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Heavener K, Kabra K, Yidenk M, Bradshaw E. IL-1RA Disrupts ATP Activation of P2RX7 in Human Monocyte-Derived Microglia-like Cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.08.588607. [PMID: 38645234 PMCID: PMC11030313 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.08.588607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The immune system has a dynamic role in neurodegenerative diseases, and purinergic receptors allow immune cells to recognize neuronal signaling, cell injury, or stress. Purinergic Receptor 7 (P2RX7) can modulate inflammatory cascades and its expression is upregulated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain tissue. P2RX7 expression is enriched in microglia, and elevated levels are found in microglia surrounding amyloid-beta plaques in the brain. While P2RX7 is thought to play a role in neurodegenerative diseases, how it modulates pathology and disease progression is not well understood. Here, we utilize a human monocyte-derived microglia-like cell (MDMi) model to interrogate P2RX7 activation and downstream consequences on microglia function. By using MDMi derived from human donors, we can examine how human donor variation impacts microglia function. We assessed P2RX7-driven IL1β and IL18 production and amyloid-beta peptide 1-42 (Aβ1-42) uptake levels. Our results show that ATP-stimulation of MDMi triggers upregulation of IL1β and IL18 expression. This upregulation of cytokine gene expression is blocked with the A740003 P2RX7 antagonist. We find that high extracellular ATP conditions also reduced MDMi capacity for Aβ1-42 uptake, and this loss of function is prevented through A740003 inhibition of P2RX7. In addition, pretreatment of MDMi with IL-1RA limited ATP-driven IL1β and IL18 gene expression upregulation, indicating that ATP immunomodulation of P2RX7 is IL-1R dependent. Aβ1-42 uptake was higher with IL-1RA pretreatment compared to ATP treatment alone, suggesting P2RX7 regulates phagocytic engulfment through IL-1 signaling. Overall, our results demonstrate that P2RX7 is a key response protein for high extracellular ATP in human microglia-like cells, and its function can be modulated by IL-1 signaling. This work opens the door to future studies examining anti-IL-1 biologics to increase the clearance of amyloid-beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Heavener
- Division of Translational Neurobiology, Departments of Neurology Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
- The Carol and Gene Ludwig Center for Research on Neurodegeneration, Departments of Neurology Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Khushbu Kabra
- Division of Translational Neurobiology, Departments of Neurology Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
- The Carol and Gene Ludwig Center for Research on Neurodegeneration, Departments of Neurology Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Maedot Yidenk
- Division of Translational Neurobiology, Departments of Neurology Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
- The Carol and Gene Ludwig Center for Research on Neurodegeneration, Departments of Neurology Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Elizabeth Bradshaw
- Division of Translational Neurobiology, Departments of Neurology Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
- The Carol and Gene Ludwig Center for Research on Neurodegeneration, Departments of Neurology Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Departments of Neurology Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Biltz RG, Swanson SP, Draime N, Davis AC, Yin W, Goodman EJ, Gallagher NR, Bhattacharya A, Sheridan JF, Godbout JP. Antagonism of the brain P2X7 ion channel attenuates repeated social defeat induced microglia reactivity, monocyte recruitment and anxiety-like behavior in male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:356-373. [PMID: 37914101 PMCID: PMC10807695 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is linked to increased anxiety. Repeated social defeat (RSD) in mice causes anxiety that is dependent on activated neurons, reactive microglia, and accumulation of monocytes in the brain. This response requires interactions between the immune system and central nervous system (CNS). Neuronal activation within threat appraisal regions is a key response to RSD, however, it is unclear how microglia become activated. One potential explanation is that microglia express a purinergic non-selective ligand gated adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) receptor 7 (P2X7). Activation of P2X7 promotes the release of chemokines and cytokines, and recruitment of monocytes to the brain. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine if a novel P2X7 antagonist blocked neuronal and microglia interactions and the corresponding anxiety following RSD. Male mice were administered (i.p.) a P2X7 antagonist, JNJ-54471300, prior to each cycle of RSD. Fourteen hours after RSD, behavioral deficits including social avoidance and anxiety-like were determined. Moreover, several immune parameters were assessed. RSD caused neuronal activation in stress-responsive regions, monocyte production and release, splenomegaly, and social avoidance. These parameters were unaffected by P2X7 antagonism. RSD-associated proportional area of Iba-1+ microglia, monocyte accumulation in the brain, IL-1β mRNA expression in enriched myeloid cells, plasma IL-6, and anxiety-like behavior were ameliorated by P2X7 antagonism. Gene expression analysis in the hippocampus and amygdala showed regional specific responses to RSD and some were reversed with P2X7 antagonism. Overall, blocking P2X7 activation attenuated RSD-induced microglia reactivity with corresponding reduction in neuroinflammation, monocyte accumulation, and anxiety-like behavior in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Biltz
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, United States
| | - Samuel P Swanson
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, United States
| | - Natalie Draime
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, United States
| | - Amara C Davis
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, United States
| | - Wenyuan Yin
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, United States
| | - Ethan J Goodman
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, United States
| | - Natalie R Gallagher
- Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, United States; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, United States
| | - Anindya Bhattacharya
- Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - John F Sheridan
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, United States; Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, United States; Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, United States; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, United States.
