1
|
Pocock J, Vasilopoulou F, Svensson E, Cosker K. Microglia and TREM2. Neuropharmacology 2024; 257:110020. [PMID: 38821351 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
TREM2 is a membrane receptor solely expressed on microglia in normal brain. In this review we outline recent advances in TREM2 biology and its implications for microglial function, with particular emphasis on findings from iPSC-derived microglia (iMG) expressing TREM2 loss-of-function mutations. Alterations in receptor proximal and distal signalling underlie TREM2 risk variants linked to neurodegenerative disease, principally NH-linked FTD, and late-onset AD, but emerging data suggest roles for TREM2 in PD, MS and ALS. TREM2 downstream functions include phagocytosis of myelin debris, amyloid beta peptides, and phosphatidylserine-expressing cells (resulting from damage or stress). Microglial survival, migration, DAMP signalling, inflammasome activation, and intercellular signalling including tau spreading via exosomes, as well as roles for sTREM2 in protection and as a biomarker are discussed. The role of TREM2 in metabolic homeostasis, and immunometabolic switching are discussed regarding microglial responses to damage and protection. The use of iPSC models to investigate the role of TREM2 in AD, PD, MS, ALS, and other neurodegenerative diseases could prove invaluable due to their ability to recapitulate human pathology, allowing a full understanding of TREM2 and microglial involvement in the underlying disease mechanisms and progression. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Microglia".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Pocock
- Department of Neuroinflammation, And Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N1PJ, UK.
| | - Foteini Vasilopoulou
- Department of Neuroinflammation, And Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N1PJ, UK
| | - Elina Svensson
- Department of Neuroinflammation, And Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N1PJ, UK
| | - Katharina Cosker
- Department of Neuroinflammation, And Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N1PJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schauer SP, Cho CH, Novikova G, Roth GA, Lee J, Sharma AD, Foley AR, Ng C, Shen P, Choi M, Ma TP, Phu L, Budayeva HG, Cheung TK, Lalehzadeh G, Imperio J, Ngu H, Etxeberria A, Liang Y, Rezzonico MG, Dourado M, Huang K, Lai Z, Hokom M, Pandya NJ, Newton D, Abdel-Haleem AM, Chan P, Lee D, Tassew NG, Sangaraju D, O'Connor D, Hötzel I, Stark KL, Chou C, Foreman O, Easton A, Wildsmith KR, Sperinde G, Rose CM, Friedman BA, Fuji RN, Weimer RM, Meilandt WJ, Sadekar S, Nugent AA, Biever A. Primate cerebrospinal fluid CHI3L1 reflects brain TREM2 agonism. Alzheimers Dement 2024. [PMID: 39090679 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) agonists are being clinically evaluated as disease-modifying therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease. Clinically translatable pharmacodynamic (PD) biomarkers are needed to confirm drug activity and select the appropriate therapeutic dose in clinical trials. METHODS We conducted multi-omic analyses on paired non-human primate brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and stimulation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia cultures after TREM2 agonist treatment, followed by validation of candidate fluid PD biomarkers using immunoassays. We immunostained microglia to characterize proliferation and clustering. RESULTS We report CSF soluble TREM2 (sTREM2) and CSF chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1/YKL-40) as PD biomarkers for the TREM2 agonist hPara.09. The respective reduction of sTREM2 and elevation of CHI3L1 in brain and CSF after TREM2 agonist treatment correlated with transient microglia proliferation and clustering. DISCUSSION CSF CHI3L1 and sTREM2 reflect microglial TREM2 agonism and can be used as clinical PD biomarkers to monitor TREM2 activity in the brain. HIGHLIGHTS CSF soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2) reflects brain target engagement for a novel TREM2 agonist, hPara.09. CSF chitinase-3-like protein 1 reflects microglial TREM2 agonism. Both can be used as clinical fluid biomarkers to monitor TREM2 activity in brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Schauer
- Department of Translational Medicine, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chang Hoon Cho
- Department of Human Pathobiology and OMNI Reverse Translation, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gloriia Novikova
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gillie A Roth
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Julie Lee
- Department of Translational Medicine, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anup D Sharma
- Department of Human Pathobiology and OMNI Reverse Translation, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alejandro R Foley
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Carl Ng
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Philip Shen
- Department of Safety Assessment Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Meena Choi
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, Lipidomics, and Next Generation Sequencing, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Taylur P Ma
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, Lipidomics, and Next Generation Sequencing, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lilian Phu
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, Lipidomics, and Next Generation Sequencing, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hanna G Budayeva
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, Lipidomics, and Next Generation Sequencing, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tommy K Cheung
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, Lipidomics, and Next Generation Sequencing, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Guita Lalehzadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jose Imperio
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hai Ngu
- Department of Research Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ainhoa Etxeberria
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yuxin Liang
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, Lipidomics, and Next Generation Sequencing, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mitchell G Rezzonico
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michelle Dourado
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kevin Huang
- Department of Translational Medicine, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zijuan Lai
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Martha Hokom
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nikhil J Pandya
- Department of Human Pathobiology and OMNI Reverse Translation, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dwight Newton
- Roche Informatics, Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Pamela Chan
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Donna Lee
- Department of Safety Assessment Toxicology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nardos G Tassew
- Department of Safety Assessment Toxicology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dewakar Sangaraju
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Deborah O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Isidro Hötzel
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kimberly L Stark
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Carolina Chou
- Department of Safety Assessment Nonclinical Operations, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Oded Foreman
- Department of Research Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Amy Easton
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kristin R Wildsmith
- Department of Translational Medicine, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gizette Sperinde
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christopher M Rose
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, Lipidomics, and Next Generation Sequencing, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brad A Friedman
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Reina N Fuji
- Department of Safety Assessment Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robby M Weimer
- Department of Translational Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - William J Meilandt
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shraddha Sadekar
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alicia A Nugent
- Department of Human Pathobiology and OMNI Reverse Translation, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anne Biever
- Department of Translational Medicine, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhong Z, Ulmschneider MB, Lorenz CD. Unraveling the Molecular Dance: Insights into TREM2/DAP12 Complex Formation in Alzheimer's Disease through Molecular Dynamics Simulations. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:28715-28725. [PMID: 38973875 PMCID: PMC11223195 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c03060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a widespread neurodegenerative condition affecting millions globally. Recent research has implicated variants of the triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) as risk factors for AD. TREM2, an immunomodulatory receptor on microglial surfaces, plays a pivotal role in regulating microglial activation by association with DNAX-activation protein 12 (DAP12). Despite its significance, the mechanism underlying the formation of the complex between the transmembrane domains (TMDs) of TREM2 and DAP12 remains unclear. This study employs multiscale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate three TMD complex models, including two derived from experiments and one generated by AlphaFold2. Conducted within a lipid membrane consisting of an 80:20 mixture of phosphatidylcholine (POPC) and cholesterol, our analysis reveals hydrogen-bonding interactions between K26 of TREM2 and D16 of DAP12 in all three models, consistent with previous experimental findings. Our results elucidate the different spatial conformations observed in the models and offer insights into the structure of the TREM2/DAP12 TMD complex. Furthermore, we elucidate the role of charged residues in the assembly structure of the complex within the lipid membrane. These findings enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanism governing TREM2/DAP12 complex formation, providing a foundation for designing novel therapeutic strategies to address AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Zhong
- Biological
Physics and Soft Matter Group, Department of Physics, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, King’s College London, London SE1 1DB, U.K.
