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Ababei DC, Bild V, Macadan I, Vasincu A, Rusu RN, Blaj M, Stanciu GD, Lefter RM, Bild W. Therapeutic Implications of Renin-Angiotensin System Modulators in Alzheimer's Dementia. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2290. [PMID: 37765259 PMCID: PMC10538010 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) has attracted considerable interest beyond its traditional cardiovascular role due to emerging data indicating its potential involvement in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's dementia (AD). This review investigates the therapeutic implications of RAS modulators, specifically focusing on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and renin inhibitors in AD. ACEIs, commonly used for hypertension, show promise in AD by reducing angiotensin (Ang) II levels. This reduction is significant as Ang II contributes to neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation, all implicated in AD pathogenesis. ARBs, known for vasodilation, exhibit neuroprotection by blocking Ang II receptors, improving cerebral blood flow and cognitive decline in AD models. Renin inhibitors offer a novel approach by targeting the initial RAS step, displaying anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects that mitigate AD degeneration. Preclinical studies demonstrate RAS regulation's favorable impact on neuroinflammation, neuronal damage, cognitive function, and Aβ metabolism. Clinical trials on RAS modulators in AD are limited, but with promising results, ARBs being more effective that ACEIs in reducing cognitive decline. The varied roles of ACEIs, ARBs, and renin inhibitors in RAS modulation present a promising avenue for AD therapeutic intervention, requiring further research to potentially transform AD treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela-Carmen Ababei
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.-C.A.); (A.V.); (R.-N.R.)
| | - Veronica Bild
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.-C.A.); (A.V.); (R.-N.R.)
- Center of Biomedical Research, Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch, 8 Carol I Avenue, 700506 Iasi, Romania; (R.-M.L.); (W.B.)
| | - Ioana Macadan
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.-C.A.); (A.V.); (R.-N.R.)
| | - Alexandru Vasincu
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.-C.A.); (A.V.); (R.-N.R.)
| | - Răzvan-Nicolae Rusu
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.-C.A.); (A.V.); (R.-N.R.)
| | - Mihaela Blaj
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Gabriela Dumitrița Stanciu
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Radu-Marian Lefter
- Center of Biomedical Research, Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch, 8 Carol I Avenue, 700506 Iasi, Romania; (R.-M.L.); (W.B.)
| | - Walther Bild
- Center of Biomedical Research, Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch, 8 Carol I Avenue, 700506 Iasi, Romania; (R.-M.L.); (W.B.)
- Department of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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Wharton W, Anderson A, Hayden KM, Carmichael OT, Clark JM, Luchsinger JA, Espeland M, Yasar S. Effect of renin-angiotensin system antihypertensive medication use on cognitive function in diabetes mellitus with obesity or overweight: An ancillary study to the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022; 24:2443-2453. [PMID: 36065050 PMCID: PMC9617758 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether antihypertensive medication (AHM) acting through the renin angiotensin system (RAS-AHM), compared with other AHM, can mitigate effects on cognitive function and risk for impairment in a population with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). MATERIALS AND METHODS This secondary analysis of the randomized controlled Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) study included 712 community-dwelling participants who were followed over 15 years. Logistic regression was used to relate RAS-AHM use to cognitive impairment, and linear regression was used to relate RAS-AHM use to domain-specific cognitive function after adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS A total of 563 individuals reported RAS-AHM use and 149 reported other-AHM use during the study. RAS-AHM users have college or higher education (53%), had higher baseline glycated haemoglobin (57 mmol/mol), and reported higher diabetes medication use (86%), while other-AHM users were more likely to be White (72%), obese (25%) and to have cardiovascular history (19%). RAS-AHM use was not associated with a reduced risk of dementia compared with other-AHM use. We did observe better executive function (Trail Making Test, part B, P < 0.04), processing speed (Digit Symbol Substitution Test, P < 0.004), verbal memory (Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test-delayed recall, P < 0.005), and composite score (P < 0.008) among RAS-AHM users compared with other-AHM users. CONCLUSION In this sample of adults with T2DM, free of dementia at baseline, we observed a slower decline in processing speed, executive function, verbal memory, and composite score among RAS-AHM users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Anderson
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Hayden
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Owen T Carmichael
- Biomedical Imaging Center, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Jeanne M Clark
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - José A. Luchsinger
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Mark Espeland
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Sevil Yasar