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, United States; Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, United States; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, United States.
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Nguyen LTN, Nguyen HD, Kim YJ, Nguyen TT, Lai TT, Lee YK, Ma HI, Kim YE. Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Parkinson's Disease and Therapeutic Considerations. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:2117-2133. [PMID: 35988226 PMCID: PMC9661339 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, with two main pathological features: misfolded α-synuclein protein accumulation and neurodegeneration. Inflammation has recently been identified as a contributor to a cascade of events that may aggravate PD pathology. Inflammasomes, a group of intracellular protein complexes, play an important role in innate immune responses to various diseases, including infection. In PD research, accumulating evidence suggests that α-synuclein aggregations may activate inflammasomes, particularly the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-leucine-rich repeat-pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) type, which exacerbates inflammation in the central nervous system by secreting proinflammatory cytokines like interleukin (IL)-18 and IL-1β. Afterward, activated NLRP3 triggers local microglia and astrocytes to release additional IL-1β. In turn, the activated inflammatory process may contribute to additional α-synuclein aggregation and cell loss. This review summarizes current research evidence on how the NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to PD pathogenesis, as well as potential therapeutic strategies targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Thi Nhat Nguyen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, South Korea
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Huu Dat Nguyen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, South Korea
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Yun Joong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Tinh Thi Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Thuy Thi Lai
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Yoon Kyoung Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Hyeo-il Ma
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea
- Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Young Eun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea
- Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea
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Wang J, Zhang XN, Fang JN, Hua FF, Han JY, Yuan ZQ, Xie AM. The mechanism behind activation of the Nod-like receptor family protein 3 inflammasome in Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:898-904. [PMID: 34472491 PMCID: PMC8530148 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.323077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the ATP-P2X4 receptor signaling pathway mediates the activation of the Nod-like receptor family protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. The NLRP3 inflammasome may promote renal interstitial inflammation in diabetic nephropathy. As inflammation also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease, we hypothesized that the ATP-P2X4 receptor signaling pathway may activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in Parkinson’s disease. A male rat model of Parkinson’s disease was induced by stereotactic injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the pars compacta of the substantia nigra. The P2X4 receptor and the NLRP3 inflammasome (interleukin-1β and interleukin-18) were activated. Intracerebroventricular injection of the selective P2X4 receptor antagonist 5-(3-bromophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzofuro[3,2-e]-1,4-diazepin-2-one (5-BDBD) or knockdown of P2X4 receptor expression by siRNA inhibited the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and alleviated dopaminergic neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Our results suggest that the ATP-P2X4 receptor signaling pathway mediates NLRP3 inflammasome activation, dopaminergic neurodegeneration, and dopamine levels. These findings reveal a novel role of the ATP-P2X4 axis in the molecular mechanisms underlying Parkinson’s disease, thus providing a new target for treatment. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Qingdao University, China, on March 5, 2015 (approval No. QYFYWZLL 26119).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Na Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jin-Ni Fang
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fei-Fei Hua
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing-Yang Han
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zeng-Qiang Yuan
- Brain Science Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - An-Mu Xie
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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5
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Glaser T, Oliveira-Giacomelli Á, Petiz LL, Ribeiro DE, Andrejew R, Ulrich H. Antagonistic Roles of P2X7 and P2Y2 Receptors in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:659097. [PMID: 33912064 PMCID: PMC8072373 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.659097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Talita Glaser
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lyvia Lintzmaier Petiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Deidiane Elisa Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta Andrejew
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
The P2X7 receptor for extracellular ATP is a well-established mediator of tumoral development and progression both in solid cancers and hematological malignancies. The human P2X7 gene is highly polymorphic, and several splice variants of the receptor have been identified in time. P2X7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been broadly analyzed by studies relating them to pathologies as different as infectious, inflammatory, nervous, and bone diseases, among which cancer is included. Moreover, in the last years, an increasing number of reports concentrated on P2X7 splice variants’ different roles and their implications in pathological conditions, including oncogenesis. Here, we give an overview of established and recent literature demonstrating a role for human P2X7 gene products in oncological conditions, mainly focusing on current data emerging on P2X7 isoform B and nfP2X7. We explored the role of these and other genetic variants of P2X7 in cancer insurgence, dissemination, and progression, as well as the effect of chemotherapy on isoforms expression. The described literature strongly suggests that P2X7 variants are potential new biomarkers and therapeutical targets in oncological conditions and that their study in carcinogenesis deserves to be further pursued.
