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Miao X, Alidadipour A, Saed V, Sayyadi F, Jadidi Y, Davoudi M, Amraee F, Jadidi N, Afrisham R. Hepatokines: unveiling the molecular and cellular mechanisms connecting hepatic tissue to insulin resistance and inflammation. Acta Diabetol 2024:10.1007/s00592-024-02335-9. [PMID: 39031190 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-024-02335-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Insulin resistance arising from Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) stands as a prevalent global ailment, a manifestation within societies stemming from individuals' suboptimal dietary habits and lifestyles. This form of insulin resistance emerges as a pivotal factor in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Emerging evidence underscores the significant role of hepatokines, as hepatic-secreted hormone-like entities, in the genesis of insulin resistance and eventual onset of type 2 diabetes. Hepatokines exert influence over extrahepatic metabolism regulation. Their principal functions encompass impacting adipocytes, pancreatic cells, muscles, and the brain, thereby playing a crucial role in shaping body metabolism through signaling to target tissues. This review explores the most important hepatokines, each with distinct influences. Our review shows that Fetuin-A promotes lipid-induced insulin resistance by acting as an endogenous ligand for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4). FGF21 reduces inflammation in diabetes by blocking the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in adipocytes and adipose tissue, while also improving glucose metabolism. ANGPTL6 enhances AMPK and insulin signaling in muscle, and suppresses gluconeogenesis. Follistatin can influence insulin resistance and inflammation by interacting with members of the TGF-β family. Adropin show a positive correlation with phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1), a key regulator of gluconeogenesis. This article delves into hepatokines' impact on NAFLD, inflammation, and T2DM, with a specific focus on insulin resistance. The aim is to comprehend the influence of these recently identified hormones on disease development and their underlying physiological and pathological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Miao
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, China
| | - Arian Alidadipour
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vian Saed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Firooze Sayyadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Jadidi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Davoudi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Amraee
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Jadidi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Afrisham
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Jia M, Liu S, Xiao Y, Zhang Z, Li M, Qi X, Qi X, Yu L, Zhang C, Jiang T, Pan T, Sun Y, Yu J, Su S, Li Y, Damba T, Batchuluun K, Liang Y, Zhou L. Deletion of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter in adipose tissue promotes energy expenditure and alleviates diet-induced obesity. Mol Metab 2024; 80:101873. [PMID: 38199601 PMCID: PMC10831290 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies have shown a correlation between obesity and mitochondrial calcium homeostasis, yet it is unclear whether and how Mcu regulates adipocyte lipid deposition. This study aims to provide new potential target for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic diseases, and to explore the function of Mcu in adipose tissue. METHODS We firstly investigated the role of mitoxantrone, an Mcu inhibitor, in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in mouse adipocytes (3T3-L1 cells). Secondly, C57BL/6J mice were used as a research model to investigate the effects of Mcu inhibitors on fat accumulation and glucose metabolism in mice on a high-fat diet (HFD), and by using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, adipose tissue-specific Mcu knockdown mice (Mcufl/+ AKO) and Mcu knockout of mice (Mcufl/fl AKO) were obtained, to further investigate the direct effects of Mcu on fat deposition, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in mice on a high-fat diet. RESULTS We found the Mcu inhibitor reduced adipocytes lipid accumulation and adipose tissues mass in mice fed an HFD. Both Mcufl/+ AKO mice and Mcufl/fl AKO mice were resistant to HFD-induced obesity, compared to control mice. Mice with Mcufl/fl AKO showed improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity as well as reduced hepatic lipid accumulation. Mechanistically, inhibition of Mcu promoted mitochondrial biogenesis and adipocyte browning, increase energy expenditure and alleviates diet-induced obesity. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates a link between adipocyte lipid accumulation and mCa2+ levels, suggesting that adipose-specific Mcu deficiency alleviates HFD-induced obesity and ameliorates metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. These effects may be achieved by increasing mitochondrial biosynthesis, promoting white fat browning and enhancing energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Zhiwang Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Mingming Li
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xinyu Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xinyi Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Lin Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Caiyong Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Tianyu Jiang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Tingli Pan
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Jingsu Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Songtao Su
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yixing Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Turtushikh Damba
- School of Pharmacy, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulan Bator, 14200, Mongolia
| | - Khongorzul Batchuluun
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Department of Histology, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulan Bator, 14200, Mongolia
| | - Yunxiao Liang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China.
