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Rempfer C, Hoernstein SN, van Gessel N, Graf AW, Spiegelhalder RP, Bertolini A, Bohlender LL, Parsons J, Decker EL, Reski R. Differential prolyl hydroxylation by six Physcomitrella prolyl-4 hydroxylases. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:2580-2594. [PMID: 39021582 PMCID: PMC11252719 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydroxylation of prolines to 4-trans-hydroxyproline (Hyp) is mediated by prolyl-4 hydroxylases (P4Hs). In plants, Hyps occur in Hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs), and are frequently O-glycosylated. While both modifications are important, e.g. for cell wall stability, they are undesired in plant-made pharmaceuticals. Sequence motifs for prolyl-hydroxylation were proposed but did not include data from mosses, such as Physcomitrella. We identified six moss P4Hs by phylogenetic reconstruction. Our analysis of 73 Hyps in 24 secretory proteins from multiple mass spectrometry datasets revealed that prolines near other prolines, alanine, serine, threonine and valine were preferentially hydroxylated. About 95 % of Hyps were predictable with combined established methods. In our data, AOV was the most frequent pattern. A combination of 443 AlphaFold models and MS data with 3000 prolines found Hyps mainly on protein surfaces in disordered regions. Moss-produced human erythropoietin (EPO) exhibited O-glycosylation with arabinose chains on two Hyps. This modification was significantly reduced in a p4h1 knock-out (KO) Physcomitrella mutant. Quantitative proteomics with different p4h mutants revealed specific changes in protein amounts, and a modified prolyl-hydroxylation pattern, suggesting a differential function of the Physcomitrella P4Hs. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed a differential effect of single p4h KOs on the expression of the other five p4h genes, suggesting a partial compensation of the mutation. AlphaFold-Multimer models for Physcomitrella P4H1 and its target EPO peptide superposed with the crystal structure of Chlamydomonas P4H1 suggested significant amino acids in the active centre of the enzyme and revealed differences between P4H1 and the other Physcomitrella P4Hs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rempfer
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine SGBM, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19A, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian N.W. Hoernstein
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nico van Gessel
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas W. Graf
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roxane P. Spiegelhalder
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Bertolini
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lennard L. Bohlender
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juliana Parsons
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva L. Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine SGBM, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19A, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 18, 79104, Germany
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2
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Sede AR, Wengier DL, Borassi C, Ricardi M, Somoza SC, Aguiló R, Estevez JM, Muschietti JP. Arabidopsis pollen prolyl-hydroxylases P4H4/6 are relevant for correct hydroxylation and secretion of LRX11 in pollen tubes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4415-4427. [PMID: 38877792 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Major constituents of the plant cell walls are structural proteins that belong to the hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) family. Leucine-rich repeat extensin (LRX) proteins contain a leucine-rich domain and a C-terminal domain with repetitive Ser-Pro3-5 motifs that are potentially to be O-glycosylated. It has been demonstrated that pollen-specific LRX8-LRX11 from Arabidopsis thaliana are necessary to maintain the integrity of the pollen tube cell wall during polarized growth. In HRGPs, including classical extensins (EXTs), and probably in LRXs, proline residues are converted to hydroxyproline by prolyl-4-hydroxylases (P4Hs), thus defining novel O-glycosylation sites. In this context, we aimed to determine whether hydroxylation and subsequent O-glycosylation of Arabidopsis pollen LRXs are necessary for their proper function and cell wall localization in pollen tubes. We hypothesized that pollen-expressed P4H4 and P4H6 catalyze the hydroxylation of the proline units present in Ser-Pro3-5 motifs of LRX8-LRX11. Here, we show that the p4h4-1 p4h6-1 double mutant exhibits a reduction in pollen germination rates and a slight reduction in pollen tube length. Pollen germination is also inhibited by P4H inhibitors, suggesting that prolyl hydroxylation is required for pollen tube development. Plants expressing pLRX11::LRX11-GFP in the p4h4-1 p4h6-1 background show partial re-localization of LRX11-green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the pollen tube tip apoplast to the cytoplasm. Finally, immunoprecipitation-tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed a decrease in oxidized prolines (hydroxyprolines) in LRX11-GFP in the p4h4-1 p4h6-1 background compared with lrx11 plants expressing pLRX11::LRX11-GFP. Taken together, these results suggest that P4H4 and P4H6 are required for pollen germination and for proper hydroxylation of LRX11 necessary for its localization in the cell wall of pollen tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Sede
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Dr. Héctor Torres (INGEBI-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, C1428ADN, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego L Wengier
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Dr. Héctor Torres (INGEBI-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, C1428ADN, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Borassi
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martiniano Ricardi
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIByNE-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sofía C Somoza
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Dr. Héctor Torres (INGEBI-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, C1428ADN, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rafael Aguiló
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Dr. Héctor Torres (INGEBI-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, C1428ADN, Argentina
| | - José M Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIByNE-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal (CBV), Facultad de Cs. de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program-Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago, Chile and ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program-Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge P Muschietti
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Dr. Héctor Torres (INGEBI-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, C1428ADN, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Moriguchi R, Matsuoka K. Toxin Homology Domain in Plant Type 2 Prolyl 4-Hydroxylases Acts as a Golgi Localization Domain. Cells 2024; 13:1170. [PMID: 39056752 PMCID: PMC11275109 DOI: 10.3390/cells13141170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4H) generates hydroxyproline residues in proteins. Two classes of P4H have been found in plants. Type 1 P4H has a signal anchor at the N-terminus, while type 2 P4H has both an N-terminal signal peptide and a C-terminal toxin homology domain (Tox1 domain) with six conserved cysteine residues. We analyzed the localization of tobacco type 2 P4H (NtP4H2.2) in tobacco BY-2 cells. Cell fractionation studies, immunostaining of cells, and GFP fusion study indicated that NtP4H2.2 localizes predominantly to the Golgi apparatus and is a peripheral membrane protein associated with the luminal side of organelles. Expression of the GFP-Tox1 domains of NtP4H2.2 and another tobacco type 2 P4H NtP4H2.1 in BY-2 cells and Arabidopsis epidermal cells indicated that these proteins were targeted to the Golgi. The Tox1 domains from Arabidopsis and rice type 2 P4Hs also directed GFP to the Golgi in tobacco BY-2 cells. The Tox1 domain of NtP4H2.2 increased the membrane association of GFP, and mutation of the cysteine residues in this domain abolished Golgi localization. Furthermore, the catalytic domain of NtP4H2.2 also directed GFP to the Golgi. Thus, the Tox1 domains of plant P4Hs are the Golgi localization domains, and tobacco P4H2.2 localizes to the Golgi by the action of both this domain and the catalytic domain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken Matsuoka
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Bao Q, Zhang B, Zhou L, Yang Q, Mu X, Liu X, Zhang S, Yuan M, Zhang Y, Che J, Wei W, Liu T, Li G, He J. CNP Ameliorates Macrophage Inflammatory Response and Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2024; 134:e72-e91. [PMID: 38456298 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.324086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CNP (C-type natriuretic peptide), an endogenous short peptide in the natriuretic peptide family, has emerged as an important regulator to govern vascular homeostasis. However, its role in the development of atherosclerosis remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the impact of CNP on the progression of atherosclerotic plaques and elucidate its underlying mechanisms. METHODS Plasma CNP levels were measured in patients with acute coronary syndrome. The potential atheroprotective role of CNP was evaluated in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice through CNP supplementation via osmotic pumps, genetic overexpression, or LCZ696 administration. Various functional experiments involving CNP treatment were performed on primary macrophages derived from wild-type and CD36 (cluster of differentiation 36) knockout mice. Proteomics and multiple biochemical analyses were conducted to unravel the underlying mechanism. RESULTS We observed a negative correlation between plasma CNP concentration and the burden of coronary atherosclerosis in patients. In early atherosclerotic plaques, CNP predominantly accumulated in macrophages but significantly decreased in advanced plaques. Supplementing CNP via osmotic pumps or genetic overexpression ameliorated atherosclerotic plaque formation and enhanced plaque stability in ApoE-/- mice. CNP promoted an anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype and efferocytosis and reduced foam cell formation and necroptosis. Mechanistically, we found that CNP could accelerate HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha) degradation in macrophages by enhancing the interaction between PHD (prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein) 2 and HIF-1α. Furthermore, we observed that CD36 bound to CNP and mediated its endocytosis in macrophages. Moreover, we demonstrated that the administration of LCZ696, an orally bioavailable drug recently approved for treating chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, could amplify the bioactivity of CNP and ameliorate atherosclerotic plaque formation. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that CNP enhanced plaque stability and alleviated macrophage inflammatory responses by promoting HIF-1α degradation, suggesting a novel atheroprotective role of CNP. Enhancing CNP bioactivity may offer a novel pharmacological strategy for treating related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiankun Bao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, China (Q.B., B.Z., L.Z., Q.Y., X.M., X.L., S.Z., M.Y., Y.Z., J.C., T.L., G.L.)
| | - Bangying Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, China (Q.B., B.Z., L.Z., Q.Y., X.M., X.L., S.Z., M.Y., Y.Z., J.C., T.L., G.L.)
| | - Lu Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, China (Q.B., B.Z., L.Z., Q.Y., X.M., X.L., S.Z., M.Y., Y.Z., J.C., T.L., G.L.)
| | - Qian Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, China (Q.B., B.Z., L.Z., Q.Y., X.M., X.L., S.Z., M.Y., Y.Z., J.C., T.L., G.L.)
| | - Xiaofeng Mu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, China (Q.B., B.Z., L.Z., Q.Y., X.M., X.L., S.Z., M.Y., Y.Z., J.C., T.L., G.L.)
| | - Xing Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, China (Q.B., B.Z., L.Z., Q.Y., X.M., X.L., S.Z., M.Y., Y.Z., J.C., T.L., G.L.)
| | - Shiying Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, China (Q.B., B.Z., L.Z., Q.Y., X.M., X.L., S.Z., M.Y., Y.Z., J.C., T.L., G.L.)
| | - Meng Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, China (Q.B., B.Z., L.Z., Q.Y., X.M., X.L., S.Z., M.Y., Y.Z., J.C., T.L., G.L.)
| | - Yue Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, China (Q.B., B.Z., L.Z., Q.Y., X.M., X.L., S.Z., M.Y., Y.Z., J.C., T.L., G.L.)
| | - Jingjin Che
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, China (Q.B., B.Z., L.Z., Q.Y., X.M., X.L., S.Z., M.Y., Y.Z., J.C., T.L., G.L.)
| | - Wen Wei
- Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe (W.W.)
| | - Tong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, China (Q.B., B.Z., L.Z., Q.Y., X.M., X.L., S.Z., M.Y., Y.Z., J.C., T.L., G.L.)
| | - Guangping Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, China (Q.B., B.Z., L.Z., Q.Y., X.M., X.L., S.Z., M.Y., Y.Z., J.C., T.L., G.L.)
| | - Jinlong He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, The Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, China (J.H.)