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Glaser T, Andrejew R, Oliveira-Giacomelli Á, Ribeiro DE, Bonfim Marques L, Ye Q, Ren WJ, Semyanov A, Illes P, Tang Y, Ulrich H. Purinergic Receptors in Basal Ganglia Diseases: Shared Molecular Mechanisms between Huntington's and Parkinson's Disease. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:1299-1314. [PMID: 33026587 PMCID: PMC7674528 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's (HD) and Parkinson's diseases (PD) are neurodegenerative disorders caused by the death of GABAergic and dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia leading to hyperkinetic and hypokinetic symptoms, respectively. We review here the participation of purinergic receptors through intracellular Ca2+ signaling in these neurodegenerative diseases. The adenosine A2A receptor stimulates striatopallidal GABAergic neurons, resulting in inhibitory actions on GABAergic neurons of the globus pallidus. A2A and dopamine D2 receptors form functional heteromeric complexes inducing allosteric inhibition, and A2A receptor activation results in motor inhibition. Furthermore, the A2A receptor physically and functionally interacts with glutamate receptors, mainly with the mGlu5 receptor subtype. This interaction facilitates glutamate release, resulting in NMDA glutamate receptor activation and an increase of Ca2+ influx. P2X7 receptor activation also promotes glutamate release and neuronal damage. Thus, modulation of purinergic receptor activity, such as A2A and P2X7 receptors, and subsequent aberrant Ca2+ signaling, might present interesting therapeutic potential for HD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Glaser
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Roberta Andrejew
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ágatha Oliveira-Giacomelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Deidiane Elisa Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Lucas Bonfim Marques
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Acupuncture and Chronobiology, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Wen-Jing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Acupuncture and Chronobiology, Chengdu, 610075, China
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, 04107, Germany
| | - Alexey Semyanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Peter Illes
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, 04107, Germany
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purine Signaling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Acupuncture and Chronobiology, Chengdu, 610075, China
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purine Signaling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
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Andrejew R, Oliveira-Giacomelli Á, Ribeiro DE, Glaser T, Arnaud-Sampaio VF, Lameu C, Ulrich H. The P2X7 Receptor: Central Hub of Brain Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:124. [PMID: 32848594 PMCID: PMC7413029 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is a cation channel activated by high concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Upon long-term activation, it complexes with membrane proteins forming a wide pore that leads to cell death and increased release of ATP into the extracellular milieu. The P2X7 receptor is widely expressed in the CNS, such as frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and striatum, regions involved in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. Despite P2X7 receptor functions in glial cells have been extensively studied, the existence and roles of this receptor in neurons are still controversially discussed. Regardless, P2X7 receptors mediate several processes observed in neuropsychiatric disorders and brain tumors, such as activation of neuroinflammatory response, stimulation of glutamate release and neuroplasticity impairment. Moreover, P2X7 receptor gene polymorphisms have been associated to depression, and isoforms of P2X7 receptors are implicated in neuropsychiatric diseases. In view of that, the P2X7 receptor has been proposed to be a potential target for therapeutic intervention in brain diseases. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms underlying P2X7 receptor-mediated signaling in neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric disorders, and brain tumors. In addition, it highlights the recent advances in the development of P2X7 receptor antagonists that are able of penetrating the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Andrejew
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Deidiane Elisa Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Talita Glaser
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Claudiana Lameu