| | | | - Christian D. Lorenz
- Biological
Physics and Soft Matter Group, Department of Physics, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bharadwaj S, Groza Y, Mierzwicka JM, Malý P. Current understanding on TREM-2 molecular biology and physiopathological functions. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112042. [PMID: 38703564 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM-2), a glycosylated receptor belonging to the immunoglobin superfamily and especially expressed in the myeloid cell lineage, is frequently explained as a reminiscent receptor for both adaptive and innate immunity regulation. TREM-2 is also acknowledged to influence NK cell differentiation via the PI3K and PLCγ signaling pathways, as well as the partial activation or direct inhibition of T cells. Additionally, TREM-2 overexpression is substantially linked to cell-specific functions, such as enhanced phagocytosis, reduced toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated inflammatory cytokine production, increased transcription of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and reshaped T cell function. Whereas TREM-2-deficient cells exhibit diminished phagocytic function and enhanced proinflammatory cytokines production, proceeding to inflammatory injuries and an immunosuppressive environment for disease progression. Despite the growing literature supporting TREM-2+ cells in various diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, substantial facets of TREM-2-mediated signaling remain inadequately understood relevant to pathophysiology conditions. In this direction, herein, we have summarized the current knowledge on TREM-2 biology and cell-specific TREM-2 expression, particularly in the modulation of pivotal TREM-2-dependent functions under physiopathological conditions. Furthermore, molecular regulation and generic biological relevance of TREM-2 are also discussed, which might provide an alternative approach for preventing or reducing TREM-2-associated deformities. At last, we discussed the TREM-2 function in supporting an immunosuppressive cancer environment and as a potential drug target for cancer immunotherapy. Hence, summarized knowledge of TREM-2 might provide a window to overcome challenges in clinically effective therapies for TREM-2-induced diseases in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Bharadwaj
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Yaroslava Groza
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Joanna M Mierzwicka
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Malý
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lin C, Kong Y, Chen Q, Zeng J, Pan X, Miao J. Decoding sTREM2: its impact on Alzheimer's disease - a comprehensive review of mechanisms and implications. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1420731. [PMID: 38912524 PMCID: PMC11190086 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1420731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Soluble Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 (sTREM2) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review comprehensively examines sTREM2's involvement in AD, focusing on its regulatory functions in microglial responses, neuroinflammation, and interactions with key pathological processes. We discuss the dynamic changes in sTREM2 levels in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma throughout AD progression, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target. Furthermore, we explore the impact of genetic variants on sTREM2 expression and its interplay with other AD risk genes. The evidence presented in this review suggests that modulating sTREM2 activity could influence AD trajectory, making it a promising avenue for future research and drug development. By providing a holistic understanding of sTREM2's multifaceted role in AD, this review aims to guide future studies and inspire novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Lin
- Shenzhen Bao’an District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Kong
- Shenzhen Bao’an District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Shenzhen Bao’an District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jixiang Zeng
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojin Pan
- Shenzhen Bao’an District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jifei Miao
- Shenzhen Bao’an District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sharafeddin F, Sierra J, Ghaly M, Simon TB, Ontiveros‐Ángel P, Edelbach B, Febo M, Labus J, Figueroa JD. Role of the prefrontal cortical protease TACE/ADAM17 in neurobehavioral responses to chronic stress during adolescence. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3482. [PMID: 38715397 PMCID: PMC11077197 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic adolescent stress profoundly affects prefrontal cortical networks regulating top-down behavior control. However, the neurobiological pathways contributing to stress-induced alterations in the brain and behavior remain largely unknown. Chronic stress influences brain growth factors and immune responses, which may, in turn, disrupt the maturation and function of prefrontal cortical networks. The tumor necrosis factor alpha-converting enzyme/a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (TACE/ADAM17) is a sheddase with essential functions in brain maturation, behavior, and inflammatory responses. This study aimed to determine the impact of stress on the prefrontal cortex and whether TACE/ADAM17 plays a role in these responses. METHODS We used a Lewis rat model that incorporates critical elements of chronic psychosocial stress, such as uncontrollability, unpredictability, lack of social support, and re-experiencing of trauma. RESULTS Chronic stress during adolescence reduced the acoustic startle reflex and social interactions while increasing extracellular free water content and TACE/ADAM17 mRNA levels in the medial prefrontal cortex. Chronic stress altered various ethological behavioral domains in the observation home cages (decreased ingestive behaviors and increased walking, grooming, and rearing behaviors). A group of rats was injected intracerebrally either with a novel Accell™ SMARTpool TACE/ADAM17 siRNA or a corresponding siRNA vehicle (control). The RNAscope Multiplex Fluorescent v2 Assay was used to visualize mRNA expression. Automated puncta quantification and analyses demonstrated that TACE/ADAM17 siRNA administration reduced TACE/ADAM17 mRNA levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (59% reduction relative to control). We found that the rats that received prefrontal cortical TACE/ADAM17 siRNA administration exhibited altered eating patterns (e.g., increased food intake and time in the feeding zone during the light cycle). CONCLUSION This study supports that the prefrontal cortex is sensitive to adolescent chronic stress and suggests that TACE/ADAM17 may be involved in the brain responses to stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fransua Sharafeddin
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular MedicineLoma Linda University School of MedicineLoma LindaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Basic SciencesLoma Linda University School of MedicineLoma LindaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Julio Sierra
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular MedicineLoma Linda University School of MedicineLoma LindaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Basic SciencesLoma Linda University School of MedicineLoma LindaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mina Ghaly
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular MedicineLoma Linda University School of MedicineLoma LindaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Basic SciencesLoma Linda University School of MedicineLoma LindaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Timothy B. Simon
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular MedicineLoma Linda University School of MedicineLoma LindaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Basic SciencesLoma Linda University School of MedicineLoma LindaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Perla Ontiveros‐Ángel
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular MedicineLoma Linda University School of MedicineLoma LindaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Basic SciencesLoma Linda University School of MedicineLoma LindaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Brandon Edelbach
- Department of NeurosurgeryLoma Linda University School of Medicine Loma LindaCAUSA
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Translational Research Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, College of MedicineUniversity of Florida HealthGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Jennifer Labus
- Graduate Program in Bioscience, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesUSA
