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Leon T, Weidemann G, Bailey PE. Older adults' decision-making following bad advice. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 42:320-333. [PMID: 38529891 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
There is minimal research investigating the influence of advice on decision-making in older age. The present study investigated the effect of different types of bad advice, relative to no advice, on young and older adults' decision-making in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Fifty-four older adults and 59 young adults completed the IGT after receiving no advice, or advice to select from disadvantageous deck A (small, high-frequency losses), or disadvantageous deck B (larger, low-frequency losses). Corrugator EMG, memory and fluid intelligence were assessed. Averaged across advice conditions, older adults made more disadvantageous selections than young adults. There were no age-related differences in responding to bad advice, nor in corrugator activity in response to losses (i.e. frowning), or in learning to avoid deck A faster than deck B. Selecting from deck B was associated with reduced education among older adults, and reduced fluid intelligence among young adults. The data suggest that older adults make more disadvantageous decisions than young adults, and this is not exacerbated by bad advice. Both young and older adults are slower at learning to avoid choices resulting in low frequency relative to high-frequency losses, and this may be associated with individual differences in cognitive processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarren Leon
- Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gabrielle Weidemann
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
- MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Phoebe E Bailey
- Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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2
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Priolo G, D’Alessandro M, Bizzego A, Franchin L, Bonini N. Normatively irrelevant disgust interferes with decision under uncertainty: Insights from the Iowa gambling task. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306689. [PMID: 39088485 PMCID: PMC11293706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates whether a not informative, irrelevant emotional reaction of disgust interferes with decision-making under uncertainty. We manipulate the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) by associating a disgust-eliciting image with selections from Disadvantageous/Bad decks (Congruent condition) or Advantageous/Good decks (Incongruent condition). A Control condition without manipulations is also included. Results indicate an increased probability of selecting from a Good deck as the task unfolds in all conditions. However, this effect is modulated by the experimental manipulation. Specifically, we detect a detrimental effect (i.e., a significant decrease in the intercept) of the disgust-eliciting image in Incongruent condition (vs. Control), but this effect is limited to the early stages of the task (i.e., first twenty trials). No differences in performance trends are detected between Congruent and Control conditions. Anticipatory Skin Conductance Response, heart rate, and pupil dilation are also assessed as indexes of anticipatory autonomic activation following the Somatic Marker Hypothesis, but no effects are shown for the first two indexes in any of the conditions. Only a decreasing trend is detected for pupil dilation as the task unfolds in Control and Incongruent conditions. Results are discussed in line with the "risk as feelings" framework, the Somatic Marker Hypothesis, and IGT literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Priolo
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Bizzego
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Laura Franchin
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Nicolao Bonini
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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3
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Liu Q, Cui H, Li J, Shen Y, Zhang L, Zheng H. Modulation of dlPFC function and decision-making capacity by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in methamphetamine use disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:280. [PMID: 38977700 PMCID: PMC11231311 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-03000-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explores the impact of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on decision-making capabilities in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder (MUD), alongside potential underlying psychological mechanisms. Employing the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and computational modeling techniques, we assessed the decision-making processes of 50 male MUD participants (24 underwent rTMS treatment, 26 received no treatment) and 39 healthy controls (HC). We compared pre- and post-rTMS treatment alterations in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Results revealed inferior performance in the IGT among the MUD group, characterized by aberrant model parameters in the Value-Plus-Perseverance (VPP) model, including heightened learning rate, outcome sensitivity, and reinforcement learning weight, alongside diminished response consistency and loss aversion. RTMS treatment demonstrated efficacy in reducing craving scores, enhancing decision-making abilities, and partially restoring normalcy to certain model parameters in the MUD cohort. Nonetheless, no linear relationship between changes in model parameters and craving was observed. These findings lend support to the somatic marker hypothesis, implicating the dlPFC in the decision-making deficits observed in MUD, with rTMS potentially ameliorating these deficits by modulating the function of these brain regions. This study not only offers novel insights and methodologies for MUD rehabilitation but also underscores the necessity for further research to corroborate and refine these findings. Trial Registration www.chictr.org.cn Identifier: No. ChiCTR17013610.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Liu
- Center for Brain, Mind and Education, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
- Department of Psychology, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210024, China.
| | - Huimin Cui
- Center for Brain, Mind and Education, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
- Department of Psychology, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Jiali Li
- Center for Brain, Mind and Education, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
- Department of Psychology, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Early-Childhood Education, NanJing XiaoZhuang University, Nanjing, 211171, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Center for Brain, Mind and Education, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Health Institute, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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4
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Goldschmidt AB, Jeong K, Yu L, Egbert AH, Schmidt R, Hilbert A. Executive functioning and treatment outcome among adolescents undergoing cognitive-behavioral therapy for binge-eating disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024. [PMID: 38940077 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.14031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an evidence-supported treatment for adolescents with binge-eating disorder (BED). Executive dysfunctions, which are associated with binge eating and elevated body weight in youth, may undermine CBT outcomes by making it difficult for youth to engage with or adhere to treatment, including recalling and/or implementing intervention strategies in real-world contexts. METHODS We assessed 73 adolescents [82.2% female; Mage = 15.0 ± 2.5 year; M baseline standardized body mass index (zBMI) = 1.9 ± 1.0 kg/m2] with BED at baseline, posttreatment, 6-, 12-, and 24-month follow-up. Linear mixed models examined the effects of baseline executive functioning (EF) on loss of control (LOC) eating and weight change following CBT. Linear and logistic regressions probed associations between EF, attendance, and attrition. RESULTS More impulsive decision-making, as reflected in higher baseline scores on the Iowa Gambling Task, predicted better attendance (β = .07; p = .019) and more frequent LOC eating following treatment (β = .12; p = .017). Lower cognitive flexibility, as reflected in lower baseline T-scores on the Comprehensive Trail Making Test complex sequencing index, predicted higher zBMI following treatment (β = -.03; p = .003). Inhibition, concentration, attention, and parent-reported EF behavior symptoms were not associated with outcome, attendance, or attrition. CONCLUSIONS More impulsive decision-making and lower cognitive flexibility were associated with suboptimal response to CBT for BED, although findings should be interpreted with caution in light of the sample size and waitlist control design. Future research should examine whether strengthening EF could improve eating and weight outcomes among adolescents with BED who have lower pre-treatment EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Goldschmidt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kwonho Jeong
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lan Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amy H Egbert
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storz, CT, USA
| | - Ricarda Schmidt
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Behavioral Medicine Research Unit, Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Hilbert
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Behavioral Medicine Research Unit, Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
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Vanheusden FJ, Vadapalli SK, Rashid M, Griffiths MD, Kim A. Religiosity, Financial Risk Taking, and Reward Processing: An Experimental Study. J Gambl Stud 2024:10.1007/s10899-024-10324-4. [PMID: 38861246 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10324-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The present study investigated the extent to which financial risk-taking (FRT) perspectives and religiosity influenced an individual's performance on financial decision-making tasks under risk and/or uncertainty. It further investigated the potential to measure this interaction using electro-encephalogram (EEG) assessments through reward-related event-related potentials (P3 and FRN). EEG data were collected from 37 participants undergoing four decision-making tasks comprising the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), Iowa Gambling Test (IGT), Mixed-Gamble Loss-Aversion Task (MGLAT), and MGLA-Success Task (MGLAST). The present study found that BART performance may be affected by an interaction of FRT perspectives and religiosity. The physiological effects of task feedback were also distinguished between religious and non-religious individuals objectively with EEG data. Overall, while religiosity and FRT may not significantly influence IGT and MGLA performance, and interact with BART in a complex way, physiological reaction towards feedback after BART performance appears to be strongly affected by religiosity and FRT perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederique J Vanheusden
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, New Hall Block, Room 177, Clifton Campus, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
| | - Sundara Kashyap Vadapalli
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, New Hall Block, Room 177, Clifton Campus, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Mamunur Rashid
- Christ Church Business School, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amee Kim
- Christ Church Business School, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK
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Hoffman LJ, Foley JM, Leong JK, Sullivan-Toole H, Elliott BL, Olson IR. An in vivo Dissection, and Analysis of Socio-Affective Symptoms related to Cerebellum-Midbrain Reward Circuitry in Humans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.29.560239. [PMID: 38798382 PMCID: PMC11118266 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.29.560239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Emerging research in non-human animals implicates cerebellar projections to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in appetitive behaviors, but these circuits have not been characterized in humans. Here, we mapped cerebello-VTA white-matter connectivity in humans using probabilistic tractography on diffusion imaging data from the Human Connectome Project. We uncovered the topographical organization of these connections by separately tracking from parcels of cerebellar lobule VI, crus I/II, vermis, paravermis, and cerebrocerebellum. Results revealed that connections from the cerebellum to the VTA predominantly originate in the right hemisphere, interposed nucleus, and paravermal cortex, and terminate mostly ipsilaterally. Paravermal crus I sends the most connections to the VTA compared to other lobules. We discovered a medial-to-lateral gradient of connectivity, such that the medial cerebellum has the highest connectivity with the VTA. Individual differences in microstructure were associated with measures of negative affect and social functioning. By splitting the tracts into quarters, we found that the socio-affective effects were driven by the third quarter of the tract, corresponding to the point at which the fibers leave the deep nuclei. Taken together, we produced detailed maps of cerebello-VTA structural connectivity for the first time in humans and established their relevance for trait differences in socio-affective regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J. Hoffman
- Temple University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julia M. Foley
- Temple University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Josiah K. Leong
- University of Arkansas, Department of Psychological Science, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Holly Sullivan-Toole
- Temple University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Blake L. Elliott
- Temple University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ingrid R. Olson