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Stern N, Gacs A, Tátrai E, Flachner B, Hajdú I, Dobi K, Bágyi I, Dormán G, Lőrincz Z, Cseh S, Kígyós A, Tóvári J, Goldblum A. Dual Inhibitors of AChE and BACE-1 for Reducing Aβ in Alzheimer's Disease: From In Silico to In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13098. [PMID: 36361906 PMCID: PMC9655245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex and widespread condition, still not fully understood and with no cure yet. Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide is suspected to be a major cause of AD, and therefore, simultaneously blocking its formation and aggregation by inhibition of the enzymes BACE-1 (β-secretase) and AChE (acetylcholinesterase) by a single inhibitor may be an effective therapeutic approach, as compared to blocking one of these targets or by combining two drugs, one for each of these targets. We used our ISE algorithm to model each of the AChE peripheral site inhibitors and BACE-1 inhibitors, on the basis of published data, and constructed classification models for each. Subsequently, we screened large molecular databases with both models. Top scored molecules were docked into AChE and BACE-1 crystal structures, and 36 Molecules with the best weighted scores (based on ISE indexes and docking results) were sent for inhibition studies on the two enzymes. Two of them inhibited both AChE (IC50 between 4-7 μM) and BACE-1 (IC50 between 50-65 μM). Two additional molecules inhibited only AChE, and another two molecules inhibited only BACE-1. Preliminary testing of inhibition by F681-0222 (molecule 2) on APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice shows a reduction in brain tissue of soluble Aβ42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Stern
- Molecular Modeling and Drug Design Lab, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Alexandra Gacs
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikő Tátrai
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
- KINETO Lab Ltd., H-1032 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - István Hajdú
- TargetEx Ltd., H-2120 Dunakeszi, Hungary
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - József Tóvári
- KINETO Lab Ltd., H-1032 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of TB and Pulmonology, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Amiram Goldblum
- Molecular Modeling and Drug Design Lab, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
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Lu LP, Chang WH, Huang JJ, Tan P, Tsai GE. Lithium Benzoate Exerts Neuroprotective Effect by Improving Mitochondrial Function, Attenuating Reactive Oxygen Species, and Protecting Cognition and Memory in an Animal Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 6:557-575. [PMID: 36275418 PMCID: PMC9535606 DOI: 10.3233/adr-220025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease affecting many cellular pathways, including protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress (OS), and neuroinflammation. Currently, no effective treatment for AD exists. Objective: We aim to determine the effect of lithium benzoate (LiBen) in protecting neurons from amyloid-β (Aβ) or other neurotoxin insults. Methods: Primary rat cortical neurons co-treated with neurotoxins and LiBen were used to examine its effect in cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) clearance, and mitochondrial functions by MTT, CellRox fluorescence staining, and seahorse assay. Then, Barnes maze and prepulse inhibition test were performed in APP/PS1 mice that received chronic LiBen treatment to assess its effect on cognitive protection. Oral bioavailability of LiBen was also assessed by pharmacokinetic study in rat plasma. Results: In this study, we discovered that LiBen can attenuate cellular ROS level, improve mitochondrial function, increase cell viability against multiple different insults of mitochondrial dysfunction, Aβ accumulation, and neuroinflammation, and promote neurogenesis. We demonstrated that LiBen has advantages over lithium or sodium benzoate alone as LiBen displays superior neuroprotective efficacy and oral bioavailability than the other two agents when being applied either alone or in combination. Furthermore, chronic administration of LiBen showed protection for cognition as well as spatial memory and reduced the senile plaque deposition in brains of AD animal models. Conclusion: LiBen stands as a promising therapeutic agent for improving cognition and delaying the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Ping Lu
- Department of Research and Development, SyneuRx International (Taiwan) Corp., New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hua Chang
- Department of Research and Development, SyneuRx International (Taiwan) Corp., New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Jia Huang
- Department of Research and Development, SyneuRx International (Taiwan) Corp., New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Peng Tan
- Department of Research and Development, SyneuRx International (Taiwan) Corp., New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guochuan Emil Tsai
- Department of Research and Development, SyneuRx International (Taiwan) Corp., New Taipei, Taiwan
- UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Méndez-García LA, Escobedo G, Minguer-Uribe AG, Viurcos-Sanabria R, Aguayo-Guerrero JA, Carrillo-Ruiz JD, Solleiro-Villavicencio H. Role of the renin-angiotensin system in the development of COVID-19-associated neurological manifestations. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:977039. [PMID: 36187294 PMCID: PMC9523599 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.977039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 causes COVID-19, which has claimed millions of lives. This virus can infect various cells and tissues, including the brain, for which numerous neurological symptoms have been reported, ranging from mild and non-life-threatening (e.g., headaches, anosmia, dysgeusia, and disorientation) to severe and life-threatening symptoms (e.g., meningitis, ischemic stroke, and cerebral thrombosis). The cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2 is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an enzyme that belongs to the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). RAS is an endocrine system that has been classically associated with regulating blood pressure and fluid and electrolyte balance; however, it is also involved in promoting inflammation, proliferation, fibrogenesis, and lipogenesis. Two pathways constitute the RAS with counter-balancing effects, which is the key to its regulation. The first axis (classical) is composed of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin (Ang) II, and angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) as the main effector, which -when activated- increases the production of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone, sympathetic nervous system tone, blood pressure, vasoconstriction, fibrosis, inflammation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Both systemic and local classical RAS' within the brain are associated with cognitive impairment, cell death, and inflammation. The second axis (non-classical or alternative) includes ACE2, which converts Ang II to Ang-(1-7), a peptide molecule that activates Mas receptor (MasR) in charge of opposing Ang II/AT1R actions. Thus, the alternative RAS axis enhances cognition, synaptic remodeling, cell survival, cell signal transmission, and antioxidant/anti-inflammatory mechanisms in the brain. In a physiological state, both RAS axes remain balanced. However, some factors can dysregulate systemic and local RAS arms. The binding of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2 causes the internalization and degradation of this enzyme, reducing its activity, and disrupting the balance of systemic and local RAS, which partially explain the appearance of some of the neurological symptoms associated with COVID-19. Therefore, this review aims to analyze the role of RAS in the development of the neurological effects due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, we will discuss the RAS-molecular targets that could be used for therapeutic purposes to treat the short and long-term neurological COVID-19-related sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía A. Méndez-García
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Research Division, General Hospital of Mexico “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga,”Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Galileo Escobedo
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Research Division, General Hospital of Mexico “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga,”Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alan Gerardo Minguer-Uribe
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Cellular Physiology Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rebeca Viurcos-Sanabria
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Research Division, General Hospital of Mexico “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga,”Mexico City, Mexico
- PECEM, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José A. Aguayo-Guerrero
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Research Division, General Hospital of Mexico “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga,”Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Damián Carrillo-Ruiz
- Research Directorate, General Hospital of Mexico “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga,”Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Mexico “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga,”Mexico City, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac, Huixquilucan, Mexico
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Antidepressant-like Effects of Renin Inhibitor Aliskiren in an Inflammatory Mouse Model of Depression. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050655. [PMID: 35625041 PMCID: PMC9139539 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is considered a neuropsychic disease that has global prevalence and is associated with disability. The pathophysiology of depression is not well understood; however, emerging evidence has indicated that neuroinflammation could contribute to developing depression symptoms. One of the factors that have a role in the development of neuroinflammation is the renin–angiotensin system. Therefore, the goal of the current study is to determine the antidepressant-like effects of Aliskiren, a renin inhibitor, against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depressive-like behavior in mice, glial cell activation, and the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines in the prefrontal cortex. For behavioral studies, the open field test (OFT), tail suspension test (TST), forced swim test (FST), and sucrose preference test (SPT) were used. Inflammatory markers were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). LPS administration (0.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)) sufficiently reduced the number of crossings in OFT, whereas Aliskiren pretreatment (10 mg/kg, i.p.) attenuated the LPS effect for two hours after LPS injection. The treatments did not show effects on locomotor activity in OFT 24 h after LPS administration. LPS increased the immobility time in TST and FST or reduced sucrose consumption in SPT after 24 h. Aliskiren reversed the effects induced by LPS in TST, FST, and SPT. CD11 b mRNA, a microglial marker, GFAP mRNA, an astroglial marker, and proinflammatory cytokines genes (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) were upregulated in the prefrontal cortex in LPS exposed animals. However, Aliskiren reduced LPS-induced inflammatory genes in the prefrontal cortex. Hence, the outcomes conclude that Aliskiren prevents depressive illness associated with neuroinflammation in humans.