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Peixoto ÁS, Moreno MF, Castro É, Perandini LA, Belchior T, Oliveira TE, Vieira TS, Gilio GR, Tomazelli CA, Leonardi BF, Ortiz-Silva M, Silva Junior LP, Moretti EH, Steiner AA, Festuccia WT. Hepatocellular carcinoma induced by hepatocyte Pten deletion reduces BAT UCP-1 and thermogenic capacity in mice, despite increasing serum FGF-21 and iWAT browning. J Physiol Biochem 2023; 79:731-743. [PMID: 37405670 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-023-00970-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) markedly enhances liver secretion of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), a hepatokine that increases brown and subcutaneous inguinal white adipose tissues (BAT and iWAT, respectively) uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) content, thermogenesis and energy expenditure. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that an enhanced BAT and iWAT UCP-1-mediated thermogenesis induced by high levels of FGF-21 is involved in HCC-associated catabolic state and fat mass reduction. For this, we evaluated body weight and composition, liver mass and morphology, serum and tissue levels of FGF-21, BAT and iWAT UCP-1 content, and thermogenic capacity in mice with Pten deletion in hepatocytes that display a well-defined progression from steatosis to steatohepatitis (NASH) and HCC upon aging. Hepatocyte Pten deficiency promoted a progressive increase in liver lipid deposition, mass, and inflammation, culminating with NASH at 24 weeks and hepatomegaly and HCC at 48 weeks of age. NASH and HCC were associated with elevated liver and serum FGF-21 content and iWAT UCP-1 expression (browning), but reduced serum insulin, leptin, and adiponectin levels and BAT UCP-1 content and expression of sympathetically regulated gene glycerol kinase (GyK), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and fatty acid transporter protein 1 (FATP-1), which altogether resulted in an impaired whole-body thermogenic capacity in response to CL-316,243. In conclusion, FGF-21 pro-thermogenic actions in BAT are context-dependent, not occurring in NASH and HCC, and UCP-1-mediated thermogenesis is not a major energy-expending process involved in the catabolic state associated with HCC induced by Pten deletion in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álbert S Peixoto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayara F Moreno
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Érique Castro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz A Perandini
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Belchior
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago E Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thayna S Vieira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Gilio
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline A Tomazelli
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca F Leonardi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milene Ortiz-Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano P Silva Junior
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo H Moretti
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Steiner
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - William T Festuccia
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508000, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Xiao F, Jiang H, Li Z, Jiang X, Chen S, Niu Y, Yin H, Shu Y, Peng B, Lu W, Li X, Li Z, Lan S, Xu X, Guo F. Reduced hepatic bradykinin degradation accounts for cold-induced BAT thermogenesis and WAT browning in male mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2523. [PMID: 37130842 PMCID: PMC10154316 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An important role for liver in the regulation of adipose tissue thermogenesis upon cold exposure has been suggested; however, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely defined. Here, we identify elevated serum bradykinin levels in response to acute cold exposure in male mice. A bolus of anti-bradykinin antibodies reduces body temperature during acute cold exposure, whereas bradykinin has the opposite effect. We demonstrate that bradykinin induces brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and white adipose tissue browning, and bradykinin increases uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression in adipose tissue. The bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R), adrenergic signaling and nitric oxide signaling are involved in regulating bradykinin-increased UCP1 expression. Moreover, acute cold exposure inhibits hepatic prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) activity, causing reduced liver bradykinin degradation and increased serum bradykinin levels. Finally, by blocking the breakdown of bradykinin, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) increase serum bradykinin levels and induce brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and white adipose tissue browning via B2R. Collectively, our data provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying organ crosstalk in whole-body physiology control during cold exposure and also suggest bradykinin as a possible anti-obesity target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiao
