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Baranwal P, Kang DW, Seo Y. Impacts of algal organic matter and humic substances on microcystin-LR removal and their biotransformation during the biodegradation process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 852:157993. [PMID: 35964751 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The application of bioaugmentation (i.e., injection of contaminant-degrading microorganisms) has shown its potential to remove harmful cyanotoxins like microcystin-LR (MC-LR) from drinking water sources. However, the natural organic matter (NOM) present in both natural and engineered water systems might affect the bacterial biodegradation of MC-LR. Therefore, for the successful application of bioaugmentation for MC-LR removal in water treatment, it is important to understand NOM effects on MC-LR biodegradation. In this study, the impact of NOM [algal organic matter (AOM) and humic substances (HS)] on MC-LR biodegradation was evaluated in the presence of varying concentrations of NOM by monitoring MC-LR biodegradation kinetics. The changes in NOM composition during MC-LR biodegradation were also characterized by a five-component Parallel factor (PARAFAC) model using 336 excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectra collected at different sampling points. Our results showed decreases in MC-LR biodegradation rate of 1.6-and 3.4-fold in the presence of AOM and HS, respectively. The expression of the functional mlrA gene exhibited a similar trend to the MC-LR degradation rate at different NOM concentrations. EEM-PARAFAC analyses and NOM molecular size fractionation results indicated a relatively greater production of terrestrial humic-like components (57%) and a decrease of protein-like components. Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) analyses further confirmed that low molecular weight protein-like components were initially utilized by bacteria, followed by the formation of higher molecular weight humic-like components, likely due to microbial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Baranwal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 307, 3006 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, OH 43606, United States
| | - Dae-Wook Kang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 307, 3006 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, OH 43606, United States
| | - Youngwoo Seo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 307, 3006 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, OH 43606, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 307, 3048 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, OH 43606, United States.
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2
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Pradhan B, Kim H, Abassi S, Ki JS. Toxic Effects and Tumor Promotion Activity of Marine Phytoplankton Toxins: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060397. [PMID: 35737058 PMCID: PMC9229940 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton are photosynthetic microorganisms in aquatic environments that produce many bioactive substances. However, some of them are toxic to aquatic organisms via filter-feeding and are even poisonous to humans through the food chain. Human poisoning from these substances and their serious long-term consequences have resulted in several health threats, including cancer, skin disorders, and other diseases, which have been frequently documented. Seafood poisoning disorders triggered by phytoplankton toxins include paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP), ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), and azaspiracid shellfish poisoning (AZP). Accordingly, identifying harmful shellfish poisoning and toxin-producing species and their detrimental effects is urgently required. Although the harmful effects of these toxins are well documented, their possible modes of action are insufficiently understood in terms of clinical symptoms. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding phytoplankton toxins and their detrimental consequences, including tumor-promoting activity. The structure, source, and clinical symptoms caused by these toxins, as well as their molecular mechanisms of action on voltage-gated ion channels, are briefly discussed. Moreover, the possible stress-associated reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related modes of action are summarized. Finally, we describe the toxic effects of phytoplankton toxins and discuss future research in the field of stress-associated ROS-related toxicity. Moreover, these toxins can also be used in different pharmacological prospects and can be established as a potent pharmacophore in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jang-Seu Ki
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2287-5449; Fax: +82-2-2287-0070
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3
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Ahari H, Nowruzi B, Anvar AA, Porzani SJ. The Toxicity Testing of Cyanobacterial Toxins In Vivo and In Vitro by Mouse Bioassay: A Review. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:1131-1151. [PMID: 34720080 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666211101162030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Different biological methods based on bioactivity are available to detect cyanotoxins, including neurotoxicity, immunological interactions, hepatotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and enzymatic activity. The mouse bioassay is the first test employed in laboratory cultures, cell extracts, and water bloom materials to detect toxins. It is also used as a traditional method to estimate the LD50. Concerning the ease of access and low cost, it is the most common method for this purpose. In this method, a sample is injected intraperitoneally into adult mice, and accordingly, they are assayed and monitored for about 24 hours for toxic symptoms. The toxin can be detected using this method from minutes to a few hours; its type, e.g., hepatotoxin, neurotoxin, etc., can also be determined. However, this method is nonspecific, fails to detect low amounts, and cannot distinguish between homologues. Although the mouse bioassay is gradually replaced with new chemical and immunological methods, it is still the main technique to detect the bioactivity and efficacy of cyanotoxins using LD50 determined based on the survival time of animals exposed to the toxin. In addition, some countries oppose animal use in toxicity studies. However, high cost, ethical considerations, low-sensitivity, non-specificity, and prolonged processes persuade researchers to employ chemical and functional analysis techniques. The qualitative and quantitative analyses, as well as high specificity and sensitivity, are among the advantages of cytotoxicity tests to investigate cyanotoxins. The present study aimed at reviewing the results obtained from in-vitro and in-vivo investigations of the mouse bioassay to detect cyanotoxins, including microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxins, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Ahari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran. Iran
| | - Bahareh Nowruzi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran. Iran
| | - Amir Ali Anvar
- Department of Food Hygiene, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran. Iran
| | - Samaneh Jafari Porzani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran. Iran
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4
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Yilmaz S, Ülger TG, Göktaş B, Öztürk Ş, Karataş DÖ, Beyzi E. Cyanotoxin genotoxicity: a review. TOXIN REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.1922922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Yilmaz
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing, University of Ankara, Institute for Forensic Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Taha Gökmen Ülger
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Bayram Göktaş
- Department of Health Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şahlan Öztürk
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Nevşehir, Turkey
| | - Duygu Öztaş Karataş
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ebru Beyzi
- Vocational School of Health Services, University of Gazi, Ankara, Turkey
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5