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Kutyrieva-Nowak N, Leszczuk A, Ezzat L, Kaloudas D, Zając A, Szymańska-Chargot M, Skrzypek T, Krokida A, Mekkaoui K, Lampropoulou E, Kalaitzis P, Zdunek A. The modified activity of prolyl 4 hydroxylases reveals the effect of arabinogalactan proteins on changes in the cell wall during the tomato ripening process. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1365490. [PMID: 38571716 PMCID: PMC10987753 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1365490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are proteoglycans with an unusual molecular structure characterised by the presence of a protein part and carbohydrate chains. Their specific properties at different stages of the fruit ripening programme make AGPs unique markers of this process. An important function of AGPs is to co-form an amorphous extracellular matrix in the cell wall-plasma membrane continuum; thus, changes in the structure of these molecules can determine the presence and distribution of other components. The aim of the current work was to characterise the molecular structure and localisation of AGPs during the fruit ripening process in transgenic lines with silencing and overexpression of SlP4H3 genes (prolyl 4 hydroxylase 3). The objective was accomplished through comprehensive and comparative in situ and ex situ analyses of AGPs from the fruit of transgenic lines and wild-type plants at specific stages of ripening. The experiment showed that changes in prolyl 4 hydroxylases (P4H3) activity affected the content of AGPs and the progress in their modifications in the ongoing ripening process. The analysis of the transgenic lines confirmed the presence of AGPs with high molecular weights (120-60 kDa) at all the examined stages, but a changed pattern of the molecular features of AGPs was found in the last ripening stages, compared to WT. In addition to the AGP molecular changes, morphological modifications of fruit tissue and alterations in the spatio-temporal pattern of AGP distribution at the subcellular level were detected in the transgenic lines with the progression of the ripening process. The work highlights the impact of AGPs and their alterations on the fruit cell wall and changes in AGPs associated with the progression of the ripening process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Lamia Ezzat
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kaloudas
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, Greece
| | - Adrian Zając
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Skrzypek
- Department of Biomedicine and Environmental Research, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Afroditi Krokida
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, Greece
| | - Khansa Mekkaoui
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, Greece
| | - Evangelia Lampropoulou
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Kalaitzis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, Greece
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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Wu P, Li B, Liu Y, Bian Z, Xiong J, Wang Y, Zhu B. Multiple Physiological and Biochemical Functions of Ascorbic Acid in Plant Growth, Development, and Abiotic Stress Response. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1832. [PMID: 38339111 PMCID: PMC10855474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AsA) is an important nutrient for human health and disease cures, and it is also a crucial indicator for the quality of fruit and vegetables. As a reductant, AsA plays a pivotal role in maintaining the intracellular redox balance throughout all the stages of plant growth and development, fruit ripening, and abiotic stress responses. In recent years, the de novo synthesis and regulation at the transcriptional level and post-transcriptional level of AsA in plants have been studied relatively thoroughly. However, a comprehensive and systematic summary about AsA-involved biochemical pathways, as well as AsA's physiological functions in plants, is still lacking. In this review, we summarize and discuss the multiple physiological and biochemical functions of AsA in plants, including its involvement as a cofactor, substrate, antioxidant, and pro-oxidant. This review will help to facilitate a better understanding of the multiple functions of AsA in plant cells, as well as provide information on how to utilize AsA more efficiently by using modern molecular biology methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen Wu
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (P.W.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.B.); (J.X.)
| | - Bowen Li
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (P.W.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.B.); (J.X.)
| | - Ye Liu
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (P.W.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.B.); (J.X.)
| | - Zheng Bian
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (P.W.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.B.); (J.X.)
| | - Jiaxin Xiong
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (P.W.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.B.); (J.X.)
| | - Yunxiang Wang
- Institute of Agri-Food Processing and Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Benzhong Zhu
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (P.W.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.B.); (J.X.)
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7
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Pozhvanov G, Suslov D. Sucrose and Mannans Affect Arabidopsis Shoot Gravitropism at the Cell Wall Level. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:209. [PMID: 38256762 PMCID: PMC10819476 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Gravitropism is the plant organ bending in response to gravity. Gravitropism, phototropism and sufficient mechanical strength define the optimal position of young shoots for photosynthesis. Etiolated wild-type Arabidopsis seedlings grown horizontally in the presence of sucrose had a lot more upright hypocotyls than seedlings grown without sucrose. We studied the mechanism of this effect at the level of cell wall biomechanics and biochemistry. Sucrose strengthened the bases of hypocotyls and decreased the content of mannans in their cell walls. As sucrose is known to increase the gravitropic bending of hypocotyls, and mannans have recently been shown to interfere with this process, we examined if the effect of sucrose on shoot gravitropism could be partially mediated by mannans. We compared cell wall biomechanics and metabolomics of hypocotyls at the early steps of gravitropic bending in Col-0 plants grown with sucrose and mannan-deficient mutant seedlings. Sucrose and mannans affected gravitropic bending via different mechanisms. Sucrose exerted its effect through cell wall-loosening proteins, while mannans changed the walls' viscoelasticity. Our data highlight the complexity of shoot gravitropism control at the cell wall level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Pozhvanov
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Laboratory of Analytical Phytochemistry, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Herzen State Pedagogical University, 191186 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry Suslov
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
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8
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Elsäßer G, Seidl T, Pfannstiel J, Schaller A, Stührwohldt N. Characterization of Prolyl-4-Hydroxylase Substrate Specificity Using Pichia pastoris as an Efficient Eukaryotic Expression System. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2731:59-80. [PMID: 38019426 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3511-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The use of eukaryotic expression systems facilitates the heterologous expression of complex eukaryotic proteins in their post-translationally modified and biologically active state, as a prerequisite for subsequent biochemical characterization and functional analysis. Here we describe the complete workflow for the expression of Arabidopsis thaliana prolyl-4-hydroxylases (P4Hs) in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris (renamed as Komagataella phaffii), for the extraction of the recombinant enzymes, purification by affinity chromatography, and characterization of P4H activity and specificity toward oligopeptide substrates by mass spectrometry. We expressed eight of the 13 Arabidopsis P4Hs and show that they are all active against proline-rich extensin-derived peptides. However, three of them differed in substrate specificity and were also able to hydroxylate the CLEL9 signaling peptide, featuring a single proline within its mature peptide sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerith Elsäßer
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tim Seidl
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jens Pfannstiel
- Core Facility Hohenheim, Mass Spectrometry Module, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nils Stührwohldt
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
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9
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Cheng SY, Chu PK, Chen YJ, Wu YH, Huang MD. Exploring the extensin gene family: an updated genome-wide survey in plants and algae. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:152-167. [PMID: 37769205 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Extensins (EXTs), a class of hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein with multiple Ser-Pro3-5 motifs, are known to play roles in cell wall reinforcement and environmental responses. EXTs with repetitive Tyr-X-Tyr (YXY) motifs for crosslinking are referred as crosslinking EXTs. Our comprehensive study spanned 194 algal and plant species, categorizing EXTs into seven subfamilies: classical extensins (EXT I and II), arabinogalactan-protein extensins (AGP-EXTs), proline-rich extensin-like receptor kinases (PERKs), leucine-rich repeat extensins (LRX I and II), formin homology (FH) domain-containing extensins (FH-EXTs), proline-rich, arabinogalactan proteins, conserved cysteines (PAC) domain-containing extensins (PAC I and II), and eight-cysteine motif (8CM)-containing extensins (8CM-EXTs). In the examined dataset, EXTs were detected ubiquitously in plants but infrequently in algae, except for one Coccomyxa and four Chlamydomonadales species. No crosslinking EXTs were found in Poales or certain Zingiberales species. Notably, the previously uncharacterized EXT II, PAC II, and liverwort-specific 8CM-EXTs were found to be crosslinking EXTs. EXT II, featuring repetitive YY motifs instead of the conventional YXY motif, was exclusively identified in Solanaceae. Furthermore, tandem genes encoding distinctive 8CM-EXTs specifically expressed in the germinating spores of Marchantia polymorpha. This updated classification of EXT types allows us to propose a plausible evolutionary history of EXT genes during the course of plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sou-Yu Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Kuan Chu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jing Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Hsuan Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
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10
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Chen X, Zhang X, Sun W, Hou Z, Nie B, Wang F, Yang S, Feng S, Li W, Wang L. LcSAO1, an Unconventional DOXB Clade 2OGD Enzyme from Ligusticum chuanxiong Catalyzes the Biosynthesis of Plant-Derived Natural Medicine Butylphthalide. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17417. [PMID: 38139246 PMCID: PMC10743894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Butylphthalide, a prescription medicine recognized for its efficacy in treating ischemic strokes approved by the State Food and Drug Administration of China in 2005, is sourced from the traditional botanical remedy Ligusticum chuanxiong. While chemical synthesis offers a viable route, limitations in the production of isomeric variants with compromised bioactivity necessitate alternative strategies. Addressing this issue, biosynthesis offers a promising solution. However, the intricate in vivo pathway for butylphthalide biosynthesis remains elusive. In this study, we examined the distribution of butylphthalide across various tissues of L. chuanxiong and found a significant accumulation in the rhizome. By searching transcriptome data from different tissues of L. chuanxiong, we identified four rhizome-specific genes annotated as 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2-OGDs) that emerged as promising candidates involved in butylphthalide biosynthesis. Among them, LcSAO1 demonstrates the ability to catalyze the desaturation of senkyunolide A at the C-4 and C-5 positions, yielding the production of butylphthalide. Experimental validation through transient expression assays in Nicotiana benthamiana corroborates this transformative enzymatic activity. Notably, phylogenetic analysis of LcSAO1 revealed that it belongs to the DOXB clade, which typically encompasses genes with hydroxylation activity, rather than desaturation. Further structure modelling and site-directed mutagenesis highlighted the critical roles of three amino acid residues, T98, S176, and T178, in substrate binding and enzyme activity. By unraveling the intricacies of the senkyunolide A desaturase, the penultimate step in the butylphthalide biosynthesis cascade, our findings illuminate novel avenues for advancing synthetic biology research in the realm of medicinal natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Chen
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China (Z.H.)
| | - Xiaopeng Zhang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China (Z.H.)
| | - Wenkai Sun
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China (Z.H.)
| | - Zhuangwei Hou
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China (Z.H.)
| | - Bao Nie
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China (Z.H.)
| | - Fengjiao Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China (Z.H.)
| | - Song Yang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China (Z.H.)
| | - Shourui Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
| | - Wei Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China (Z.H.)
| | - Li Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China (Z.H.)