- Temple University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Aksu S, Soyata AZ, Şeker S, Akkaya G, Yılmaz Y, Kafalı T, Evren C, Umut G. Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with cognitive training improves decision making and executive functions in opioid use disorder: a triple-blind sham-controlled pilot study. J Addict Dis 2024; 42:154-165. [PMID: 36861945 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2023.2168991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a chronic disorder with a considerable amount of morbidity and mortality. Despite remarkable improvement achieved by maintenance programs, an array of treatment goals were still unmet. Mounting evidence suggests that transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) improves decision making and cognitive functions in addictive disorders. tDCS paired with a decision making task was depicted to diminish impulsivity as well. The present study aimed to assess the effect of tDCS combined with cognitive training (CT) in OUD for the first time. In this triple-blind randomized sham-controlled pilot study, 38 individuals with OUD from the Buprenorphine-Naloxone Maintenance Therapy program were administered 20-minutes of 2 mA active/sham tDCS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with concomitant cognitive training. A selected test battery evaluating decision making under risk and ambiguity as well as executive functions, verbal fluency and working memory was utilized before and after the intervention. Greater improvements were observed in decision making under ambiguity (p = 0.016), set shifting ability and alternating fluency while no improvements were observed in decision making under risk in the active group, compared to sham. Deficits of decision making and executive functions have a pivotal role in the perpetuation and the relapse of the OUD. Alleviation of these impairments brought tDCS/CT forth as an expedient neuroscientifically-grounded treatment option that merits further exploration in OUD, Trial registration: NCT05568251.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Aksu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Zihni Soyata
- Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic, Başakşehir State Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sercan Şeker
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gözde Akkaya
- Department of Child Development, Istanbul Topkapı University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Yılmaz
- Department of Psychology, İstanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuğba Kafalı
- Department of Psychology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Cüneyt Evren
- Department of Psychology, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Umut
- Research, Treatment and Training Center for Alcohol and Substance Dependence (AMATEM), Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry Neurology and Neurosurgery, Turkey, Istanbul
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8
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Zanini L, Picano C, Spitoni GF. The Iowa Gambling Task: Men and Women Perform Differently. A Meta-analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2024:10.1007/s11065-024-09637-3. [PMID: 38462590 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-024-09637-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) was designed to assess decision-making under conditions of complexity and uncertainty; it is currently one of the most widely used tests to assess decision-making in both experimental and clinical settings. In the original version of the task, participants are given a loan of play money and four decks of cards and are asked to maximize profits. Although any single card unpredictably yields wins/losses, variations in frequency and size of gains/losses ultimately make two decks more advantageous in the long term. Several studies have previously suggested that there may be a sex-related difference in IGT performance. Thus, the present study aimed to explore and quantify sex differences in IGT performance by pooling the results of 110 studies. The meta-analysis revealed that males tend to perform better than females on the classic 100-trial IGT (UMD = 3.381; p < 0.001). Furthermore, the significant heterogeneity observed suggests high variability in the results obtained by individual studies. Results were not affected by publication bias or other moderators. Factors that may contribute to differences in male and female performance are discussed, such as functional sex-related asymmetries in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and amygdala, as well as differences in sensitivity to wins/losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Zanini
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli, 1, Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Picano
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Grazia Fernanda Spitoni
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli, 1, Rome, Italy
- Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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Delgado H, Lipina S, Pastor MC, Muniz-Terrera G, Menéndez Ñ, Rodríguez R, Carboni A. Differential psychophysiological responses associated with decision-making in children from different socioeconomic backgrounds. Child Dev 2024. [PMID: 38436462 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
This study examined how socioeconomic status (SES) influences on decision-making processing. The roles of anticipatory/outcome-related cardiac activity and awareness of task contingencies were also assessed. One hundred twelve children (Mage = 5.83, SDage = 0.32; 52.7% female, 51.8% low-SES; data collected October-December 2018 and April-December 2019) performed the Children's Gambling Task, while heart rate activity was recorded. Awareness of gain/loss contingencies was assessed after completing the task. Distinct decision-making strategies emerged among low and middle/high-SES children. Despite similar awareness levels between SES groups, future-oriented decision-making was linked solely to the middle/high-SES group. Somatic markers did not manifest unequivocally. However, contrasting cardiac patterns were evident concerning feedback processing and the association between anticipatory activity and awareness (low: acceleration vs. middle/high: deceleration). Results are interpreted from an evolutionary-developmental perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Delgado
- Facultad de Psicología, Centro de Investigación Básica en Psicología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro Interdisciplinario en Cognición para la Enseñanza y el Aprendizaje, Espacio Interdisciplinario, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sebastián Lipina
- Unidad de Neurobiología Aplicada (UNA, CEMIC-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Universitario CEMIC (IUC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Carmen Pastor
- Departamento de Psicología Básica, Clínica y Psicobiología, Universitat Jaume I, Castello de la Plana, Spain
| | - Graciela Muniz-Terrera
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio, USA
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ñeranei Menéndez
- Facultad de Psicología, Centro de Investigación Básica en Psicología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Richard Rodríguez
- Facultad de Psicología, Centro de Investigación Básica en Psicología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alejandra Carboni
- Facultad de Psicología, Centro de Investigación Básica en Psicología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro Interdisciplinario en Cognición para la Enseñanza y el Aprendizaje, Espacio Interdisciplinario, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Reader AT, Salvato G. Investigating the relationship between self-reported interoceptive experience and risk propensity. Cogn Emot 2024; 38:148-162. [PMID: 37937819 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2279160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Risky behaviour may be associated with visceral experiences, such as increased heart rate. Previous studies examining the relationship between perception of such signals (interoception) and risk-taking typically used behavioural tasks with potential for monetary reward. This approach may be less informative for understanding general risk propensity. In addition, such research does not usually consider the varied ways individuals engage with interoceptive signals. However, examining these different forms of engagement may help us understand how subjective experience of interoception influences risk-taking. As such, we performed two surveys (n = 471, primarily young adults) to examine the relationship between self-reported engagement with interoceptive signals (measured using the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness) and a generalised measure of risk propensity (the General Risk Propensity Scale). Results indicated that different ways of interpreting or engaging with interoceptive signals were differentially associated with risk propensity. In particular, they provide preliminary evidence that those with the ability to ignore or not worry about visceral signals when they are uncomfortable display greater risk propensity (and these effects may possibly be gender-specific).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arran T Reader
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Gerardo Salvato
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Cognitive Neuropsychology Centre, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
- NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
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Singh V. Bittersweet memories and somatic marker hypothesis: adaptive control in emotional recall facilitates long-term decision-making in the Iowa Gambling Task. Front Neurosci 2024; 17:1214271. [PMID: 38292897 PMCID: PMC10824841 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1214271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The somatic marker hypothesis states that emotional recall and its somatic influence guide long-term decision-making. However, the mechanism through which decision-making benefits from emotional recall is unclear; whether emotional recall and the induced affect increase the regulatory demand or amplify the affect state that requires inhibition. It is unclear if controlling the automatic flow of emotion in recall improves adaptive decision-making. Two studies examine the hypothesis that affect control in emotional recall facilitates inhibitory control and benefits long-term decision-making. In Experiment 1 (n = 137), affect control was assessed in emotional recall to examine if switching of affect in recall of positive and negative valence (order: positive-negative memory recall vs. negative-positive memory recall) is linked with long-term decision-making. Results for long-term decision-making showed that negative-positive recall sequence was associated with higher long-term decision-making, whereas automatic frequency-based decision-making remained unaffected by the recall sequence. In experiment 2 (n = 71, all male), emotional recall (positive vs. negative), recall specificity (i.e., specific vs. overgeneralized recall), and post-recall mood regulation (post-recall positive mood regulation vs. no regulation) was expected to facilitate long-term decision-making. Results showed that emotional recall and post-recall mood regulation (i.e., negative recall - positive mood and positive recall - negative mood) were associated with higher long-term decision-making (decks C' and D'). Results of frequency decision-making showed that positive emotional recall, and poor recall specificity led to infrequent punishment deck choices (decks B' and D'). Hierarchical regression indicated that emotional recall increased infrequent deck choices and accounted for 10% of choices made, recall specificity increased the explanatory power to 19%, and higher recall specificity was associated with fewer infrequent punishment deck choices. Affect control engaged via negative emotional recall, post-recall mood regulation, and recall specificity might be a potential mechanism through which affect control in emotional recall might facilitate long-term decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Singh
- Humanities and Social Science, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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12
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Singh S, Gupta A, Singh GP. Decision making and its correlates in recurrent depressive disorder. Indian J Psychiatry 2023; 65:1158-1164. [PMID: 38249144 PMCID: PMC10795668 DOI: 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_633_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Decision-making (DM) is simply choosing among alternatives or defining one's course of action. A depressed individual does not perceive himself as a decision-maker as ruminations reinforce dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs and poor executive functioning. The aim was to study and compare the relationship among DM, metacognition, and executive functioning in those with recurrent depressive disorder (RDD) and in healthy controls (HCs). Methods A cross-sectional comparative group study design was used with a sample size of 40, with 20 participants in each group. The tools used were Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, General Health Questionnaire, Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire, Metacognitive Questionnaire, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and Controlled Oral Word Association Test. Results The RDD group had significantly higher scores on buck-passing (BP), procrastination (PR), hypervigilance, and dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs, and poor performance on executive functioning than HC. PR was inversely correlated with executive functioning and dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs in the RDD group, whereas in the HC group, BP was positively correlated with executive functioning and dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs. Conclusion DM has a significant relationship with executive functions and dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs; therefore, changes in any one variable contribute to changes in the other two. The altered attentional and executive control due to dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs leads to poor DM, resulting in psychosocial dysfunction. The underlying metacognitive beliefs and executive functioning play a crucial role in DM, the process determining psychosocial functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, Punjab Institute of Medical Sciences, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Aarzoo Gupta
- Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gurvinder Pal Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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Messimeris D, Levy R, Le Bouc R. Economic and social values in the brain: evidence from lesions to the human ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1198262. [PMID: 37900604 PMCID: PMC10602746 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1198262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Making good economic and social decisions is essential for individual and social welfare. Decades of research have provided compelling evidence that damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is associated with dramatic personality changes and impairments in economic and social decision-making. However, whether the vmPFC subserves a unified mechanism in the social and non-social domains remains unclear. When choosing between economic options, the vmPFC is thought to guide decision by encoding value signals that reflect the motivational relevance of the options on a common scale. A recent framework, the "extended common neural currency" hypothesis, suggests that the vmPFC may also assign values to social factors and principles, thereby guiding social decision-making. Although neural value signals have been observed in the vmPFC in both social and non-social studies, it is yet to be determined whether they have a causal influence on behavior or merely correlate with decision-making. In this review, we assess whether lesion studies of patients with vmPFC damage offer evidence for such a causal role of the vmPFC in shaping economic and social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Messimeris