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Hsieh YH, Chao AC, Lin YC, Chen SD, Yang DI. The p53/NF-kappaB-dependent induction of sestrin2 by amyloid-beta peptides exerts antioxidative actions in neurons. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 169:36-61. [PMID: 33852931 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of senile plaques mainly composed of neurotoxic amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Sestrin2 inducible by various types of stressors is known to promote autophagy and exert antioxidative effects. In this work, we revealed the molecular mechanisms underlying Aβ induction of sestrin2 and tested whether antioxidation, in addition to autophagy regulation, also contributes to its neuroprotective effects in primary rat cortical neurons. We found that Aβ25-35 triggered nuclear translocation of p65 and p50, two subunits of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), and p53. Aβ25-35-induced sestrin2 expression was abolished by the p65 siRNA, the NF-κB inhibitor SN50, and the p53 inhibitor pifithrin-alpha (PFT-α). Further, Aβ25-35 enhanced binding of p50 and p53 to sestrin2 gene promoter that was abolished respectively by the p50 shRNA and PFT-α. Both p50 shRNA and PFT-α attenuated Aβ25-35-induced expression as well as nuclear translocation of all three transcription factors, namely p65, p50, and p53. Interestingly, p50 binding to the promoters of its target genes required p53 activity, whereas p50 also negatively regulated p53 binding to its target sequences. Suppression of sestrin2 expression by siRNA enhanced Aβ25-35- and Aβ1-42-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, and formation of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG). In contrast, overexpression of the sestrin2 N-terminal or C-terminal fragments neutralized Aβ25-35-induced ROS production. We concluded that Aβ-induced sestrin2 contributing to antioxidant effects in neurons is in part mediated by p53 and NF-κB, which also mutually affect the expression of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Heng Hsieh
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City, 112, Taiwan; Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, 112, Taiwan
| | - A-Ching Chao
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Lin
- Department of Neurology, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City, 106, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Der Chen
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung City, 833, Taiwan; Institute for Translation Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung City, 833, Taiwan
| | - Ding-I Yang
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City, 112, Taiwan; Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, 112, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City, 112, Taiwan.