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11
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Xiao L, Fang Y, Zhang H, Quan M, Zhou J, Li P, Wang D, Ji L, Ingvarsson PK, Wu HX, El-Kassaby YA, Du Q, Zhang D. Natural variation in the prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene PtoP4H9 contributes to perennial stem growth in Populus. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:4046-4065. [PMID: 37522322 PMCID: PMC10615208 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Perennial trees must maintain stem growth throughout their entire lifespan to progressively increase in size as they age. The overarching question of the molecular mechanisms that govern stem perennial growth in trees remains largely unanswered. Here we deciphered the genetic architecture that underlies perennial growth trajectories using genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for measures of growth traits across years in a natural population of Populus tomentosa. By analyzing the stem growth trajectory, we identified PtoP4H9, encoding prolyl 4-hydroxylase 9, which is responsible for the natural variation in the growth rate of diameter at breast height (DBH) across years. Quantifying the dynamic genetic contribution of PtoP4H9 loci to stem growth showed that PtoP4H9 played a pivotal role in stem growth regulation. Spatiotemporal expression analysis showed that PtoP4H9 was highly expressed in cambium tissues of poplars of various ages. Overexpression and knockdown of PtoP4H9 revealed that it altered cell expansion to regulate cell wall modification and mechanical characteristics, thereby promoting stem growth in Populus. We showed that natural variation in PtoP4H9 occurred in a BASIC PENTACYSTEINE transcription factor PtoBPC1-binding promoter element controlling PtoP4H9 expression. The geographic distribution of PtoP4H9 allelic variation was consistent with the modes of selection among populations. Altogether, our study provides important genetic insights into dynamic stem growth in Populus, and we confirmed PtoP4H9 as a potential useful marker for breeding or genetic engineering of poplars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xiao
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206,China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
| | - He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871,China
| | - Mingyang Quan
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
| | - Jiaxuan Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
| | - Peng Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
| | - Dan Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
| | - Li Ji
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
| | - Pär K Ingvarsson
- Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7080, SE-750 07 Uppsala,Sweden
| | - Harry X Wu
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, 90183 Umeå,Sweden
| | - Yousry A El-Kassaby
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4,Canada
| | - Qingzhang Du
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083,China
| | - Deqiang Zhang
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206,China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
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12
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Nweke AB, Nagasato D, Matsuoka K. Secreted arabinogalactan protein from salt-adapted tobacco BY-2 cells appears to be glycosylphosphatidyl inositol-anchored and associated with lipophilic moieties. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:1274-1284. [PMID: 37573142 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are plant extracellular proteoglycans associated with the plasma membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. This moiety is thought to be cleaved by phospholipase for secretion. Salt-adapted tobacco BY-2 cells were reported to secrete large amounts of AGPs into the medium. To investigate this mechanism, we expressed a fusion protein of tobacco sweet potato sporamin and AGP (SPO-AGP) in BY-2 cells and analyzed its fate after salt-adapting the cells. A two-phase separation analysis using Triton X-114 indicated that a significant proportion of SPO-AGP in the medium was recovered in the detergent phase, suggesting that this protein is GPI-anchored. Differential ultracentrifugation and a gradient density fractionation implicated extracellular vesicles or particles with SPO-AGP in the medium. Endogenous AGP secreted from salt-adapted and nontransgenic BY-2 cells behaved similarly to SPO-AGP. These results suggest that a part of the secreted AGPs from salt-adapted tobacco BY-2 cells are GPI-anchored and associated with particles or vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinze Boniface Nweke
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daiki Nagasato
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ken Matsuoka
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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13
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Nagasato D, Sugita Y, Tsuno Y, Tanaka R, Fukuda M, Matsuoka K. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchoring is required for the proper transport and extensive glycosylation of a classical arabinogalactan protein precursor in tobacco BY-2 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:991-1008. [PMID: 37348475 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Many precursors of plant arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) contain a C-terminal glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchoring signal. Using NtAGP1, a classical tobacco AGP, as a model, and green fluorescent protein (GFP) and sweet potato sporamin (SPO) as tags, we analyzed the localization and modification of AGP and its mutant without GPI-anchoring signal (AGPΔC) in tobacco BY-2 cells. The NtAGP1 fusion proteins migrated as large smear on SDS-polyacrylamide gel, and these proteins also localized preferentially to the plasma membrane. In contrast, fusions of AGPΔC with GFP and SPO yielded several forms: The largest were secreted, whereas others were recovered in the endomembrane organelles, including vacuoles. Comparison of the glycan structures of the microsomal SPO-AGP and the secreted SPO-AGPΔC using antibodies against the glycan epitopes of AGP indicated that the glycan structures of these proteins are different. These observations indicate that GPI-anchoring is required for the proper transport and glycosylation of the AGP precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Nagasato
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuto Sugita
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuhei Tsuno
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Maki Fukuda
- School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ken Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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14
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Pfeifer L, Mueller KK, Utermöhlen J, Erdt F, Zehge JBJ, Schubert H, Classen B. The cell walls of different Chara species are characterized by branched galactans rich in 3-O-methylgalactose and absence of AGPs. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13989. [PMID: 37616003 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Streptophyte algae are the closest relatives to land plants; their latest common ancestor performed the most drastic adaptation in plant evolution around 500 million years ago: the conquest of land. Besides other adaptations, this step required changes in cell wall composition. Current knowledge on the cell walls of streptophyte algae and especially on the presence of arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs), important signalling molecules in all land plants, is limited. To get deeper insights into the cell walls of streptophyte algae, especially in Charophyceae, we performed sequential cell wall extractions of four Chara species. The three species Chara globularis, Chara subspinosa and Chara tomentosa revealed comparable cell wall compositions, with pectins, xylans and xyloglucans, whereas Chara aspera stood out with higher amounts of uronic acids in the pectic fractions and lack of reactivity with antibodies binding to xylan- and xyloglucan epitopes. Search for AGPs in the four Chara species and in Nitellopsis obtusa revealed the presence of galactans with pyranosidic galactose in 1,3-, 1,6- and 1,3,6-linkage, which are typical galactan motifs in land plant AGPs. A unique feature of these branched galactans was high portions of 3-O-methylgalactose. Only Nitellopsis contained substantial amounts of arabinose A bioinformatic search for prolyl-4-hydroxylases, involved in the biosynthesis of AGPs, revealed one possible functional sequence in the genome of Chara braunii, but no hydroxyproline could be detected in the four Chara species or in Nitellopsis obtusa. We conclude that AGPs that is typical for land plants are absent, at least in these members of the Charophyceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Pfeifer
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kim-Kristine Mueller
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jon Utermöhlen
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Felicitas Erdt
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jean Bastian Just Zehge
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hendrik Schubert
- Aquatic Ecology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Birgit Classen
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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15
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Jin S, Han Z, Hu Y, Si Z, Dai F, He L, Cheng Y, Li Y, Zhao T, Fang L, Zhang T. Structural variation (SV)-based pan-genome and GWAS reveal the impacts of SVs on the speciation and diversification of allotetraploid cottons. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:678-693. [PMID: 36760124 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Structural variations (SVs) have long been described as being involved in the origin, adaption, and domestication of species. However, the underlying genetic and genomic mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we report a high-quality genome assembly of Gossypium barbadense acc. Tanguis, a landrace that is closely related to formation of extra-long-staple (ELS) cultivated cotton. An SV-based pan-genome (Pan-SV) was then constructed using a total of 182 593 non-redundant SVs, including 2236 inversions, 97 398 insertions, and 82 959 deletions from 11 assembled genomes of allopolyploid cotton. The utility of this Pan-SV was then demonstrated through population structure analysis and genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Using segregation mapping populations produced through crossing ELS cotton and the landrace along with an SV-based GWAS, certain SVs responsible for speciation, domestication, and improvement in tetraploid cottons were identified. Importantly, some of the SVs presently identified as associated with the yield and fiber quality improvement had not been identified in previous SNP-based GWAS. In particular, a 9-bp insertion or deletion was found to associate with elimination of the interspecific reproductive isolation between Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense. Collectively, this study provides new insights into genome-wide, gene-scale SVs linked to important agronomic traits in a major crop species and highlights the importance of SVs during the speciation, domestication, and improvement of cultivated crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangkun Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Center for Crop Precision Breeding, Advanced Seed Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Zegang Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Center for Crop Precision Breeding, Advanced Seed Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Center for Crop Precision Breeding, Advanced Seed Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Zhanfeng Si
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Center for Crop Precision Breeding, Advanced Seed Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Dai
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Center for Crop Precision Breeding, Advanced Seed Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu He
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Center for Crop Precision Breeding, Advanced Seed Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Center for Crop Precision Breeding, Advanced Seed Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiqian Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Center for Crop Precision Breeding, Advanced Seed Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Center for Crop Precision Breeding, Advanced Seed Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Fang
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Center for Crop Precision Breeding, Advanced Seed Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Tianzhen Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Center for Crop Precision Breeding, Advanced Seed Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China.
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16
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Leszczuk A, Kalaitzis P, Kulik J, Zdunek A. Review: structure and modifications of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:45. [PMID: 36670377 PMCID: PMC9854139 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this report is to provide general information on the molecular structure and synthesis of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) in association to their physiological significance. Assessment of genetic modifications of the activity of enzymes involved in the AGP biosynthesis is an efficient tool to study AGP functions. Thus, P4H (prolyl 4 hydroxylase) mutants, GLCAT (β-glucuronosyltransferase) mutants, and GH43 (glycoside hydrolase family 43) mutants have been described. We focused on the overview of AGPs modifications observed at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels. Inhibition of the hydroxylation process results in an increase in the intensity of cell divisions and thus, has an impact on root system length and leaf area. In turn, overexpression of P4H genes stimulates the density of root hairs. A mutation in GLCAT genes responsible for the transfer of glucuronic acid to the AGP molecule revealed that the reduction of GlcA in AGP disrupts the substantial assembly of the primary cell wall. Furthermore, silencing of genes encoding GH43, which has the ability to hydrolyze the AGP glycan by removing incorrectly synthesized β-1,3-galactans, induces changes in the abundance of other cell wall constituents, which finally leads to root growth defects. This information provides insight into AGPs as a crucial players in the structural interactions present in the plant extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Panagiotis Kalaitzis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, P.O. Box 85, 73100 Chania, Greece
| | - Joanna Kulik
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
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17
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Overexpression of a Senescence-Related Gene CpSRG1 from Wintersweet ( Chimonanthus praecox) Promoted Growth and Flowering, and Delayed Senescence in Transgenic Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213971. [PMID: 36430449 PMCID: PMC9696086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant senescence is a complex process that is controlled by developmental regulation and genetic programs. A senescence-related gene CpSRG1, which belongs to the 2OG-Fe(II) dioxygenase superfamily, was characterized from wintersweet, and the phylogenetic relationship of CpSRG1 with homologs from other species was investigated. The expression analysis by qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time PCR) indicated that CpSRG1 is abundant in flower organs, especially in petals and stamens, and the highest expression of CpSRG1 was detected in stage 6 (withering period). The expression patterns of the CpSRG1 gene were further confirmed in CpSRG1pro::GUS (β-glucuronidase) plants, and the activity of the CpSRG1 promoter was enhanced by exogenous Eth (ethylene), SA (salicylic acid), and GA3 (gibberellin). Heterologous overexpression of CpSRG1 in Arabidopsis promoted growth and flowering, and delayed senescence. Moreover, the survival rates were significantly higher and the root lengths were significantly longer in the transgenic lines than in the wild-type plants, both under low nitrogen stress and GA3 treatment. This indicated that the CpSRG1 gene may promote the synthesis of assimilates in plants through the GA pathway, thereby improving growth and flowering, and delaying senescence in transgenic Arabidopsis. Our study has laid a satisfactory foundation for further analysis of senescence-related genes in wintersweet and wood plants. It also enriched our knowledge of the 2OG-Fe(II) dioxygenase superfamily, which plays a variety of important roles in plants.