- FrontLab, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne University, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Richard Levy
- FrontLab, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne University, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Le Bouc
- Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
- Motivation, Brain and Behavior Laboratory (MBB), Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne University, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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Jayashankar A, Aziz-Zadeh L. Disgust Processing and Potential Relationships with Behaviors in Autism. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2023; 25:465-478. [PMID: 37672122 PMCID: PMC10627949 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-023-01445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW While there are reports of differences in emotion processing in autism, it is less understood whether the emotion of disgust, in particular, plays a significant role in these effects. Here, we review literature on potential disgust processing differences in autism and its possible associations with autistic traits. RECENT FINDINGS In autism, there is evidence for differences in physical disgust processing, pica behaviors, attention away from other's disgust facial expressions, and differences in neural activity related to disgust processing. In typically developing individuals, disgust processing is related to moral processing, but modulated by individual differences in interoception and alexithymia. Autistic individuals may experience atypical disgust, which may lead to difficulty avoiding contaminants and affect socio-emotional processing. In autism, such outcomes may lead to increased occurrences of illness, contribute to gastrointestinal issues, diminish vicarious learning of disgust expression and behaviors, and potentially contribute to differences in processes related to moral reasoning, though further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Jayashankar
- USC Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
- Brain and Creativity Institute, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Lisa Aziz-Zadeh
- USC Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Brain and Creativity Institute, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
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15
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Canessa N, Iozzino L, Andreose S, Castelletti L, Conte G, Dvorak A, Ferrari C, Heitzman J, Macis A, Markiewicz I, Mattavelli G, Nicolò G, Picchioni M, Restuccia G, Rivellini G, Teti F, de Girolamo G. RISK aversion in Italian forensic and non-forensic patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289152. [PMID: 37523390 PMCID: PMC10389697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Goal-directed decision-making is a central component of the broader reward and motivation system, and requires the ability to dynamically integrate both positive and negative feedback from the environment in order to maximize rewards and minimize losses over time. Altered decision-making processes, in which individuals fail to consider the negative consequences of their decisions on both themselves and others, may play a role in driving antisocial behaviour. AIM The main study aim was to investigate possible differences in loss and risk aversion across matched patients, all with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD), but who varied according to whether they had a history of serious interpersonal violence or not, and a sample of healthy controls with no history of violence. RESULTS The sample included 14 forensic and 21 non-forensic patients with SSD, and 41 healthy controls. Among the three decision-making variables under investigation, risk aversion was the only significant predictor of membership of the three groups, with greater risk aversion among non-forensic patients with SSD compared to healthy controls. No differences were observed across groups in loss aversion and choice consistency. CONCLUSIONS This evidence suggests a new potential treatment target for rehabilitative measures aimed at achieving functional improvements in patients with SSD by selectively leveraging the neuro-cognitive processing of reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Canessa
- IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON) Center, Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Pavia, Italy
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Iozzino
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Unit of Epidemiological Psychiatry and Evaluation, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sonia Andreose
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Psychiatric Unit, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Conte
- Department of Mental Health, ASST di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Clarissa Ferrari
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Unit of Statistics, Brescia, Italy
| | - Janusz Heitzman
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ambra Macis
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Unit of Statistics, Brescia, Italy
| | - Inga Markiewicz
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Giulia Mattavelli
- IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON) Center, Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Pavia, Italy
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nicolò
- REMS Minerva, Department of Mental Health, ASL Roma 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Picchioni
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- St Magnus Hospital, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Fabio Teti
- Sistema Polimodulare di REMS Provvisorie, ASST di Mantova, Castiglione delle Stiviere, Italy
| | - Giovanni de Girolamo
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Unit of Epidemiological Psychiatry and Evaluation, Brescia, Italy
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16
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Wright RJ, Rakow T. Testing the somatic marker hypothesis in decisions-from-experience with non-stationary outcome probabilities. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1195009. [PMID: 37575439 PMCID: PMC10419193 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1195009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Somatic Marker Hypothesis (SMH) posits that in experience-based choice, people develop physiological reactions that mark options as either positive or negative. These somatic markers aid decision making because they differentiate between "good" and "bad" options during pre-choice deliberation. Methods We examined this proposed role for somatic states in two decision-from-experience tasks (each N = 36) in which participants selected repeatedly with full feedback (i.e., for obtained and forgone outcomes) between two unlabeled options that returned wins or losses, with half receiving an additional summary of past outcomes. The probabilities of good and bad outcomes changed at an unannounced point. Participants completed a 100-trial game with a switch in the optimal option after trial 40 (Study 1) or a 200-trial game with switch points after trial 40 and trial 120 (Study 2). Skin conductance (SC) was measured continuously as an index of emotional intensity, from which we extracted measures of anticipatory SC (pre-choice) and outcome SC (post-choice). Results Participants reliably selected the optimal option prior to any switches. They also altered their choices appropriately when the payoffs changed, though optimal play following payoff switches was reduced. Losses resulted in a greater outcome SC than wins, but only in Study 1, as did the finding that the outcome SC was greater when the forgone outcome was positive. Anticipatory SC did not reliably predict optimal play in either study. Discussion These results provide little support for the SMH. Our studies point to the importance of using diverse tasks and measures and very large sample sizes when testing the role of somatic states in decision making.
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Ljunggren S, Winblad S, Samuelsson H, Malmgren K. Decision-making under ambiguity after frontal lobe resection for epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2023; 142:109215. [PMID: 37075512 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Decision-making is crucial to daily life and can impact our society as well as economic conditions. Although the frontal lobes have been identified as important for decision-making, this capacity has only been studied to a limited extent in frontal lobe epilepsy and not at all after frontal lobe resection (FLR) for epilepsy. This study aimed to explore decision-making under ambiguity after FLR for epilepsy. METHODS Fourteen patients having undergone FLR for epilepsy completed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) which is a widely used tool to measure decision-making under ambiguity. Iowa Gambling Task scores included in the analysis were: total net score, separate scores from five blocks across the test, and a change score (last block of IGT minus first block). A group of healthy controls (n = 30) was used as a comparison. Associations between IGT and standardized neuropsychological methods for assessment of executive functions, self-rating questionnaires of mental health, fatigue, and behavior linked to frontal lobe dysfunction were also investigated. RESULTS The patient group performed inferior to controls at the final block of the IGT (p =.001).A group difference in IGT change scores was found (p =.005), reflectingthe absence of a positive change in performance over time for the FLR group compared to the control group. Correlations with tests of executive functions as well as self-rating scales were mainly statistically nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that patients having undergone FLR for epilepsy have difficulties with decision-making under ambiguity. The performance illustrated a failure to learn throughout the task. Executive as well as emotional deficits may impact decision-making processes in this patient group and need to be considered in further studies. Prospective studies with larger cohorts are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Ljunggren
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Blå Stråket 7, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Stefan Winblad
- Department of Psychology, Gothenburg University, Box 500, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Hans Samuelsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Blå Stråket 7, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Psychology, Gothenburg University, Box 500, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Kristina Malmgren
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Blå Stråket 7, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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18
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Heimer O, Kron A, Hertz U. Temporal dynamics of the semantic versus affective representations of valence during reversal learning. Cognition 2023; 236:105423. [PMID: 36933517 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Valence, the representation of a stimulus in terms of good or bad, plays a central role in models of affect, value-based learning theories, and value-based decision-making models. Previous work used Unconditioned Stimulus (US) to support a theoretical division between two different types of valence representations for a stimulus: the semantic representation of valence, i.e., stored accumulated knowledge about the value of the stimulus, and the affective representation of valence, i.e., the valence of the affective response to this stimulus. The current work extended past research by using a neutral Conditioned Stimulus (CS) in the context of reversal learning, a type of associative learning. The impact of expected uncertainty (the variability of rewards) and unexpected uncertainty (reversal) on the evolving temporal dynamics of the two types of valence representations of the CS was tested in two experiments. Results show that in an environment presenting the two types of uncertainty, the adaptation process (learning rate) of the choices and of the semantic valence representation is slower than the adaptation of the affective valence representation. In contrast, in environments with only unexpected uncertainty (i.e., fixed rewards), there is no difference in the temporal dynamics of the two types of valence representations. Implications for models of affect, value-based learning theories, and value-based decision-making models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Heimer
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Assaf Kron
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Uri Hertz
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Risk Decision Making and Executive Function among Adolescents and Young Adults. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13020142. [PMID: 36829371 PMCID: PMC9952781 DOI: 10.3390/bs13020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The dual theory establishes that the decision-making process relies on two different systems, the affective system and the executive function (EF), developed during adolescence. This study analyzes the relationship between the decision-making and EF processes in a group of early adolescents (mean age = 12.51 years, SD = 0.61), where more affective impulse processes are developed, and in young adults (mean age = 19.38 years, SD = 1.97), where cognitive control processes have already matured. For this purpose, 140 participants in Spain completed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) to measure their risky decisions and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) to measure their EF. Performance on the IGT improves over blocks; however, adolescents received lower mean scores than young adults. However, controlling for age, perseverative errors were negatively associated with the mean net score on the risky blocks of IGT; thus, those who committed more perseverative errors in the WCST were more likely to take cards from the disadvantageous decks on the last blocks of the IGT. The current study shows that adolescents and adults solve ambiguous decisions by trial and error; however, adolescents are more likely to make risky decisions without attending to the long-term consequences. Following the dual theory hypothesis, the maturation of EF with age partly accounts for this difference in risky decision-making between adolescents and adults.