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sanz JM, Falzoni S, Morieri ML, Passaro A, Zuliani G, Di Virgilio F. Association of Hypomorphic P2X7 Receptor Genotype With Age. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:8. [PMID: 32116543 PMCID: PMC7029736 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main risk factors for brain diseases is aging. Recent studies have shown that aging is a progressive degenerative process associated with chronic low-level inflammation. The ATP-gated P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) plays an important role in inflammation and has been associated with different brain (e.g., Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s) or other age-related (osteoporosis, arthritis, cancer) diseases. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the P2RX7 gene have been identified, including the loss-of-function 1513A>C and 1405A>G SNPs, and the gain-of-function 489C>T and 1068G>A SNPs. We carried out a literature analysis to verify an association between P2RX7 SNPs’ frequency and age. In 34 worldwide eligible studies (11.858 subjects) no correlation between 1513CC genotype frequency and age emerged. On the contrary, analysis of European Caucasian cohorts (7.241 subjects) showed a significant increase in 1513CC frequency with age (P = 0.027). In agreement with these findings, analysis of two publicly available datasets, including USA Caucasian cohorts, unveiled an increased frequency of 1513CC and 489CC genotypes with age (P = 0.0055 and P = 0.0019, respectively). Thus, hypomorphic P2RX7 genotypes may be positively selected with age in European and North American Caucasian populations. We hypothesize that Caucasian individuals bearing an anti-inflammatory P2X7R phenotype and living in high-income countries may have a longer life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Maria Sanz
- Section of Internal and Cardiorespiratory Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simonetta Falzoni
- Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mario Luca Morieri
- Section of Internal and Cardiorespiratory Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Angelina Passaro
- Section of Internal and Cardiorespiratory Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zuliani
- Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Tóth A, Antal Z, Bereczki D, Sperlágh B. Purinergic Signalling in Parkinson's Disease: A Multi-target System to Combat Neurodegeneration. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2413-2422. [PMID: 31054067 PMCID: PMC6776560 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons that results in characteristic motor and non-motor symptoms. L-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) is the gold standard therapy for the treatment of PD. However, long-term use of L-DOPA leads to side effects such as dyskinesias and motor fluctuation. Since purines have neurotransmitter and co-transmitter properties, the function of the purinergic system has been thoroughly studied in the nervous system. Adenosine and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) are modulators of dopaminergic neurotransmission, neuroinflammatory processes, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity and cell death via purinergic receptor subtypes. Aberrant purinergic receptor signalling can be either the cause or the result of numerous pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders. Many data confirm the involvement of purinergic signalling pathways in PD. Modulation of purinergic receptor subtypes, the activity of ectonucleotidases and ATP transporters could be beneficial in the treatment of PD. We give a brief summary of the background of purinergic signalling focusing on its roles in PD. Possible targets for pharmacological treatment are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Tóth
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Balassa u. 6., Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43., Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University School of PhD Studies, Üllői út 26., Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Antal
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43., Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Dániel Bereczki
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Balassa u. 6., Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43., Budapest, 1083, Hungary.
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Identification of rs11615992 as a novel regulatory SNP for human P2RX7 by allele-specific expression. Mol Genet Genomics 2019; 295:23-30. [PMID: 31410611 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-019-01598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
P2RX7 (purinergic receptor P2X 7) is an important membrane ion channel and involved in multiple physiological processes. One non-synonymous SNP on P2RX7, rs3751143, had been proven to reduce ion channel function and further associated with multiple diseases. However, it was still unclear whether there were other cis-regulatory elements for P2RX7, which might further contribute to related diseases. Allele-specific expression (ASE) is a robust and sensitive approach to identify the potential functional region in human genome. In the current study, we measured ASE on rs3751143 in lung tissues and observed a consistent excess of A allele over C (P = 0.001), which indicated that SNP(s) in linkage disequilibrium (LD) could regulate P2RX7 expression. By analyzing the 1000 genomes project data for Chinese, one SNP locating ~ 5 kb away and downstream of P2RX7, rs11615992, was disclosed to be in strong LD with rs3751143. The dual-luciferase assay confirmed that rs11615992 could alter target gene expression in lung cell line. Through chromosome conformation capture, it was verified that the region surrounding rs11615992 could interact with P2RX7 promoter and effect as an enhancer. By chromatin immunoprecipitation, the related transcription factor POU2F1 (POU class 2 homeobox 1) was recognized to bind the region spanning rs11615992. Our work identified a novel long-distance cis-regulatory SNP for P2RX7, which might contribute to multiple diseases.