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Rymuszka A, Sieroslawska A, Adaszek Ł. Cytotoxic and immunological responses of fish leukocytes to nodularin exposure in vitro. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 41:1660-1672. [PMID: 33624853 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nodularin (NOD) is a cyclic peptide released by bloom-forming toxic cyanobacteria Nodularia spumigena commonly occurring in brackish waters throughout the world. Although its hepatotoxic effects are well known, other negative effects of NOD have not yet been completely elucidated. The present study aims were to evaluate and compare the cytotoxic and immunotoxic effects of the toxin on primary leukocytes (from head kidney [HK]) and stable fish leukocytes (carp leucocyte cell line [CLC] cells). The cells were incubated with the cyanotoxin at concentrations of 0.001, 0.01, 0.05, or 0.1 μg/ml. After 24 h of exposure, the concentrations ≥0.05 μg/ml of toxin resulted in cytotoxicity in the primary cells, while in CLC cells, the toxic effect was obtained only with the highest concentration. Similarly, depending on the concentration, exposure to NOD causes a significant inhibition of chemotaxis of the phagocytic abilities of primary leukocytes and a significant reduction in the proliferation of lymphocytes isolated from the HKs. Moreover, CLC cells and HK leukocytes incubated with this toxin at all the mentioned concentrations showed an increased production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. NOD also evidently influenced the expression of genes of cytokine TNF-α and IL-10 and, to a minor extent, IL-1β and TGF-β. Notably, the observed changes in the mRNA levels of cytokines in NOD-exposed cells were evident, but not clearly dose-dependent. Interestingly, NOD did not affect the production and release of IL-1β of the CLC cells. This study provides evidence that NOD may exert cytotoxicity and immune-toxicity effects depending on cell type and toxin concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rymuszka
- Department of Animal Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science and Health, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Sieroslawska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science and Health, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Łukasz Adaszek
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Yun BH, Guo J, Bellamri M, Turesky RJ. DNA adducts: Formation, biological effects, and new biospecimens for mass spectrometric measurements in humans. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:55-82. [PMID: 29889312 PMCID: PMC6289887 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous chemicals in the environment and diet or their electrophilic metabolites can form adducts with genomic DNA, which can lead to mutations and the initiation of cancer. In addition, reactive intermediates can be generated in the body through oxidative stress and damage the genome. The identification and measurement of DNA adducts are required for understanding exposure and the causal role of a genotoxic chemical in cancer risk. Over the past three decades, 32 P-postlabeling, immunoassays, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) methods have been established to assess exposures to chemicals through measurements of DNA adducts. It is now possible to measure some DNA adducts in human biopsy samples, by LC/MS, with as little as several milligrams of tissue. In this review article, we highlight the formation and biological effects of DNA adducts, and highlight our advances in human biomonitoring by mass spectrometric analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues, untapped biospecimens for carcinogen DNA adduct biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Hwa Yun
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 6 St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, United States
| | - Jingshu Guo
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 6 St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, United States
| | - Medjda Bellamri
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 6 St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, United States
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 6 St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, United States
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7
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Wang J, Wang C, Li Q, Shen M, Bai P, Li J, Lin Y, Gan N, Li T, Zhao J. Microcystin-LR Degradation and Gene Regulation of Microcystin-Degrading Novosphingobium sp. THN1 at Different Carbon Concentrations. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1750. [PMID: 31447804 PMCID: PMC6691742 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Novosphingobium sp. THN1 (THN1) is capable of degrading microcystin-LR (MC-LR). To study the ability of THN1 to degrade MC-LR and its possible mechanism(s) of regulation, we analyzed the effect of carbon concentrations on the degradation process. The MC-LR degradation rate peaked early and then declined during MC-LR biodegradation. Decreased levels of carbon in the medium caused the degradation peak to occur earlier. The expression of the functional gene mlrA, encoding a microcystinase, showed a similar trend to the MC-LR degradation rate at various carbon concentrations (r2 = 0.717, p < 0.05), suggesting that regulation of mlrA expression may play an important role in MC-LR degradation by THN1. The total bacterial biomass decreased when the carbon source was limited and did not correlate with the MC-LR degradation rate. Transcriptomic analysis showed that MC-LR degradation differentially regulated 62.16% (2597/4178) of THN1 genes. A considerable number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during MC-LR degradation encoded proteins related to carbon-, nitrogen-, and amino acid-related pathways. At 2 h of MC-LR degradation, most DEGs (29/33) involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism were downregulated. This indicated that MC-LR may regulate carbon and nitrogen pathways of Novosphingobium sp. THN1. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that the upregulated DEGs during MC-LR degradation were mainly related to amino acid degradation and substrate metabolism pathways. Particularly, we detected increased expression of glutathione metabolism-related genes from transcriptomic data at 2 h of MC-LR degradation compared with the gene expression of 0 h, such as GST family protein, glutathione peroxidase, S-(hydroxymethyl) glutathione dehydrogenase, and glutathione-dependent disulfide-bond oxidoreductase that have been reported to be involved in microcystin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengyuan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jionghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Nanqin Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jindong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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8
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Štern A, Rotter A, Novak M, Filipič M, Žegura B. Genotoxic effects of the cyanobacterial pentapeptide nodularin in HepG2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 124:349-358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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9
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Ultra-sensitive electrochemical detection of oxidative stress biomarker 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine with poly (L-arginine)/graphene wrapped Au nanoparticles modified electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 117:508-514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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10
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Comparative studies on the cytotoxic effects induced by nodularin in primary carp leukocytes and the cells of the fish CLC line. Toxicon 2018; 148:7-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Tumor-promoting cyanotoxin microcystin-LR does not induce procarcinogenic events in adult human liver stem cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29534881 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HL1-hT1 cell line represents adult human liver stem cells (LSCs) immortalized with human telomerase reverse transcriptase. In this study, HL1-hT1 cells were found to express mesenchymal markers (vimentin, CD73, CD90/THY-1 and CD105) and an early hepatic endoderm marker FOXA2, while not expressing hepatic progenitor (HNF4A, LGR5, α-fetoprotein) or differentiated hepatocyte markers (albumin, transthyretin, connexin 32). In response to microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a time- and concentration-dependent formation of MC-positive protein bands in HL1-hT1 cells was observed. Cellular accumulation of MC-LR occurred most likely via mechanisms independent on organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) or multidrug resistance (MDR) proteins, as indicated (a) by a gene expression analysis of 11 human OATP genes and 4 major MDR genes (MDR1/P-glycoprotein, MRP1, MRP2 and BCRP); (b) by non-significant effects of OATP or MDR1 inhibitors on MC-LR uptake. Accumulation of MC-positive protein bands in HL1-hT1 cells was associated neither with alterations of cell viability and growth, dysregulations of ERK1/2 and p38 kinases, reactive oxygen species formation, induction of double-stranded DNA breaks nor modulations of stress-inducible genes (ATF3, HSP5). It suggests that LSCs might have a selective, MDR1-independent, survival advantage and higher tolerance towards MC-induced cytotoxic, genotoxic or cancer-related events than differentiated adult hepatocytes, fetal hepatocyte or malignant liver cell lines. HL1-hT1 cells provide a valuable in vitro tool for studying effects of toxicants and pharmaceuticals on LSCs, whose important role in the development of chronic toxicities and liver diseases is being increasingly recognized.