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20
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Context effects, skin conductance responses and personality traits - Influencing variables on risk-taking within a modified version of the balloon analog risk task. Biol Psychol 2023; 177:108498. [PMID: 36681293 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
When individuals take risks, they must weigh potential costs and benefits associated with a decision. Differences in risk-taking appear to be influenced by contextual, and inter-individual factors. However, it is still ambiguous to what extent these characteristics jointly influence risk-taking. We investigated how risk-taking varies as function of context effects, incentives, skin conductance responses (SCR), and personality traits such as impulsivity and sensitivity to reward and punishment. Sixty-eight healthy participants conducted a modified version of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) composed of a gain-framed (G-BART) and loss-framed (L-BART) context with each a low and a high outcome magnitude condition. While the goal in G-BART was to maximize gains, the goal in L-BART was to minimize losses. In both versions, participants can potentially accumulate the same amounts. We conducted trial-by-trial mixed model analyses to account for within- and between-participant effects. Participants showed greater risk-taking when playing L-BART than G-BART; more risk-taking was observed in the high compared to the low outcome magnitude condition. Furthermore, higher SCR were associated with less risk-taking. Lower impulsivity was related to a greater difference in risk-taking in both contexts, with greater risk-taking in L-BART. Likewise, sensitivity to reward was associated with a greater difference in risk-taking in both contexts, with greater risk-taking in G-BART. Finally, greater sensitivity to punishment was related to risk-taking among participants describing themselves as sensitive to rewards. Results support a multidimensional state-trait model of risk-taking suggesting that risk-taking is favored by loss-aversion along with incentives, psychophysiological arousal, and personality traits.
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21
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Pollatos O, Mönkemöller K, Groppe K, Elsner B. Interoceptive accuracy is associated with benefits in decision making in children. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1070037. [PMID: 36743603 PMCID: PMC9893641 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1070037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Decision making results not only from logical analyses, but seems to be further guided by the ability to perceive somatic information (interoceptive accuracy). Relations between interoceptive accuracy and decision making have been exclusively studied in adults and with regard to complex, uncertain situations (as measured by the Iowa Gambling Task, IGT). Methods In the present study, 1454 children (6-11 years) were examined at two time points (approximately 1 year apart) using an IGT as well as a delay-of-gratification task for sweets-items and toy-items. Interoceptive accuracy was measured using a child-adapted version of the Heartbeat Perception Task. Results The present results revealed that children with higher, as compared to lower, interoceptive accuracy showed more advantageous choices in the IGT and delayed more sweets-items, but not toy-items, in a delay-of-gratification task at time point 2 but not at time point 1. However, no longitudinal relation between interoceptive accuracy and decision making 1 year later could be shown. Discussion Results indicate that interoceptive accuracy relates to decision-making abilities in situations of varying complexity already in middle childhood, and that this link might consolidate across the examined 1-year period. Furthermore, the association of interoceptive accuracy and the delay of sweets-items might have implications for the regulation of body weight at a later age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Pollatos
- Clinical and Health Psychology, Institute of Education and Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karla Mönkemöller
- Clinical and Health Psychology, Institute of Education and Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany,*Correspondence: Karla Mönkemöller, ✉
| | - Karoline Groppe
- Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Elsner
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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22
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Rojas-Líbano D, Zúñiga J, Corrales V, Pino P, Infante M, Turnbull OH, Bowman C, Salas C. The Bangor Gambling Task: Computerized replication and reappraisal of an emotion-based decision task. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2023:1-13. [PMID: 36639359 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2022.2162403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Emotion-based decision making (EBDM) is the capacity to make decisions based on prior emotional consequences of actions. Several neuropsychological tasks, using different gambling paradigms and with different levels of complexity, have been designed to assess EBDM. The Bangor Gambling Task (BGT) was created as a brief and simple card gambling-task to assess EBDM. BGT contains a single-card deck and requires participants to decide whether to gamble or not, which can result in wins or losses. Unknown to the participant, the winning probabilities decrease throughout the task (from 0.75 in the first block to 0.25 in the fifth block), requiring participants to reduce their gambling probability to avoid long-term losses. A few studies have offered evidence regarding the BGT convergent validity. However, there are no computerized versions of BGT available, thus slowing the process of gathering information to explore the EBDM mechanisms behind the task, its validity, and clinical usefulness. In this article, we present a computerized version of the BGT using the Matlab environment and make all our code available. We explore BGT's replicability and analyze its probabilistic structure, providing trial-level and block-level analyses. Eighty-one participants performed the computerized version, which followed the same structure as the original version. It took participants 8.5 ± 3.3 minutes to complete the task, which is faster than the paper version. Replicating previous studies, participants diminished their gambling probability throughout the task, learning to inhibit the initially rewarded gambling behavior. This change in gambling probability could be considered a proxy for EBDM. Our analyses suggest that the last blocks are especially sensitive to capturing deficits in EBDM, and we propose some modifications to BGT's original version to enhance the initial exploratory and learning phase. Our results show that the BGT constitutes a quick and simple task to evaluate EBDM capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rojas-Líbano
- Centro de Estudios en Neurociencia Humana y Neuropsicología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Zúñiga
- Centro de Estudios en Neurociencia Humana y Neuropsicología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Magister en Neurociencia Social, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vanessa Corrales
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Pino
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Infante
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oliver H Turnbull
- Unidad de Neuropsicología Clínica, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Caroline Bowman
- Unidad de Neuropsicología Clínica, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Salas
- Centro de Estudios en Neurociencia Humana y Neuropsicología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Wales, UK
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23
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Liu PL, Ye JF, Ao HS, Sun S, Zheng Y, Li Q, Feng GC, Wang H, Zhao X. Effects of electronic personal health information technology on American women's cancer screening behaviors mediated through cancer worry: Differences and similarities between 2017 and 2020. Digit Health 2023; 9:20552076231185271. [PMID: 37434732 PMCID: PMC10331072 DOI: 10.1177/20552076231185271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Thanks to their accessibility and low cost, electronic personal health information (ePHI) technologies have been widely used to facilitate patient-physician communication and promote health prevention behaviors (e.g. cancer screening). Despite that empirical evidence has supported the association between ePHI technology use and cancer screening behaviors, the underlying mechanism through which ePHI technology use influences cancer screening behaviors remains a topic of discussion. Objective This study investigates the relationship between ePHI technology uses and cancer screening behaviors of American women and examines the mediating role of cancer worry. Methods Data for this study were from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) collected in 2017 (HINTS 5 Cycle 1) and 2020 (HINTS 5 Cycle 4). The final sample included 1914 female respondents in HINTS 5 Cycle 1 and 2204 in HINTS 5 Cycle 4. Mann-Whitney U test, two-sample t-test, and mediation analysis were performed. We also referred to the regression coefficients generated by min-max normalization as percentage coefficients (bp) for the comparison. Results This study reports increased usage of ePHI technologies (from 1.41 in 2017 to 2.19 to 2020), increased cancer worry (from 2.60 in 2017 to 2.84 in 2020), and a stable level of cancer screening behaviors (from 1.44 in 2017 to 1.34 in 2020) among American women. Cancer worry was found to mediate the ePHI effect on cancer screening behaviors (bp = 0.005, 95% confidence interval [0.001, 0.010]) in a positive complementary mediation in 2020. Conclusions The research findings support a positive association between ePHI technology use and cancer screening behaviors, and cancer worry has been identified as a salient mediator. An understanding of the mechanism that prompts US women's cancer screening practices provides practical implications for health campaign practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piper Liping Liu
- Department of Communication, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Jizhou Francis Ye
- Department of Communication, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Harris Song Ao
- Department of Communication, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | | | - Yu Zheng
- Faculty of Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Qingrui Li
- Faculty of Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | | | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Communication, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Xinshu Zhao
- Department of Communication, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
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Ren P, Luo G, Huang J, Tan M, Wu D, Rong H. Aging-related changes in reward-based decision-making depend on punishment frequency: An fMRI study. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1078455. [PMID: 36949775 PMCID: PMC10025509 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1078455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aging is often accompanied by significant cognitive decline and altered decision making. Previous studies have found that older adults have difficulty in processing reward/risk information, leading to suboptimal decision strategy. However, it is still under investigated about the neural substrates of risky decision-making under ambiguity in aging. Methods Using the Iowa Gambling Task, the current study investigated inter-individual differences of risk-taking behaviors in healthy older adults with task-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results It was found that participants were able to improve their decisions in advantageous decks, but failed to avoid disadvantageous decks during task performance. The task-related activations within multiple brain regions were observed significantly different across the four decks, and showed negative correlations with age in disadvantageous decks but not in advantageous decks. Consistently, age-related whole brain analyses confirmed the negative age-effect on brain activations in disadvantageous decks, especially in high punishment frequency. In addition, the relationship between age and task performance in high punishment frequency was mediated by activation in the frontal subregions such as the middle frontal cortex and superior medial frontal cortex. Discussion Our findings shed light on the neural substrates of altered risk-taking behaviors in aging, suggesting a greater sensitivity to high punishment frequency in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ren
- Lab of Brain Health Assessment and Research, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Ren,
| | - Guozhi Luo
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiayin Huang
- Lab of Brain Health Assessment and Research, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Meiling Tan
- Lab of Brain Health Assessment and Research, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Donghui Wu
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Han Rong
- Department of Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Molins F, Martínez-Tomás C, Serrano MÁ. Implicit Negativity Bias Leads to Greater Loss Aversion and Learning during Decision-Making. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:17037. [PMID: 36554918 PMCID: PMC9779195 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192417037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted there is the existence of negativity bias, a greater sensitivity to negative emotional stimuli compared with positive ones, but its effect on decision-making would depend on the context. In risky decisions, negativity bias could lead to non-rational choices by increasing loss aversion; yet in ambiguous decisions, it could favor reinforcement-learning and better decisions by increasing sensitivity to punishments. Nevertheless, these hypotheses have not been tested to date. Our aim was to fill this gap. Sixty-nine participants rated ambiguous emotional faces (from the NimStim set) as positive or negative to assess negativity bias. The implicit level of the bias was also obtained by tracking the mouse's trajectories when rating faces. Then, they performed both a risky and an ambiguous decision-making task. Participants displayed negativity bias, but only at the implicit level. In addition, this bias was associated with loss aversion in risky decisions, and with greater performance through the ambiguous decisional task. These results highlight the need to contextualize biases, rather than draw general conclusions about whether they are inherently good or bad.