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haizhou Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxue Jiang
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanghai Chen
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuguo Niu
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanrui Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yousheng Shu
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujue Lan
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Core Facility Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifan Guo
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Li Y, Deng X, Wu X, Zhao L, Zhao Z, Guo C, Jia J, Yang L, Zhou L, Wang D, Yuan G. Association of serum Tsukushi level with metabolic syndrome and its components. Endocrine 2023; 79:469-476. [PMID: 36592295 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tsukushi (TSK), a novel hepatokine, has recently been pointed out to play an important role in energy homeostasis and glycolipid metabolism. However, there are no clinical studies on the association of TSK with metabolic syndrome (MetS), the typical constellation of metabolic disorders. This study was conducted to explore the relationship between TSK and MetS as well as each of its metabolic component clinically. METHODS We analyzed in this cross-sectional study serum TSK levels by ELISA in 392 participants, including 90 non-MetS and 302 MetS, to compare TSK in two groups and in different numbers of metabolic components. The odds ratios (OR) of TSK quartile in MetS and each metabolic component were computed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS TSK was substantially higher in MetS than in non-MetS subjects (P < 0.001). TSK increased with the concomitant increase of the number of metabolic components (P for <0.001). Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that the OR of MetS was 2.74 for the highest versus the lowest quartile of TSK (P < 0.001) after adjusting for age, gender, smoking status, alcohol consumption and medication use. Additionally, TSK was associated with the OR of poor HDL-C and elevated fasting glucose (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Circulating TSK was higher in MetS patients and linked with MetS risk, suggesting that TSK may play a role in the genesis of MetS and be a potential therapeutic target for MetS. Future study should investigate the connection between TSK levels and MetS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Xia Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 210031, China
| | - Xunan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 210031, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 210031, China
| | - Zhicong Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 210031, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 210031, China
| | - Jue Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 210031, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 210031, China
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201399, China.
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 210031, China.
| | - Guoyue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 210031, China.
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Lv S, Zhou Y, Chen J, Yuan H, Zhang ZN, Luan B. Hepatic ER stress suppresses adipose browning through ATF4-CIRP-ANGPTL3 cascade. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111422. [PMID: 36170814 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a hallmark of obesity-induced liver steatosis and contributes to the progress of steatosis and insulin resistance in liver. However, its influence on adipose function is still unclear. Here, we identify a hepatic ER stress-induced activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4)-cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP)-angiopoietin-related protein3 (ANGPTL3) cascade critical for the regulation of adipose browning. We find that obesity increases CIRP expression in liver through ER stress-induced ATF4. CIRP in turn binds to the 3' UTR and increases mRNA stability of ANGPTL3. ANGPTL3 secreted from liver suppresses uncoupling protein 1 expression through integrin αvβ3 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase in adipose tissue. While hepatic expression of either ATF4, CIRP, or ANGPTL3 suppresses adipose browning, knockdown of CIRP and ANGPTL3 in liver or administration of integrin αvβ3 inhibitor cilengitide increases adipose browning process. Taken together, we identify a communication mechanism to link hepatic ER stress and adipose browning that may imply a reciprocal regulation of obesity and liver steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Lv
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yingqun Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jiaojiao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China; School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Huiwen Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Zhen-Ning Zhang
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Bing Luan
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China.