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12
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Chen HQ, Zhao J, Li Y, He LX, Huang YJ, Shu WQ, Cao J, Liu WB, Liu JY. Gene expression network regulated by DNA methylation and microRNA during microcystin-leucine arginine induced malignant transformation in human hepatocyte L02 cells. Toxicol Lett 2018. [PMID: 29518473 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microcystin (MC) is a cyclic heptapeptide compound which could lead to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the underlying epigenetic regulation mechanism is largely unknown. In this study, microcystin-LR (L: lysine, R: arginine, MC-LR) was used to induce the malignant transformation of human hepatocyte L02 cell line. The profile of gene expression, microRNA (miRNA) and DNA methylation were detected through high-throughput sequencing. Compared with control group, the expression of 826 genes and 187 miRNAs changed significantly in MC-LR treated group. DNA methylation sequencing analysis showed that 2592 CpG sites differentially methylated in promoter or the coding DNA sequence (CDS) of genes, while DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha (DNMT3a) and DNA methyltransferase 3 beta (DNMT3b) were dramatically up-regulated. Functional analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that significantly changed mRNAs and microRNAs were mainly involved in the formation of cancer, proliferation, invasion, migration and metabolism. MiRNA-mRNA network and mRNA-mRNA network analysis showed that hsa-miR-320a, hsa-miR-331-3p, hsa-miR-26a-5p, hsa-miR-196a-5p, hsa-miR-221-3p, coiled-coil domain containing 180 (CCDC180), melanoma antigen gene family member D1 (MAGED1), membrane spanning 4-domains A7 (MS4A7), hephaestin like 1 (HEPHL1), BH3 (Bcl-2 homology 3)-like motif containing, cell death inducer (BLID), matrix metallopeptidase 13 (MMP13), guanylate binding protein 5 (GBP5), adipogenesis regulatory factor (ADIRF), formin homology 2 domain containing 1 (FHDC1), protein kinase CAMP-dependent type II regulatory subunit beta (PRKAR2B), nodium leak channel, non-selective (NALCN), myosin light chain kinase 3 (MYLK3), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and zinc finger protein 704 (ZNF704) were key miRNAs and genes in the malignant transformation induced by MC-LR in L02 cells. Moreover, we found that expression of MYLK3, EGFR and ZNF704 were regulated by DNA methylation and miRNAs, and these genes affected the cell cycle and cell division. Our study suggested that characteristic gene alterations regulated by DNA methylation and miRNA could play an important role in environmental MC-LR induced hepatic carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Qiang Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Ji Zhao
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China; College of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China; The Calmette International Hospital, Kunming 650224, PR China
| | - Li-Xiong He
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Yu-Jing Huang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Wei-Qun Shu
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Jia Cao
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Wen-Bin Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China.
| | - Jin-Yi Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China.
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13
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Manavalan S, Rajaji U, Chen SM, Steplin Paul Selvin S, Govindasamy M, Chen TW, Ajmal Ali M, Al-Hemaid FMA, Elshikh MS. Determination of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine oxidative stress biomarker using dysprosium oxide nanoparticles@reduced graphene oxide. Inorg Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qi00727f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical detection of 8-OHdG biomarker using Dy2O3@RGO/SPCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaktivel Manavalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
| | - Umamaheswari Rajaji
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
| | | | - Mani Govindasamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
| | - Tse-Wei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
- Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology
| | - M. Ajmal Ali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh- 11451
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad M. A. Al-Hemaid
- Department of Botany and Microbiology
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh- 11451
- Saudi Arabia
| | - M. S. Elshikh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh- 11451
- Saudi Arabia
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14
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Akter S, Vehniäinen M, Kankaanpää HT, Lamminmäki U. Rapid and Highly Sensitive Non-Competitive Immunoassay for Specific Detection of Nodularin. Microorganisms 2017; 5:microorganisms5030058. [PMID: 28895936 PMCID: PMC5620649 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms5030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nodularin (NOD) is a cyclic penta-peptide hepatotoxin mainly produced by Nodularia spumigena, reported from the brackish water bodies of various parts of the world. It can accumulate in the food chain and, for safety reasons, levels of NOD not only in water bodies but also in food matrices are of interest. Here, we report on a non-competitive immunoassay for the specific detection of NOD. A phage display technique was utilized to interrogate a synthetic antibody phage library for binders recognizing NOD bound to an anti-ADDA (3-Amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4(E),6(E)-dienoic acid) monoclonal antibody (Mab). One of the obtained immunocomplex binders, designated SA32C11, showed very high specificity towards nodularin-R (NOD-R) over to the tested 10 different microcystins (microcystin-LR, -dmLR, -RR, -dmRR, -YR, -LY, -LF, -LW, -LA, -WR). It was expressed in Escherichia coli as a single chain antibody fragment (scFv) fusion protein and used to establish a time-resolved fluorometry-based assay in combination with the anti-ADDA Mab. The detection limit (blank + 3SD) of the immunoassay, with a total assay time of 1 h 10 min, is 0.03 µg/L of NOD-R. This represents the most sensitive immunoassay method for the specific detection of NOD reported so far. The assay was tested for its performance to detect NOD using spiked (0.1 to 3 µg/L of NOD-R) water samples including brackish sea and coastal water and the recovery ranged from 79 to 127%. Furthermore, a panel of environmental samples, including water from different sources, fish and other marine tissue specimens, were analyzed for NOD using the assay. The assay has potential as a rapid screening tool for the analysis of a large number of water samples for the presence of NOD. It can also find applications in the analysis of the bioaccumulation of NOD in marine organisms and in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultana Akter
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Markus Vehniäinen
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Harri T Kankaanpää
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Hakuninmaantie 6, FI-00430 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Urpo Lamminmäki
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
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15
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Mello FD, Braidy N, Marçal H, Guillemin G, Nabavi SM, Neilan BA. Mechanisms and Effects Posed by Neurotoxic Products of Cyanobacteria/Microbial Eukaryotes/Dinoflagellates in Algae Blooms: a Review. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:153-167. [PMID: 28836116 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Environmental toxins produced by cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates have increasingly become a public health concern due to their ability to damage several tissues in humans. In particular, emerging evidence has called attention to the neurodegenerative effects of the cyanobacterial toxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA). Furthermore, other toxins such as anatoxin, saxitoxin, microcystin, nodularin and ciguatoxin also have a different range of effects on human tissues, including hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity and gastrointestinal irritation. However, the vast majority of known environmental toxins have not yet been examined in the context of neurodegenerative disease. This review aims to investigate whether neurotoxic mechanisms can be demonstrated in all aforementioned toxins, and whether there exists a link to neurodegeneration. Management of toxin exposure and potential neuroprotective compounds is also discussed. Collectively, all aforementioned microbial toxins are likely to exert some form of neuronal damage, with many of their modes of action consistent with neurodegeneration. This is important in advancing our current understanding of the cytotoxic potential of environmental toxins upon human brain function, particularly in the context of age-related neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona D Mello