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Şandor S, Yağcı Kurdish S, Delil Ş, Türk BG, Yeni SN. The comparison of decision-making in ambiguous situations and galvanic skin responses as somatic markers in patients with posterior cortex epilepsy and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2022; 44:743-754. [PMID: 36864732 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2022.2164256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Decision-making behaviors of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is a subject that has been studied frequently. However, determining the neuropsychological profiles of patients with different types of epilepsy is also important. Our main purpose was to examine the decision-making behaviors of patients with posterior cortex epilepsy (PCE) through the assumptions of somatic marker hypothesis (SMH) and to compare their performances with those of a MTLE group and a control group. METHOD Participants comprised of 13 patients with PCE (mean age 30.92 ± 9.99 years); 14 patients with MTLE with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE-HS) (mean age 25.53 ± 7.40 years) and 15 controls (mean age 24.60 ± 8.45 years). Decision-making performances were assessed with the Iowa gambling test (IGT) and anticipatory skin responses before each choice were recorded. A comprehensive neuropsychological test battery was also given to all participants in order to examine the relationship of decision-making with other cognitive functions. RESULTS Anticipatory responses before choosing from disadvantageous decks were significantly larger than choosing from advantageous decks in the PCE group (p = 0.00). No significant difference was found between the PCE and control group's total net scores. IGT total net scores was significantly correlated with Stroop test interference time (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION The study reveals that cognitive impairments of patients with PCE are not limited to brain's posterior areas' functions, and provides evidence for the current paradigm which understands epilepsy as a network disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serra Şandor
- Department of Psychology, İstanbul Medeniyet University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Selin Yağcı Kurdish
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Şakir Delil
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bengi Gül Türk
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seher Naz Yeni
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Hultman C, Tjernström N, Vadlin S, Rehn M, Nilsson KW, Roman E, Åslund C. Exploring decision-making strategies in the Iowa gambling task and rat gambling task. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:964348. [PMID: 36408452 PMCID: PMC9669572 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.964348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Decision-making requires that individuals perceive the probabilities and risks associated with different options. Experimental human and animal laboratory testing provide complimentary insights on the psychobiological underpinnings of decision-making. The Iowa gambling task (IGT) is a widely used instrument that assesses decision-making under uncertainty and risk. In the task participants are faced with a choice conflict between cards with varying monetary reinforcer/loss contingencies. The rat gambling task (rGT) is a pre-clinical version using palatable reinforcers as wins and timeouts mimicking losses. However, interspecies studies elaborating on human and rat behavior in these tasks are lacking. This study explores decision-making strategies among young adults (N = 270) performing a computerized version of the IGT, and adult outbred male Lister Hooded rats (N = 72) performing the rGT. Both group and individual data were explored by normative scoring approaches and subgroup formations based on individual choices were investigated. Overall results showed that most humans and rats learned to favor the advantageous choices, but to a widely different extent. Human performance was characterized by both exploration and learning as the task progressed, while rats showed relatively consistent pronounced preferences for the advantageous choices throughout the task. Nevertheless, humans and rats showed similar variability in individual choice preferences during end performance. Procedural differences impacting on the performance in both tasks and their potential to study different aspects of decision-making are discussed. This is a first attempt to increase the understanding of similarities and differences regarding decision-making processes in the IGT and rGT from an explorative perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine Hultman
- Centre for Clinical Research, Västmanland Hospital Västerås, Region Västmanland, Uppsala University, Västerås, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nikita Tjernström
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sofia Vadlin
- Centre for Clinical Research, Västmanland Hospital Västerås, Region Västmanland, Uppsala University, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Mattias Rehn
- Centre for Clinical Research, Västmanland Hospital Västerås, Region Västmanland, Uppsala University, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Kent W. Nilsson
- Centre for Clinical Research, Västmanland Hospital Västerås, Region Västmanland, Uppsala University, Västerås, Sweden
- School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Erika Roman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Åslund
- Centre for Clinical Research, Västmanland Hospital Västerås, Region Västmanland, Uppsala University, Västerås, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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28
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Interoception in Old Age. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12101398. [PMID: 36291331 PMCID: PMC9599927 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12101398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotion regulation in old age was found to be more efficient; seniors seem to focus less on the negative aspects of experiences. Here, we ask, do older individuals regulate their emotions more efficiently or are they numb to the physiological changes that modulate these emotions? Interoception, the perception of physical feelings, influences a person’s mood, emotions, and sense of well-being, and was hardly tested among older adults. We examined the awareness of physiological changes (physiological arousal—blood pressure and heart rate) of 47 older adults, compared to 18 young adults, and their subjective reports of emotional experiences while viewing emotional stimuli. Interoception was decreased in old age. Blood pressure medications had a partial role in this reduction. Moreover, interoception mediated emotional experience, such that low interoception led to lower experiences of changes in physiological arousal. These findings may account for the emotional changes in old age, suggesting a decline in sensitivity with age, which leads to a positive interpretation of information.
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Garon NM, English SD. Heterogeneity of decision-making strategies for preschoolers on a variant of the IGT. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. CHILD 2022; 11:811-824. [PMID: 34505556 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2021.1973470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive decision-making strategies are critical for dealing with the complexity of the social world. The present study investigated the use of decision-making strategies in preschoolers and their association to prosocial behavior and peer problems. Eighty-six preschoolers aged 3- and 4-years completed the preschool decision-making task (PGT), a child variant of the Iowa Gambling task . Win-stay/lose-shift responses along with exploration (consecutive choices from the advantageous deck) and exploitation (shifting between options) were examined. Preschoolers showed a range of strategies, with 4-year-olds adapting their approach as the game progressed and making better use of feedback in comparison to 3-year-olds. Children who differed in terms of choices from the advantageous deck were distinguished by different combinations of exploration and exploitation. Furthermore, unique combinations of decision-making strategies also distinguished children who were rated as high versus low in prosocial behavior as well as children rated as having a high versus low level of peer problems. The findings suggest that consideration of strategies used in decision-making tasks could provide useful insight in a clinical setting, particularly for populations with social difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Marie Garon
- Department of Psychology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, Canada
| | - Sarah D English
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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30
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Use of the QuickSort with older adults whose lifestyle decision-making capacity is being questioned. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2022; 29:480-491. [PMID: 36111454 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617722000479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cognitive impairment affects older adults' capacity to live independently and make lifestyle decisions (lifestyle decision-making capacity; LS-DMC). Cognitive screens and clinical interviews are often used to assess people's need for living-supports prior to conducting comprehensive LS-DMC assessments in busy clinical settings. This study investigated whether the QuickSort - a brief new cognitive screen - provides efficient and accurate information regarding patients' LS-DMC when initially interviewed. METHODS This is an observational and diagnostic accuracy study of older inpatients (≥60 years) consecutively referred for neuropsychological assessment of LS-DMC (n = 124). The resources required by inpatients with questionable LS-DMC were quantified (length of hospital stay, living-supports). QuickSort scores, patient background information, and two common cognitive screens were used to differentiate between older inpatients (n = 124) who lacked (64%)/did not-lack (36%) LS-DMC. RESULTS Hospitalizations averaged 49 days, with 62% of inpatients being readmitted within one year. The QuickSort differentiated between those lacking/not-lacking LS-DMC better than two common cognitive screens and patient information. The likelihood that inpatients lacked LS-DMC increased by a factor of 65.26 for QuickSort scores <2 and reduced by a factor of 0.32 for scores ≥13. Modeling revealed that the post-test likelihood of lacking LS-DMC increased to 99% (scores <2) and reduced to 30% (scores ≥ 13) in settings where many inpatients lack LS-DMC. CONCLUSIONS Older adult inpatients with questionable LS-DMC have a high risk of extended hospitalization and readmission. The QuickSort provides time-efficient and sensitive information regarding patients' LS-DMC, making it a viable alternative to longer cognitive screens that are used at the initial interview stage.