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Oliveira-Giacomelli Á, Naaldijk Y, Sardá-Arroyo L, Gonçalves MCB, Corrêa-Velloso J, Pillat MM, de Souza HDN, Ulrich H. Purinergic Receptors in Neurological Diseases With Motor Symptoms: Targets for Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:325. [PMID: 29692728 PMCID: PMC5902708 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since proving adenosine triphosphate (ATP) functions as a neurotransmitter in neuron/glia interactions, the purinergic system has been more intensely studied within the scope of the central nervous system. In neurological disorders with associated motor symptoms, including Parkinson's disease (PD), motor neuron diseases (MND), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's Disease (HD), restless leg syndrome (RLS), and ataxias, alterations in purinergic receptor expression and activity have been noted, indicating a potential role for this system in disease etiology and progression. In neurodegenerative conditions, neural cell death provokes extensive ATP release and alters calcium signaling through purinergic receptor modulation. Consequently, neuroinflammatory responses, excitotoxicity and apoptosis are directly or indirectly induced. This review analyzes currently available data, which suggests involvement of the purinergic system in neuro-associated motor dysfunctions and underlying mechanisms. Possible targets for pharmacological interventions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yahaira Naaldijk
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laura Sardá-Arroyo
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria C. B. Gonçalves
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Corrêa-Velloso
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Micheli M. Pillat
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Héllio D. N. de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Wang XH, Xie X, Luo XG, Shang H, He ZY. Inhibiting purinergic P2X7 receptors with the antagonist brilliant blue G is neuroprotective in an intranigral lipopolysaccharide animal model of Parkinson's disease. Mol Med Rep 2016; 15:768-776. [PMID: 28035410 PMCID: PMC5364844 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.6070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder, which is characterized by the selective and progressive death of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra. Increasing evidence suggests that inflammation is important in the degeneration of DA neurons. The purinergic receptor subtype P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is key in the activation and proliferation of microglia. The present study aimed to examine whether inhibiting purinergic P2X7 receptors is neuroprotective in a rat model of PD, specifically via inhibiting p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). In an intranigral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) rat model of PD, immunohistochemical analysis revealed enhanced expression of P2X7R was observed in microglia. The administration of the P2X7R antagonist, brilliant blue G (BBG), reduced activation of the microglia and the loss of nigral DA neurons. In addition, immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis revealed the phosphorylation level of p38 MAPK increased in the microglia of the LPS-injected rats, which was inhibited by BBG treatment. The p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, reduced microglial activation and the loss of DA neurons. Thus, these findings suggested that inhibition of P2X7R by BBG attenuated microglial activation and the loss of substantia nigra DA neurons via p38 MAPK in the rat LPS model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Hong Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Guang Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Hong Shang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Yi He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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Duan S, Yu J, Han Z, Cheng Z, Liang P. Association Between P2RX7 Gene and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Susceptibility: A Case-Control Study in a Chinese Han Population. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:1916-23. [PMID: 27272229 PMCID: PMC4915328 DOI: 10.12659/msm.895763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common types of liver cancer. It is hypothesized that P2RX7 genetic polymorphisms have strong association with HCC susceptibility. Therefore, a case-control study was designed and performed to verify the association between P2RX7 gene polymorphisms and HCC susceptibility. Material/Methods A total of 646 subjects were recruited in our study, including 323 HCC patients and 323 healthy controls. Five gene polymorphisms, −762C>T (rs2393799), 946G>A (rs28360457), 1513A>C (rs3751143), 1068G>A (rs1718119), and 1096C>G (rs2230911), were selected. Odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to quantify the association between P2RX7 gene polymorphisms and the susceptibility to HCC. All tests were performed using SPSS 20 and a 2-sided P value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results Our results suggest that allelic frequencies of these 5 SNPs all conformed to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). There was no significant difference in genotype and allele distributions of −762C>T and 1096C>G between the case group and the control group. However, an increased risk of HCC was associated with 946G>A (A vs. G: OR=1.48, 95%CI=1.09–2.01, P=0.013; GA+AA vs. GG: OR=1.46, 95%CI=1.03–2.07, P=0.033). A similar increased risk was associated with 1513A>C polymorphism (C vs. A: OR=1.37, 95%CI=1.05–1.79, P=0.021; AC+CC vs. AA: OR=1.40, 95%CI=1.01–1.93, P=0.041). On the other hand, a decreased risk of HCC was associated with gene polymorphism of 1068G>A (A vs. G: OR=0.68, 95%CI=0.51–0.91, P=0.010; GA+AA vs. GG: OR=0.68, 95%CI=0.49–0.96, P=0.027; AA vs. GG: OR=0.42, 95%CI=0.18–0.99, P=0.048). Conclusions Our results suggest that 3 of the 5 polymorphisms of P2RX7 described above (1513A>C, 946G>A, and 1068G>A) are significantly associated with HCC susceptibility in a Chinese Han population. Studies with larger sample sizes are recommended to confirm whether our results will be applicable to different ethnic populations in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Duan