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Stintzi A, Schaller A. Biogenesis of post-translationally modified peptide signals for plant reproductive development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 69:102274. [PMID: 35977439 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Post-translationally modified peptides (PMPs) are important regulators of plant growth and development. They are derived from larger inactive precursors by post-translational modification (PTM) and proteolytic processing to result in the bioactive peptide signals. We discuss how and why these modifications contribute to the bioactivity of inflorescence deficient in abscission (IDA), phytosulfokine (PSK), and peptides of the Casparian strip integrity factor (CIF) family, as signaling molecules during reproductive development. The emerging picture suggests that PTMs evolved to increase the specificity of interaction of PMPs with cognate receptors and of PMP precursors with processing proteases. Cleavage sites in PMP precursors are recognized by subtilases (SBTs) in a highly specific manner. SBT-mediated processing results in the activation of PMP signals regulating stress-induced flower drop, the formation of the embryonic cuticle, and pollen development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick Stintzi
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Marzol E, Borassi C, Carignani Sardoy M, Ranocha P, Aptekmann AA, Bringas M, Pennington J, Paez-Valencia J, Martínez Pacheco J, Rodríguez-Garcia DR, Rondón Guerrero YDC, Peralta JM, Fleming M, Mishler-Elmore JW, Mangano S, Blanco-Herrera F, Bedinger PA, Dunand C, Capece L, Nadra AD, Held M, Otegui MS, Estevez JM. Class III Peroxidases PRX01, PRX44, and PRX73 Control Root Hair Growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105375. [PMID: 35628189 PMCID: PMC9141322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Root hair cells are important sensors of soil conditions. They grow towards and absorb water-soluble nutrients. This fast and oscillatory growth is mediated by continuous remodeling of the cell wall. Root hair cell walls contain polysaccharides and hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins, including extensins (EXTs). Class-III peroxidases (PRXs) are secreted into the apoplastic space and are thought to trigger either cell wall loosening or polymerization of cell wall components, such as Tyr-mediated assembly of EXT networks (EXT-PRXs). The precise role of these EXT-PRXs is unknown. Using genetic, biochemical, and modeling approaches, we identified and characterized three root-hair-specific putative EXT-PRXs, PRX01, PRX44, and PRX73. prx01,44,73 triple mutation and PRX44 and PRX73 overexpression had opposite effects on root hair growth, peroxidase activity, and ROS production, with a clear impact on cell wall thickness. We use an EXT fluorescent reporter with contrasting levels of cell wall insolubilization in prx01,44,73 and PRX44-overexpressing background plants. In this study, we propose that PRX01, PRX44, and PRX73 control EXT-mediated cell wall properties during polar expansion of root hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Marzol
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina; (E.M.); (C.B.); (M.C.S.); (J.M.P.); (D.R.R.-G.); (Y.d.C.R.G.); (J.M.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Cecilia Borassi
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina; (E.M.); (C.B.); (M.C.S.); (J.M.P.); (D.R.R.-G.); (Y.d.C.R.G.); (J.M.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Mariana Carignani Sardoy
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina; (E.M.); (C.B.); (M.C.S.); (J.M.P.); (D.R.R.-G.); (Y.d.C.R.G.); (J.M.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Philippe Ranocha
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, 24, Chemin de Borde-Rouge, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France; (P.R.); (C.D.)
| | - Ariel A. Aptekmann
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3). Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (A.A.A.); (A.D.N.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Mauro Bringas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (INQUIMAE-CONICET), Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (M.B.); (L.C.)
| | - Janice Pennington
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison and Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.P.); (J.P.-V.); (M.S.O.)
| | - Julio Paez-Valencia
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison and Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.P.); (J.P.-V.); (M.S.O.)
| | - Javier Martínez Pacheco
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina; (E.M.); (C.B.); (M.C.S.); (J.M.P.); (D.R.R.-G.); (Y.d.C.R.G.); (J.M.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Diana R. Rodríguez-Garcia
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina; (E.M.); (C.B.); (M.C.S.); (J.M.P.); (D.R.R.-G.); (Y.d.C.R.G.); (J.M.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Yossmayer del Carmen Rondón Guerrero
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina; (E.M.); (C.B.); (M.C.S.); (J.M.P.); (D.R.R.-G.); (Y.d.C.R.G.); (J.M.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Juan Manuel Peralta
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina; (E.M.); (C.B.); (M.C.S.); (J.M.P.); (D.R.R.-G.); (Y.d.C.R.G.); (J.M.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Margaret Fleming
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1878, USA; (M.F.); (P.A.B.)
| | - John W. Mishler-Elmore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; (J.W.M.-E.); (M.H.)
| | - Silvina Mangano
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina; (E.M.); (C.B.); (M.C.S.); (J.M.P.); (D.R.R.-G.); (Y.d.C.R.G.); (J.M.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Francisca Blanco-Herrera
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8320000, Chile;
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello Santiago, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- ANID—Millennium Science Initiative Program—Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio) and Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Patricia A. Bedinger
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1878, USA; (M.F.); (P.A.B.)
| | - Christophe Dunand
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, 24, Chemin de Borde-Rouge, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France; (P.R.); (C.D.)
| | - Luciana Capece
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (INQUIMAE-CONICET), Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (M.B.); (L.C.)
| | - Alejandro D. Nadra
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3). Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (A.A.A.); (A.D.N.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Michael Held
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; (J.W.M.-E.); (M.H.)
| | - Marisa S. Otegui
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison and Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.P.); (J.P.-V.); (M.S.O.)
- Departments of Botany and Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - José M. Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina; (E.M.); (C.B.); (M.C.S.); (J.M.P.); (D.R.R.-G.); (Y.d.C.R.G.); (J.M.P.); (S.M.)
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello Santiago, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- ANID—Millennium Science Initiative Program—Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio) and Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Correspondence: or
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Kaur D, Held MA, Smith MR, Showalter AM. Functional characterization of hydroxyproline-O-galactosyltransferases for Arabidopsis arabinogalactan-protein synthesis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:590. [PMID: 34903166 PMCID: PMC8667403 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are structurally complex hydroxyproline-rich cell wall glycoproteins ubiquitous in the plant kingdom. AGPs biosynthesis involves a series of post-translational modifications including the addition of type II arabinogalactans to non-contiguous Hyp residues. To date, eight Hyp-galactosyltransferases (Hyp-GALTs; GALT2-GALT9) belonging to CAZy GT31, are known to catalyze the addition of the first galactose residues to AGP protein backbones and enable subsequent AGP glycosylation. The extent of genetic redundancy, however, remains to be elucidated for the Hyp-GALT gene family. RESULTS To examine their gene redundancy and functions, we generated various multiple gene knock-outs, including a triple mutant (galt5 galt8 galt9), two quadruple mutants (galt2 galt5 galt7 galt8, galt2 galt5 galt7 galt9), and one quintuple mutant (galt2 galt5 galt7 galt8 galt9), and comprehensively examined their biochemical and physiological phenotypes. The key findings include: AGP precipitations with β-Yariv reagent showed that GALT2, GALT5, GALT7, GALT8 and GALT9 act redundantly with respect to AGP glycosylation in cauline and rosette leaves, while the activity of GALT7, GALT8 and GALT9 dominate in the stem, silique and flowers. Monosaccharide composition analysis showed that galactose was decreased in the silique and root AGPs of the Hyp-GALT mutants. TEM analysis of 25789 quintuple mutant stems indicated cell wall defects coincident with the observed developmental and growth impairment in these Hyp-GALT mutants. Correlated with expression patterns, galt2, galt5, galt7, galt8, and galt9 display equal additive effects on insensitivity to β-Yariv-induced growth inhibition, silique length, plant height, and pollen viability. Interestingly, galt7, galt8, and galt9 contributed more to primary root growth and root tip swelling under salt stress, whereas galt2 and galt5 played more important roles in seed morphology, germination defects and seed set. Pollen defects likely contributed to the reduced seed set in these mutants. CONCLUSION Additive and pleiotropic effects of GALT2, GALT5, GALT7, GALT8 and GALT9 on vegetative and reproductive growth phenotypes were teased apart via generation of different combinations of Hyp-GALT knock-out mutants. Taken together, the generation of higher order Hyp-GALT mutants demonstrate the functional importance of AG polysaccharides decorating the AGPs with respect to various aspects of plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasmeet Kaur
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979 USA
- Department of Environmental & Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979 USA
| | - Michael A. Held
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979 USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979 USA
| | - Mountain R. Smith
- Department of Environmental & Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979 USA
| | - Allan M. Showalter
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979 USA
- Department of Environmental & Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979 USA
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21
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3,4-Dehydro-L-proline Induces Programmed Cell Death in the Roots of Brachypodium distachyon. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147548. [PMID: 34299166 PMCID: PMC8303501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As cell wall proteins, the hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) take part in plant growth and various developmental processes. To fulfil their functions, HRGPs, extensins (EXTs) in particular, undergo the hydroxylation of proline by the prolyl-4-hydroxylases. The activity of these enzymes can be inhibited with 3,4-dehydro-L-proline (3,4-DHP), which enables its application to reveal the functions of the HRGPs. Thus, to study the involvement of HRGPs in the development of root hairs and roots, we treated seedlings of Brachypodium distachyon with 250 µM, 500 µM, and 750 µM of 3,4-DHP. The histological observations showed that the root epidermis cells and the cortex cells beneath them ruptured. The immunostaining experiments using the JIM20 antibody, which recognizes the EXT epitopes, demonstrated the higher abundance of this epitope in the control compared to the treated samples. The transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed morphological and ultrastructural features that are typical for the vacuolar-type of cell death. Using the TUNEL test (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling), we showed an increase in the number of nuclei with damaged DNA in the roots that had been treated with 3,4-DHP compared to the control. Finally, an analysis of two metacaspases' gene activity revealed an increase in their expression in the treated roots. Altogether, our results show that inhibiting the prolyl-4-hydroxylases with 3,4-DHP results in a vacuolar-type of cell death in roots, thereby highlighting the important role of HRGPs in root hair development and root growth.
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De Coninck T, Gistelinck K, Janse van Rensburg HC, Van den Ende W, Van Damme EJM. Sweet Modifications Modulate Plant Development. Biomolecules 2021; 11:756. [PMID: 34070047 PMCID: PMC8158104 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant development represents a continuous process in which the plant undergoes morphological, (epi)genetic and metabolic changes. Starting from pollination, seed maturation and germination, the plant continues to grow and develops specialized organs to survive, thrive and generate offspring. The development of plants and the interplay with its environment are highly linked to glycosylation of proteins and lipids as well as metabolism and signaling of sugars. Although the involvement of these protein modifications and sugars is well-studied, there is still a long road ahead to profoundly comprehend their nature, significance, importance for plant development and the interplay with stress responses. This review, approached from the plants' perspective, aims to focus on some key findings highlighting the importance of glycosylation and sugar signaling for plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibo De Coninck
- Laboratory of Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.D.C.); (K.G.)
| | - Koen Gistelinck
- Laboratory of Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.D.C.); (K.G.)
| | - Henry C. Janse van Rensburg
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (H.C.J.v.R.); (W.V.d.E.)
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (H.C.J.v.R.); (W.V.d.E.)
| | - Els J. M. Van Damme
- Laboratory of Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.D.C.); (K.G.)