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Iozzino L, Canessa N, Rucci P, Iommi M, Dvorak A, Heitzman J, Markiewicz I, Picchioni M, Pilszyk A, Wancata J, de Girolamo G. Decision-making and risk-taking in forensic and non-forensic patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A multicenter European study. Schizophr Res Cogn 2022; 29:100257. [PMID: 35620384 PMCID: PMC9127676 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2022.100257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Studies of patients with schizophrenia and offenders with severe mental disorders decision-making performance have produced mixed findings. In addition, most earlier studies have assessed decision-making skills in offenders or people with mental disorders, separately, thus neglecting the possible additional contribution of a mental disorder on choice patterns in people who offend. This study aimed to fill this gap by comparing risk-taking in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD), with and without a history of serious violent offending assessing whether, and to what extent, risk-taking represents a significant predictor of group membership, controlling for their executive skills, as well as for socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. Overall, 115 patients with a primary diagnosis of SSD were recruited: 74 were forensic patients with a lifetime history of severe interpersonal violence and 41 were patients with SSD without such a history. No significant group differences were observed on psychopathological symptoms severity. Forensic generally displayed lower scores than non-forensic patients in all cognitive subtests of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (except for the “token motor” and the “digit sequencing” tasks) and on all the six dimensions of the Cambridge Gambling Task, except for “Deliberation time”, in which forensic scored higher than non-forensic patients. “Deliberation time” was also positively, although weakly correlated with “poor impulse control”. Identifying those facets of impaired decision-making mostly predicting offenders' behaviour among individuals with mental disorder might inform risk assessment and be targeted in treatment and rehabilitation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Iozzino
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Unit of Epidemiological Psychiatry and Evaluation, via Pilastroni 4, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicola Canessa
- Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience (ICoN) Center, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy.,Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Pavia Institute, via S. Maugeri 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Rucci
- University of Bologna, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Piazza di Porta S. Donato 2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marica Iommi
- University of Bologna, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Piazza di Porta S. Donato 2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alexander Dvorak
- Ministry of Justice, Medical Director of the Justizanstalt Göllersdorf, Museumstraße 7, 1070 Vienna, Austria
| | - Janusz Heitzman
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Jana III Sobieskiego 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Inga Markiewicz
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Jana III Sobieskiego 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marco Picchioni
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, 16 De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK.,St Magnus Hospital, Haslemere, GU27 3PX Surrey, UK
| | - Anna Pilszyk
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Jana III Sobieskiego 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Johannes Wancata
- Medical University of Vienna, Clinical Division of Social Psychiatry, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni de Girolamo
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Unit of Epidemiological Psychiatry and Evaluation, via Pilastroni 4, 25125 Brescia, Italy
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Schaeffer MJ, Weerawardhena H, Becker S, Callahan BL. Capturing daily-life executive impairments in adults: Does the choice of neuropsychological tests matter? APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2022:1-11. [PMID: 35979845 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2022.2109970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Standardized executive functioning (EF) measures do not reliably capture EF-related difficulties reported in daily life. We aim to determine if an ecologically relevant neuropsychological battery is more strongly associated with self-reported everyday EF impairments than classically used tests. METHOD Fifty-nine adults aged 18-49 self-rated their EF abilities using the Barkley Deficits in EF Scale (BDEFS) and were randomly assigned to complete either a test battery composed of EF measures with hypothesized ecological relevance (Six Elements, Zoo Map, Hayling Sentence Completion, Iowa Gambling, and Auditory Startle Tasks) or one composed of traditional EF tasks (Card Sorting, Trail Making, Color-Word Interference, and Verbal Fluency). Associations were examined using linear regression. RESULTS There were no strong associations between BDEFS subscales and performance on either test battery. Only the regression model predicting Emotional Regulation from ecological tasks was significant. Iowa Gambling Task performance and corrugator muscle contraction in the Auditory Startle Task individually contributed significantly to the model, with small and moderate effect sizes respectively. CONCLUSION Results align with evidence that self-reported EF difficulties are not adequately captured by formal neuropsychological measures, even for performance-based measures which directly tap everyday constructs. Findings are interpreted cautiously in the context of a small, high-functioning sample.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Himanthri Weerawardhena
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sara Becker
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Canada
| | - Brandy L Callahan
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Canada
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Sun W, Ueno D, Narumoto J. Brain Neural Underpinnings of Interoception and Decision-Making in Alzheimer's Disease: A Narrative Review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:946136. [PMID: 35898412 PMCID: PMC9309692 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.946136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reviews recent literature on interoception directing decision-making in Alzheimer's disease (AD). According to the somatic marker hypothesis, signals from the internal body direct decision-making and involve the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). After reviewing relevant studies, we summarize the brain areas related to interoception and decision-making (e.g., vmPFC, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, anterior cingulate cortex, and insular cortex) and their roles in and relationships with AD pathology. Moreover, we outline the relationship among interoception, the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, and AD pathology. We discuss that impaired interoception leads to decreased decision-making ability in people with AD from the perspective of brain neural underpinning. Additionally, we emphasize that anosognosia or reduced self-awareness and metacognition in AD are remarkably congruent with the malfunction of the autonomic nervous system regulating the interoceptive network. Furthermore, we propose that impaired interoception may contribute to a loss in the decision-making ability of patients with AD. However, there still exist empirical challenges in confirming this proposal. First, there has been no standardization for measuring or improving interoception to enhance decision-making ability in patients with AD. Future studies are required to better understand how AD pathology induces impairments in interoception and decision-making.
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Lin CH, Huang JT, Chiu YC. Editorial: Iowa Gambling Task, Somatic Marker Hypothesis, and Neuroeconomics: Rationality and Emotion in Decision Under Uncertainty. Front Psychol 2022; 13:848603. [PMID: 35664133 PMCID: PMC9162081 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.848603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hung Lin
- Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Nonlinear Analysis and Optimization, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Tsun Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chu Chiu
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Mancuso L, Cavuoti-Cabanillas S, Liloia D, Manuello J, Buzi G, Cauda F, Costa T. Tasks activating the default mode network map multiple functional systems. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:1711-1734. [PMID: 35179638 PMCID: PMC9098625 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in network neuroscience suggest reconsidering what we thought we knew about the default mode network (DMN). Although this network has always been seen as unitary and associated with the resting state, a new deconstructive line of research is pointing out that the DMN could be divided into multiple subsystems supporting different functions. By now, it is well known that the DMN is not only deactivated by tasks, but also involved in affective, mnestic, and social paradigms, among others. Nonetheless, it is starting to become clear that the array of activities in which it is involved, might also be extended to more extrinsic functions. The present meta-analytic study is meant to push this boundary a bit further. The BrainMap database was searched for all experimental paradigms activating the DMN, and their activation likelihood estimation maps were then computed. An additional map of task-induced deactivations was also created. A multidimensional scaling indicated that such maps could be arranged along an anatomo-psychological gradient, which goes from midline core activations, associated with the most internal functions, to that of lateral cortices, involved in more external tasks. Further multivariate investigations suggested that such extrinsic mode is especially related to reward, semantic, and emotional functions. However, an important finding was that the various activation maps were often different from the canonical representation of the resting-state DMN, sometimes overlapping with it only in some peripheral nodes, and including external regions such as the insula. Altogether, our findings suggest that the intrinsic-extrinsic opposition may be better understood in the form of a continuous scale, rather than a dichotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Mancuso
- FOCUS Lab Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Giuseppe Verdi 10, 10124, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Donato Liloia
- FOCUS Lab Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Giuseppe Verdi 10, 10124, Turin, Italy
- GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital and Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Jordi Manuello
- FOCUS Lab Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Giuseppe Verdi 10, 10124, Turin, Italy
- GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital and Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Buzi
- FOCUS Lab Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Giuseppe Verdi 10, 10124, Turin, Italy
| | - Franco Cauda
- FOCUS Lab Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Giuseppe Verdi 10, 10124, Turin, Italy
- GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital and Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Tommaso Costa
- FOCUS Lab Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Giuseppe Verdi 10, 10124, Turin, Italy.
- GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital and Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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Lees T, White R, Zhang X, Ram N, Gatzke-Kopp LM. Decision-making in uncertain contexts: The role of autonomic markers in resolving indecision. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 177:220-229. [PMID: 35640857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although impulsivity is associated with an increased willingness to make risky decisions, uncertainty intolerance may also contribute to maladaptive decision-making behavior, where individuals neglect to pursue potential rewards even when probabilities for success are in their favor. Several theories have sought to explain the neural systems that guide decision-making in this context, with evidence supporting a role for increased sympathetic activation. However, it remains unclear whether the sympathetic system is associated with greater apprehension in response to uncertain outcomes, or whether it serves to guide behavioral decisions in the context of this uncertainty. Furthermore, although postulated as a within-person process, most research has examined the association between decision behavior and sympathetic activation at the between-person level. We hypothesize that in the context of uncertainty between-person differences in skin conductance will be associated with longer deliberation times; whereas within-person trial-level increases in skin conductance will be associated with a tendency to reject uncertain options. Data were collected from n = 56 children aged 7-11 years, using a computerized card game in which children chose to accept or reject cards of varying point value at varying levels of probability. Skin conductance level (SCL) was recorded throughout the task. No significant between-person associations emerged. However, within-person analyses indicated that momentary deliberation time moderated the association between momentary skin-conductance and decision outcome. This moderation was such that for trials during which the individual deliberated longer (i.e., was more indecisive), a concurrent increase in skin conductance was associated with a significantly higher likelihood of rejecting the card. The within-person nature of these results suggests that skin conductance may help in resolving indecision in the context of uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty Lees
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, 115 Health & Human Development Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Roisin White
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, 115 Health & Human Development Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xutong Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, West 5th Campus, Administration B3, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7, Canada.
| | - Nilam Ram
- Departments of Communication and Psychology, Stanford University, Building 120, Room 110, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, CA, USA.
| | - Lisa M Gatzke-Kopp
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, 115 Health & Human Development Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, 115 Health & Human Development Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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37
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Gerrans P. Alienation and identification in addiction. PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2022.2067034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Gerrans
- Department of Philosophy, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Chiu YC, Huang JT, Lee WK, Lin CJ, Lin CH. Reanalyzing the Maia and McClelland (2004) Empirical Data: How Do Participants Really Behave in the Iowa Gambling Task? Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:788456. [PMID: 35463491 PMCID: PMC9026173 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.788456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since 2007, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) has been a standardized clinical assessment tool for assessing decision behavior in 13 psychiatric/neurological conditions. After the publication of Maia and McClelland's (1) article, there were two responses in 2005 from Bechara et al. and Maia and McClelland, respectively, discussing whether implicit emotion or explicit knowledge influences the development of foresighted decision strategies under uncertain circumstances (e.g., as simulated in the IGT). Methods and Results We reanalyze and verify the data obtained by Maia and McClelland (1) in their study "What participants really know in the Iowa Gambling Task" and find that decision-makers were lured into shortsighted decisions by the prospect of immediate gains and losses. Conclusion Although the findings of this reanalysis cannot support any arguments concerning the effect of either implicit emotion or explicit knowledge, we find evidence that, based on the gain-loss frequency in the IGT, participants behave myopically. This is consistent with most IGT-related articles (58 out of 86) in Lee et al.'s (2) cross-cultural review. Alternatively, under uncertain circumstances, there is probably no such thing as foresighted decision strategy irrespective of the proposed mechanisms of implicit emotion or explicit knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Chu Chiu
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Tsun Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - We-Kang Lee
- Sleep Center, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Jen Lin
- Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Nonlinear Analysis and Optimization, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hung Lin
- Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Nonlinear Analysis and Optimization, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Cristofaro M, Giardino PL, Malizia AP, Mastrogiorgio A. Affect and Cognition in Managerial Decision Making: A Systematic Literature Review of Neuroscience Evidence. Front Psychol 2022; 13:762993. [PMID: 35356322 PMCID: PMC8959627 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.762993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How do affect and cognition interact in managerial decision making? Over the last decades, scholars have investigated how managers make decisions. However, what remains largely unknown is the interplay of affective states and cognition during the decision-making process. We offer a systematization of the contributions produced on the role of affect and cognition in managerial decision making by considering the recent cross-fertilization of management studies with the neuroscience domain. We implement a Systematic Literature Review of 23 selected contributions dealing with the role of affect and cognition in managerial decisions that adopted neuroscience techniques/points of view. Collected papers have been analyzed by considering the so-called reflexive (X-) and reflective (C-) systems in social cognitive neuroscience and the type of decisions investigated in the literature. Results obtained help to support an emerging "unified" mind processing theory for which the two systems of our mind are not in conflict and for which affective states have a driving role toward cognition. A research agenda for future studies is provided to scholars who are interested in advancing the investigation of affect and cognition in managerial decision making, also through neuroscience techniques - with the consideration that these works should be at the service of the behavioral strategy field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cristofaro
- Department of Management and Law, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | | | - Andrea P Malizia
- Molecular Mind Laboratory (MoMiLab), IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
| | - Antonio Mastrogiorgio
- Laboratory for the Analysis of CompleX Economic Systems (AXES), IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
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Positive cognitive reappraisal is beneficial for women’s but not for men’s IGT decision-making. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-09927-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Rao B, Cheng H, Xu H, Peng Y. Random Network and Non-rich-club Organization Tendency in Children With Non-syndromic Cleft Lip and Palate After Articulation Rehabilitation: A Diffusion Study. Front Neurol 2022; 13:790607. [PMID: 35185761 PMCID: PMC8847279 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.790607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The neuroimaging pattern in brain networks after articulation rehabilitation can be detected using graph theory and multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA). In this study, we hypothesized that the characteristics of the topology pattern of brain structural network in articulation-rehabilitated children with non-syndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCLP) were similar to that in healthy comparisons. Methods A total of 28 children with NSCLP and 28 controls with typical development were scanned for diffusion tensor imaging on a 3T MRI scanner. Structural networks were constructed, and their topological properties were obtained. Besides, the Chinese language clear degree scale (CLCDS) scores were used for correlation analysis with topological features in patients with NSCLP. Results The NSCLP group showed a similar rich-club connection pattern, but decreased small-world index, normalized rich-club coefficient, and increased connectivity strength of connections compared to controls. The univariate and multivariate patterns of the structural network in articulation-rehabilitated children were primarily in the feeder and local connections, covering sensorimotor, visual, frontoparietal, default mode, salience, and language networks, and orbitofrontal cortex. In addition, the connections that were significantly correlated with the CLCDS scores, as well as the weighted regions for classification, were chiefly distributed in the dorsal and ventral stream associated with the language networks of the non-dominant hemisphere. Conclusion The average level rich-club connection pattern and the compensatory of the feeder and local connections mainly covering language networks may be related to the CLCDS in articulation-rehabilitated children with NSCLP. However, the patterns of small-world and rich-club structural organization in the articulation-rehabilitated children exhibited a random network and non-rich-club organization tendency. These findings enhanced the understanding of neuroimaging patterns in children with NSCLP after articulation rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Rao
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Cheng
- Department of Radiology, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haibo Xu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Haibo Xu
| | - Yun Peng
- Department of Radiology, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Yun Peng
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42
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Beer JS. Self-Enhancement is Unlikely to Require Somatic Cues nor is it Likely to be a Successful Long-Term Approach to Promoting Environmental Mastery. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2021.2004814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Beer
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
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43
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Hinvest NS, Alsharman M, Roell M, Fairchild R. Do Emotions Benefit Investment Decisions? Anticipatory Emotion and Investment Decisions in Non-professional Investors. Front Psychol 2021; 12:705476. [PMID: 34955944 PMCID: PMC8696076 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.705476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing financial trading performance is big business. A lingering question within academia and industry concerns whether emotions improve or degrade trading performance. In this study, 30 participants distributed hypothetical wealth between a share (a risk) and the bank (paying a small, sure, gain) within four trading games. Skin Conductance Response was measured while playing the games to measure anticipatory emotion, a covert emotion signal that impacts decision-making. Anticipatory emotion was significantly associated with trading performance but the direction of the correlation was dependent upon the share’s movement. Thus, anticipatory emotion is neither wholly “good” nor “bad” for trading; instead, the relationship is context-dependent. This is one of the first studies exploring the association between anticipatory emotion and trading behaviour using trading games within an experimentally rigorous environment. Our findings elucidate the relationship between anticipatory emotion and financial decision-making and have applications for improving trading performance in novice and expert traders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal S Hinvest
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - Margot Roell
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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Fan L, Kong X, Zhang P, Lin P, Zhao J, Ji X, Fang S, Wang X, Yao S, Li H, Wang X. Hypersensitivity to negative feedback during dynamic risky-decision making in major depressive disorder: An event-related potential study. J Affect Disord 2021; 295:1421-1431. [PMID: 34563390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) exhibit a diminished ability to think or concentrate, indecisiveness, and altered sensitivity to reward and punishment. These impairments can influence complex risk-related decision-making in dynamic environments. The neurophysiological mechanisms mediating MDD effects on decision-making behavior are not well understood. METHODS Patients with MDD (N=50) and healthy controls (HC, N=40) were enrolled. They completed a series of psychometric tests. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during the performance of a well-validated modified version of Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). RESULTS BART behavior data were similar across the two groups except the MDD patients showed more stability of risk aversion. Neurophysiologically, BART losses generated larger P3 amplitudes than wins, and MDD patients had larger feedback-related negativity (FRN) components than HCs in response to negative feedback (losses). Greater FRN amplitudes in response to losses correlated with higher levels of depressiveness, psychological pain, and anhedonia. A longer FRN latency in MDD patients was associated with more severe suicidal ideation. LIMITATIONS The findings are based on cross-sectional data, which are not powerful enough to make causal inferences. CONCLUSION MDD patients exhibit enhanced FRNs in the frontocentral region after receiving negative feedback in a risky decision-making task. FRN magnitude is associated with depressive symptom severity. Punishment hypersensitivity may contribute to the maintenance of depressive symptoms in MDD patients, and FRN may be a useful index of such hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lejia Fan
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinyuan Kong
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Panwen Zhang
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pan Lin
- Department of Psychology and Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Jiahui Zhao
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinlei Ji
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shulin Fang
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaosheng Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Shuqiao Yao
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha, Hunan, China; Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha, Hunan, China; Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
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45
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Fu W, Huang Z, Li J, Dong Q, Li Y, Li G, Xu Y, Xue B, Li Z, Chen C, Sun S, Zhang Y, Hou Z, Xie J. Reduced sensitivity to delayed time and delayed reward of the post-operative insular glioma patients in delay discounting. Neuroimage Clin 2021; 33:102895. [PMID: 34864287 PMCID: PMC8648800 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the insula is closely related to addiction, and the structure's role in delay discounting can be measured by a specific task, but the specific role of the insula has been less studied. In this study, we first conducted a lesion study in which we recruited healthy controls (n = 30) and patients with unilateral insula injury (n = 16) to complete a behavioral delay discounting task. Then we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, and a separate group healthy volunteers (n = 51) completed a delay discounting task during the fMRI scan. The lesion study showed a significant difference between the two groups in the delay discounting task, which revealed that insula injury was associated with impaired decision making. The fMRI study revealed choice-sensitive insula activation that was modulated by delayed time and delayed reward, indicating an important role of the insula in delay discounting. Overall, our results provide evidence for a role of the insular lobe in delay discounting and suggests that this structure may be considered an important factor in the future treatment and diagnosis of addiction disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Zhenxing Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (China), Beijing 100070, China; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Gen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (China), Beijing 100070, China
| | - Yaokai Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (China), Beijing 100070, China
| | - Bowen Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (China), Beijing 100070, China
| | - Zhenye Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (China), Beijing 100070, China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine CA 92697, United States
| | - Shengjun Sun
- National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (China), Beijing 100070, China; Neuroimaging Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Yazhuo Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (China), Beijing 100070, China; Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Zonggang Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (China), Beijing 100070, China.