- , Medical Center of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Interventional Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiyu Han
- Department of Interventional Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Zhigang Cheng
- Department of Interventional Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Ping Liang
- Department of Interventional Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
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Cao S, Xiao Z, Sun M, Li Y. D-serine in the midbrain periaqueductal gray contributes to morphine tolerance in rats. Mol Pain 2016; 12:12/0/1744806916646786. [PMID: 27175014 PMCID: PMC4956000 DOI: 10.1177/1744806916646786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of glutamate receptor plays a critical role in morphine tolerance. D-serine, a co-agonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, participates in many physiological and pathophysiological processes via regulating N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation. The purinergic P2X7 receptor activation can induce the D-serine release in the central nervous system. This study aimed to investigate the role of the ventrolateral midbrain periaqueductal gray D-serine in the mechanism of morphine tolerance in rats. The development of morphine tolerance was induced in normal adult male Sprague-Dawley rats through subcutaneous injection of morphine (10 mg/kg). The analgesic effect of morphine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) was assessed by measuring mechanical withdrawal thresholds in rats with an electronic von Frey anesthesiometer. The D-serine concentration and serine racemase expression levels in the ventrolateral midbrain periaqueductal gray were evaluated through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analysis, respectively. The effects of intra-ventrolateral midbrain periaqueductal gray injections of the D-serine degrading enzyme D-amino acid oxidase and antisense oligodeoxynucleotide targeting the P2X7 receptor on chronic morphine-treated rats were also explored. RESULTS We found that repeated morphine administrations decreased the antinociceptive potency of morphine evidenced by the percent changes in mechanical pain threshold in rats. By contrast, the D-serine contents and the expression levels of the serine racemase protein were upregulated in the ventrolateral midbrain periaqueductal gray in morphine-tolerant rats. The development of morphine tolerance was markedly alleviated by intra-ventrolateral midbrain periaqueductal gray injections of D-amino acid oxidase or antisense oligodeoxynucleotide targeting the P2X7 receptor. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that the development of antinociceptive tolerance to morphine is partially mediated by ventrolateral midbrain periaqueductal gray D-serine content, and the activation of the ventrolateral midbrain periaqueductal gray P2X7 receptor is an essential prelude to D-serine release. These results suggest that a cascade involving P2X7 receptor-D-serine-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor mediated signaling pathway in the supraspinal mechanism of morphine tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Cao
- Department of Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhi Xiao
- Research Center for Medicine and Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Mengjie Sun
- Graduate School, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Youyan Li
- Graduate School, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
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Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Alonso-Navarro H, García-Martín E, Agúndez JAG. Advances in understanding genomic markers and pharmacogenetics of Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:433-48. [PMID: 26910127 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2016.1158250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The inheritance pattern of Parkinson's disease (PD) is likely multifactorial (owing to the interplay of genetic predisposition and environmental factors). Many pharmacogenetic studies have tried to establish a possible role of candidate genes in PD risk. Several studies have focused on the influence of genes in the response to antiparkinsonian drugs and in the risk of developing side-effects of these drugs. AREAS COVERED This review presents an overview of current knowledge, with particular emphasis on the most recent advances, both in case-control association studies on the role of candidate genes in the risk for PD as well as pharmacogenetic studies on the role of genes in the development of side effects of antiparkinsonian drugs. The most reliable results should be derived from meta-analyses of case-control association studies on candidate genes involving large series of PD patients and controls, and from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). EXPERT OPINION Prospective studies of large samples involving several genes with a detailed history of exposure to environmental factors in the same cohort of subjects, should be useful to clarify the role of genes in the risk for PD. The results of studies on the role of genes in the development of side-effects of antiparkinsonian drugs should, at this stage, only be considered preliminary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - José A G Agúndez
- b Department of Pharmacology , University of Extremadura , Cáceres , Spain
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17