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8
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Cosarderelioglu C, Nidadavolu LS, George CJ, Oh ES, Bennett DA, Walston JD, Abadir PM. Brain Renin-Angiotensin System at the Intersect of Physical and Cognitive Frailty. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:586314. [PMID: 33117127 PMCID: PMC7561440 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.586314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) was initially considered to be part of the endocrine system regulating water and electrolyte balance, systemic vascular resistance, blood pressure, and cardiovascular homeostasis. It was later discovered that intracrine and local forms of RAS exist in the brain apart from the endocrine RAS. This brain-specific RAS plays essential roles in brain homeostasis by acting mainly through four angiotensin receptor subtypes; AT1R, AT2R, MasR, and AT4R. These receptors have opposing effects; AT1R promotes vasoconstriction, proliferation, inflammation, and oxidative stress while AT2R and MasR counteract the effects of AT1R. AT4R is critical for dopamine and acetylcholine release and mediates learning and memory consolidation. Consequently, aging-associated dysregulation of the angiotensin receptor subtypes may lead to adverse clinical outcomes such as Alzheimer’s disease and frailty via excessive oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, endothelial dysfunction, microglial polarization, and alterations in neurotransmitter secretion. In this article, we review the brain RAS from this standpoint. After discussing the functions of individual brain RAS components and their intracellular and intracranial locations, we focus on the relationships among brain RAS, aging, frailty, and specific neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and vascular cognitive impairment, through oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and vascular dysfunction. Finally, we discuss the effects of RAS-modulating drugs on the brain RAS and their use in novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Cosarderelioglu
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.,Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lolita S Nidadavolu
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Claudene J George
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Esther S Oh
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jeremy D Walston
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Peter M Abadir
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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9
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Vadhan JD, Speth RC. The role of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Pharmacol Ther 2020; 218:107684. [PMID: 32956721 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in traumatic brain injury (TBI) induced by repeated concussions suffered by athletes in sports, military personnel from combat-and non-combat related activities, and civilian populations who suffer head injuries from accidents and domestic violence. Although the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is primarily a systemic cardiovascular regulatory system that, when dysregulated, causes hypertension and cardiovascular pathology, the brain contains a local RAS that plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative diseases. This local RAS includes receptors for angiotensin (Ang) II within the brain parenchyma, as well as on circumventricular organs outside the blood-brain-barrier. The brain RAS acts primarily via the type 1 Ang II receptor (AT1R), exacerbating insults and pathology. With TBI, the brain RAS may contribute to permanent brain damage, especially when a second TBI occurs before the brain recovers from an initial injury. Agents are needed that minimize the extent of injury from an acute TBI, reducing TBI-mediated permanent brain damage. This review discusses how activation of the brain RAS following TBI contributes to this damage, and how drugs that counteract activation of the AT1R including AT1R blockers (ARBs), renin inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and agonists at type 2 Ang II receptors (AT2) and at Ang (1-7) receptors (Mas) can potentially ameliorate TBI-induced brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Vadhan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States of America
| | - Robert C Speth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States of America; School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America.
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10
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Łukawski K, Raszewski G, Czuczwar SJ. Effect of aliskiren on the anticonvulsant activity of antiepileptic drugs against 6 Hz-induced psychomotor seizures in mice. Epilepsy Res 2020; 167:106435. [PMID: 32784064 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Drug-drug interactions should be considered during the pharmacological treatment in patients with epilepsy and coexisting hypertension. Experimental studies in rodents showed that antihypertensive drugs which block the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are able to decrease seizure severity. The anticonvulsant efficacy of several antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) was enhanced in different seizure models following concomitant treatment with RAS inhibitors. The current study examined the combined treatment with AEDs (carbamazepine, valproate, phenobarbital, clonazepam, ethosuximide, levetiracetam) and aliskiren, the first inhibitor of renin for treating hypertension, in the mouse 6 Hz psychomotor seizure