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Berthou F, Sobolewski C, Abegg D, Fournier M, Maeder C, Dolicka D, Correia de Sousa M, Adibekian A, Foti M. Hepatic PTEN Signaling Regulates Systemic Metabolic Homeostasis through Hepatokines-Mediated Liver-to-Peripheral Organs Crosstalk. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073959. [PMID: 35409319 PMCID: PMC8999584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver-derived circulating factors deeply affect the metabolism of distal organs. Herein, we took advantage of the hepatocyte-specific PTEN knockout mice (LPTENKO), a model of hepatic steatosis associated with increased muscle insulin sensitivity and decreased adiposity, to identify potential secreted hepatic factors improving metabolic homeostasis. Our results indicated that protein factors, rather than specific metabolites, released by PTEN-deficient hepatocytes trigger an improved muscle insulin sensitivity and a decreased adiposity in LPTENKO. In this regard, a proteomic analysis of conditioned media from PTEN-deficient primary hepatocytes identified seven hepatokines whose expression/secretion was deregulated. Distinct expression patterns of these hepatokines were observed in hepatic tissues from human/mouse with NAFLD. The expression of specific factors was regulated by the PTEN/PI3K, PPAR or AMPK signaling pathways and/or modulated by classical antidiabetic drugs. Finally, loss-of-function studies identified FGF21 and the triad AHSG, ANGPTL4 and LECT2 as key regulators of insulin sensitivity in muscle cells and in adipocytes biogenesis, respectively. These data indicate that hepatic PTEN deficiency and steatosis alter the expression/secretion of hepatokines regulating insulin sensitivity in muscles and the lipid metabolism in adipose tissue. These hepatokines could represent potential therapeutic targets to treat obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavien Berthou
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; (F.B.); (C.S.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (D.D.); (M.C.d.S.)
| | - Cyril Sobolewski
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; (F.B.); (C.S.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (D.D.); (M.C.d.S.)
| | - Daniel Abegg
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; (D.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Margot Fournier
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; (F.B.); (C.S.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (D.D.); (M.C.d.S.)
| | - Christine Maeder
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; (F.B.); (C.S.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (D.D.); (M.C.d.S.)
| | - Dobrochna Dolicka
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; (F.B.); (C.S.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (D.D.); (M.C.d.S.)
| | - Marta Correia de Sousa
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; (F.B.); (C.S.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (D.D.); (M.C.d.S.)
| | - Alexander Adibekian
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; (D.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Michelangelo Foti
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; (F.B.); (C.S.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (D.D.); (M.C.d.S.)
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-(22)-379-52-04
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Plasma Tsukushi Concentration Is Associated with High Levels of Insulin and FGF21 and Low Level of Total Cholesterol in a General Population without Medication. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030237. [PMID: 35323680 PMCID: PMC8954195 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tsukushi (TSK) is a member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan family that controls developmental processes and organogenesis. TSK was also identified as a new hepatokine, which is mainly expressed in the liver, and is secreted by hepatocytes, to regulate energy and glycolipid metabolism in response to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, the role of plasma TSK, especially its role in the general population, has not been fully addressed. We investigated the associations between plasma TSK concentration and several metabolic markers, including fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a hepatokine, and adiponectin, an adipokine, in 253 subjects (men/women: 114/139) with no medication in the Tanno−Sobetsu Study, which employed a population-based cohort. There was no significant sex difference in plasma TSK concentration, and the level was positively correlated with the fatty liver index (FLI) (r = 0.131, p = 0.038), levels of insulin (r = 0.295, p < 0.001) and levels of FGF21 (r = 0.290, p < 0.001), and was negatively correlated with the total cholesterol level (r = −0.124, p = 0.049). There was no significant correlation between the TSK level and body mass index, waist circumference, adiponectin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or total bile acids. The multivariable regression analysis showed that high levels of insulin and FGF21 and a low level of total cholesterol were independent determinants of plasma TSK concentration, after adjustment for age, sex and FLI. In conclusion, plasma TSK concentration is independently associated with high levels of insulin and FGF21, a hepatokine, and a low level of total cholesterol, but not with adiposity and adiponectin, in a general population of subjects who have not taken any medications.