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Helder Marçal
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Gilles Guillemin
- Neuropharmacology group, MND and Neurodegenerative diseases Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Brett A Neilan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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16
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Buratti FM, Manganelli M, Vichi S, Stefanelli M, Scardala S, Testai E, Funari E. Cyanotoxins: producing organisms, occurrence, toxicity, mechanism of action and human health toxicological risk evaluation. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:1049-1130. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Microcystin-LR Biodegradation by Bacillus sp.: Reaction Rates and Possible Genes Involved in the Degradation. WATER 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/w8110508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Sierosławska A, Rymuszka A, Bownik A, Skowroński T. The influence of microcystin-LR on fish phagocytic cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 26:603-7. [PMID: 17884965 DOI: 10.1177/09603271060080075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro influence of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) on rainbow trout phagocytic cell functions was studied. The cells isolated from the fish blood were exposed on MC-LR at the concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 20 μg/mL. The viability of the cells after 2, 4 and 24 hour incubation with MC-LR was studied as well as phagocytic cell ability measured as zymozan particle phagocytosis and metabolic activity measured as respiratory burst activity. The toxin caused time- and dose-dependent viability decrease, the strongest after cell exposure on 10 and 20 μg/mL and observed only after 24 hours incubation when 1 μg/mL was applied. The phagocytic ability was elevated in the presence of MC-LR at the dose of 5 μg/mL. MC-LR had also modulatory influence on respiratory burst activity. While the two lower doses caused the stimulation of the parameter, the two higher ones diminished superoxide anion production in the triggered cells. The results show the potency of the toxin to influence the fish phagocytic cell functions. Human & Experimental Toxicology (2007) 26: 603—607.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sierosławska
- The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Department of Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Lublin, Poland.
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19
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A label-free electrochemical aptasensor for 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine detection. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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20
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Liu Q, Le XC. Genotoxic effects of microcystins mediated by nitric oxide and mitochondria. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 31:206-208. [PMID: 25968275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Liu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - X Chris Le
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada.
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21
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Electrochemical performance and detection of 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine at single-stranded DNA functionalized graphene modified glassy carbon electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 67:139-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Wang X, Huang P, Liu Y, Du H, Wang X, Wang M, Wang Y, Hei TK, Wu L, Xu A. Role of nitric oxide in the genotoxic response to chronic microcystin-LR exposure in human-hamster hybrid cells. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 29:210-218. [PMID: 25766030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is the most abundant and toxic microcystin congener and has been classified as a potential human carcinogen (Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying the genotoxic effects of MC-LR during chronic exposure are still poorly understood. In the present study, human-hamster hybrid (AL) cells were exposed to MC-LR for varying lengths of time to investigate the role of nitrogen radicals in MC-LR-induced genotoxicity. The mutagenic potential at the CD59 locus was more than 2-fold higher (p<0.01) in AL cells exposed to a cytotoxic concentration (1 μmol/L) of MC-LR for 30 days than in untreated control cells, which was consistent with the formation of micronucleus. MC-LR caused a dose-dependent increase in nitric oxide (NO) production in treated cells. Moreover, this was blocked by concurrent treatment with the NO synthase inhibitor NG-methyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), which suppressed MC-LR-induced mutations as well. The survival of mitochondrial DNA-depleted (ρ0) AL cells was markedly decreased by MC-LR treatment compared to that in AL cells, while the CD59 mutant fraction was unaltered. These results provided clear evidence that the genotoxicity associated with chronic MC-LR exposure in mammalian cells was mediated by NO and might be considered as a basis for the development of therapeutics that prevent carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China.
| | - Pei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China.
| | - Yun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Hua Du
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Xinan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Meimei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Tom K Hei
- Center for Radiological Research, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lijun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - An Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China.
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23
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Burgos L, Lehmann M, Simon D, de Andrade HHR, de Abreu BRR, Nabinger DD, Grivicich I, Juliano VB, Dihl RR. Agents of earthy-musty taste and odor in water: evaluation of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and toxicogenomics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 490:679-685. [PMID: 24887195 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Considering the limited number of studies on the biological effects on human health of cyanobacterial compounds that cause taste and odor, the present study assessed the cytotoxic and genotoxic potentials of 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) and geosmin (GEO) using the MTT assay and the in vitro comet and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN-Cyt) assays in human HepG2 cells. The toxicogenomics of genes responsive to DNA damage and metabolization by the exposure of cells to 2-MIB and GEO were also investigated. The results showed that concentrations of 2-MIB and GEO above 100 and 75 μg/mL, respectively, were cytotoxic to HepG2 cells. Doses of 2-MIB (12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100 μg/mL) and GEO (12.5, 25, 50, and 75 μg/mL) were unable to induce neither DNA damage nor events associated with chromosomal instability. Similarly, no concentration of each compound induced increments in the expression of CDKN1A, GADD45α, MDM2 and TP53 DNA damage responsive genes as well as in CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 metabolizing genes. Although cytotoxicity was observed, concentrations that caused it are much higher than those expected to occur in aquatic environments. Thus, environmentally relevant concentrations of both compounds are not expected to exhibit cytotoxicity or genotoxicity to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Burgos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Lehmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Simon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Helena Rodrigues de Andrade
- Laboratório de Estomatologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bianca Regina Ribas de Abreu
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Débora Dreher Nabinger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ivana Grivicich
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Viviane Berwanger Juliano
- Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas (IPH), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Dihl
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil.