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Oliveira Á, Illes P, Ulrich H. Purinergic receptors in embryonic and adult neurogenesis. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:272-81. [PMID: 26456352 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate), one of the most ancient neurotransmitters, exerts essential functions in the brain, including neurotransmission and modulation of synaptic activity. Moreover, this nucleotide has been attributed with trophic properties and experimental evidence points to the participation of ATP-activated P2X and P2Y purinergic receptors in embryonic brain development as well as in adult neurogenesis for maintenance of normal brain functions and neuroregeneration upon brain injury. We discuss here the available data on purinergic P2 receptor expression and function during brain development and in the neurogenic zones of the adult brain, as well as the insights based on the use of in vitro stem cell cultures. While several P2 receptor subtypes were shown to be expressed during in vitro and in vivo neurogenesis, specific functions have been proposed for P2Y1, P2Y2 metabotropic as well as P2X2 ionotropic receptors to promote neurogenesis. Further, the P2X7 receptor is suggested to function in the maintenance of pools of neural stem and progenitor cells through induction of proliferation or cell death, depending on the microenvironment. Pathophysiological actions have been proposed for this receptor in worsening damage in brain disease. The P2X7 receptor and possibly additional P2 receptor subtypes have been implicated in pathophysiology of neurological diseases including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy. New strategies in cell therapy could involve modulation of purinergic signaling, either in the achievement of more effective protocols to obtain viable and homogeneous cell populations or in the process of functional engraftment of transplanted cells into the damaged brain. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágatha Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Brazil
| | - Peter Illes
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Universität Leipzig, Haertelstrasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Brazil.
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18
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Navarro G, Borroto-Escuela DO, Fuxe K, Franco R. Purinergic signaling in Parkinson's disease. Relevance for treatment. Neuropharmacology 2015. [PMID: 26211977 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling modulates dopaminergic neurotransmission in health and disease. Classically adenosine A1 and A2A receptors have been considered key for the fine tune control of dopamine actions in the striatum, the main CNS motor control center. The main adenosine signaling mechanism is via the cAMP pathway but the future will tell whether calcium signaling is relevant in adenosinergic control of striatal function. Very relevant is the recent approval in Japan of the adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, istradefylline, for use in Parkinson's disease patients. Purine nucleotides are also regulators of striatal dopamine neurotransmission via P2 purinergic receptors. In parallel to the alpha-synuclein hypothesis of Parkinson's disease etiology, purinergic P2X1 receptors have been identified as mediators of accumulation of the Lewy-body enriched protein alpha-synuclein. Of note is the expression in striatum of purinergic-receptor-containing heteromers that are potential targets of anti-Parkinson's disease therapies and should be taken into account in drug discovery programs. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Navarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Dasiel O Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences, Section of Physiology, Campus Scientifico Enrico Mattei, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy.
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Rafael Franco
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Sáez-Orellana F, Godoy PA, Silva-Grecchi T, Barra KM, Fuentealba J. Modulation of the neuronal network activity by P2X receptors and their involvement in neurological disorders. Pharmacol Res 2015; 101:109-15. [PMID: 26122853 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ATP is a key energetic molecule, fundamental to cell function, which also has an important role in the extracellular milieu as a signaling molecule, acting as a chemoattractant for immune cells and as a neuro- and gliotransmitter. The ionotropic P2X receptors are members of an ATP-gated ion channels family. These ionotropic receptors are widely expressed through the body, with 7 subunits described in mammals, which are arranged in a trimeric configuration with a central pore permeable mainly to Ca(2+) and Na(+). All 7 subunits are expressed in different brain areas, being present in neurons and glia. ATP, through these ionotropic receptors, can act as a neuromodulator, facilitating the Ca(2+)-dependent release of neurotransmitters, inducing the cross-inhibition between P2XR and GABA receptors, and exercising by this way a modulation of synaptic plasticity. Growing evidence shows that P2XR play an important role in neuronal disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease; this role involves changes on P2XR expression levels, activation of key pathways like GSK3β, APP processing, oxidative stress and inflammatory response. This review is focused on the neuromodulatory function of P2XR on pathophysiological conditions of the brain; the recent evidence could open a window to a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sáez-Orellana
- Screening of Neuroactive Compounds Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Chile
| | - P A Godoy
- Screening of Neuroactive Compounds Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Chile
| | - T Silva-Grecchi
- Screening of Neuroactive Compounds Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Chile
| | - K M Barra
- Screening of Neuroactive Compounds Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Chile
| | - J Fuentealba
- Screening of Neuroactive Compounds Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Chile; Center for Advanced Research on Biomedicine (CIAB-UdeC), University of Concepción, Chile.