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Mishler-Elmore JW, Zhou Y, Sukul A, Oblak M, Tan L, Faik A, Held MA. Extensins: Self-Assembly, Crosslinking, and the Role of Peroxidases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:664738. [PMID: 34054905 PMCID: PMC8160292 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.664738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The extensin (EXT) network is elaborated by the covalent intermolecular crosslinking of EXT glycoprotein monomers, and its proper assembly is important for numerous aspects of basic wall architecture and cellular defense. In this review, we discuss new advances in the secretion of EXT monomers and the molecular drivers of EXT network self-assembly. Many of the functions of EXTs are conferred through covalent crosslinking into the wall, so we also discuss the different types of known intermolecular crosslinks, the enzymes that are involved, as well as the potential for additional crosslinks that are yet to be identified. EXTs also function in wall architecture independent of crosslinking status, and therefore, we explore the role of non-crosslinking EXTs. As EXT crosslinking is upregulated in response to wounding and pathogen infection, we discuss a potential regulatory mechanism to control covalent crosslinking and its relationship to the subcellular localization of the crosslinking enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yadi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Abhijit Sukul
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Mercedes Oblak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Li Tan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ahmed Faik
- Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Michael A. Held
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
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Petersen BL, MacAlister CA, Ulvskov P. Plant Protein O-Arabinosylation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:645219. [PMID: 33815452 PMCID: PMC8012813 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.645219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of proteins with diverse functions in development, defense, and stress responses are O-arabinosylated at hydroxyprolines (Hyps) within distinct amino acid motifs of continuous stretches of Hyps, as found in the structural cell wall extensins, or at non-continuous Hyps as, for example, found in small peptide hormones and a variety of plasma membrane proteins involved in signaling. Plant O-glycosylation relies on hydroxylation of Prolines to Hyps in the protein backbone, mediated by prolyl-4-hydroxylase (P4H) which is followed by O-glycosylation of the Hyp C4-OH group by either galactosyltransferases (GalTs) or arabinofuranosyltranferases (ArafTs) yielding either Hyp-galactosylation or Hyp-arabinosylation. A subset of the P4H enzymes with putative preference to hydroxylation of continuous prolines and presumably all ArafT enzymes needed for synthesis of the substituted arabinose chains of one to four arabinose units, have been identified and functionally characterized. Truncated root-hair phenotype is one common denominator of mutants of Hyp formation and Hyp-arabinosylation glycogenes, which act on diverse groups of O-glycosylated proteins, e.g., the small peptide hormones and cell wall extensins. Dissection of different substrate derived effects may not be regularly feasible and thus complicate translation from genotype to phenotype. Recently, lack of proper arabinosylation on arabinosylated proteins has been shown to influence their transport/fate in the secretory pathway, hinting to an additional layer of functionality of O-arabinosylation. Here, we provide an update on the prevalence and types of O-arabinosylated proteins and the enzymatic machinery responsible for their modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bent Larsen Petersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cora A. MacAlister
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Mócsai R, Göritzer K, Stenitzer D, Maresch D, Strasser R, Altmann F. Prolyl Hydroxylase Paralogs in Nicotiana benthamiana Show High Similarity With Regard to Substrate Specificity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:636597. [PMID: 33737944 PMCID: PMC7960765 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.636597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant glycoproteins display a characteristic type of O-glycosylation where short arabinans or larger arabinogalactans are linked to hydroxyproline. The conversion of proline to 4-hydroxyproline is accomplished by prolyl-hydroxylases (P4Hs). Eleven putative Nicotiana benthamiana P4Hs, which fall in four homology groups, have been identified by homology searches using known Arabidopsis thaliana P4H sequences. One member of each of these groups has been expressed in insect cells using the baculovirus expression system and applied to synthetic peptides representing the O-glycosylated region of erythropoietin (EPO), IgA1, Art v 1 and the Arabidopsis thaliana glycoprotein STRUBBELIG. Unlike the situation in the moss Physcomitrella patens, where one particular P4H was mainly responsible for the oxidation of erythropoietin, the tobacco P4Hs exhibited rather similar activities, albeit with biased substrate preferences and preferred sites of oxidation. From a biotechnological viewpoint, this result means that silencing/knockout of a single P4H in N. benthamiana cannot be expected to result in the abolishment of the plant-specific oxidation of prolyl residues in a recombinant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Mócsai
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Göritzer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Stenitzer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Strasser R, Seifert G, Doblin MS, Johnson KL, Ruprecht C, Pfrengle F, Bacic A, Estevez JM. Cracking the "Sugar Code": A Snapshot of N- and O-Glycosylation Pathways and Functions in Plants Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:640919. [PMID: 33679857 PMCID: PMC7933510 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.640919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a fundamental co-translational and/or post-translational modification process where an attachment of sugars onto either proteins or lipids can alter their biological function, subcellular location and modulate the development and physiology of an organism. Glycosylation is not a template driven process and as such produces a vastly larger array of glycan structures through combinatorial use of enzymes and of repeated common scaffolds and as a consequence it provides a huge expansion of both the proteome and lipidome. While the essential role of N- and O-glycan modifications on mammalian glycoproteins is already well documented, we are just starting to decode their biological functions in plants. Although significant advances have been made in plant glycobiology in the last decades, there are still key challenges impeding progress in the field and, as such, holistic modern high throughput approaches may help to address these conceptual gaps. In this snapshot, we present an update of the most common O- and N-glycan structures present on plant glycoproteins as well as (1) the plant glycosyltransferases (GTs) and glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) responsible for their biosynthesis; (2) a summary of microorganism-derived GHs characterized to cleave specific glycosidic linkages; (3) a summary of the available tools ranging from monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), lectins to chemical probes for the detection of specific sugar moieties within these complex macromolecules; (4) selected examples of N- and O-glycoproteins as well as in their related GTs to illustrate the complexity on their mode of action in plant cell growth and stress responses processes, and finally (5) we present the carbohydrate microarray approach that could revolutionize the way in which unknown plant GTs and GHs are identified and their specificities characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Seifert
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- The Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kim L. Johnson
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- The Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Colin Ruprecht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabian Pfrengle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antony Bacic
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- The Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - José M. Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
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Tost AS, Kristensen A, Olsen LI, Axelsen KB, Fuglsang AT. The PSY Peptide Family-Expression, Modification and Physiological Implications. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020218. [PMID: 33540946 PMCID: PMC7913133 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Small post-translationally modified peptides are gaining increasing attention as important signaling molecules in plant development. In the family of plant peptides containing tyrosine sulfation (PSYs), only PSY1 has been characterized at the mature level as an 18-amino-acid peptide, carrying one sulfated tyrosine, and involved in cell elongation. This review presents seven additional homologs in Arabidopsis all sharing high conservation in the active peptide domain, and it shows that PSY peptides are found in all higher plants and mosses. It is proposed that all eight PSY homologs are post-translationally modified to carry a sulfated tyrosine and that subtilisin-like subtilases (SBTs) are involved in the processing of PSY propeptides. The PSY peptides show differential expression patterns indicating that they serve several distinct functions in plant development. PSY peptides seem to be at least partly regulated at the transcriptional level, as their expression is greatly influenced by developmental factors. Finally, a model including a receptor in addition to PSY1R is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalie Scheel Tost
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (A.S.T.); (A.K.); (L.I.O.); or (K.B.A.)
| | - Astrid Kristensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (A.S.T.); (A.K.); (L.I.O.); or (K.B.A.)
| | - Lene Irene Olsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (A.S.T.); (A.K.); (L.I.O.); or (K.B.A.)
| | - Kristian Buhl Axelsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (A.S.T.); (A.K.); (L.I.O.); or (K.B.A.)
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, 1 Rue Michel Servet, CH-1211 Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Anja Thoe Fuglsang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (A.S.T.); (A.K.); (L.I.O.); or (K.B.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-35-33-25-86
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Abedi T, Castilleux R, Nibbering P, Niittylä T. The Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Cell Wall-Associated Glycoproteins During Wood Formation in Populus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:611607. [PMID: 33381142 PMCID: PMC7768015 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.611607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell wall associated hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) are involved in several aspects of plant growth and development, including wood formation in trees. HRGPs such as arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs), extensins (EXTs), and proline rich proteins (PRPs) are important for the development and architecture of plant cell walls. Analysis of publicly available gene expression data revealed that many HRGP encoding genes show tight spatio-temporal expression patterns in the developing wood of Populus that are indicative of specific functions during wood formation. Similar results were obtained for the expression of glycosyl transferases putatively involved in HRGP glycosylation. In situ immunolabelling of transverse wood sections using AGP and EXT antibodies revealed the cell type specificity of different epitopes. In mature wood AGP epitopes were located in xylem ray cell walls, whereas EXT epitopes were specifically observed between neighboring xylem vessels, and on the ray cell side of the vessel walls, likely in association with pits. Molecular mass and glycan analysis of AGPs and EXTs in phloem/cambium, developing xylem, and mature xylem revealed clear differences in glycan structures and size between the tissues. Separation of AGPs by agarose gel electrophoresis and staining with β-D-glucosyl Yariv confirmed the presence of different AGP populations in phloem/cambium and xylem. These results reveal the diverse changes in HRGP-related processes that occur during wood formation at the gene expression and HRGP glycan biosynthesis levels, and relate HRGPs and glycosylation processes to the developmental processes of wood formation.