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24
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Genotoxicity of microcystin-LR in in vitro and in vivo experimental models. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:949521. [PMID: 24955368 PMCID: PMC4052155 DOI: 10.1155/2014/949521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCLR) is a cyanobacterial toxin known for its acute hepatotoxicity. Despite being recognized as tumour promoter, its genotoxicity is far from being completely clarified, particularly in organs other than liver. In this work, we used the comet and/or the micronucleus (MN) assays to study the genotoxicity of MCLR in kidney- (Vero-E6) and liver-derived (HepG2) cell lines and in blood cells from MCLR-exposed mice. MCLR treatment (5 and 20 μM) caused a significant induction in the MN frequency in both cell lines and, interestingly, a similar positive effect was observed in mouse reticulocytes (37.5 μg MCLR/kg, i.p. route). Moreover, the FISH-based analysis of the MN content (HepG2 cells) suggested that MCLR induces both chromosome breaks and loss. On the other hand, the comet assay results were negative in Vero-E6 cells and in mouse leukocytes, with the exception of a transient increase in the level of DNA damage 30 minutes after mice exposure. Overall, the present findings contributed to increase the weight of evidence in favour of MCLR genotoxicity, based on its capacity to induce permanent genetic damage either in vitro or in vivo. Moreover, they suggest a clastogenic and aneugenic mode of action that might underlie a carcinogenic effect.
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25
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Zhang H, Wu Y, Fang W, Wang D. Regulatory effect of quercetin on hazardous microcystin-LR-induced apoptosis of Carassius auratus lymphocytes in vitro. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 37:278-285. [PMID: 24594009 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria. Oxidative stress is considered the major cytotoxic mechanism of microcystin-LR (MCLR). Quercetin (QE) is a flavonoid that can eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and elicit anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. This study determined the regulatory effect of QE on the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress of Carassius auratus lymphocytes induced by 1 μg/L MCLR in vitro after 24 h. MCLR-mediated cytotoxicity and ROS formation in fish lymphocytes were suppressed by QE in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, QE enhanced the endogenous antioxidant defense system and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio to protect fish lymphocytes against oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by MCLR. Glutathione levels and catalase activities increased by approximately 3.9- and 2-fold, respectively, in the QE treatment group (1000 μg/L) compared with the MCLR treatment group. The percentage of apoptosis in the only MCLR treatment group was 59% whereas that in the control group was 23%. The percentage of apoptosis in the high-dose QE treatment group (1000 μg/L) was 29%, lower by nearly half compared with the only MCLR treatment group. QE (1000 μg/L) effectively inhibited the expression of caspase-3 protein by nearly 43% compared with the only MCLR treatment group. The results obtained clearly indicate that QE can effectively prevent MCLR-induced immunotoxicity by eliminating oxidative stress and blocking the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in fish lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangjun Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310036, China.
| | - Yingzhu Wu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310036, China
| | - Wendi Fang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310036, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310036, China
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26
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Effects of the amino acid constituents of microcystin variants on cytotoxicity to primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 6:168-79. [PMID: 24380975 PMCID: PMC3920255 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6010168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins, which are cyclic heptapeptides produced by some cyanobacterial species from algal blooms, strongly inhibit serine/threonine protein phosphatase and are known as hepatotoxins. Microcystins have many structural variations, yet insufficient information is available on the differences in the cytotoxic potentials among the structural variants. In this study, the cytotoxicities of 16 microcystin variants at concentrations of 0.03–10 μg/mL to primary cultured rat hepatocytes were determined by measuring cellular ATP content, and subsequently determined by their 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50). Differences in the amino acid constituents were associated with differences in cytotoxic potential. [d-Asp3, Z-Dhb7] microcystin-LR exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity at IC50 of 0.053 μg/mL among the microcystin variants tested. Furthermore, [d-Asp3, Z-Dhb7] microcystin-HtyR was also highly cytotoxic. These results suggest that both d-Asp and Z-Dhb residues are important in determining the cytotoxic potential of microcystin variants.
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27
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Jia L, Wang H. Electrochemical reduction synthesis of graphene/Nafion nanocomposite film and its performance on the detection of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine in the presence of uric acid. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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28
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Zhang J, Chen J, Xia Z. Microcystin-LR Exhibits Immunomodulatory Role in Mouse Primary Hepatocytes Through Activation of the NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways. Toxicol Sci 2013; 136:86-96. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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29
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Zeller P, Quenault H, Huguet A, Blanchard Y, Fessard V. Transcriptomic comparison of cyanotoxin variants in a human intestinal model revealed major differences in oxidative stress response: effects of MC-RR and MC-LR on Caco-2 cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 82:13-21. [PMID: 22721844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are cyclic hepatotoxins produced by various species of cyanobacteria. Their structure includes two variable amino acids (AA) giving rise to more than 90 MC variants, however most of the studies to date have focused on the most toxic variant: microcystin LR (MC-LR). Ingestion is the major route of human exposure to MCs and several in vivo studies have demonstrated macroscopic effects on the gastro-intestinal tract. However, little information exists concerning the pathways affected by MC variants on intestinal cells. In the current study, we have investigated the effects of MC-RR and MC-LR on the human intestinal cell line Caco-2 using a non-selective method and compared their response at the pangenomic scale. The cells were incubated for 4h or 24h with a range of non-toxic concentrations of MC-RR or MC-LR. Minimal effects were observed after short term exposures (4h) to either MC variant. In contrast, dose dependent modulations of gene transcription levels were observed with MC-RR and MC-LR after 24h. The transcriptomic profiles induced by MC-RR were quite similar to those induced by MC-LR, suggestive of a largely common mechanism of toxicity. However, changes in total gene expression were more pronounced following exposure to MC-LR compared to MC-RR, as revealed by functional annotation. MC-LR affected two principal pathways, the oxidative stress response and cell cycle regulation, which did not elicit significant alteration following MC-RR exposure. This work is the first comparative description of the effects of MC-LR and MC-RR in a human intestinal cell model at the pangenomic scale. It has allowed us to propose differences in the mechanism of toxicity for MC-RR and MC-LR. These results illustrate that taking into account the toxicity of MC variants remains a key point for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Zeller
