to central adaptations in leptin regulation and results in higher fat accumulations when exposed to a WSD challenge later in life. A better understanding of these metabolic effects induced by ES might open up new avenues for therapeutic (e.g. nutritional) interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Yam
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E F G Naninck
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M R Abbink
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S E la Fleur
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Schipper
- Nutricia Research-Danone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - A Grefhorst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Oosting
- Nutricia Research-Danone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E M van der Beek
- Nutricia Research-Danone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P J Lucassen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Korosi
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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28
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Londraville RL, Prokop JW, Duff RJ, Liu Q, Tuttle M. On the Molecular Evolution of Leptin, Leptin Receptor, and Endospanin. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:58. [PMID: 28443063 PMCID: PMC5385356 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over a decade passed between Friedman's discovery of the mammalian leptin gene (1) and its cloning in fish (2) and amphibians (3). Since 2005, the concept of gene synteny conservation (vs. gene sequence homology) was instrumental in identifying leptin genes in dozens of species, and we now have leptin genes from all major classes of vertebrates. This database of LEP (leptin), LEPR (leptin receptor), and LEPROT (endospanin) genes has allowed protein structure modeling, stoichiometry predictions, and even functional predictions of leptin function for most vertebrate classes. Here, we apply functional genomics to model hundreds of LEP, LEPR, and LEPROT proteins from both vertebrates and invertebrates. We identify conserved structural motifs in each of the three leptin signaling proteins and demonstrate Drosophila Dome protein's conservation with vertebrate leptin receptors. We model endospanin structure for the first time and identify endospanin paralogs in invertebrate genomes. Finally, we argue that leptin is not an adipostat in fishes and discuss emerging knockout models in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lyle Londraville
- Program in Integrative Bioscience, Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
- *Correspondence: Richard Lyle Londraville,
| | | | - Robert Joel Duff
- Program in Integrative Bioscience, Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Program in Integrative Bioscience, Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Matthew Tuttle
- Program in Integrative Bioscience, Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
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29
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Wauman J, Zabeau L, Tavernier J. The Leptin Receptor Complex: Heavier Than Expected? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:30. [PMID: 28270795 PMCID: PMC5318964 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Under normal physiological conditions, leptin and the leptin receptor (ObR) regulate the body weight by balancing food intake and energy expenditure. However, this adipocyte-derived hormone also directs peripheral processes, including immunity, reproduction, and bone metabolism. Leptin, therefore, can act as a metabolic switch connecting the body's nutritional status to high energy consuming processes. We provide an extensive overview of current structural insights on the leptin-ObR interface and ObR activation, coupling to signaling pathways and their negative regulation, and leptin functioning under normal and pathophysiological conditions (obesity, autoimmunity, cancer, … ). We also discuss possible cross-talk with other receptor systems on the receptor (extracellular) and signaling cascade (intracellular) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Wauman
- Cytokine Receptor Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lennart Zabeau
- Cytokine Receptor Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- Cytokine Receptor Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Jan Tavernier,
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30
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Astragaloside IV improves lipid metabolism in obese mice by alleviation of leptin resistance and regulation of thermogenic network. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30190. [PMID: 27444146 PMCID: PMC4957129 DOI: 10.1038/srep30190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide threat to public health in modern society, which may result from leptin resistance and disorder of thermogenesis. The present study investigated whether astragaloside IV (ASI) could prevent obesity in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed and db/db mice. In HFD-fed mice, ASI prevented body weight gain, lowered serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels, mitigated liver lipid accumulation, reduced fat tissues and decreased the enlargement of adipose cells. In metabolic chambers, ASI lessened appetite of the mice, decreased their respiratory exchange ratio and elevated VCO2 and VO2 without altering circadian motor activity. Moreover, ASI modulated thermogenesis associated gene expressions in liver and brawn fat tissues, as well as leptin resistance evidenced by altered expressions of leptin, leptin receptor (ObR) or appetite associated genes. In SH-SY5Y cells, ASI enhanced leptin signaling transduction. However, in db/db mice, ASI did not change body weight gain and appetite associated genes. But it decreased serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels as well as liver triglyceride. Meanwhile, it significantly modulated gene expressions of PPARα, PGC1-α, UCP2, ACC, SCD1, LPL, AP2, CD36 and SREBP-1c. Collectively, our study suggested that ASI could efficiently improve lipid metabolism in obese mice probably through enhancing leptin sensitivity and modulating thermogenic network.