model. The convulsive threshold was not affected by the renin inhibitor up to a dose of 75 mg/kg i.p. However, aliskiren (75 mg/kg) enhanced the anticonvulsant action of valproate reducing its ED50 value from 96.7 to 25.6 mg/kg (P < 0.01). The anticonvulsant potency of other AEDs was unaffected by aliskiren treatment. The combinations of aliskiren with AEDs did not cause adverse effects in mice evaluated in the rota-rod or passive avoidance task. Administration of the renin inhibitor did not significantly alter either plasma or brain concentration of valproate. The obtained results confirm earlier findings from other seizure tests (maximal electroshock and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure test) that aliskiren has a neutral or positive effect on the anticonvulsant efficacy of AEDs, which suggest its safe use for the treatment of high blood pressure in patients with epilepsy. The beneficial anticonvulsant effect of the concomitant treatment with aliskiren and valproate is worthy of recommendation to further both preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Łukawski
- Department of Physiopathology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Raszewski
- Department of Toxicology and Food Protection, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Stanisław J Czuczwar
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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Alshahrani S. Aliskiren – A promising antioxidant agent beyond hypertension reduction. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 326:109145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Rusek M, Czuczwar SJ. A review of clinically significant drug-drug interactions involving angiotensin II receptor antagonists and antiepileptic drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:507-515. [PMID: 32397766 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1763955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Angiotensin II receptor blockers are widely used for the treatment of arterial hypertension and heart failure. However, recent studies on animal models of seizures showed that in the brain, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system might be involved in neuroinflammation; therefore, the administration of angiotensin II receptor blockers that cross the blood/brain barrier, reduces not only blood pressure but reduces neuroinflammation-induced neuronal injury. Apart from this neuroprotective effect, these drugs exhibit anticonvulsant activity in animal models of seizures, and losartan is associated with a probable anti-epileptogenic activity. AREAS COVERED In this review, we intended to highlight the role of drug-drug interactions involving angiotensin II receptor antagonists with antiepileptic drugs accompanied by a brief characteristic of the role of RAS in neuroinflammation. EXPERT OPINION Some combinations of antiepileptic drugs (lamotrigine or valproate) with sartans are particularly effective in terms of enhanced seizure control. Considering a possible anti-epileptogenic activity of losartan, its combinations with antiepileptic drugs may prove especially beneficial in epileptogenesis inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rusek
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin , Lublin, Poland.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Pediatric Dermatology, Laboratory for Immunology of Skin Diseases, Medical University of Lublin , Lublin, Poland
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Roles of Id1/HIF-1 and CDK5/HIF-1 in cell cycle reentry induced by amyloid-beta peptide in post-mitotic cortical neuron. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118628. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Krasniqi S, Daci A. Role of the Angiotensin Pathway and its Target Therapy in Epilepsy Management. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030726. [PMID: 30744022 PMCID: PMC6386974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research on epileptogenesis, there is still a need to investigate new pathways and targeted therapeutic approaches in this complex process. Inflammation, oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, neural cell death, gliosis, and blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction are the most common causes of epileptogenesis. Moreover, the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) affects the brain’s physiological and pathological conditions, including epilepsy and its consequences. While there are a variety of available pharmacotherapeutic approaches, information on new pathways is in high demand and the achievement of treatment goals is greatly desired. Therefore, targeting the RAS presents an interesting opportunity to better understand this process. This has been supported by preclinical studies, primarily based on RAS enzyme, receptor-inhibition, and selective agonists, which are characterized by pleiotropic properties. Although there are some antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) that interfere with RAS, the main targeted therapy of this pathway contributes in synergy with AEDs. However, the RAS-targeted treatment alone, or in combination with AEDs, requires clinical studies to contribute to, and clarify, the evidence on epilepsy management. There is also a genetic association between RAS and epilepsy, and an involvement of pharmacogenetics in RAS, so there are possibilities for the development of new diagnostic and personalized treatments for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaip Krasniqi
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo.
| | - Armond Daci
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo.