- Anses, Fougères laboratory, Contaminant Toxicology Unit, La Haute Marche, BP 90203, 35302 Fougères Cedex, France
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30
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Santos PVF, Lopes IC, Diculescu VC, Oliveira-Brett AM. DNA - Cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins Microcystin-LR and Nodularin Interaction: Electrochemical Evaluation. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Zegura B, Gajski G, Straser A, Garaj-Vrhovac V, Filipič M. Microcystin-LR induced DNA damage in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Mutat Res 2011; 726:116-122. [PMID: 22001196 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to microcystins, which are produced by freshwater cyanobacterial species, is of growing concern due to increasing appearance of cyanobacterial blooms as a consequence of global warming and increasing water eutrophication. Although microcystins are considered to be liver-specific, there is evidence that they may also affect other tissues. These substances have been shown to induce DNA damage in vitro and in vivo, but the mechanisms of their genotoxic activity remain unclear. In human peripheral blood lymphocytes (HPBLs) exposure to non-cytotoxic concentrations (0, 0.1, 1 and 10μg/ml) of microcystin-LR (MCLR) induced a dose- and time-dependent increase in DNA damage, as measured with the comet assay. Digestion of DNA from MCLR-treated HPBLs with purified formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg) displayed a greater number of DNA strand-breaks than non-digested DNA, confirming the evidence that MCLR induces oxidative DNA damage. With the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay no statistically significant induction of micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds was observed after a 24-h exposure to MCLR. At the molecular level, no changes in the expression of selected genes involved in the cellular response to DNA damage and oxidative stress were observed after a 4-h exposure to MCLR (1μg/ml). After 24h, DNA damage-responsive genes (p53, mdm2, gadd45a, cdkn1a), a gene involved in apoptosis (bax) and oxidative stress-responsive genes (cat, gpx1, sod1, gsr, gclc) were up-regulated. These results provide strong support that MCLR is an indirectly genotoxic agent, acting via induction of oxidative stress, and that lymphocytes are also the target of microcystin-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zegura
- National Institute of Biology, Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Wu Q, Li M, Gao X, Giesy JP, Cui Y, Yang L, Kong Z. Genotoxicity of crude extracts of cyanobacteria from Taihu Lake on carp (Cyprinus carpio). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2011; 20:1010-1017. [PMID: 21472455 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0670-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxicity of crude cyanobacteria extracts (CBE) from blooms in Taihu Lake, China toward common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was measured. The primary extracellular product was determined by HPLC to be Microcystin-LR (MC-LR, L for leucine and R for arginine) with an average concentration of 2.4 × 10(2) μg MC g(-1) dry weight of cyanobacteria. Acute toxicity to carp, expressed as the 72-h LC(50,) was 53 mg, dw cyanobacteria L(-1). Genotoxicity, as determined by the micronucleus (MN) and comet assays were both dose- and time-depended. Deformities of cellular organelles in liver and gill were observed by use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that MC-LR from cyanobacteria from Taihu Lake could induce genotoxic response and tissue-level morphological changes in common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
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Žegura B, Štraser A, Filipič M. Genotoxicity and potential carcinogenicity of cyanobacterial toxins – a review. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2011; 727:16-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Cyanobacterial extracts and microcystin-LR are inactive in the micronucleus assay in vivo and in vitro. Mutat Res 2010; 699:5-10. [PMID: 20381641 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are sometimes widespread in lakes and can produce potent toxins, which can be dangerous for animals that drink the water, e.g. cattle and dogs. If the toxins are taken up by fish and other organisms in the food chain, or occur in drinking-water, they may pose a problem also for humans. Microcystin-LR, a hepatotoxic cyclic peptide, is one of the most frequently found cyanobacterial toxins. Data on the genotoxic potential of microcystin-LR and other cyanobacterial toxins are contradictory. Here we report results of the micronucleus assay carried out in vivo and in vitro with these toxins. To increase the sensitivity, we used the flow cytometry-based micronucleus assay in the mouse. In this study both pure microcystin-LR and cyanobacterial extracts originating from four different lakes in Sweden were analysed. Although doses up to near lethality were used and an average of 200,000 young erythrocytes, polychromatic erythrocytes, were analysed from each animal, no genotoxic effect was observed, nor could any effect be shown in the in vitro micronucleus study, using human lymphocytes. These results show that the low concentration of microcystins that now and then occur in drinking-water does not increase the cancer risk through chromosome breaks or mal-distribution of chromosomes.
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Saqrane S, Oudra B. CyanoHAB occurrence and water irrigation cyanotoxin contamination: ecological impacts and potential health risks. Toxins (Basel) 2009; 1:113-22. [PMID: 22069535 PMCID: PMC3202786 DOI: 10.3390/toxins1020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The world-wide occurrence of harmful cyanobacteria blooms "CyanoHAB" in fresh and brackish waters creates problems for all life forms. During CyanoHAB events, toxic cyanobacteria produce cyanotoxins at high levels that can cause chronic and sub-chronic toxicities to animals, plants and humans. Cyanotoxicity in eukaryotes has been mainly focused on animals, but during these last years, data, related to cyanotoxin (mainly microcystins, MCs) impact on both aquatic and terrestrials crop plants irrigated by water containing these toxins, have become more and more available. This last cited fact is gaining importance since plants could in a direct or indirect manner contribute to cyanotoxin transfer through the food chain, and thus constitute a potent health risk source. The use of this contaminated irrigation water can also have an economical impact which appears by a reduction of the germination rate of seeds, and alteration of the quality and the productivity of crop plants. The main objective of this work was to discuss the eventual phytotoxicity of cyanotoxins (microcystins) as the major agricultural impacts induced by the use of contaminated water for plant irrigation. These investigations confirm the harmful effects (ecological, eco-physiological, socio-economical and sanitary risk) of dissolved MCs on agricultural plants. Thus, cyanotoxin phytotoxicity strongly suggests a need for the surveillance of CyanoHAB and the monitoring of water irrigation quality as well as for drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Saqrane
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Microbiology and Toxicology Environmental Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, B.P. 2390, Marrakesh 40 000, Morocco.