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31
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Leptin Receptor Metabolism Disorder in Primary Chondrocytes from Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Girls. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071160. [PMID: 27447624 PMCID: PMC4964532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the underlying mechanisms of low metabolic activity of primary chondrocytes obtained from girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS); AIS is a spine-deforming disease that often occurs in girls. AIS is associated with a lower bone mass than that of healthy individuals and osteopenia. Leptin was shown to play an important role in bone growth. It can also regulate the function of chondrocytes. Changes in leptin and Ob-R levels in AIS patients have been reported in several studies. The underlying mechanisms between the dysfunction of peripheral leptin signaling and abnormal chondrocytes remain unclear; The following parameters were evaluated in AIS patients and the control groups: total serum leptin levels; Ob-R expression in the plasma membrane of primary chondrocytes; JAK2 and STAT3 phosphorylation status. Then, we inhibited the lysosome and proteasome and knocked down clathrin heavy chain (CHC) expression in primary chondrocytes isolated from girls with AIS and evaluated Ob-R expression. We investigated the effects of leptin combined with a lysosome inhibitor or CHC knockdown in primary chondrocytes obtained from AIS patients; Compared with the controls, AIS patients showed similar total serum leptin levels, reduced JAK2 and STAT3 phosphorylation, and decreased cartilage matrix synthesis in the facet joint. Lower metabolic activity and lower membrane expression of Ob-R were observed in primary chondrocytes from the AIS group than in the controls. Lysosome inhibition increased the total Ob-R content but had no effect on the membrane expression of Ob-R or leptin’s effects on AIS primary chondrocytes. CHC knockdown upregulated the membrane Ob-R levels and enhanced leptin’s effects on AIS primary chondrocytes; The underlying mechanism of chondrocytes that are hyposensitive to leptin in some girls with AIS is low plasma membrane Ob-R expression that results from an imbalance between the rate of receptor endocytosis and the insertion of newly synthesized receptors into the membrane.
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32
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Shpakov AO. The brain leptin signaling system and its functional state in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093016030017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gonzalez-Carter D, Goode AE, Fiammengo R, Dunlop IE, Dexter DT, Porter AE. Inhibition of Leptin-ObR Interaction Does not Prevent Leptin Translocation Across a Human Blood-Brain Barrier Model. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28. [PMID: 27037668 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin regulates appetite and energy homeostasis through the activation of leptin receptors (ObR) on hypothalamic neurones; hence, leptin must be transported through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to reach its target sites in the central nervous system. During obesity, however, leptin BBB transport is decreased, in part precluding leptin as a viable clinical therapy against obesity. Although the short isoform of the ObR (ObRa) has been implicated in the transport of leptin across the BBB as a result of its elevated expression in cerebral microvessels, accumulating evidence indicates that leptin BBB transport is independent of ObRa. In the present study, we employed an ObR-neutralising antibody (9F8) to directly examine the involvement of endothelial ObR in leptin transport across an in vitro human BBB model composed of the human endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3. Our results indicate that, although leptin transport across the endothelial monolayer was nonparacellular, and energy- and endocytosis-dependent, it was not inhibited by pre-treatment with 9F8, despite the ability of the latter to recognise hCMEC/D3-expressed ObR, prevent leptin-ObR binding and inhibit leptin-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT-3) phosphorylation in hCMEC/D3 cells. Furthermore, hCMEC/D3 cells expressed the transporter protein low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-2 (LRP-2), which is capable of binding and endocytosing leptin. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that leptin binding to and signalling through ObR is not required for efficient transport across human endothelial monolayers, indicating that ObR is not the primary leptin transporter at the human BBB, a role which may fall upon LRP-2. A deeper understanding of leptin BBB transport will help clarify the exact causes for leptin resistance seen in obesity and aid in the development of more efficient BBB-penetrating leptin analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gonzalez-Carter
- Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A E Goode
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - R Fiammengo
- Centre for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies @ UniLe, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (ITT), Arnesano, Lecce, Italy
| | - I E Dunlop
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D T Dexter
- Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A E Porter
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Kwon O, Kim KW, Kim MS. Leptin signalling pathways in hypothalamic neurons. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1457-77. [PMID: 26786898 PMCID: PMC11108307 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is the most critical hormone in the homeostatic regulation of energy balance among those so far discovered. Leptin primarily acts on the neurons of the mediobasal part of hypothalamus to regulate food intake, thermogenesis, and the blood glucose level. In the hypothalamic neurons, leptin binding to the long form leptin receptors on the plasma membrane initiates multiple signaling cascades. The signaling pathways known to mediate the actions of leptin include JAK-STAT signaling, PI3K-Akt-FoxO1 signaling, SHP2-ERK signaling, AMPK signaling, and mTOR-S6K signaling. Recent evidence suggests that leptin signaling in hypothalamic neurons is also linked to primary cilia function. On the other hand, signaling molecules/pathways mitigating leptin actions in hypothalamic neurons have been extensively investigated in an effort to treat leptin resistance observed in obesity. These include SOCS3, tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B, and inflammatory signaling pathways such as IKK-NFκB and JNK signaling, and ER stress-mitochondrial signaling. In this review, we discuss leptin signaling pathways in the hypothalamus, with a particular focus on the most recently discovered pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obin Kwon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Ki Woo Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, 26426, Korea
- Department of Global Medical Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, 26426, Korea
| | - Min-Seon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea.
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul, 05505, Korea.
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Seroussi E, Cinnamon Y, Yosefi S, Genin O, Smith JG, Rafati N, Bornelöv S, Andersson L, Friedman-Einat M. Identification of the Long-Sought Leptin in Chicken and Duck: Expression Pattern of the Highly GC-Rich Avian leptin Fits an Autocrine/Paracrine Rather Than Endocrine Function. Endocrinology 2016; 157:737-51. [PMID: 26587783 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
More than 20 years after characterization of the key regulator of mammalian energy balance, leptin, we identified the leptin (LEP) genes of chicken (Gallus gallus) and duck (Anas platyrhynchos). The extreme guanine-cytosine content (∼70%), the location in a genomic region with low-complexity repetitive and palindromic sequence elements, the relatively low sequence conservation, and low level of expression have hampered the identification of these genes until now. In vitro-expressed chicken and duck leptins specifically activated signaling through the chicken leptin receptor in cell culture. In situ hybridization demonstrated expression of LEP mRNA in granular and Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, anterior pituitary, and in embryonic limb buds, somites, and branchial arches, suggesting roles in adult brain control of energy balance and during embryonic development. The expression patterns of LEP and the leptin receptor (LEPR) were explored in chicken, duck, and quail (Coturnix japonica) using RNA-sequencing experiments available in the Short Read Archive and by quantitative RT-PCR. In adipose tissue, LEP and LEPR were scarcely transcribed, and the expression level was not correlated to adiposity. Our identification of the leptin genes in chicken and duck genomes resolves a long lasting controversy regarding the existence of leptin genes in these species. This identification was confirmed by sequence and structural similarity, conserved exon-intron boundaries, detection in numerous genomic, and transcriptomic datasets and characterization by PCR, quantitative RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, and bioassays. Our results point to an autocrine/paracrine mode of action for bird leptin instead of being a circulating hormone as in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Seroussi
- Agricultural Research Organization (E.S., Y.C., S.Y., O.G., J.G.-S., M.F.-E.), Volcani Center, 50250 Bet-Dagan, Israel; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology (N.R., S.B., L.A.), Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics (L.A.), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences (L.A.), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458
| | - Yuval Cinnamon