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Silva J, Ferraz R, Dupree P, Showalter AM, Coimbra S. Three Decades of Advances in Arabinogalactan-Protein Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:610377. [PMID: 33384708 PMCID: PMC7769824 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.610377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are a large, complex, and highly diverse class of heavily glycosylated proteins that belong to the family of cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins. Approximately 90% of the molecules consist of arabinogalactan polysaccharides, which are composed of arabinose and galactose as major sugars and minor sugars such as glucuronic acid, fucose, and rhamnose. About half of the AGP family members contain a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) lipid anchor, which allows for an association with the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. The mysterious AGP family has captivated the attention of plant biologists for several decades. This diverse family of glycoproteins is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, including many algae, where they play fundamental roles in growth and development processes. The journey of AGP biosynthesis begins with the assembly of amino acids into peptide chains of proteins. An N-terminal signal peptide directs AGPs toward the endoplasmic reticulum, where proline hydroxylation occurs and a GPI anchor may be added. GPI-anchored AGPs, as well as unanchored AGPs, are then transferred to the Golgi apparatus, where extensive glycosylation occurs by the action of a variety glycosyltransferase enzymes. Following glycosylation, AGPs are transported by secretory vesicles to the cell wall or to the extracellular face of the plasma membrane (in the case of GPI-anchored AGPs). GPI-anchored proteins can be released from the plasma membrane into the cell wall by phospholipases. In this review, we present an overview of the accumulated knowledge on AGP biosynthesis over the past three decades. Particular emphasis is placed on the glycosylation of AGPs as the sugar moiety is essential to their function. Recent genetics and genomics approaches have significantly contributed to a broader knowledge of AGP biosynthesis. However, many questions remain to be elucidated in the decades ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy Silva
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Allan M. Showalter
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Borassi C, Gloazzo Dorosz J, Ricardi MM, Carignani Sardoy M, Pol Fachin L, Marzol E, Mangano S, Rodríguez Garcia DR, Martínez Pacheco J, Rondón Guerrero YDC, Velasquez SM, Villavicencio B, Ciancia M, Seifert G, Verli H, Estevez JM. A cell surface arabinogalactan-peptide influences root hair cell fate. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:732-743. [PMID: 32064614 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs (RHs) develop from specialized epidermal trichoblast cells, whereas epidermal cells that lack RHs are known as atrichoblasts. The mechanism controlling RH cell fate is only partially understood. RH cell fate is regulated by a transcription factor complex that promotes the expression of the homeodomain protein GLABRA 2 (GL2), which blocks RH development by inhibiting ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 6 (RHD6). Suppression of GL2 expression activates RHD6, a series of downstream TFs including ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 6 LIKE-4 (RSL4) and their target genes, and causes epidermal cells to develop into RHs. Brassinosteroids (BRs) influence RH cell fate. In the absence of BRs, phosphorylated BIN2 (a Type-II GSK3-like kinase) inhibits a protein complex that regulates GL2 expression. Perturbation of the arabinogalactan peptide (AGP21) in Arabidopsis thaliana triggers aberrant RH development, similar to that observed in plants with defective BR signaling. We reveal that an O-glycosylated AGP21 peptide, which is positively regulated by BZR1, a transcription factor activated by BR signaling, affects RH cell fate by altering GL2 expression in a BIN2-dependent manner. Changes in cell surface AGP disrupts BR responses and inhibits the downstream effect of BIN2 on the RH repressor GL2 in root epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Borassi
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier Gloazzo Dorosz
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martiniano M Ricardi
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular (FBMC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIByNE-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, CP C1405BWE, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Mariana Carignani Sardoy
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Eliana Marzol
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina Mangano
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Javier Martínez Pacheco
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Silvia M Velasquez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bianca Villavicencio
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, CP 15005, Porto Alegre, 91500-970 RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Ciancia
- Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos, Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Química de Biomoléculas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación de Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Georg Seifert
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, BOKU Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hugo Verli
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, CP 15005, Porto Alegre, 91500-970 RS, Brazil
| | - José M Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal (CBV), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, 8370186, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, 8331150, Chile
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31
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Herger A, Dünser K, Kleine-Vehn J, Ringli C. Leucine-Rich Repeat Extensin Proteins and Their Role in Cell Wall Sensing. Curr Biol 2020; 29:R851-R858. [PMID: 31505187 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall that provides shape and physically limits cell expansion. To sense the environment and status of cell wall structures, plants have evolved cell wall integrity-sensing mechanisms that involve a number of receptors at the plasma membrane. These receptors can bind cell wall components and/or hormones to coordinate processes in the cell wall and the cytoplasm. This review focuses on the role of leucine-rich repeat extensins (LRXs) during cell wall development. LRXs are chimeric proteins that insolubilize in the cell wall and form protein-protein interaction platforms. LRXs bind RALF peptide hormones that modify cell wall expansion and also directly interact with the transmembrane receptor FERONIA, which is involved in cell growth regulation. LRX proteins, therefore, also represent a link between the cell wall and plasma membrane, perceiving extracellular signals and indirectly relaying this information to the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Herger
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kai Dünser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Ringli
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Stührwohldt N, Scholl S, Lang L, Katzenberger J, Schumacher K, Schaller A. The biogenesis of CLEL peptides involves several processing events in consecutive compartments of the secretory pathway. eLife 2020; 9:e55580. [PMID: 32297855 PMCID: PMC7162652 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translationally modified peptides are involved in many aspects of plant growth and development. The maturation of these peptides from their larger precursors is still poorly understood. We show here that the biogenesis of CLEL6 and CLEL9 peptides in Arabidopsis thaliana requires a series of processing events in consecutive compartments of the secretory pathway. Following cleavage of the signal peptide upon entry into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the peptide precursors are processed in the cis-Golgi by the subtilase SBT6.1. SBT6.1-mediated cleavage within the variable domain allows for continued passage of the partially processed precursors through the secretory pathway, and for subsequent post-translational modifications including tyrosine sulfation and proline hydroxylation within, and proteolytic maturation after exit from the Golgi. Activation by subtilases including SBT3.8 in post-Golgi compartments depends on the N-terminal aspartate of the mature peptides. Our work highlights the complexity of post-translational precursor maturation allowing for stringent control of peptide biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Stührwohldt
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | - Stefan Scholl
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Lisa Lang
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | - Julia Katzenberger
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | - Karin Schumacher
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
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Larsen JS, Karlsson RTG, Tian W, Schulz MA, Matthes A, Clausen H, Petersen BL, Yang Z. Engineering mammalian cells to produce plant-specific N-glycosylation on proteins. Glycobiology 2020; 30:528-538. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Protein N-glycosylation is an essential and highly conserved posttranslational modification found in all eukaryotic cells. Yeast, plants and mammalian cells, however, produce N-glycans with distinct structural features. These species-specific features not only pose challenges in selecting host cells for production of recombinant therapeutics for human medical use but also provide opportunities to explore and utilize species-specific glycosylation in design of vaccines. Here, we used reverse cross-species engineering to stably introduce plant core α3fucose (α3Fuc) and β2xylose (β2Xyl) N-glycosylation epitopes in the mammalian Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line. We used directed knockin of plant core fucosylation and xylosylation genes (AtFucTA/AtFucTB and AtXylT) and targeted knockout of endogenous genes for core fucosylation (fut8) and elongation (B4galt1), for establishing CHO cells with plant N-glycosylation capacities. The engineering was evaluated through coexpression of two human therapeutic N-glycoproteins, erythropoietin (EPO) and an immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody. Full conversion to the plant-type α3Fuc/β2Xyl bi-antennary agalactosylated N-glycosylation (G0FX) was demonstrated for the IgG1 produced in CHO cells. These results demonstrate that N-glycosylation in mammalian cells is amenable for extensive cross-kingdom engineering and that engineered CHO cells may be used to produce glycoproteins with plant glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Steen Larsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, København, Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørregade 10, 1165 København, Denmark
| | - Richard Torbjörn Gustav Karlsson
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørregade 10, 1165 København, Denmark
| | - Weihua Tian
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørregade 10, 1165 København, Denmark
| | - Morten Alder Schulz
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørregade 10, 1165 København, Denmark
| | - Annemarie Matthes
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, København, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørregade 10, 1165 København, Denmark
| | - Bent Larsen Petersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, København, Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørregade 10, 1165 København, Denmark
| | - Zhang Yang
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørregade 10, 1165 København, Denmark
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Mnich E, Bjarnholt N, Eudes A, Harholt J, Holland C, Jørgensen B, Larsen FH, Liu M, Manat R, Meyer AS, Mikkelsen JD, Motawia MS, Muschiol J, Møller BL, Møller SR, Perzon A, Petersen BL, Ravn JL, Ulvskov P. Phenolic cross-links: building and de-constructing the plant cell wall. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:919-961. [PMID: 31971193 DOI: 10.1039/c9np00028c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Covering: Up to 2019Phenolic cross-links and phenolic inter-unit linkages result from the oxidative coupling of two hydroxycinnamates or two molecules of tyrosine. Free dimers of hydroxycinnamates, lignans, play important roles in plant defence. Cross-linking of bound phenolics in the plant cell wall affects cell expansion, wall strength, digestibility, degradability, and pathogen resistance. Cross-links mediated by phenolic substituents are particularly important as they confer strength to the wall via the formation of new covalent bonds, and by excluding water from it. Four biopolymer classes are known to be involved in the formation of phenolic cross-links: lignins, extensins, glucuronoarabinoxylans, and side-chains of rhamnogalacturonan-I. Lignins and extensins are ubiquitous in streptophytes whereas aromatic substituents on xylan and pectic side-chains are commonly assumed to be particular features of Poales sensu lato and core Caryophyllales, respectively. Cross-linking of phenolic moieties proceeds via radical formation, is catalyzed by peroxidases and laccases, and involves monolignols, tyrosine in extensins, and ferulate esters on xylan and pectin. Ferulate substituents, on xylan in particular, are thought to be nucleation points for lignin polymerization and are, therefore, of paramount importance to wall architecture in grasses and for the development of technology for wall disassembly, e.g. for the use of grass biomass for production of 2nd generation biofuels. This review summarizes current knowledge on the intra- and extracellular acylation of polysaccharides, and inter- and intra-molecular cross-linking of different constituents. Enzyme mediated lignan in vitro synthesis for pharmaceutical uses are covered as are industrial exploitation of mutant and transgenic approaches to control cell wall cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Mnich
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Seifert GJ. On the Potential Function of Type II Arabinogalactan O-Glycosylation in Regulating the Fate of Plant Secretory Proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:563735. [PMID: 33013983 PMCID: PMC7511660 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.563735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In a plant-specific mode of protein glycosylation, various sugars and glycans are attached to hydroxyproline giving rise to a variety of diverse O-glycoproteins. The sub-family of arabinogalactan proteins is implicated in a multitude of biological functions, however, the mechanistic role of O-glycosylation on AGPs by type II arabinogalactans is largely elusive. Some models suggest roles of the O-glycans such as in ligand-receptor interactions and as localized calcium ion store. Structurally different but possibly analogous types of protein O-glycosylation exist in animal and yeast models and roles for O-glycans were suggested in determining the fate of O-glycoproteins by affecting intracellular sorting or proteolytic activation and degradation. At present, only few examples exist that describe how the fate of artificial and endogenous arabinogalactan proteins is affected by O-glycosylation with type II arabinogalactans. In addition to other roles, these glycans might act as a molecular determinant for cellular localization and protein lifetime of many endogenous proteins.