| | - Johnny D. Figueroa
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular MedicineLoma Linda University School of MedicineLoma LindaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Basic SciencesLoma Linda University School of MedicineLoma LindaCaliforniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Z, Yu S, Li L, Zhou C, Wang L, Tang S, Gu N, Zhang Z, Huang Z, Chen H, Tang W, Wang Y, Yang X, Sun X, Yan J. TREM2 alleviates white matter injury after traumatic brain injury in mice might be mediated by regulation of DHCR24/LXR pathway in microglia. Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1665. [PMID: 38649789 PMCID: PMC11035381 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND White matter injury (WMI) is an important pathological process after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The correlation between white matter functions and the myeloid cells expressing triggering receptor-2 (TREM2) has been convincingly demonstrated. Moreover, a recent study revealed that microglial sterol metabolism is crucial for early remyelination after demyelinating diseases. However, the potential roles of TREM2 expression and microglial sterol metabolism in WMI after TBI have not yet been explored. METHODS Controlled cortical injury was induced in both wild-type (WT) and TREM2 depletion (TREM2 KO) mice to simulate clinical TBI. COG1410 was used to upregulate TREM2, while PLX5622 and GSK2033 were used to deplete microglia and inhibit the liver X receptor (LXR), respectively. Immunofluorescence, Luxol fast blue staining, magnetic resonance imaging, transmission electron microscopy, and oil red O staining were employed to assess WMI after TBI. Neurological behaviour tests and electrophysiological recordings were utilized to evaluate cognitive functions following TBI. Microglial cell sorting and transcriptomic sequencing were utilized to identify alterations in microglial sterol metabolism-related genes, while western blot was conducted to validate the findings. RESULTS TREM2 expressed highest at 3 days post-TBI and was predominantly localized to microglial cells within the white matter. Depletion of TREM2 worsened aberrant neurological behaviours, and this phenomenon was mediated by the exacerbation of WMI, reduced renewal of oligodendrocytes, and impaired phagocytosis ability of microglia after TBI. Subsequently, the upregulation of TREM2 alleviated WMI, promoted oligodendrocyte regeneration, and ultimately facilitated the recovery of neurological behaviours after TBI. Finally, the expression of DHCR24 increased in TREM2 KO mice after TBI. Interestingly, TREM2 inhibited DHCR24 and upregulated members of the LXR pathway. Moreover, LXR inhibition could partially reverse the effects of TREM2 upregulation on electrophysiological activities. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that TREM2 has the potential to alleviate WMI following TBI, possibly through the DHCR24/LXR pathway in microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Li
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Emergency DepartmentChengdu First People's HospitalChengduChina
| | - Shenghui Yu
- Emergency DepartmentChengdu First People's HospitalChengduChina
| | - Lin Li
- Department of NeurosurgeryChongqing University Cancer HospitalChongqingChina
| | - Chao Zhou
- Emergency DepartmentChengdu First People's HospitalChengduChina
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Department of NeurosurgeryNanchong Central HospitalThe Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical CollegeNanchongChina
| | - Shuang Tang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Department of NeurosurgerySuining Central HospitalSuiningChina
| | - Nina Gu
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zhaosi Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zhijian Huang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yingwen Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xiaomin Yang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Jin Yan
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sun R, Lei C, Xu Z, Gu X, Huang L, Chen L, Tan Y, Peng M, Yaddanapudi K, Siskind L, Kong M, Mitchell R, Yan J, Deng Z. Neutral ceramidase regulates breast cancer progression by metabolic programming of TREM2-associated macrophages. Nat Commun 2024; 15:966. [PMID: 38302493 PMCID: PMC10834982 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is reprogrammed by cancer cells and participates in all stages of tumor progression. Neutral ceramidase is a key regulator of ceramide, the central intermediate in sphingolipid metabolism. The contribution of neutral ceramidase to the reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment is not well understood. Here, we find that deletion of neutral ceramidase in multiple breast cancer models in female mice accelerates tumor growth. Our result show that Ly6C+CD39+ tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells are enriched in the tumor microenvironment and display an exhausted phenotype. Deletion of myeloid neutral ceramidase in vivo and in vitro induces exhaustion in tumor-infiltrating Ly6C+CD39+CD8+ T cells. Mechanistically, myeloid neutral ceramidase is required for the generation of lipid droplets and for the induction of lipolysis, which generate fatty acids for fatty-acid oxidation and orchestrate macrophage metabolism. Metabolite ceramide leads to reprogramming of macrophages toward immune suppressive TREM2+ tumor associated macrophages, which promote CD8 T cells exhaustion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Department of Surgery, Division of Immunotherapy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, KY40202, USA
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P. R. China
| | - Chao Lei
- Department of Surgery, Division of Immunotherapy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, KY40202, USA
| | - Zhishan Xu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Immunotherapy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, KY40202, USA
| | - Xuemei Gu
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, KY40202, USA
| | - Liu Huang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Immunotherapy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, KY40202, USA
| | - Yi Tan
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Min Peng
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P. R. China
| | - Kavitha Yaddanapudi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Immunotherapy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, KY40202, USA
| | - Leah Siskind
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Maiying Kong
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, KY40202, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Robert Mitchell
- Department of Surgery, Division of Immunotherapy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, KY40202, USA
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Immunotherapy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, KY40202, USA
| | - Zhongbin Deng
- Department of Surgery, Division of Immunotherapy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, KY40202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Matos ADO, Dantas PHDS, Queiroz HAGDB, Silva-Sales M, Sales-Campos H. TREM-2: friend or foe in infectious diseases? Crit Rev Microbiol 2024; 50:1-19. [PMID: 36403150 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2146481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM-2) is an immune receptor expressed on immune and non-immune cells, more frequently investigated in neurodegenerative disorders and considered a marker for microglia activation. In infectious diseases, the receptor was initially believed to be an anti-inflammatory molecule, opposing the inflammation triggered by TREM-1. Currently, TREM-2 is associated with different aspects in response to infectious stimuli, including the induction of bacterial phagocytosis and clearance, containment of exacerbated pro-inflammatory responses, induction of M2 differentiation and activation of Th1 lymphocytes, besides of neurological damage after viral infection. Here, we present and discuss results published in the last two decades regarding the expression, activation and functions of TREM-2 during the course of bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections. A surprisingly plasticity was observed regarding the roles of the receptor in the aforementioned contexts, which largely varied according to the cell/organ and pathogen type, besides influencing disease outcome. Therefore, our review aimed to critically overview the role of TREM-2 in infectious diseases, highlighting its potential to be used as a clinical biomarker or therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marcelle Silva-Sales