| | - Jian Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (China), Beijing 100070, China.
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Morelli M, Casagrande M, Forte G. Decision Making: a Theoretical Review. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2021; 56:609-629. [PMID: 34780011 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-021-09669-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Decision-making is a crucial skill that has a central role in everyday life and is necessary for adaptation to the environment and autonomy. It is the ability to choose between two or more options, and it has been studied through several theoretical approaches and by different disciplines. In this overview article, we contend a theoretical review regarding most theorizing and research on decision-making. Specifically, we focused on different levels of analyses, including different theoretical approaches and neuropsychological aspects. Moreover, common methodological measures adopted to study decision-making were reported. This theoretical review emphasizes multiple levels of analysis and aims to summarize evidence regarding this fundamental human process. Although several aspects of the field are reported, more features of decision-making process remain uncertain and need to be clarified. Further experimental studies are necessary for understanding this process better and for integrating and refining the existing theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Morelli
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Via dei Marsi. 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Casagrande
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Dinamica, Clinica e Salute, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Via degli Apuli, 1, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Forte
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Via dei Marsi. 78, 00185, Rome, Italy. .,Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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47
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Colautti L, Iannello P, Silveri MC, Antonietti A. Decision making in Parkinson's disease: An analysis of the studies using the Iowa Gambling Task. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:7513-7549. [PMID: 34655122 PMCID: PMC9299644 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD) impairments in decision making can occur, in particular because of the tendency toward risky and rewarding options. The Iowa Gambling Task has been widely used to investigate decision processes involving these options. The task assesses the ability to manage risk and to learn from feedback. The present paper aims at critically examining those studies in which this task has been administered to PD patients, in order to understand possible anomalies in patients' decision processes and which variables are responsible for that. A meta‐analysis has been conducted as well. Features of the task, sociodemographic and clinical aspects (including daily drugs intake), cognitive conditions and emotional disorders of the patients have been taken into account. Neural correlates of decision‐making competences were considered. It emerged that PD patients show a trend of preference toward risky choices, probably due to an impairment in anticipating the unrewarding consequences or to an insensitiveness to punishment. The possible role played by dopamine medications in decision making under uncertain conditions, affecting basal ganglia and structures involved in the limbic loop, was discussed. Attention has been focused on some aspects that need to be investigated in further research, in order to delve into this issue and promote patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Colautti
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Iannello
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
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Xu M, Lee WK, Ko CH, Chiu YC, Lin CH. The Prominent Deck B Phenomenon in Schizophrenia: An Empirical Study on Iowa Gambling Task. Front Psychol 2021; 12:619855. [PMID: 34539474 PMCID: PMC8446202 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.619855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) was established to evaluate emotion-based decision-making ability under uncertain circumstances in clinical populations, including schizophrenia (Sz). However, there remains a lack of stable behavioral measures regarding discrimination for decision-making performance in IGT between schizophrenic cases and healthy participants. None of the Sz-IGT studies has specifically verified the prominent deck B (PDB) phenomenon gradually revealed in other populations. Here, we provided a global review and empirical study to verify these Sz-IGT issues. Methods: Seeking reliable and valid behavioral measures, we reviewed 38 studies using IGT to investigate decision-making behavior in Sz groups. The IGT, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and clinical symptoms evaluations were administered to 61 schizophrenia or schizoaffective cases diagnosed by psychiatrists and 62 demographically matched healthy participants. Results: There were no valid behavioral measures in IGT that could significantly identify the decision-making dysfunction of Sz. However, Sz cases, on average, made more choices from disadvantageous deck B relative to other decks, particularly in the later learning process (block 3-5). Compared to the control group, the Sz group was more impaired on the WCST. The high-gain frequency decks B and D showed significant correlations with WCST but no correlation between clinical symptoms and IGT/WCST. Conclusions: Gain-loss frequency (GLF) has a dominant and stable impact on the decision-making process in both Sz and control groups. PDB phenomenon is essentially challenging to be observed on the ground of the expected value (EV) viewpoint approach on the IGT in both populations. Consequently, caution should be exercised when launching the IGT to assess the decision-making ability of Sz under a clinical scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xu
- Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - We-Kang Lee
- Sleep Center, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Ko
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chu Chiu
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hung Lin
- Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Non-linear Analysis and Optimization, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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49
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Chen Y. Neural Representation of Costs and Rewards in Decision Making. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1096. [PMID: 34439715 PMCID: PMC8391424 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Decision making is crucial for animal survival because the choices they make based on their current situation could influence their future rewards and could have potential costs. This review summarises recent developments in decision making, discusses how rewards and costs could be encoded in the brain, and how different options are compared such that the most optimal one is chosen. The reward and cost are mainly encoded by the forebrain structures (e.g., anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex), and their value is updated through learning. The recent development on dopamine and the lateral habenula's role in reporting prediction errors and instructing learning will be emphasised. The importance of dopamine in powering the choice and accounting for the internal state will also be discussed. While the orbitofrontal cortex is the place where the state values are stored, the anterior cingulate cortex is more important when the environment is volatile. All of these structures compare different attributes of the task simultaneously, and the local competition of different neuronal networks allows for the selection of the most appropriate one. Therefore, the total value of the task is not encoded as a scalar quantity in the brain but, instead, as an emergent phenomenon, arising from the computation at different brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Chen
- Queens' College, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB3 9ET, UK
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50
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Baitz HA, Jones PW, Campbell DA, Jones AA, Gicas KM, Giesbrecht CJ, Loken Thornton W, Barone CC, Wang NY, Panenka WJ, Lang DJ, Vila-Rodriguez F, Leonova O, Barr AM, Procyshyn RM, Buchanan T, Rauscher A, MacEwan GW, Honer WG, Thornton AE. Component Processes of Decision Making in a Community Sample of Precariously Housed Persons: Associations With Learning and Memory, and Health-Risk Behaviors. Front Psychol 2021; 12:571423. [PMID: 34276459 PMCID: PMC8285095 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.571423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is a widely used measure of decision making, but its value in signifying behaviors associated with adverse, "real-world" consequences has not been consistently demonstrated in persons who are precariously housed or homeless. Studies evaluating the ecological validity of the IGT have primarily relied on traditional IGT scores. However, computational modeling derives underlying component processes of the IGT, which capture specific facets of decision making that may be more closely related to engagement in behaviors associated with negative consequences. This study employed the Prospect Valence Learning (PVL) model to decompose IGT performance into component processes in 294 precariously housed community residents with substance use disorders. Results revealed a predominant focus on gains and a lack of sensitivity to losses in these vulnerable community residents. Hypothesized associations were not detected between component processes and self-reported health-risk behaviors. These findings provide insight into the processes underlying decision making in a vulnerable substance-using population and highlight the challenge of linking specific decision making processes to "real-world" behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A. Baitz
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paul W. Jones
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David A. Campbell
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea A. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kristina M. Gicas
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chantelle J. Giesbrecht
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Nena Y. Wang
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William J. Panenka
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Donna J. Lang
- British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Olga Leonova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alasdair M. Barr
- British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ric M. Procyshyn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tari Buchanan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alexander Rauscher
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - G. William MacEwan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William G. Honer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Allen E. Thornton
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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