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9
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Friend or foe for obesity: how hepatokines remodel adipose tissues and translational perspective. Genes Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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10
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Li Y, Jin L, Yan J, Huang Y, Zhang H, Zhang R, Hu C. Tsukushi and TSKU genotype in obesity and related metabolic disorders. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:2645-2654. [PMID: 33860453 PMCID: PMC8572186 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01572-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Whether Tsukushi (TSK) can protect against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and improve glucose metabolism remains controversial. Serum levels of TSK in the population have not been reported until now. We assessed the association among TSK level, TSKU genotype, and metabolic traits in humans. METHODS Associations between serum TSK levels and metabolic traits were assessed in 144 Han Chinese individuals. Loci in the TSKU gene region were further genotyped in 11,022 individuals. The association between the loci and serum TSK level was evaluated using the additive genetic model. The association between the loci and their metabolic traits in humans were also verified. RESULTS Lower TSK levels were observed in obese subjects than in control subjects (median and interquartile range 17.78:12.07-23.28 vs. 23.81:12.54-34.56, P < 0.05). However, in obese subjects, TSK was positively associated with BMI (β ± SE: 0.63 ± 0.31, P = 0.049), visceral fat area (β ± SE: 12.15 ± 5.94, P = 0.011), and deterioration of glucose metabolism. We found that rs11236956 was associated with TSK level in obese subjects (β 95% CI 0.17, 0.07-0.26; P = 0.0007). There was also a significant association between rs11236956 and metabolic traits in our population. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that serum TSK levels were associated with metabolic disorders in obese subjects. We also identified rs11236956 to be associated with serum TSK levels in obese subjects and with metabolic disorders in the total population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
- Institute for Metabolic Disease, Fengxian Central Hospital Affiliated to The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - L Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - J Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Y Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - H Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - R Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - C Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
- Institute for Metabolic Disease, Fengxian Central Hospital Affiliated to The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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Rhyu J, Yu R. Newly discovered endocrine functions of the liver. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:1611-1628. [PMID: 34904032 PMCID: PMC8637678 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i11.1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver, the largest solid visceral organ of the body, has numerous endocrine functions, such as direct hormone and hepatokine production, hormone metabolism, synthesis of binding proteins, and processing and redistribution of metabolic fuels. In the last 10 years, many new endocrine functions of the liver have been discovered. Advances in the classical endocrine functions include delineation of mechanisms of liver production of endocrine hormones [including 25-hydroxyvitamin D, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and angiotensinogen], hepatic metabolism of hormones (including thyroid hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1, and steroid hormones), and actions of specific binding proteins to glucocorticoids, sex steroids, and thyroid hormones. These studies have furthered insight into cirrhosis-associated endocrinopathies, such as hypogonadism, osteoporosis, IGF-1 deficiency, vitamin D deficiency, alterations in glucose and lipid homeostasis, and controversially relative adrenal insufficiency. Several novel endocrine functions of the liver have also been unraveled, elucidating the liver’s key negative feedback regulatory role in the pancreatic α cell-liver axis, which regulates pancreatic α cell mass, glucagon secretion, and circulating amino acid levels. Betatrophin and other hepatokines, such as fetuin-A and fibroblast growth factor 21, have also been discovered to play important endocrine roles in modulating insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, and body weight. It is expected that more endocrine functions of the liver will be revealed in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Rhyu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Run Yu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
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12