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Xiao Z, Li YY, Sun MJ. Activation of P2X7 receptors in the midbrain periaqueductal gray of rats facilitates morphine tolerance. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 135:145-53. [PMID: 26054441 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Opiates such as morphine exhibit analgesic effect in various pain models, but repeated and chronic morphine administration may develop resistance to antinociception. The purinergic signaling system is involved in the mechanisms of pain modulation and morphine tolerance. This study aimed to determine whether the P2X7 receptor in the ventrolateral midbrain periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) is involved in morphine tolerance. Development of tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of morphine was induced in normal adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats through subcutaneous injection of morphine (10mg/kg). The analgesic effect of morphine (5mg/kg, i.p.) was assessed by measuring mechanical withdrawal thresholds (MWTs) in rats with an electronic von Frey anesthesiometer. The expression levels and distribution of the P2X7 receptor in the vlPAG was evaluated through Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. The acute effects of intra-vlPAG injection of the selective P2X7 receptor agonist Bz-ATP, the selective P2X7 receptor antagonist A-740003, or antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS ODN) targeting the P2X7 receptor on morphine-treated rats were also observed. Results demonstrated that repeated morphine administration decreased the mechanical pain thresholds. By contrast, the expression of the P2X7 receptor protein was up-regulated in the vlPAG in morphine tolerant rats. The percent changes in MWT were markedly but only transiently attenuated by intra-vlPAG injection of Bz-ATP (9nmol/0.3μL) but elevated by A-740003 at doses of 10 and 100nmol/0.3μL. AS ODN (15nmol/0.3μL) against the P2X7 receptor reduced the development of chronic morphine tolerance in rats. These results suggest that the development of antinociceptive tolerance to morphine is partially mediated by activating the vlPAG P2X7 receptors. The present data also suggest that the P2X7 receptors may be a therapeutic target for improving the analgesic effect of morphine in treatments of pain when morphine tolerance occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xiao
- Research Center for Medicine & Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China.
| | - You-Yan Li
- Graduate School, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China
| | - Meng-Jie Sun
- Graduate School, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China
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Jiang T, Hoekstra J, Heng X, Kang W, Ding J, Liu J, Chen S, Zhang J. P2X7 receptor is critical in α-synuclein--mediated microglial NADPH oxidase activation. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2304-2318. [PMID: 25983062 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Activated microglia are commonly observed in individuals with neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and are believed to contribute to neuronal death. This process occurs at least due partially to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (PHOX) activation, which leads to the production of superoxide and oxidative stress. α-Synuclein (α-Syn), a key protein implicated in PD pathogenesis, can activate microglia, contributing to death of dopaminergic neurons. Here, microglial cells (BV2) and primary cultured microglia were used to study the role that the purinergic receptor P2X7 plays in recognizing α-Syn and promoting PHOX activation. We demonstrate that both wild type and A53T mutant α-Syn readily activate PHOX, with the A53T form producing more rapid and sustained effects,that is, oxidative stress and cellular injuries. Furthermore, this process involves the activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT (protein kinase B) pathway. Thus, it is concluded that stimulation of the microglial P2X7 receptor by extracellular α-Syn, with PI3K/AKT activation and increased oxidative stress, could be an important mechanism and a potential therapeutic target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfang Jiang
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jake Hoekstra
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xin Heng
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyan Kang
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqing Ding
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Health Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pathology, Peking University Third Hospital/Institute of Basic Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
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P2X and P2Y receptors—role in the pathophysiology of the nervous system. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:23672-704. [PMID: 25530618 PMCID: PMC4284787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151223672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signalling plays a crucial role in proper functioning of the nervous system. Mechanisms depending on extracellular nucleotides and their P2 receptors also underlie a number of nervous system dysfunctions. This review aims to present the role of purinergic signalling, with particular focus devoted to role of P2 family receptors, in epilepsy, depression, neuropathic pain, nervous system neoplasms, such as glioma and neuroblastoma, neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis. The above-mentioned conditions are associated with changes in expression of extracellular ectonucleotidases, P2X and P2Y receptors in neurons and glial cells, as well as releasing considerable amounts of nucleotides from activated or damaged nervous tissue cells into the extracellular space, which contributes to disturbance in purinergic signalling. The numerous studies indicate a potential possibility of using synthetic agonists/antagonists of P2 receptors in treatment of selected nervous system diseases. This is of particular significance, since numerous available agents reveal a low effectiveness and often produce side effects.
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