- Agricultural Research Organization (E.S., Y.C., S.Y., O.G., J.G.-S., M.F.-E.), Volcani Center, 50250 Bet-Dagan, Israel; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology (N.R., S.B., L.A.), Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics (L.A.), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences (L.A.), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458
| | - Sara Yosefi
- Agricultural Research Organization (E.S., Y.C., S.Y., O.G., J.G.-S., M.F.-E.), Volcani Center, 50250 Bet-Dagan, Israel; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology (N.R., S.B., L.A.), Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics (L.A.), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences (L.A.), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458
| | - Olga Genin
- Agricultural Research Organization (E.S., Y.C., S.Y., O.G., J.G.-S., M.F.-E.), Volcani Center, 50250 Bet-Dagan, Israel; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology (N.R., S.B., L.A.), Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics (L.A.), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences (L.A.), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458
| | - Julia Gage Smith
- Agricultural Research Organization (E.S., Y.C., S.Y., O.G., J.G.-S., M.F.-E.), Volcani Center, 50250 Bet-Dagan, Israel; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology (N.R., S.B., L.A.), Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics (L.A.), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences (L.A.), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458
| | - Nima Rafati
- Agricultural Research Organization (E.S., Y.C., S.Y., O.G., J.G.-S., M.F.-E.), Volcani Center, 50250 Bet-Dagan, Israel; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology (N.R., S.B., L.A.), Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics (L.A.), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences (L.A.), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458
| | - Susanne Bornelöv
- Agricultural Research Organization (E.S., Y.C., S.Y., O.G., J.G.-S., M.F.-E.), Volcani Center, 50250 Bet-Dagan, Israel; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology (N.R., S.B., L.A.), Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics (L.A.), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences (L.A.), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458
| | - Leif Andersson
- Agricultural Research Organization (E.S., Y.C., S.Y., O.G., J.G.-S., M.F.-E.), Volcani Center, 50250 Bet-Dagan, Israel; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology (N.R., S.B., L.A.), Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics (L.A.), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences (L.A.), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458
| | - Miriam Friedman-Einat
- Agricultural Research Organization (E.S., Y.C., S.Y., O.G., J.G.-S., M.F.-E.), Volcani Center, 50250 Bet-Dagan, Israel; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology (N.R., S.B., L.A.), Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics (L.A.), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences (L.A.), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458
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Rieg JAD, Chirasani VR, Koepsell H, Senapati S, Mahata SK, Rieg T. Regulation of intestinal SGLT1 by catestatin in hyperleptinemic type 2 diabetic mice. J Transl Med 2016; 96:98-111. [PMID: 26552046 PMCID: PMC4695279 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The small intestine is the major site for nutrient absorption that is critical in maintenance of euglycemia. Leptin, a key hormone involved in energy homeostasis, directly affects nutrient transport across the intestinal epithelium. Catestatin (CST), a 21-amino acid peptide derived from proprotein chromogranin A, has been shown to modulate leptin signaling. Therefore, we reasoned that leptin and CST could modulate intestinal Na(+)-glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) expression in the context of obesity and diabetes. We found that hyperleptinemic db/db mice exhibit increased mucosal mass, associated with an enhanced proliferative response and decreased apoptosis in intestinal crypts, a finding absent in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. Intestinal SGLT1 abundance was significantly decreased in hyperleptinemic but not leptin-deficient mice, indicating leptin regulation of SGLT1 expression. Phlorizin, a SGLT1/2 inhibitor, was without effect in an oral glucose tolerance test in db/db mice. The alterations in architecture and SGLT1 abundance were not accompanied by changes in the localization of intestinal alkaline phosphatase, indicating intact differentiation. Treatment of db/db mice with CST restored intestinal SGLT1 abundance and intestinal turnover, suggesting a cross-talk between leptin and CST, without affecting plasma leptin levels. Consistent with this hypothesis, we identified structural homology between CST and the AB-loop of leptin and protein-protein docking revealed binding of CST and leptin with the Ig-like binding site-III of the leptin receptor. In summary, downregulation of SGLT1 in an obese type 2 diabetic mouse model with hyperleptinemia is presumably mediated via the short form of the leptin receptor and reduces overt hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Dominguez Rieg