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Wang Q, Zhang P, Cakir I, Mi L, Cone RD, Lin JD. Deletion of the Feeding-Induced Hepatokine TSK Ameliorates the Melanocortin Obesity Syndrome. Diabetes 2021; 70:2081-2091. [PMID: 34183373 PMCID: PMC8576423 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Work in recent decades has established that metabolic hormones released by endocrine cells and diverse other cell types serve to regulate nutrient intake and energy homeostasis. Tsukushi (TSK) is a leucine-rich repeat-containing protein secreted primarily by the liver that exerts an inhibitory effect on brown fat sympathetic innervation and thermogenesis. Despite this, physiological regulation of TSK and the mechanisms underlying its effects on energy balance remain poorly understood. Here we show that hepatic expression and plasma concentrations of TSK are induced by feeding and regulated by melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) signaling. We generated TSK and MC4R-double-knockout mice to elucidate the nature of cross talk between TSK and the central regulatory circuit of energy balance. Remarkably, TSK inactivation restores energy balance, ameliorates hyperphagia, and improves metabolic health in MC4R-deficient mice. TSK ablation enhances thermogenic gene expression in brown fat, dampens obesity-association inflammation in the liver and adipose tissue, and protects MC4R-null mice from diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. At the cellular level, TSK deficiency augments feeding-induced c-Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. These results illustrate physiological cross talk between TSK and the central regulatory circuit in maintaining energy balance and metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Wang
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Peng Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Isin Cakir
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular & Integrated Physiology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lin Mi
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Roger D Cone
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular & Integrated Physiology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jiandie D Lin
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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13
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Li YY, Wu XN, Deng X, Zhang PP, Li HX, Chen K, Wu DP, Gu T, Wang CX, Zhao L, Wang D, Yang L, Yuan GY. Serum Tsukushi levels are elevated in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 178:108987. [PMID: 34329693 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Tsukushi, a newly identified hepatokine, has been recently characterized as a potent modifier in lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis, but the role of Tsukushi in diabetes remains almost unknown. We detected for the first time the serum Tsukushi levels in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, exploring the relationship between Tsukushi and various metabolic parameters. METHODS A total of 172 participants were recruited, including 86 patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and 86 subjects with normal glucose tolerance according to oral glucose tolerance test. Serum Tsukushi was measured by ELISA. The insulin resistance, pancreas β-cell function and insulin sensitivity were determined by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR, HOMA-β), Stumvoll insulin sensitivity index (ISIstumvoll) and Stumvoll metabolic clearance rate (MCRstumvoll). RESULTS Serum Tsukushi was significantly higher in type 2 diabetes than in normal glucose tolerance [1.22(0.86,1.74) vs 0.8(0.5,1.38) ng/mL; P < 0.001]. Multiple regression analysis showed that BMI, 2-h post-OGTT glucose and TC were independently related factors influencing Tsukushi. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that Tsukushi was associated with higher risk of type 2 diabetes independently. CONCLUSIONS Circulating Tsukushi levels significantly increase in patients with type 2 diabetes, which suggest that Tsukushi may play a role in type 2 diabetes pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Nan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xia Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Pan-Pan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hao-Xiang Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Dan-Ping Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Tian Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chen-Xi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
| | - Guo-Yue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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Deng X, Li Y, Guo C, Zhao Z, Yuan G. Novel roles of Tsukushi in signaling pathways and multiple disease processes. Biofactors 2021; 47:512-521. [PMID: 33759220 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tsukushi (TSK), a newly identified hepatokine, is a member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) family. TSK was originally isolated and identified in the lens of the chicken. Preliminary research on TSK has focused on its role in various physiological processes such as growth and development, wound healing, and cartilage formation. In recent years, the role of TSK in regulating cell signaling pathways, cell proliferation, and differentiation has been studied. In addition, the research has gradually expanded to the fields of glycolipid metabolism and energy balance. This article briefly reviews the role of TSK in the physiological and pathological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhicong Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoyue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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Jensen-Cody SO, Potthoff MJ. Hepatokines and metabolism: Deciphering communication from the