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tagliatti E, Desiato G, Mancinelli S, Bizzotto M, Gagliani MC, Faggiani E, Hernández-Soto R, Cugurra A, Poliseno P, Miotto M, Argüello RJ, Filipello F, Cortese K, Morini R, Lodato S, Matteoli M. Trem2 expression in microglia is required to maintain normal neuronal bioenergetics during development. Immunity 2024; 57:86-105.e9. [PMID: 38159572 PMCID: PMC10783804 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2) is a myeloid cell-specific gene expressed in brain microglia, with variants that are associated with neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Trem2 is essential for microglia-mediated synaptic refinement, but whether Trem2 contributes to shaping neuronal development remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Trem2 plays a key role in controlling the bioenergetic profile of pyramidal neurons during development. In the absence of Trem2, developing neurons in the hippocampal cornus ammonis (CA)1 but not in CA3 subfield displayed compromised energetic metabolism, accompanied by reduced mitochondrial mass and abnormal organelle ultrastructure. This was paralleled by the transcriptional rearrangement of hippocampal pyramidal neurons at birth, with a pervasive alteration of metabolic, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial gene signatures, accompanied by a delay in the maturation of CA1 neurons. Our results unveil a role of Trem2 in controlling neuronal development by regulating the metabolic fitness of neurons in a region-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Tagliatti
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Genni Desiato
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Mancinelli
- Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Via Levi Montalicini 4, Pieve Emanuele 20072 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Bizzotto
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy; Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Via Levi Montalicini 4, Pieve Emanuele 20072 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria C Gagliani
- Cellular Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Human Anatomy, Università di Genova, Via Antonio de Toni 14, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Elisa Faggiani
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Cugurra
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Poliseno
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Miotto
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Rafael J Argüello
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Fabia Filipello
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katia Cortese
- Cellular Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Human Anatomy, Università di Genova, Via Antonio de Toni 14, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Raffaella Morini
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Lodato
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy; Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Via Levi Montalicini 4, Pieve Emanuele 20072 Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Matteoli
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy; Institute of Neuroscience - National Research Council, 20139 Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wu Z, Yang S, Fang X, Shu Q, Chen Q. Function and mechanism of TREM2 in bacterial infection. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011895. [PMID: 38236825 PMCID: PMC10796033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), which is a lipid sensing and phagocytosis receptor, plays a key role in immunity and inflammation in response to pathogens. Here, we review the function and signaling of TREM2 in microbial binding, engulfment and removal, and describe TREM2-mediated inhibition of inflammation by negatively regulating the Toll-like receptor (TLR) response. We further illustrate the role of TREM2 in restoring organ homeostasis in sepsis and soluble TREM2 (sTREM2) as a diagnostic marker for sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). Finally, we discuss the prospect of TREM2 as an interesting therapeutic target for sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Wu
- Department of the Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiyue Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangming Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Shu
- Department of the Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qixing Chen
- Department of the Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Area-Gomez E, Schon EA. Towards a Unitary Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:1243-1275. [PMID: 38578892 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The "amyloid cascade" hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis invokes the accumulation in the brain of plaques (containing the amyloid-β protein precursor [AβPP] cleavage product amyloid-β [Aβ]) and tangles (containing hyperphosphorylated tau) as drivers of pathogenesis. However, the poor track record of clinical trials based on this hypothesis suggests that the accumulation of these peptides is not the only cause of AD. Here, an alternative hypothesis is proposed in which the AβPP cleavage product C99, not Aβ, is the main culprit, via its role as a regulator of cholesterol metabolism. C99, which is a cholesterol sensor, promotes the formation of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAM), a cholesterol-rich lipid raft-like subdomain of the ER that communicates, both physically and biochemically, with mitochondria. We propose that in early-onset AD (EOAD), MAM-localized C99 is elevated above normal levels, resulting in increased transport of cholesterol from the plasma membrane to membranes of intracellular organelles, such as ER/endosomes, thereby upregulating MAM function and driving pathology. By the same token, late-onset AD (LOAD) is triggered by any genetic variant that increases the accumulation of intracellular cholesterol that, in turn, boosts the levels of C99 and again upregulates MAM function. Thus, the functional cause of AD is upregulated MAM function that, in turn, causes the hallmark disease phenotypes, including the plaques and tangles. Accordingly, the MAM hypothesis invokes two key interrelated elements, C99 and cholesterol, that converge at the MAM to drive AD pathogenesis. From this perspective, AD is, at bottom, a lipid disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estela Area-Gomez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas "Margarita Salas", Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eric A Schon
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Development>, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
de Gea P, Benkeder S, Bouvet P, Aimard M, Chounlamountri N, Honnorat J, Do LD, Meissirel C. VEGF controls microglial phagocytic response to amyloid-β. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1264402. [PMID: 38162003 PMCID: PMC10757340 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1264402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells are well known to be implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), due to the impaired clearance of amyloid-β (Aβ) protein. In AD, Aβ accumulates in the brain parenchyma as soluble oligomers and protofibrils, and its aggregation process further give rise to amyloid plaques. Compelling evidence now indicate that Aβ oligomers (Aβo) are the most toxic forms responsible for neuronal and synaptic alterations. Recently, we showed that the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) counteracts Aβo-induced synaptic alterations and that a peptide derived from VEGF is able to inhibit Aβ aggregation process. Moreover, VEGF has been reported to promote microglial chemotaxis to Aβ brain deposits. We therefore investigated whether VEGF could influence microglial phagocytic response to Aβ, using in vitro and ex vivo models of amyloid accumulation. We report here that VEGF increases Aβo phagocytosis by microglial cells and further characterized the molecular basis of the VEGF effect. VEGF is able to control α-secretase activity in microglial cells, resulting in the increased cleavage of the Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), a major microglial Aβ receptor. Consistently, the soluble form sTREM2 also increases Aβo phagocytosis by microglial cells. Taken together, these findings propose VEGF as a new regulator of Aβ clearance and suggest its potential role in rescuing compromised microglial function in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscille de Gea
- Laboratory MeLIS, Institut Neuromyogène, Synaptopathies and Autoantibodies, INSERM U1314, CNRS UMR 5284, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Sarah Benkeder
- Laboratory MeLIS, Institut Neuromyogène, Synaptopathies and Autoantibodies, INSERM U1314, CNRS UMR 5284, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Pauline Bouvet