- Department of Basic Sciences, Bastyr University California, San Diego, CA, USA,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; CA, USA
| | | | - Hermann Koepsell
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sanjib Senapati
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Sushil K. Mahata
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; CA, USA,Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Timo Rieg
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; CA, USA,Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Hart RA, Dobos RC, Agnew LL, Tellam RL, McFarlane JR. Pharmacokinetics of leptin in female mice. Physiol Res 2015; 65:311-20. [PMID: 26447522 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetics of leptin in mammals has received limited attention and only one study has examined more than two time points and this was in ob/ob mice. This study is the first to observe the distribution of leptin over a time course in female mice. A physiologic dose (12 ng) of radiolabelled leptin was injected in adult female mice via the lateral tail vein and tissues were dissected out and measured for radioactivity over a time course up to two hours. Major targets for administered leptin included the liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract and the skin while the lungs had high concentrations of administered leptin per gram of tissue. Leptin was also found to enter the lumen of the digestive tract intact from the plasma. Very little of the dose (<1 %) was recovered from the brain at any time. Consequently we confirm that the brain is not a major target for leptin from the periphery, although it may be very sensitive to leptin that does get to the hypothalamus. Several of the major targets (GI tract, skin and lungs) for leptin form the interface for the body with the environment, and given the ability of leptin to modulate immune function, this may represent a priming effect for tissues to respond to damage and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Hart
- Centre for Bioactive Discovery in Health and Ageing, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Franco-Lira M, D'Angiulli A, Rodríguez-Díaz J, Blaurock-Busch E, Busch Y, Chao CK, Thompson C, Mukherjee PS, Torres-Jardón R, Perry G. Mexico City normal weight children exposed to high concentrations of ambient PM2.5 show high blood leptin and endothelin-1, vitamin D deficiency, and food reward hormone dysregulation versus low pollution controls. Relevance for obesity and Alzheimer disease. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 140:579-592. [PMID: 26037109 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Millions of Mexico, US and across the world children are overweight and obese. Exposure to fossil-fuel combustion sources increases the risk for obesity and diabetes, while long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) above US EPA standards is associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mexico City Metropolitan Area children are chronically exposed to PM2.5 and O3 concentrations above the standards and exhibit systemic, brain and intrathecal inflammation, cognitive deficits, and Alzheimer disease neuropathology. We investigated adipokines, food reward hormones, endothelial dysfunction, vitamin D and apolipoprotein E (APOE) relationships in 80 healthy, normal weight 11.1±3.2 year olds matched by age, gender, BMI and SES, low (n: 26) versus high (n:54) PM2.5 exposures. Mexico City children had higher leptin and endothelin-1 (p<0.01 and p<0.000), and decreases in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP 1), ghrelin, and glucagon (<0.02) versus controls. BMI and leptin relationships were significantly different in low versus high PM2.5 exposed children. Mexico City APOE 4 versus 3 children had higher glucose (p=0.009). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D<30 ng/mL was documented in 87% of Mexico City children. Leptin is strongly positively associated to PM 2.5 cumulative exposures. Residing in a high PM2.5 and O3 environment is associated with 12h fasting hyperleptinemia, altered appetite-regulating peptides, vitamin D deficiency, and increases in ET-1 in clinically healthy children. These changes could signal the future trajectory of urban children towards the development of insulin resistance, obesity, type II diabetes, premature cardiovascular disease, addiction-like behavior, cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Increased efforts should be made to decrease pediatric PM2.5 exposures, to deliver health interventions prior to the development of obesity and to identify and mitigate environmental factors influencing obesity and Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Hospital Central Militar, Mexico City 11649, Mexico.