liver. Mol Metab 2020; 44:101138. [PMID: 33285302 PMCID: PMC7788242 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The liver is a key regulator of systemic energy homeostasis and can sense and respond to nutrient excess and deficiency through crosstalk with multiple tissues. Regulation of systemic energy homeostasis by the liver is mediated in part through regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Dysregulation of either process may result in metabolic dysfunction and contribute to the development of insulin resistance or fatty liver disease. Scope of review The liver has recently been recognized as an endocrine organ that secretes hepatokines, which are liver-derived factors that can signal to and communicate with distant tissues. Dysregulation of liver-centered inter-organ pathways may contribute to improper regulation of energy homeostasis and ultimately metabolic dysfunction. Deciphering the mechanisms that regulate hepatokine expression and communication with distant tissues is essential for understanding inter-organ communication and for the development of therapeutic strategies to treat metabolic dysfunction. Major conclusions In this review, we discuss liver-centric regulation of energy homeostasis through hepatokine secretion. We highlight key hepatokines and their roles in metabolic control, examine the molecular mechanisms of each hepatokine, and discuss their potential as therapeutic targets for metabolic disease. We also discuss important areas of future studies that may contribute to understanding hepatokine signaling under healthy and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon O Jensen-Cody
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Matthew J Potthoff
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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16
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The bile acid induced hepatokine orosomucoid suppresses adipocyte differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:864-870. [PMID: 33168190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids have recently emerged as key metabolic hormones with beneficial impacts in multiple metabolic diseases. We previously discovered that hepatic bile acid overload distally modulates glucose and fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissues to exert anti-obesity effects. However, the detailed mechanisms that explain the salutary effects of serum bile acid elevation remain unclear. Here, proteomic profiling identified a new hepatokine, Orosomucoid (ORM) that governs liver-adipose tissue crosstalk. Hepatic ORMs were highly induced by both genetic and dietary bile acid overload. To address the direct metabolic effects of ORM, purified ORM proteins were administered during adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells and mouse stromal vascular fibroblasts. ORM suppressed adipocyte differentiation and strongly inhibited gene expression of adipogenic transcription factors such as C/EBPβ, KLF5, C/EBPα, and PPARγ. Taken together, our data clearly suggest that bile acid-induced ORM secretion from the liver blocks adipocyte differentiation, potentially linked to anti-obesity effect of bile acids.
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Liu D, Zhang P, Wei X, Deng Y, Liu W, Guo D, Liu J, Xu B, Huang C, Huang J, Lin J, Liu S, Xue Y, Zhang H. Elevated Serum Tsukushi Levels in Patients With Hyperthyroidism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:580097. [PMID: 33117292 PMCID: PMC7553082 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.580097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tsukushi (TSK) is a secreted hepatokine recently identified as playing an important role in modulating glucose and lipid metabolism, and systemic energy homeostasis. However, information is not available regarding the association between circulating TSK and hyperthyroidism in humans. Methods: We measured serum TSK levels in 180 patients with hyperthyroidism and 82 healthy controls recruited from the clinic. Of them, 46 hyperthyroid patients received thionamide treatment for 3 months. Results: Hyperthyroid patients had higher levels of circulating TSK than healthy controls [186.67 (133.63-280.59) ng/ml vs. 97.27 (77.87-146.96) ng/ml, P < 0.001]. Subjects with higher level of serum free triiodothyronine (T3) and free thyroxine (T4) had higher levels of circulating TSK. In addition, serum TSK levels markedly declined with the improvement of thyroid function after thionamide treatment. In multivariable linear regression analyses, circulating TSK concentrations were significantly associated with serum free T3, free T4, thyroid stimulating hormone, thyrotropin receptor antibody, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol), and basal metabolic rate (all P < 0.01), adjusting for age, gender, smoking, and body mass index (BMI). Importantly, circulating TSK was significantly associated with risks of hyperthyroidism in multivariable logistic regression analyses, adjusting for age, gender, smoking, BMI, fasting glucose, LDL-cholesterol, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) [OR (95% CI), 1.012(1.005-1.019), P = 0.001]. Conclusion: These findings indicate that circulating TSK concentrations are independently associated with hyperthyroidism, suggesting that circulating TSK may be a predictive factor of hyperthyroidism and can be used for therapeutic monitoring.
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