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Labine M, Minuk G. Cyanobacterial toxins and liver diseaseThis article is one of a selection of papers published in a special issue celebrating the 125th anniversary of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Manitoba. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 87:773-88. [DOI: 10.1139/y09-081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Blue-green algae, also known as cyanobacteria, produce a variety of toxins, some of which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of severe and potentially life-threatening diseases in humans. As the growth of cyanobacteria within freshwater lakes increases worldwide, it is important to review our present understanding of their toxicity and potential carcinogenicity to gain insight into how these organisms impact human health. This review addresses each of these topics, with special emphasis given to cyanobacterial hepatotoxins within freshwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.A. Labine
- Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - G.Y. Minuk
- Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
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Gaudin J, Le Hegarat L, Nesslany F, Marzin D, Fessard V. In vivo genotoxic potential of microcystin-LR: a cyanobacterial toxin, investigated both by the unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) and the comet assays after intravenous administration. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2009; 24:200-209. [PMID: 18561296 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a toxin produced by freshwater cyanobacteria and is a potential threat to human health. MC-LR has been shown to be both a specific inhibitor of serine/threonine protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A and a potent tumor promoter in rat liver. However, the genotoxic potential of MCs remains unclear. In this article, we investigated the ability of MC-LR to induce DNA damage on rat hepatocytes following intravenous (iv) administration by using two in vivo genotoxicity assays: the unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) and the comet assays. The UDS assay measures DNA synthesis induced from the excision repair of DNA damaged regions and the comet assay is a very sensitive technique for detecting various forms of DNA damage. After an exposure time of 2-4 h or 12-16 h and a dose ranging from 12.5 to 50 microg/kg bw, no DNA damage could be observed in both assays on rat hepatocytes following iv administration. These findings have been discussed and compared with recently published genotoxic results obtained in other organs from mice after oral and intraperitoneal treatments to better understand the mechanism of action of this toxin in relation with its cancerogenicity potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Gaudin
- AFSSA, Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches sur Médicaments Vétérinaires et Désinfectants, Unité de Toxicologie Génétique des Contaminants Alimentaire, La Haute Marche, 35302 Fougères Cedex, France
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38
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Fujiki H, Suganuma M. Carcinogenic aspects of protein phosphatase 1 and 2A inhibitors. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 46:221-54. [PMID: 19184590 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-87895-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Okadaic acid is functionally a potent tumor promoter working through inhibition of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A (PP1 and PP2A), resulting in sustained phosphorylation of proteins in cells. The mechanism of tumor promotion with okadaic acid is thus completely different from that of the classic tumor promoter phorbol ester. Other potent inhibitors of PP1 and PP2A - such as dinophysistoxin-1, calyculins A-H, microcystin-LR and its derivatives, and nodularin - were isolated from marine organisms, and their structural features including the crystal structure of the PP1-inhibitor complex, tumor promoting activities, and biochemical and biological effects, are here reviewed. The compounds induced tumor promoting activity in three different organs, including mouse skin, rat glandular stomach and rat liver, initiated with three different carcinogens. The results indicate that inhibition of PP1 and PP2A is a general mechanism of tumor promotion applicable to various organs. This study supports the concept of endogenous tumor promoters in human cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirota Fujiki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
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39
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Nong Q, Komatsu M, Izumo K, Indo HP, Xu B, Aoyama K, Majima HJ, Horiuchi M, Morimoto K, Takeuchi T. Involvement of reactive oxygen species in Microcystin-LR-induced cytogenotoxicity. Free Radic Res 2008; 41:1326-37. [PMID: 17963120 DOI: 10.1080/10715760701704599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCLR) is a potent hepatotoxin. Oxidative stress is thought to be implicated in the cytotoxicity of MCLR, but the mechanisms by which MCLR produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) are still unclear. This study investigated the role and possible sources of ROS generation in MCLR-induced cytogenotoxicity in HepG2, a human hepatoma cell line. MCLR increased DNA strand breaks, 8-hydroxydeoxiguanosine formation, lipid peroxidation, as well as LDH release, all of which were inhibited by ROS scavengers. ROS scavengers partly suppressed MCLR-induced cytotoxicity determined by the MTT assay. MCLR induced the generation of ROS, as confirmed by confocal microscopy with 2-[6-(4'-hydroxy)phenoxy-3H-xanthen-3-on-9-yl]benzoic acid, and upregulated the expression of CYP2E1 mRNA. In addition, CYP2E1 inhibitors chlormethiazole and diallyl dulphide inhibited both ROS generation and cytotoxicity induced by MCLR. The results suggest that ROS contribute to MCLR-induced cytogenotoxicity. CYP2E1 might be a potential source responsible for ROS generation by MCLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Nong
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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40
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Patterns of microcystin-LR induced alteration of the expression of genes involved in response to DNA damage and apoptosis. Toxicon 2008; 51:615-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Revised: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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41
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Gaudin J, Huet S, Jarry G, Fessard V. In vivo DNA damage induced by the cyanotoxin microcystin-LR: comparison of intra-peritoneal and oral administrations by use of the comet assay. Mutat Res 2007; 652:65-71. [PMID: 18282792 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), involved in human and animal poisonings by cyanobacteria, has been shown to be both a potent tumour promoter in rat liver and an inhibitor of serine/threonine protein phosphatases, specifically PP1 and PP2A. The research on the genotoxic potential of MC-LR counts only few in vivo studies. In order to determine the target organs for DNA-damage induction by MC-LR, the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) or comet assay was performed in mice. Following a single oral administration of 2 and 4mg/kg bw of MC-LR, a statistically significant induction of DNA damage in blood cells was obtained after 3h. However, after an intra-peritoneal injection (ip), DNA lesions were mainly induced in the liver, but were also reported in the kidney, the intestine and the colon. The sensitivity of the ip route compared to the oral route suggested a difference in the bio-disponibility of the toxin. In any case, DNA damage was induced by MC-LR irrespective of the administration route. Among the target organs, the DNA damage induced in the intestinal tissues (ileum and colon) may contribute to an increased cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Gaudin
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches sur les Médicaments Vétérinaires et les Désinfectants, Unité de Toxicologie Génétique des Contaminants Alimentaires, Fougères, France.