| | | | - Amedeo D'Angiulli
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Joel Rodríguez-Díaz
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Valle de México, Saltillo, Coahuila 25204, Mexico
| | | | - Yvette Busch
- Clinical and Environmental Laboratory Micro Trace Minerals (MTM), 91217 Hersbruck, Germany
| | - Chih-kai Chao
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Charles Thompson
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | | | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - George Perry
- College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Reis BS, Lee K, Fanok MH, Mascaraque C, Amoury M, Cohn LB, Rogoz A, Dallner OS, Moraes-Vieira PM, Domingos AI, Mucida D. Leptin receptor signaling in T cells is required for Th17 differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5253-60. [PMID: 25917102 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hormone leptin plays a key role in energy homeostasis, and the absence of either leptin or its receptor (LepR) leads to severe obesity and metabolic disorders. To avoid indirect effects and to address the cell-intrinsic role of leptin signaling in the immune system, we conditionally targeted LepR in T cells. In contrast with pleiotropic immune disorders reported in obese mice with leptin or LepR deficiency, we found that LepR deficiency in CD4(+) T cells resulted in a selective defect in both autoimmune and protective Th17 responses. Reduced capacity for differentiation toward a Th17 phenotype by lepr-deficient T cells was attributed to reduced activation of the STAT3 and its downstream targets. This study establishes cell-intrinsic roles for LepR signaling in the immune system and suggests that leptin signaling during T cell differentiation plays a crucial role in T cell peripheral effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo S Reis
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Kihyun Lee
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Melania H Fanok
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Cristina Mascaraque
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Manal Amoury
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Lillian B Cohn
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Aneta Rogoz
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Olof S Dallner
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Pedro M Moraes-Vieira
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Medical Deaconess Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Ana I Domingos
- Obesity Laboratory, The Gulbenkian Science Institute, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Daniel Mucida
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065;
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Zampieri TT, Ramos-Lobo AM, Furigo IC, Pedroso JAB, Buonfiglio DC, Donato J. SOCS3 deficiency in leptin receptor-expressing cells mitigates the development of pregnancy-induced metabolic changes. Mol Metab 2014; 4:237-45. [PMID: 25737950 PMCID: PMC4338315 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective During pregnancy, women normally increase their food intake and body fat mass, and exhibit insulin resistance. However, an increasing number of women are developing metabolic imbalances during pregnancy, including excessive gestational weight gain and gestational diabetes mellitus. Despite the negative health impacts of pregnancy-induced metabolic imbalances, their molecular causes remain unclear. Therefore, the present study investigated the molecular mechanisms responsible for orchestrating the metabolic changes observed during pregnancy. Methods Initially, we investigated the hypothalamic expression of key genes that could influence the energy balance and glucose homeostasis during pregnancy. Based on these results, we generated a conditional knockout mouse that lacks the suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3) only in leptin receptor-expressing cells and studied these animals during pregnancy. Results Among several genes involved in leptin resistance, only SOCS3 was increased in the hypothalamus of pregnant mice. Remarkably, SOCS3 deletion from leptin receptor-expressing cells prevented pregnancy-induced hyperphagia, body fat accumulation as well as leptin and insulin resistance without affecting the ability of the females to carry their gestation to term. Additionally, we found that SOCS3 conditional deletion protected females against long-term postpartum fat retention and streptozotocin-induced gestational diabetes. Conclusions Our study identified the increased hypothalamic expression of SOCS3 as a key mechanism responsible for triggering pregnancy-induced leptin resistance and metabolic adaptations. These findings not only help to explain a common phenomenon of the mammalian physiology, but it may also aid in the development of approaches to prevent and treat gestational metabolic imbalances.