- Laboratory MeLIS, Institut Neuromyogène, Synaptopathies and Autoantibodies, INSERM U1314, CNRS UMR 5284, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Mélanie Aimard
- Laboratory MeLIS, Institut Neuromyogène, Synaptopathies and Autoantibodies, INSERM U1314, CNRS UMR 5284, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Naura Chounlamountri
- Laboratory MeLIS, Institut Neuromyogène, Synaptopathies and Autoantibodies, INSERM U1314, CNRS UMR 5284, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Honnorat
- Laboratory MeLIS, Institut Neuromyogène, Synaptopathies and Autoantibodies, INSERM U1314, CNRS UMR 5284, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron, France
| | - Le Duy Do
- Laboratory MeLIS, Institut Neuromyogène, Synaptopathies and Autoantibodies, INSERM U1314, CNRS UMR 5284, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron, France
| | - Claire Meissirel
- Laboratory MeLIS, Institut Neuromyogène, Synaptopathies and Autoantibodies, INSERM U1314, CNRS UMR 5284, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Schlepckow K, Morenas-Rodríguez E, Hong S, Haass C. Stimulation of TREM2 with agonistic antibodies-an emerging therapeutic option for Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol 2023; 22:1048-1060. [PMID: 37863592 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(23)00247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, are associated with microgliosis. Microglia have long been considered to have detrimental roles in Alzheimer's disease. However, functional analyses of genes encoding risk factors that are linked to late-onset Alzheimer's disease, and that are enriched or exclusively expressed in microglia, have revealed unexpected protective functions. One of the major risk genes for Alzheimer's disease is TREM2. Risk variants of TREM2 are loss-of-function mutations affecting chemotaxis, phagocytosis, lipid and energy metabolism, and survival and proliferation. Agonistic anti-TREM2 antibodies have been developed to boost these protective functions in patients with intact TREM2 alleles. Several anti-TREM2 antibodies are in early clinical trials, and current efforts aim to achieve more efficient transport of these antibodies across the blood-brain barrier. PET imaging could be used to monitor target engagement. Data from animal models, and biomarker studies in patients, further support a rationale for boosting TREM2 functions during the preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Schlepckow
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Estrella Morenas-Rodríguez
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Group of Neurogenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Soyon Hong
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christian Haass
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany; Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tobeh NS, Bruce KD. Emerging Alzheimer's disease therapeutics: promising insights from lipid metabolism and microglia-focused interventions. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1259012. [PMID: 38020773 PMCID: PMC10630922 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1259012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 55 million people suffer from dementia, with this number projected to double every 20 years. In the United States, 1 in 3 aged individuals dies from Alzheimer's disease (AD) or another type of dementia and AD kills more individuals than breast cancer and prostate cancer combined. AD is a complex and multifactorial disease involving amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangle formation, glial cell dysfunction, and lipid droplet accumulation (among other pathologies), ultimately leading to neurodegeneration and neuronal death. Unfortunately, the current FDA-approved therapeutics do not reverse nor halt AD. While recently approved amyloid-targeting antibodies can slow AD progression to improve outcomes for some patients, they are associated with adverse side effects, may have a narrow therapeutic window, and are expensive. In this review, we evaluate current and emerging AD therapeutics in preclinical and clinical development and provide insight into emerging strategies that target brain lipid metabolism and microglial function - an approach that may synergistically target multiple mechanisms that drive AD neuropathogenesis. Overall, we evaluate whether these disease-modifying emerging therapeutics hold promise as interventions that may be able to reverse or halt AD progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nour S Tobeh
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kimberley D Bruce
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang X, Tang L, Yang J, Meng L, Chen J, Zhou L, Wang J, Xiong M, Zhang Z. Soluble TREM2 ameliorates tau phosphorylation and cognitive deficits through activating transgelin-2 in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6670. [PMID: 37865646 PMCID: PMC10590452 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a transmembrane protein that is predominantly expressed by microglia in the brain. The proteolytic shedding of TREM2 results in the release of soluble TREM2 (sTREM2), which is increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). It remains unknown whether sTREM2 regulates the pathogenesis of AD. Here we identified transgelin-2 (TG2) expressed on neurons as the receptor for sTREM2. The microglia-derived sTREM2 binds to TG2, induces RhoA phosphorylation at S188, and deactivates the RhoA-ROCK-GSK3β pathway, ameliorating tau phosphorylation. The sTREM2 (77-89) fragment, which is the minimal active sequence of sTREM2 to activate TG2, mimics the inhibitory effect of sTREM2 on tau phosphorylation. Overexpression of sTREM2 or administration of the active peptide rescues tau pathology and behavioral defects in the tau P301S transgenic mice. Together, these findings demonstrate that the sTREM2-TG2 interaction mediates the cross-talk between microglia and neurons. sTREM2 and its active peptide may be a potential therapeutic intervention for tauopathies including AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Jiaolong Yang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Lanxia Meng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Jiehui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Lingyan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Jiangyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Min Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells (TREMs) encompass a family of cell-surface receptors chiefly expressed by granulocytes, monocytes and tissue macrophages. These receptors have been implicated in inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, bone remodelling, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis and cancer. Here, I review the structure, ligands, signalling modes and functions of TREMs in humans and mice and discuss the challenges that remain in understanding TREM biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ogonowski N, Santamaria-Garcia H, Baez S, Lopez A, Laserna A, Garcia-Cifuentes E, Ayala-Ramirez P, Zarante I, Suarez-Obando F, Reyes P, Kauffman M, Cochran N, Schulte M, Sirkis DW, Spina S, Yokoyama JS, Miller BL, Kosik KS, Matallana D, Ibáñez A. Frontotemporal dementia presentation in patients with heterozygous p.H157Y variant of TREM2. J Med Genet 2023; 60:894-904. [PMID: 36813542 PMCID: PMC10447405 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-108627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2 (TREM2) is a major regulator of neuroinflammatory processes in neurodegeneration. To date, the p.H157Y variant of TREM2 has been reported only in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Here, we report three patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) from three unrelated families with heterozygous p.H157Y variant of TREM2: two patients from Colombian families (study 1) and a third Mexican origin case from the USA (study 2). METHODS To determine if the p.H157Y variant might be associated with a specific FTD presentation, we compared in each study the cases with age-matched, sex-matched and education-matched groups-a healthy control group (HC) and a group with FTD with neither TREM2 mutations nor family antecedents (Ng-FTD and Ng-FTD-MND). RESULTS The two Colombian cases presented with early behavioural changes, greater impairments in general cognition and executive function compared with both HC and Ng-FTD groups. These patients also exhibited brain atrophy in areas characteristic of FTD. Furthermore, TREM2 cases showed increased atrophy compared with Ng-FTD in frontal, temporal, parietal, precuneus, basal ganglia, parahippocampal/hippocampal and cerebellar regions. The Mexican case presented with FTD and motor neuron disease (MND), showing grey matter reduction in basal ganglia and thalamus, and extensive TDP-43 type B pathology. CONCLUSION In all TREM2 cases, multiple atrophy peaks overlapped with the maximum peaks of TREM2 gene expression in crucial brain regions including frontal, temporal, thalamic and basal ganglia areas. These results provide the first report of an FTD presentation potentially associated with the p.H157Y variant with exacerbated neurocognitive impairments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ogonowski