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42
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Zegura B, Lah TT, Filipic M. Alteration of intracellular GSH levels and its role in microcystin-LR-induced DNA damage in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2006; 611:25-33. [PMID: 16996296 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2006] [Revised: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCLR) is a liver-specific toxin known as a tumour promoter in experimental animals. Its mechanisms of hepatotoxicity have been well documented; however, the mechanisms of other effects, in particular those related to its genotoxicity, are not well understood. In our previous studies, we showed that MCLR-induced DNA strand breaks are transiently present and that the damage is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we show that exposure of HepG2 cells to non-cytotoxic doses of MCLR-induced time-dependent alterations in the level of intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH). These comprised a rapid initial decrease followed by a gradual increase, reaching a maximum after 6h of exposure, before returning to the control level after 8h. During the first 4h, expression of glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), the rate-limiting enzyme of GSH synthesis, increased, indicating an increased rate of de novo synthesis of GSH. The most important observation of this study, combined with the results of our previous studies is the correlation between the time course of alterations of intracellular GSH content and the formation and disappearance of MCLR-induced DNA damage. When the intracellular GSH level was reduced, MCLR-induced DNA damage was observed to increase. Later, when the level of intracellular GSH was normal or elevated, new DNA damage was not induced and existing damage was repaired. To confirm the role of GSH system in MCLR-induced genotoxicity, the intracellular GSH level was moderated by pre-treatment with buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), a specific GSH synthesis inhibitor, and with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a GSH precursor. Pre-treatment with BSO dramatically increased the susceptibility of HepG2 cells to MCLR-induced DNA damage, while pre-treatment with NAC almost completely prevented MCLR-induced DNA damage. Thus, intracellular GSH is shown to play a critical role in the cellular defence against MCLR-induced DNA damage in HepG2 cells.
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MESH Headings
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Comet Assay
- DNA Damage
- DNA, Neoplasm/drug effects
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase/genetics
- Glutathione/metabolism
- Glutathione/physiology
- Glutathione Reductase/metabolism
- Humans
- Intracellular Fluid/drug effects
- Intracellular Fluid/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Marine Toxins
- Microcystins/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Zegura
- National Institute of Biology, Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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43
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Lankoff A, Wojcik A, Fessard V, Meriluoto J. Nodularin-induced genotoxicity following oxidative DNA damage and aneuploidy in HepG2 cells. Toxicol Lett 2006; 164:239-48. [PMID: 16480838 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Revised: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The problem of toxicity of Nodularia spumigena to animals and people is of increasing concern, as the incidence of such blooms grows. It was shown that nodularin is a liver carcinogen possessing both initiating and tumor-promoting activities. However, the mechanisms by which this toxin damages the DNA and induces liver cancer are not well understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the DNA damaging properties of nodularin. The effect of different doses of nodularin (1-10 microg/ml) on DNA damage was determined in HepG2 cells after 6, 12, 24 and 48 h of the treatment. The modified comet assay in conjunction with Fpg (ROS-induced DNA damage) and FISH-micronucleus assay (clastogenic and/or aneugenic activities of nodularin) were applied. In addition the occurrence of apoptosis was estimated by the morphological analysis of chromatin condensation and the annexin method using flow cytometry. We found that nodularin induces oxidative DNA damage by oxidation of purines and increases the formation of centromere positive micronuclei due to aneugenic activity. In addition to genotoxic properties, nodularin exerts a cytotoxic activity by inducing apoptosis in HepG2 cells. These results suggest a causative role for nodularin in the process leading to the accumulation of genetic alterations which may be implicated in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lankoff
- Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, Swietokrzyska Academy, Swietokrzyska 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland.
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Dittmann E, Wiegand C. Cyanobacterial toxins - occurrence, biosynthesis and impact on human affairs. Mol Nutr Food Res 2006; 50:7-17. [PMID: 16304634 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200500162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mass developments of cyanobacteria ("blue-green algae") in lakes and brackish waters have repeatedly led to serious concerns due to their frequent association with toxins. Among these are the widespread hepatotoxins microcystin (MC) and nodularin (NOD). Here, we give an overview about the ecostrategies of the diverse toxin-producing species and about the genes and enzymes that are involved in the biosynthesis of the cyclic peptides. We further summarize current knowledge about toxicological mechanisms of MC and NOD, including protein phosphatase inhibition, oxidative stress and their tumor-promoting capabilities. One biotransformation pathway for MC is described. Mechanisms of cyanobacterial neurotoxins (anatoxin-a, homanatoxin-a, and anatoxin-a(s)) are briefly explained. We highlight selected cases of human fatalities related to the toxins. A special focus is given to evident cases of contamination of food supplements with cyanobacterial toxins, and to the necessary precautions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Dittmann
- Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Berlin, Germany.
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Bouaïcha N, Maatouk I, Plessis MJ, Périn F. Genotoxic potential of Microcystin-LR and nodularin in vitro in primary cultured rat hepatocytes and in vivo in rat liver. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2005; 20:341-7. [PMID: 15892058 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCYST-LR) and nodularin (NOD) are known as tumor promoters in experimental animals and so present potential health threats for humans. Although their hepatotoxic mechanisms have been very well documented, many other effects of these toxins are relatively undescribed, indeed controversial, notably those related to their genotoxicity. In the present investigation, we examined how these toxins could induce DNA damage using a combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches. We first used the (32)P-postlabeling assay to test hydrophobic adduct formation on DNA from primary cultured rat hepatocytes treated with noncytotoxic concentrations of MCYST-LR and NOD (2 and 10 ng/mL). Analysis of the autoradiograms of DNA digests isolated from the hepatocytes did not show any hydrophobic DNA adduct formation. However, these toxins significantly decreased the amount of hydrophobic endogenous adducts, termed I compounds. We next investigated oxidative DNA damage by using the (32)P-postlabeling assay to analyze 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) content as a biomarker of possible DNA lesions. Both MCYST-LR and NOD significantly enhanced 8-oxo-dG in time- and dose-dependent manner in vitro in primary cultured hepatocytes and in vivo in rat liver cells. Thus, it appears that the depletion of endogenous DNA adducts (I compounds) and/or the increase of 8-oxo-dG levels by MCYST-LR and NOD could be involved in the formation of hepatic tumors during long-term exposure to these cyanobacterial hepatotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noureddine Bouaïcha
- EA3542, Santé Publique-Environnement, Université Paris-Sud 11, UFR de Pharmacie, 5 rue J. B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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