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Id1 and Sonic Hedgehog Mediate Cell Cycle Reentry and Apoptosis Induced by Amyloid Beta-Peptide in Post-mitotic Cortical Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:465-489. [PMID: 29721855 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta-peptide (Aβ), the neurotoxic component of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains, is known to trigger cell cycle reentry in post-mitotic neurons followed by apoptosis. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Recently, we have reported that Aβs stimulate the expression of inhibitor of differentiation-1 (Id1) to induce sonic hedgehog (SHH) (Hung et al., Mol Neurobiol 53(2):793-809, 2016), and both are mitogens capable of triggering cell cycle progression. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that Aβ-induced Id1 and SHH contribute to cell cycle reentry leading to apoptosis in neurons. We found that Aβ triggered cell cycle progression in the post-mitotic neurons, as indicated by the increased expression of two G1-phase markers including cyclin D1 and phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (pRb), two G2-phase markers such as proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) into newly synthesized DNA, as well as the mitotic marker histone H3 phosphorylated at Ser-10. As expected, Aβ also enhanced caspase-3 cleavage in the cortical neurons. Id1 siRNA, the neutralization antibody against SHH (SHH-Ab), and the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-4/6 inhibitor PD0332991 all attenuated, in part or in full, the Aβ-induced expression of these cell cycle markers. Indeed, exogenous recombinant Id1 protein and the biologically active N-terminal fragment of SHH (SHH-N) were both sufficient to enhance the expression of cell cycle markers independent of Aβ. Taken together, our results revealed the critical roles of Id1 and SHH mediating Aβ-dependent cell cycle reentry and subsequently caspase-dependent apoptosis in the fully differentiated post-mitotic neurons, at least in vitro.
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Chang SH, Hwang CS, Yin JH, Chen SD, Yang DI. Oncostatin M-dependent Mcl-1 induction mediated by JAK1/2-STAT1/3 and CREB contributes to bioenergetic improvements and protective effects against mitochondrial dysfunction in cortical neurons. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:2306-25. [PMID: 25986861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Oncostatin M (OSM), a cytokine in the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family, has been proposed to play a protective role in the central nervous system, such as attenuation of excitotoxicity induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and glutamate. However, the potential neuroprotective effects of OSM against mitochondrial dysfunction have never been reported. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that OSM may confer neuronal resistance against 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP), a plant toxin that irreversibly inhibits the complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and characterized the underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that OSM preconditioning dose- and time-dependently protected cortical neurons against 3-NP toxicity. OSM stimulated expression of myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1), an anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member expressed in differentiating myeloid cells, that required prior phosphorylation of Janus kinase-1 (JAK1), JAK2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2), signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3), STAT1, and cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB). Pharmacological inhibitors of JAK1, JAK2, ERK1/2, STAT3, STAT1, and CREB as well as the siRNA targeting at STAT3 and Mcl-1 all abolished OSM-dependent 3-NP resistance. Finally, OSM-dependent Mcl-1 induction contributed to the enhancements of mitochondrial bioenergetics including increases in spare respiratory capacity and ATP production. In conclusion, our findings indicated that OSM induces Mcl-1 expression via activation of ERK1/2, JAK1/2, STAT1/3, and CREB; furthermore, OSM-mediated Mcl-1 induction contributes to bioenergetic improvements and neuroprotective effects against 3-NP toxicity in cortical neurons. OSM may thus serve as a novel neuroprotective agent against mitochondrial dysfunction commonly associated with pathogenic mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hsin Chang
- Institute of Brain Science and Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Shin Hwang
- Department of Neurology, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiu-Haw Yin
- Department of Neurology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Der Chen
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ding-I Yang
- Institute of Brain Science and Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Hung YH, Chang SH, Huang CT, Yin JH, Hwang CS, Yang LY, Yang DI. Inhibitor of Differentiation-1 and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Mediate Sonic Hedgehog Induction by Amyloid Beta-Peptide in Rat Cortical Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:793-809. [PMID: 25502463 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