- Latin American Institute for Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Adolfo Ibanez University, Santiago, Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Hernando Santamaria-Garcia
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Ph.D Program of Neuroscience, Bogotá, Colombia
- Hospital Universitario San Ignacio. Centro de Memoria y Cognición Intellectus, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Andrea Lopez
- Hospital Universitario de la Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogota, Colombia
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrés Laserna
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
- University of Rochester Medical Center. Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine. of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rochester, NY, New York, USA
| | - Elkin Garcia-Cifuentes
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
- Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Paola Ayala-Ramirez
- Human Genomics Institute, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
| | | | | | - Pablo Reyes
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Marcelo Kauffman
- Hospital General de Agudos Jose Maria Ramos Mejia Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenetica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad Austral. IIMT-FCB. Conicet, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Daniel W Sirkis
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Weil Institute of Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Salvatore Spina
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jennifer S Yokoyama
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Weil Institute of Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Kenneth S Kosik
- University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Diana Matallana
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Agustín Ibáñez
- Latin American Institute for Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Adolfo Ibanez University, Santiago, Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andres & CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhong L, Sheng X, Wang W, Li Y, Zhuo R, Wang K, Zhang L, Hu DD, Hong Y, Chen L, Rao H, Li T, Chen M, Lin Z, Zhang YW, Wang X, Yan XX, Chen X, Bu G, Chen XF. TREM2 receptor protects against complement-mediated synaptic loss by binding to complement C1q during neurodegeneration. Immunity 2023; 56:1794-1808.e8. [PMID: 37442133 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is strongly linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, but its functions are not fully understood. Here, we found that TREM2 specifically attenuated the activation of classical complement cascade via high-affinity binding to its initiator C1q. In the human AD brains, the formation of TREM2-C1q complexes was detected, and the increased density of the complexes was associated with lower deposition of C3 but higher amounts of synaptic proteins. In mice expressing mutant human tau, Trem2 haploinsufficiency increased complement-mediated microglial engulfment of synapses and accelerated synaptic loss. Administration of a 41-amino-acid TREM2 peptide, which we identified to be responsible for TREM2 binding to C1q, rescued synaptic impairments in AD mouse models. We thus demonstrate a critical role for microglial TREM2 in restricting complement-mediated synaptic elimination during neurodegeneration, providing mechanistic insights into the protective roles of TREM2 against AD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Xuan Sheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Wanbing Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yanzhong Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Rengong Zhuo
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518063, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Lianshuai Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Dan-Dan Hu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yujuan Hong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Linting Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Hengjun Rao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Muyang Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Zhihao Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518063, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Xiao-Fen Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518063, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu W, Weng S, Liu H, Cao C, Wang S, Wu S, He J, Yang Y, Hu D, Luo Y, Peng D. Serum soluble TREM2 is an independent biomarker associated with coronary heart disease. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 548:117499. [PMID: 37536519 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a unique receptor expressed by macrophages in atherosclerotic plaque and is involved in the progression of atherosclerosis. Whether serum soluble TREM2 (sTREM2) levels has a relationship with coronary heart disease (CHD) remains unclear. METHODS The cross-sectional study included 86 patients with CHD and 86 controls matched with age and sex. Demographic information, medication history, and laboratory data were collected. sTREM2 concentrations were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We compared the sTREM2 levels in two groups and constructed stepwise linear regression analysis for factors related to the sTREM2 level in patients with CHD; we further used the logistic regression model to evaluate the relationship between sTREM2 and CHD. The diagnostic value of sTREM2 and other biomarkers in CHD was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). RESULTS The serum level of sTREM2 in CHD patients is higher than that in controls. In CHD patients, the stepwise linear regression analysis found that sTREM2 levels were correlated with triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterols (HDL-C), apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and smoking status. Logistic regression models showed that sTREM2 was associated independently with CHD after adjusted confounders. The ROC curve showed a sensitivity of 59.3% and specificity of 81.4% with an area under the curve of 0.781 (95% CI: 0.711-0.852) for the diagnosis of CHD with serum sTREM2 at a cut-off value of > 1104.894 pg/ml, indicating a higher diagnostic value than high sensitivity C reaction protein (hs-CRP) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB). CONCLUSION In this study, we provide evidence that sTREM2 levels are elevated in CHD patients and are associated with various cardiovascular risk factors. Additionally, sTREM2 demonstrates better diagnostic performance compared to traditional indicators in identifying CHD. These findings suggest that sTREM2 may serve as a potential biomarker for coronary heart disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwu Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Blood Lipids and Atherosclerosis, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Shuwei Weng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Blood Lipids and Atherosclerosis, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Huixing Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Blood Lipids and Atherosclerosis, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Chenghui Cao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Blood Lipids and Atherosclerosis, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Blood Lipids and Atherosclerosis, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Sha Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Blood Lipids and Atherosclerosis, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Jia He
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Blood Lipids and Atherosclerosis, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Blood Lipids and Atherosclerosis, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Die Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Blood Lipids and Atherosclerosis, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yonghong Luo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Blood Lipids and Atherosclerosis, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Daoquan Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Blood Lipids and Atherosclerosis, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