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Li Y, Liu X, Chen R, Tian J, Fan Y, Zhou X. Genome-scale mining of root-preferential genes from maize and characterization of their promoter activity. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:584. [PMID: 31878892 PMCID: PMC6933907 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modification of root architecture and improvement of root resistance to stresses can increase crop productivity. Functional analyses of root-specific genes are necessary for root system improvement, and root-specific promoters enable research into the regulation of root development and genetic manipulation of root traits. Maize is an important crop species; however, little systematic mining of root-specific genes and promoters has been performed to date. RESULTS Genomic-scale mining based on microarray data sets followed by transcript detection resulted in the identification of 222 root-specific genes. Gene Ontology enrichment analyses revealed that these 222 root-specific genes were mainly involved in responses to chemical, biotic, and abiotic stresses. Of the 222 genes, 33 were verified by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and 31 showed root-preferential activity. About 2 kb upstream 5 of the 31 identified root-preferential genes were cloned from the maize genome as putative promoters and named p8463, p5023, p1534, p8531 and p6629. GUS staining of transgenic maize-derived promoter-GUS constructs revealed that the five promoters drove GUS expression in a root-preferential manner. CONCLUSIONS We mined root-preferential genes and their promoters in maize and verified p8463, p5023, p1534, p8531 and p6629 as root-preferential promoters. Our research enables the identification of other tissue-specific genes and promoters in maize and other species. In addition, the five promoters may enable enhancement of target gene(s) of maize in a root-preferential manner to generate novel maize cultivars with resistance to water, fertilizer constraints, or biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 ZhongGuanCun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 ZhongGuanCun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Rumei Chen
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 ZhongGuanCun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jian Tian
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 ZhongGuanCun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yunliu Fan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 ZhongGuanCun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xiaojin Zhou
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 ZhongGuanCun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Abdel-Ghani AH, Sharma R, Wabila C, Dhanagond S, Owais SJ, Duwayri MA, Al-Dalain SA, Klukas C, Chen D, Lübberstedt T, von Wirén N, Graner A, Kilian B, Neumann K. Genome-wide association mapping in a diverse spring barley collection reveals the presence of QTL hotspots and candidate genes for root and shoot architecture traits at seedling stage. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:216. [PMID: 31122195 PMCID: PMC6533710 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1828-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptation to drought-prone environments requires robust root architecture. Genotypes with a more vigorous root system have the potential to better adapt to soils with limited moisture content. However, root architecture is complex at both, phenotypic and genetic level. Customized mapping panels in combination with efficient screenings methods can resolve the underlying genetic factors of root traits. RESULTS A mapping panel of 233 spring barley genotypes was evaluated for root and shoot architecture traits under non-stress and osmotic stress. A genome-wide association study elucidated 65 involved genomic regions. Among them were 34 root-specific loci, eleven hotspots with associations to up to eight traits and twelve stress-specific loci. A list of candidate genes was established based on educated guess. Selected genes were tested for associated polymorphisms. By this, 14 genes were identified as promising candidates, ten remained suggestive and 15 were rejected. The data support the important role of flowering time genes, including HvPpd-H1, HvCry2, HvCO4 and HvPRR73. Moreover, seven root-related genes, HERK2, HvARF04, HvEXPB1, PIN5, PIN7, PME5 and WOX5 are confirmed as promising candidates. For the QTL with the highest allelic effect for root thickness and plant biomass a homologue of the Arabidopsis Trx-m3 was revealed as the most promising candidate. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a catalogue of hotspots for seedling growth, root and stress-specific genomic regions along with candidate genes for future potential incorporation in breeding attempts for enhanced yield potential, particularly in drought-prone environments. Root architecture is under polygenic control. The co-localization of well-known major genes for barley development and flowering time with QTL hotspots highlights their importance for seedling growth. Association analysis revealed the involvement of HvPpd-H1 in the development of the root system. The co-localization of root QTL with HERK2, HvARF04, HvEXPB1, PIN5, PIN7, PME5 and WOX5 represents a starting point to explore the roles of these genes in barley. Accordingly, the genes HvHOX2, HsfA2b, HvHAK2, and Dhn9, known to be involved in abiotic stress response, were located within stress-specific QTL regions and await future validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel H. Abdel-Ghani
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Mutah University, Mutah, Karak, 61710 Jordan
| | - Rajiv Sharma
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Seeland, Germany
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at JHI, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA UK
| | - Celestine Wabila
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Sidram Dhanagond
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Saed J. Owais
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Mutah University, Mutah, Karak, 61710 Jordan
| | - Mahmud A. Duwayri
- Department of Horticulture and Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Saddam A. Al-Dalain
- Al-Shoubak University College, Al-Balqa’ Applied University, Al-, Salt, 19117 Jordan
| | - Christian Klukas
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Seeland, Germany
- Digitalization in Research & Development (ROM), BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Dijun Chen
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Seeland, Germany
- Department for Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Lübberstedt
- Department of Agronomy, Agronomy Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Andreas Graner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Seeland, Germany
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kilian
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Seeland, Germany
- Global Crop Diversity Trust, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 7, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kerstin Neumann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Seeland, Germany
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Olsson V, Joos L, Zhu S, Gevaert K, Butenko MA, De Smet I. Look Closely, the Beautiful May Be Small: Precursor-Derived Peptides in Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 70:153-186. [PMID: 30525926 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, a flurry of research focusing on the role of peptides as short- and long-distance signaling molecules in plant cell communication has been undertaken. Here, we focus on peptides derived from nonfunctional precursors, and we address several key questions regarding peptide signaling. We provide an overview of the regulatory steps involved in producing a biologically active peptide ligand that can bind its corresponding receptor(s) and discuss how this binding and subsequent activation lead to specific cellular outputs. We discuss different experimental approaches that can be used to match peptide ligands with their receptors. Lastly, we explore how peptides evolved from basic signaling units regulating essential processes in plants to more complex signaling systems as new adaptive traits developed and how nonplant organisms exploit this signaling machinery by producing peptide mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilde Olsson
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Lisa Joos
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shanshuo Zhu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melinka A Butenko
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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He Y, Hu D, You J, Wu D, Cui Y, Dong H, Li J, Qian W. Genome-wide association study and protein network analysis for understanding candidate genes involved in root development at the rapeseed seedling stage. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 137:42-52. [PMID: 30738216 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Root system is essential for plants to absorb water and nutrients. The root related traits are complex quantitative traits and regulated by genetic control. Here, we used two association mapping panels to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on seven root related traits in Brassica napus at the seedling stage and obtained 27 SNP loci significantly associated with the phenotypes. We further conducted a genome-wide LD block analysis of the candidate peak regions and obtained 295 candidate genes with high association peaks across seven phenotypes in LD region. In addition, a protein interaction network using the candidate genes identified here was constructed, and 113 genes were associated. Seven genes, BnaA03g47330D, BnaC09g16810D, BnaA06g22840D, BnaA03g28390D, BnaA08g19920D, BnaA03g28930D and BnaA03g11440D were in a large cluster, and may play important roles in interacting with other related genes. Our data may provide resources for molecular breeding and functional analysis of root growth and development in rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun He
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Dingxue Hu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Jingcan You
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Daoming Wu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yixin Cui
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Hongli Dong
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Jiana Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Wei Qian
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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40
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Stührwohldt N, Schaller A. Regulation of plant peptide hormones and growth factors by post-translational modification. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21 Suppl 1:49-63. [PMID: 30047205 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The number, diversity and significance of peptides as regulators of cellular differentiation, growth, development and defence of plants has long been underestimated. Peptides have now emerged as an important class of signals for cell-to-cell communication over short distances, and also for long-range signalling. We refer to these signalling molecules as peptide growth factors and peptide hormones, respectively. As compared to remarkable progress with respect to the mechanisms of peptide perception and signal transduction, the biogenesis of signalling peptides is still in its infancy. This review focuses on the biogenesis and activity of small post-translationally modified peptides. These peptides are derived from inactive pre-pro-peptides of approximately 70-120 amino acids. Multiple post-translational modifications (PTMs) may be required for peptide maturation and activation, including proteolytic processing, tyrosine sulfation, proline hydroxylation and hydroxyproline glycosylation. While many of the enzymes responsible for these modifications have been identified, their impact on peptide activity and signalling is not fully understood. These PTMs may or may not be required for bioactivity, they may inactivate the peptide or modify its signalling specificity, they may affect peptide stability or targeting, or its binding affinity with the receptor. In the present review, we will first introduce the peptides that undergo PTMs and for which these PTMs were shown to be functionally relevant. We will then discuss the different types of PTMs and the impact they have on peptide activity and plant growth and development. We conclude with an outlook on the open questions that need to be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Stührwohldt
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - A Schaller
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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41
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Nadi R, Mateo-Bonmatí E, Juan-Vicente L, Micol JL. The 2OGD Superfamily: Emerging Functions in Plant Epigenetics and Hormone Metabolism. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:1222-1224. [PMID: 30240848 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Riad Nadi
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Eduardo Mateo-Bonmatí
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Lucía Juan-Vicente
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - José Luis Micol
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain.
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De Marchis F, Colanero S, Klein EM, Mainieri D, Prota VM, Bellucci M, Pagliuca G, Zironi E, Gazzotti T, Vitale A, Pompa A. Expression of CLAVATA3 fusions indicates rapid intracellular processing and a role of ERAD. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 271:67-80. [PMID: 29650159 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The 12 amino acid peptide derived from the Arabidopsis soluble secretory protein CLAVATA3 (CLV3) acts at the cell surface in a signalling system that regulates the size of apical meristems. The subcellular pathway involved in releasing the peptide from its precursor is unknown. We show that a CLV3-GFP fusion expressed in transfected tobacco protoplasts or transgenic tobacco plants has very short intracellular half-life that cannot be extended by the secretory traffic inhibitors brefeldin A and wortmannin. The fusion is biologically active, since the incubation medium of protoplasts from CLV3-GFP-expressing tobacco contains the CLV3 peptide and inhibits root growth. The rapid disappearance of intact CLV3-GFP requires the signal peptide and is inhibited by the proteasome inhibitor MG132 or coexpression with a mutated CDC48 that inhibits endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD). The synthesis of CLV3-GFP is specifically supported by the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone endoplasmin in an in vivo assay. Our results indicate that processing of CLV3 starts intracellularly in an early compartment of the secretory pathway and that ERAD could play a regulatory or direct role in the active peptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Marchis
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sara Colanero
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eva M Klein
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Mainieri
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
| | - Viviana M Prota
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
| | - Michele Bellucci
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giampiero Pagliuca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Elisa Zironi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Teresa Gazzotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vitale
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy.
| | - Andrea Pompa
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Perugia, Italy.
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Marzol E, Borassi C, Bringas M, Sede A, Rodríguez Garcia DR, Capece L, Estevez JM. Filling the Gaps to Solve the Extensin Puzzle. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:645-658. [PMID: 29530817 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Extensins (EXTs) are highly repetitive plant O-glycoproteins that require several post-translational modifications (PTMs) to become functional in plant cell walls. First, they are hydroxylated on contiguous proline residues; then they are O-glycosylated on hydroxyproline and serine. After secretion into the apoplast, O-glycosylated EXTs form a tridimensional network organized by inter- and intra-Tyr linkages. Recent studies have made significant progress in the identification of the enzymatic machinery required to process EXTs, which includes prolyl 4-hydroxylases, glycosyltransferases, papain-type cysteine endopeptidases, and peroxidases. EXTs are abundant in plant tissues and are particularly important in rapidly expanding root hairs and pollen tubes, which grow in a polar manner. Small changes in EXT PTMs affect fast-growing cells, although the molecular mechanisms underlying this regulation are unknown. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of EXT modifications throughout the secretory pathway, EXT assembly in cell walls, and possible sensing mechanisms involving the Catharanthus roseus cell surface sensor receptor-like kinases located at the interface between the apoplast and the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Marzol
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Avenida Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, CP C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Borassi
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Avenida Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, CP C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Mauro Bringas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (INQUIMAE-CONICET), Buenos Aires, CP C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Ana Sede
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Avenida Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, CP C1405BWE, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Dr. Héctor Torres (INGEBI-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, C1428ADN, Argentina
| | - Diana Rosa Rodríguez Garcia
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Avenida Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, CP C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Luciana Capece
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (INQUIMAE-CONICET), Buenos Aires, CP C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Jose M Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Avenida Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, CP C1405BWE, Argentina.