One major pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the accumulation of senile plaques mainly composed of neurotoxic amyloid beta-peptide (Aβ) in the patients' brains. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is a morphogen critically involved in the embryonic development of the central nervous system (CNS). In the present study, we tested whether Aβ may induce SHH expression and explored its underlying mechanisms. We found that both Aβ25-35 and Aβ1-42 enhanced SHH expression in the primary cortical neurons derived from fetal rat brains. Immunohistochemistry revealed heightened expression of SHH in the cortex and hippocampus of aged (9 and 12 months old) AD transgenic mouse brains as compared to age-matched littermate controls. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay demonstrated that Aβ25-35 enhanced binding of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) to the promoter of the Shh gene in primary cortical cultures; consistently, Aβ25-35 induction of SHH was abolished by HIF-1α small interfering RNA (siRNA). Aβ25-35 also time-dependently induced inhibitor of differentiation-1 (Id1) that has been shown to stabilize HIF-1α; further, Aβ25-35-mediated induction of HIF-1α and SHH was both suppressed by Id1 siRNA. Pharmacological induction of HIF-1α by cobalt chloride and application of the cell-permeable recombinant Id1 proteins were both sufficient to induce SHH expression. Finally, both the SHH pathway inhibitor cyclopamine and its neutralizing antibody attenuated Aβ cytotoxicity, albeit to a minor extent. These results thus established a signaling cascade of "Aβ → Id1 → HIF-1 → SHH" in primary rat cortical cultures; furthermore, SHH may in part contribute to Aβ neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsing Hung
- Institute of Brain Science and Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Beitou District, Taipei City, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsin Chang
- Institute of Brain Science and Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Beitou District, Taipei City, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Tzu Huang
- Institute of Brain Science and Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Beitou District, Taipei City, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Jiu-Haw Yin
- Department of Neurology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei City, 11212, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Shin Hwang
- Department of Neurology, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City, 10341, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yo Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ding-I Yang
- Institute of Brain Science and Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Beitou District, Taipei City, 11221, Taiwan.
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Wu MF, Yin JH, Hwang CS, Tang CM, Yang DI. NAD attenuates oxidative DNA damages induced by amyloid beta-peptide in primary rat cortical neurons. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:794-805. [PMID: 24678962 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.907889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One major pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is accumulation of senile plaques in patients' brains, mainly composed of amyloid beta-peptide (Aβ). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) has emerged as a common mediator regulating energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, aging, and cell death, all of which are critically involved in neuronal demise observed in AD. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that NAD may attenuate Aβ-induced DNA damages, thereby conferring neuronal resistance to primary rat cortical cultures. We found that co-incubation of NAD dose-dependently attenuated neurotoxicity mediated by Aβ25-35 and Aβ1-42 in cultured rat cortical neurons, with the optimal protective dosage at 50 mM. NAD also abolished the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by Aβ25-35. Furthermore, Aβs were capable of inducing oxidative DNA damages by increasing the extents of 8-hydroxy-2´-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), numbers of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites, genomic DNA single-stranded breaks (SSBs), as well as DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs)/fragmentation, which can all be attenuated upon co-incubation with NAD. Our results thus reveal a novel finding that NAD is protective against DNA damage induced by existing Aβ, leading ultimately to neuroprotection in primary cortical culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-F Wu
- Institute of Brain Science and Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei City , Taiwan
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Induction of sestrin2 as an endogenous protective mechanism against amyloid beta-peptide neurotoxicity in primary cortical culture. Exp Neurol 2014; 253:63-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lương KVQ, Nguyen LTH. The role of Beta-adrenergic receptor blockers in Alzheimer's disease: potential genetic and cellular signaling mechanisms. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2013; 28:427-39. [PMID: 23689075 PMCID: PMC10852699 DOI: 10.1177/1533317513488924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
According to genetic studies, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is linked to beta-adrenergic receptor blockade through numerous factors, including human leukocyte antigen genes, the renin-angiotensin system, poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase 1, nerve growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade is also implicated in AD due to its effects on matrix metalloproteinases, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, prostaglandins, cyclooxygenase-2, and nitric oxide synthase. Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade may also have a significant role in AD, although the role is controversial. Behavioral symptoms, sex, or genetic factors, including Beta 2-adrenergic receptor variants, apolipoprotein E, and cytochrome P450 CYP2D6, may contribute to beta-adrenergic receptor blockade modulation in AD. Thus, the characterization of beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in patients with AD is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh vinh quoc Lương
- Vietnamese American Medical Research Foundation, Westminster, California, CA 92683, USA.
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Ashby EL, Kehoe PG. Current status of renin–aldosterone angiotensin system-targeting anti-hypertensive drugs as therapeutic options for Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:1229-42. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.812631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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