La Rosa F, Agostini S, Piancone F, Marventano I, Hernis A, Fenoglio C, Galimberti D, Scarpini E, Saresella M, Clerici M. TREM2 Expression and Amyloid-Beta Phagocytosis in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108626. [PMID: 37239970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease is the most common form of dementia; its key pathological findings include the deposition of extracellular-neurotoxic-plaques composed of amyloid-beta (Ab). AD-pathogenesis involves mechanisms that operate outside the brain, and new researches indicate that peripheral inflammation is an early event in the disease. Herein, we focus on a receptor known as triggering-receptor-expressed-on-myeloid-cells2 (TREM2), which promotes the optimal immune cells function required to attenuate AD-progression and is, therefore, a potential target as peripheral diagnostic and prognostic-biomarker for Alzheimer's Disease. The objective of this exploratory study was to analyze: (1) soluble-TREM2 (sTREM2) plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentration, (2) TREM2-mRNA, (3) the percentage of TREM2-expressing monocytes, and (4) the concentration of miR-146a-5p and miR-34a-5p suspected to influence TREM2 transcription. Experiments were performed on PBMC collected by 15AD patients and 12age-matched healthy controls that were unstimulated or treated in inflammatory (LPS) conditions and Ab42 for 24 h; Aβ42-phagocytosis was also analyzed by AMNIS FlowSight. Results although preliminary, due to limitations by the small sample-size, showed that in AD compared to HC: TREM2 expressing monocytes were reduced, plasma sTREM2 concentration and TREM2-mRNA were significantly upregulated and Ab42-phagocytosis was diminished (for all p < 0.05). miR-34a-5p expression was reduced (p = 0.02) as well in PBMC of AD, and miR-146 was only observed in AD cells (p = 0.0001).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ambra Hernis
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20147 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Fenoglio
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Elio Scarpini
- Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20147 Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
van Lengerich B, Zhan L, Xia D, Chan D, Joy D, Park JI, Tatarakis D, Calvert M, Hummel S, Lianoglou S, Pizzo ME, Prorok R, Thomsen E, Bartos LM, Beumers P, Capell A, Davis SS, de Weerd L, Dugas JC, Duque J, Earr T, Gadkar K, Giese T, Gill A, Gnörich J, Ha C, Kannuswamy M, Kim DJ, Kunte ST, Kunze LH, Lac D, Lechtenberg K, Leung AWS, Liang CC, Lopez I, McQuade P, Modi A, Torres VO, Nguyen HN, Pesämaa I, Propson N, Reich M, Robles-Colmenares Y, Schlepckow K, Slemann L, Solanoy H, Suh JH, Thorne RG, Vieira C, Wind-Mark K, Xiong K, Zuchero YJY, Diaz D, Dennis MS, Huang F, Scearce-Levie K, Watts RJ, Haass C, Lewcock JW, Di Paolo G, Brendel M, Sanchez PE, Monroe KM. A TREM2-activating antibody with a blood-brain barrier transport vehicle enhances microglial metabolism in Alzheimer's disease models. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:416-429. [PMID: 36635496 PMCID: PMC9991924 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Loss-of-function variants of TREM2 are associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), suggesting that activation of this innate immune receptor may be a useful therapeutic strategy. Here we describe a high-affinity human TREM2-activating antibody engineered with a monovalent transferrin receptor (TfR) binding site, termed antibody transport vehicle (ATV), to facilitate blood-brain barrier transcytosis. Upon peripheral delivery in mice, ATV:TREM2 showed improved brain biodistribution and enhanced signaling compared to a standard anti-TREM2 antibody. In human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia, ATV:TREM2 induced proliferation and improved mitochondrial metabolism. Single-cell RNA sequencing and morphometry revealed that ATV:TREM2 shifted microglia to metabolically responsive states, which were distinct from those induced by amyloid pathology. In an AD mouse model, ATV:TREM2 boosted brain microglial activity and glucose metabolism. Thus, ATV:TREM2 represents a promising approach to improve microglial function and treat brain hypometabolism found in patients with AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lihong Zhan
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dan Xia
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Darren Chan
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Joy
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joshua I Park
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Selina Hummel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Rachel Prorok
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Laura M Bartos
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Beumers
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja Capell
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Metabolic Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Lis de Weerd
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Jason C Dugas
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Duque
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Timothy Earr
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kapil Gadkar
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tina Giese
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Audrey Gill
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Johannes Gnörich
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Connie Ha
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Do Jin Kim
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sebastian T Kunte
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Lea H Kunze
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Diana Lac
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Isabel Lopez
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul McQuade
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anuja Modi
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Ida Pesämaa
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Marvin Reich
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Kai Schlepckow
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Luna Slemann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Hilda Solanoy
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jung H Suh
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Karin Wind-Mark
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ken Xiong
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Dolo Diaz
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark S Dennis
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fen Huang
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Ryan J Watts
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christian Haass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Metabolic Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Matthias Brendel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Beckmann N, Neuhaus A, Zurbruegg S, Volkmer P, Patino C, Joller S, Feuerbach D, Doelemeyer A, Schweizer T, Rudin S, Neumann U, Berth R, Frieauff W, Gasparini F, Shimshek DR. Genetic models of cleavage-reduced and soluble TREM2 reveal distinct effects on myelination and microglia function in the cuprizone model. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:29. [PMID: 36755323 PMCID: PMC9909920 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02671-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a cell-surface immunoreceptor expressed on microglia, osteoclasts, dendritic cells and macrophages. Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in TREM2, including mutations enhancing shedding form the cell surface, have been associated with myelin/neuronal loss and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer`s disease and Frontotemporal Dementia. Using the cuprizone model, we investigated the involvement of soluble and cleavage-reduced TREM2 on central myelination processes in cleavage-reduced (TREM2-IPD), soluble-only (TREM2-sol), knockout (TREM2-KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. The TREM2-sol mouse is a new model with selective elimination of plasma membrane TREM2 and a reduced expression of soluble TREM2. In the acute cuprizone model demyelination and remyelination events were reflected by a T2-weighted signal intensity change in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), most prominently in the external capsule (EC). In contrast to WT and TREM2-IPD, TREM2-sol and TREM2-KO showed an additional increase in MRI signal during the recovery phase. Histological analyses of TREM2-IPD animals revealed no recovery of neuroinflammation as well as of the lysosomal marker LAMP-1 and displayed enhanced cytokine/chemokine levels in the brain. TREM2-sol and, to a much lesser extent, TREM2-KO, however, despite presenting reduced levels of some cytokines/chemokines, showed persistent microgliosis and astrocytosis during recovery, with both homeostatic (TMEM119) as well as activated (LAMP-1) microglia markers increased. This was accompanied, specifically in the EC, by no myelin recovery, with appearance of myelin debris and axonal pathology, while oligodendrocytes recovered. In the chronic model consisting of 12-week cuprizone administration followed by 3-week recovery TREM2-IPD displayed sustained microgliosis and enhanced remyelination in the recovery phase. Taken together, our data suggest that sustained microglia activation led to increased remyelination, whereas microglia without plasma membrane TREM2 and only soluble TREM2 had reduced phagocytic activity despite efficient lysosomal function, as observed in bone marrow-derived macrophages, leading to a dysfunctional phenotype with improper myelin debris removal, lack of remyelination and axonal pathology following cuprizone intoxication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolau Beckmann