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Key Words
- ARH, arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus
- DIO, diet-induced obesity
- DMH, dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
- EGWG, excessive gestational weight gain
- GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus
- GH-V, placental growth hormone
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- Gestational diabetes
- Hypothalamus
- IR, insulin receptor
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- LepR, leptin receptor
- Leptin
- Leptin resistance
- Obesity
- PKC, protein kinase C
- RP, retroperitoneal
- SOCS3, suppressor of cytokine signaling-3
- STZ, streptozotocin
- Suppressor of cytokine signaling
- VMH, ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
- pSTAT3, phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- pSTAT3-ir, pSTAT3-immunoreactive
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais T Zampieri
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Angela M Ramos-Lobo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Isadora C Furigo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - João A B Pedroso
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Daniella C Buonfiglio
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
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Herrid M, Palanisamy SKA, Ciller UA, Fan R, Moens P, Smart NA, McFarlane JR. An updated view of leptin on implantation and pregnancy: a review. Physiol Res 2014; 63:543-57. [PMID: 24908087 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The hormone leptin, which is thought to be primarily produced by adipose tissue, is a polypeptide that was initially characterized by its ability to regulate food intake and energy metabolism. Leptin appears to signal the status of body energy stores to the brain, resulting in the regulation of food intake and whole-body energy expenditure. Subsequently, it was recognized as a cytokine with a wide range of peripheral actions and is involved in the regulation of a number of physiological systems including reproduction. In the fed state, leptin circulates in the plasma in proportion to body adiposity in all species studied to date. However other factors such as sex, age, body mass index (BMI), sex steroids and pregnancy may also affect leptin levels in plasma. In pregnant mice and humans, the placenta is also a major site of leptin expression. Leptin circulates in biological fluids both as free protein and in a form that is bound to the soluble isoform of its receptor or other binding proteins such as one of the immunoglobulin superfamily members Siglec-6 (OB-BP1). Although the actions of leptin in the control of reproductive function are thought to be exerted mainly via the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, there have also been reports of local direct effects of leptin at the peripheral level, however, these data appear contradictory. Therefore, there is a need to summarize the current status of research outcomes and analyze the possible reasons for differing results and thus provide researchers with new insight in designing experiments to investigate leptin effect on reproduction. Most importantly, our recent experimental data suggesting that reproductive performance is improved by decreasing concentrations of peripheral leptin was unexpected and cannot be explained by hypotheses drawn from the experiments of excessive exogenous leptin administration to normal animals or ob/ob mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Herrid
- University of New England, Armidale, Australia.
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Roujeau C, Jockers R, Dam J. New pharmacological perspectives for the leptin receptor in the treatment of obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:167. [PMID: 25352831 PMCID: PMC4195360 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
After its discovery in 1994, leptin became the great hope as an anti-obesity treatment based on its ability to reduce food intake and increase energy expenditure. However, treating obese people with exogenous leptin was unsuccessful in most cases since most of them present already high circulating leptin levels to which they do not respond anymore defining the so-called state of "leptin resistance." Indeed, leptin therapy is unsuccessful to lower body weight in commonly obese people but effective in people with rare single gene mutations of the leptin gene. Consequently, treatment of obese people with leptin was given less attention and the focus of obesity research shifted toward the prevention and reversal of the state of leptin resistance. Many of these new promising approaches aim to restore or sensitize the impaired function of the leptin receptor by pharmacological means. The current review will focus on the different emerging therapeutic strategies in obesity research that are related to leptin and its receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Roujeau
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ralf Jockers
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Julie Dam
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Julie Dam, Institut Cochin, 22 rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France e-mail:
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43
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Dam J, Jockers R. Hunting for the functions of short leptin receptor isoforms. Mol Metab 2013; 2:327-8. [PMID: 24327948 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Dam
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France ; CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France ; Univ. Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
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