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Fragkostefanakis S, Kaloudas D, Kalaitzis P. Pyridine 2,4-Dicarboxylic Acid Suppresses Tomato Seedling Growth. Front Chem 2018; 6:3. [PMID: 29441347 PMCID: PMC5797587 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyridine 2,4-dicarboxylic acid is a structural analog of 2-oxoglutarate and is known to inhibit 2-oxoglutare-dependent dioxygenases. The effect of this inhibitor in tomato seedlings grown in MS media supplied with various concentrations of PDCA was investigated, resulting in shorter roots and hypocotyls in a dose-dependent manner. The partial inhibition of growth in roots was more drastic compared to hypocotyls and was attributed to a decrease in the elongation of root and hypocotyl cells. Concentrations of 100 and 250 μM of PDCA decreased hydroxyproline content in roots while only the 250 μM treatment reduced the hydroxyproline content in shoots. Seedlings treated with 100 μM PDCA exhibited enhanced growth of hypocotyl and cotyledon cells and higher hydroxyproline content resulting in cotyledons with greater surface area. However, no alterations in hypocotyl length were observed. Prolyl 4 hydroxylases (P4Hs) are involved in the O-glycosylation of AGPs and were also highly expressed during seedling growth. Moreover PDCA induced a decrease in the accumulation of HRGPs and particularly in AGPs-bound epitopes in a dose dependent-manner while more drastic reduction were observed in roots compared to shoots. In addition, bulged root epidermal cells were observed at the high concentration of 250 μM which is characteristic of root tissues with glycosylation defects. These results indicate that PDCA induced pleiotropic effects during seedling growth while further studies are required to better investigate the physiological significance of this 2-oxoglutarate analog. This pharmacological approach might be used as a tool to better understand the physiological significance of HRGPs and probably P4Hs in various growth and developmental programs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitrios Kaloudas
- Horticultural Genetics, Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Kalaitzis
- Horticultural Genetics, Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, Greece
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Stührwohldt N, Hohl M, Schardon K, Stintzi A, Schaller A. Post-translational maturation of IDA, a peptide signal controlling floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis. Commun Integr Biol 2017. [PMCID: PMC5824936 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2017.1395119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The abscission of sepals, petals and stamens in Arabidopsis flowers is controlled by a peptide signal called IDA (Inflorescence Deficient in Abscission). IDA belongs to the large group of small post-translationally modified signaling peptides that are synthesized as larger precursors and require proteolytic processing and specific side chain modifications for signal biogenesis. Using tissue-specific expression of proteinase inhibitors as a novel approach for loss-of-function analysis, we recently identified the peptidases responsible for IDA maturation within the large family of subtilisin-like proteinases (subtilases; SBTs). Further biochemical and physiological assays identified three SBTs (AtSBT5.2, AtSBT4.12, AtSBT4.13) that cleave the IDA precursor to generate the N-terminus of the mature peptide. The C-terminal processing enzyme(s) remain(s) to be identified. While proline hydroxylation was suggested as additional post-translational modification required for IDA maturation, hydroxylated and non-hydroxylated IDA peptides were found to be equally active in bioassays for abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Stührwohldt
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mathias Hohl
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katharina Schardon
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Annick Stintzi
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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46
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Identification and evolution of a plant cell wall specific glycoprotein glycosyl transferase, ExAD. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45341. [PMID: 28358137 PMCID: PMC5371791 DOI: 10.1038/srep45341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensins are plant cell wall glycoproteins that act as scaffolds for the deposition of the main wall carbohydrate polymers, which are interlocked into the supramolecular wall structure through intra- and inter-molecular iso-di-tyrosine crosslinks within the extensin backbone. In the conserved canonical extensin repeat, Ser-Hyp4, serine and the consecutive C4-hydroxyprolines (Hyps) are substituted with an α-galactose and 1–5 β- or α-linked arabinofuranoses (Arafs), respectively. These modifications are required for correct extended structure and function of the extensin network. Here, we identified a single Arabidopsis thaliana gene, At3g57630, in clade E of the inverting Glycosyltransferase family GT47 as a candidate for the transfer of Araf to Hyp-arabinofuranotriose (Hyp-β1,4Araf-β1,2Araf-β1,2Araf) side chains in an α-linkage, to yield Hyp-Araf4 which is exclusively found in extensins. T-DNA knock-out mutants of At3g57630 showed a truncated root hair phenotype, as seen for mutants of all hitherto characterized extensin glycosylation enzymes; both root hair and glycan phenotypes were restored upon reintroduction of At3g57630. At3g57630 was named Extensin Arabinose Deficient transferase, ExAD, accordingly. The occurrence of ExAD orthologs within the Viridiplantae along with its’ product, Hyp-Araf4, point to ExAD being an evolutionary hallmark of terrestrial plants and charophyte green algae.
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Duruflé H, Hervé V, Balliau T, Zivy M, Dunand C, Jamet E. Proline Hydroxylation in Cell Wall Proteins: Is It Yet Possible to Define Rules? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1802. [PMID: 29089960 PMCID: PMC5651053 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall proteins (CWPs) play critical and dynamic roles in plant cell walls by contributing to developmental processes and response to environmental cues. Since the CWPs go through the secretion pathway, most of them undergo post-translational modifications (PTMs) which can modify their biological activity. Glycosylation is one of the major PTMs of CWPs and refers to N-glycosylation, O-glycosylation and glypiation. Each of these PTMs occurs in different amino acid contexts which are not all well defined. This article deals with the hydroxylation of Pro residues which is a prerequisite for O-glycosylation of CWPs on hydroxyproline (Hyp) residues. The location of Hyp residues is well described in several structural CWPs, but yet rarely described in other CWPs. In this article, it is studied in detail in five Arabidopsis thaliana proteins using mass spectrometry data: one of them (At4g38770, AtPRP4) is a structural CWP containing 32.5% of Pro residues arranged in typical motifs, the others are either rich (27-28%, At1g31580 and At2g10940) or poor (6-8%, At1g09750 and At3g08030) in Pro residues. The known rules of Pro hydroxylation allowed a good prediction of Hyp location in AtPRP4. However, they could not be applied to the other proteins whatever their Pro content. In addition, variability of the Pro hydroxylation patterns was observed within some amino acid motifs in all the proteins and new patterns of Pro hydroxylation are described. Altogether, this work shows that Hyp residues are present in more protein families than initially described, and that Pro hydroxylation patterns could be different in each of them. This work paves the way for completing the existing Pro hydroxylation code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Duruflé
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Hervé
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- INRS – Institut Armand Frappier, Laval, Canada
| | - Thierry Balliau
- PAPPSO, GQE Le Moulon, INRA, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michel Zivy
- PAPPSO, GQE Le Moulon, INRA, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christophe Dunand
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- *Correspondence: Elisabeth Jamet,
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Serra A, Hemu X, Nguyen GKT, Nguyen NTK, Sze SK, Tam JP. A high-throughput peptidomic strategy to decipher the molecular diversity of cyclic cysteine-rich peptides. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23005. [PMID: 26965458 PMCID: PMC4786859 DOI: 10.1038/srep23005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclotides are plant cyclic cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs). The cyclic nature is reported to be gene-determined with a precursor containing a cyclization-competent domain which contains an essential C-terminal Asn/Asp (Asx) processing signal recognized by a cyclase. Linear forms of cyclotides are rare and are likely uncyclizable because they lack this essential C-terminal Asx signal (uncyclotide). Here we show that in the cyclotide-producing plant Clitoria ternatea, both cyclic and acyclic products, collectively named cliotides, can be bioprocessed from the same cyclization-competent precursor. Using an improved peptidomic strategy coupled with the novel Asx-specific endopeptidase butelase 2 to linearize cliotides at a biosynthetic ligation site for transcriptomic analysis, we characterized 272 cliotides derived from 38 genes. Several types of post-translational modifications of the processed cyclotides were observed, including deamidation, oxidation, hydroxylation, dehydration, glycosylation, methylation, and truncation. Taken together, our results suggest that cyclotide biosynthesis involves 'fuzzy' processing of precursors into both cyclic and linear forms as well as post-translational modifications to achieve molecular diversity, which is a commonly found trait of natural product biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Serra
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Xinya Hemu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Giang K. T. Nguyen
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Ngan T. K. Nguyen
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - James P. Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
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Canut H, Albenne C, Jamet E. Post-translational modifications of plant cell wall proteins and peptides: A survey from a proteomics point of view. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:983-90. [PMID: 26945515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant cell wall proteins (CWPs) and peptides are important players in cell walls contributing to their assembly and their remodeling during development and in response to environmental constraints. Since the rise of proteomics technologies at the beginning of the 2000's, the knowledge of CWPs has greatly increased leading to the discovery of new CWP families and to the description of the cell wall proteomes of different organs of many plants. Conversely, cell wall peptidomics data are still lacking. In addition to the identification of CWPs and peptides by mass spectrometry (MS) and bioinformatics, proteomics has allowed to describe their post-translational modifications (PTMs). At present, the best known PTMs consist in proteolytic cleavage, N-glycosylation, hydroxylation of P residues into hydroxyproline residues (O), O-glycosylation and glypiation. In this review, the methods allowing the capture of the modified proteins based on the specific properties of their PTMs as well as the MS technologies used for their characterization are briefly described. A focus is done on proteolytic cleavage leading to protein maturation or release of signaling peptides and on O-glycosylation. Some new technologies, like top-down proteomics and terminomics, are described. They aim at a finer description of proteoforms resulting from PTMs or degradation mechanisms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Proteomics--a bridge between fundamental processes and crop production, edited by Dr. Hans-Peter Mock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Canut
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Cécile Albenne
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France.
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Rodríguez-Leal D, Castillo-Cobián A, Rodríguez-Arévalo I, Vielle-Calzada JP. A Primary Sequence Analysis of the ARGONAUTE Protein Family in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1347. [PMID: 27635128 PMCID: PMC5007885 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Small RNA (sRNA)-mediated gene silencing represents a conserved regulatory mechanism controlling a wide diversity of developmental processes through interactions of sRNAs with proteins of the ARGONAUTE (AGO) family. On the basis of a large phylogenetic analysis that includes 206 AGO genes belonging to 23 plant species, AGO genes group into four clades corresponding to the phylogenetic distribution proposed for the ten family members of Arabidopsis thaliana. A primary analysis of the corresponding protein sequences resulted in 50 sequences of amino acids (blocks) conserved across their linear length. Protein members of the AGO4/6/8/9 and AGO1/10 clades are more conserved than members of the AGO5 and AGO2/3/7 clades. In addition to blocks containing components of the PIWI, PAZ, and DUF1785 domains, members of the AGO2/3/7 and AGO4/6/8/9 clades possess other consensus block sequences that are exclusive of members within these clades, suggesting unforeseen functional specialization revealed by their primary sequence. We also show that AGO proteins of animal and plant kingdoms share linear sequences of blocks that include motifs involved in posttranslational modifications such as those regulating AGO2 in humans and the PIWI protein AUBERGINE in Drosophila. Our results open possibilities for exploring new structural and functional aspects related to the evolution of AGO proteins within the plant kingdom, and their convergence with analogous proteins in mammals and invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rodríguez-Leal
- Grupo de Desarrollo Reproductivo y Apomixis, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, CINVESTAV IrapuatoIrapuato, Mexico
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, CINVESTAV IrapuatoIrapuato, Mexico
| | | | - Isaac Rodríguez-Arévalo
- Grupo de Desarrollo Reproductivo y Apomixis, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, CINVESTAV IrapuatoIrapuato, Mexico
| | - Jean-Philippe Vielle-Calzada
- Grupo de Desarrollo Reproductivo y Apomixis, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, CINVESTAV IrapuatoIrapuato, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Jean-Philippe Vielle-Calzada
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