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Musculoskeletal Diseases Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Neuhaus
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Zurbruegg
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pia Volkmer
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Patino
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Joller
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Feuerbach
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arno Doelemeyer
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Musculoskeletal Diseases Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tatjana Schweizer
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Rudin
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Neumann
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ramon Berth
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wilfried Frieauff
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Gasparini
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Derya R. Shimshek
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Indira Chandran V, Wernberg CW, Lauridsen MM, Skytthe MK, Bendixen SM, Larsen FT, Hansen CD, Grønkjær LL, Siersbæk MS, Caterino TD, Detlefsen S, Møller HJ, Grøntved L, Ravnskjaer K, Moestrup SK, Thiele MS, Krag A, Graversen JH. Circulating TREM2 as a noninvasive diagnostic biomarker for NASH in patients with elevated liver stiffness. Hepatology 2023; 77:558-572. [PMID: 35712786 PMCID: PMC9869959 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Reliable noninvasive biomarkers are an unmet clinical need for the diagnosis of NASH. This study investigates the diagnostic accuracy of the circulating triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (plasma TREM2) as a biomarker for NASH in patients with NAFLD and elevated liver stiffness. APPROACH AND RESULTS We collected cross-sectional, clinical data including liver biopsies from a derivation ( n = 48) and a validation cohort ( n = 170) of patients with elevated liver stiffness measurement (LSM ≥ 8.0 kPa). Patients with NAFLD activity scores (NAS) ≥4 were defined as having NASH. Plasma TREM2 levels were significantly elevated in patients with NASH of the derivation cohort, with an area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC) of 0.92 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84-0.99). In the validation cohort, plasma TREM2 level increased approximately two-fold in patients with NASH, and a strong diagnostic accuracy was confirmed (AUROC, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.77-0.89; p < 0.0001). Plasma TREM2 levels were associated with the individual histologic features of NAS: steatosis, lobular inflammation, and ballooning ( p < 0.0001), but only weakly with fibrosis stages. Dual cutoffs for rule-in and rule-out were explored: a plasma TREM2 level of ≤38 ng/ml was found to be an optimal NASH rule-out cutoff (sensitivity 90%; specificity 52%), whereas a plasma TREM2 level of ≥65 ng/ml was an optimal NASH rule-in cutoff (specificity 89%; sensitivity 54%). CONCLUSIONS Plasma TREM2 is a plausible individual biomarker that can rule-in or rule-out the presence of NASH with high accuracy and thus has the potential to reduce the need for liver biopsies and to identify patients who are eligible for clinical trials in NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Charlotte Wilhelmina Wernberg
- Liver Research Group, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of South Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark,Centre for Liver Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mette Munk Lauridsen
- Liver Research Group, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of South Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | | | | | - Frederik Tibert Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Camilla Dalby Hansen
- Centre for Liver Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lea Ladegaard Grønkjær
- Liver Research Group, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of South Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Majken Storm Siersbæk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tina Di Caterino
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sönke Detlefsen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Holger Jon Møller
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Grøntved
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kim Ravnskjaer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Søren Kragh Moestrup
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maja Sofie Thiele
- Centre for Liver Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Aleksander Krag
- Centre for Liver Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Qiao W, Chen Y, Zhong J, Madden BJ, Charlesworth CM, Martens YA, Liu CC, Knight J, Ikezu TC, Kurti A, Zhu Y, Meneses A, Rosenberg CL, Kuchenbecker LA, Vanmaele LK, Li F, Chen K, Shue F, Dacquel MV, Fryer J, Pandey A, Zhao N, Bu G. Trem2 H157Y increases soluble TREM2 production and reduces amyloid pathology. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:8. [PMID: 36721205 PMCID: PMC9890893 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00599-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rare p.H157Y variant of TREM2 (Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2) was found to increase Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. This mutation is located at the cleavage site of TREM2 extracellular domain. Ectopic expression of TREM2-H157Y in HEK293 cells resulted in increased TREM2 shedding. However, the physiological outcomes of the TREM2 H157Y mutation remain unknown in the absence and presence of AD related pathologies. METHODS We generated a novel Trem2 H157Y knock-in mouse model through CRISPR/Cas9 technology and investigated the effects of Trem2 H157Y on TREM2 proteolytic processing, synaptic function, and AD-related amyloid pathologies by conducting biochemical assays, targeted mass spectrometry analysis of TREM2, hippocampal electrophysiology, immunofluorescent staining, in vivo micro-dialysis, and cortical bulk RNA sequencing. RESULTS Consistent with previous in vitro findings, Trem2 H157Y increases TREM2 shedding with elevated soluble TREM2 levels in the brain and serum. Moreover, Trem2 H157Y enhances synaptic plasticity without affecting microglial density and morphology, or TREM2 signaling. In the presence of amyloid pathology, Trem2 H157Y accelerates amyloid-β (Aβ) clearance and reduces amyloid burden, dystrophic neurites, and gliosis in two independent founder lines. Targeted mass spectrometry analysis of TREM2 revealed higher ratios of soluble to full-length TREM2-H157Y compared to wild-type TREM2, indicating that the H157Y mutation promotes TREM2 shedding in the presence of Aβ. TREM2 signaling was further found reduced in Trem2 H157Y homozygous mice. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that Trem2 H157Y downregulates neuroinflammation-related genes and an immune module correlated with the amyloid pathology. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings suggest beneficial effects of the Trem2 H157Y mutation in synaptic function and in mitigating amyloid pathology. Considering the genetic association of TREM2 p.H157Y with AD risk, we speculate TREM2 H157Y in humans might increase AD risk through an amyloid-independent pathway, such as its effects on tauopathy and neurodegeneration which merit further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Qiao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Yixing Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Jun Zhong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Benjamin J. Madden
- Medical Genome Facility, Proteomics Core, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | | | - Yuka A. Martens
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Chia-Chen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Joshua Knight
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | | | - Aishe Kurti
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Yiyang Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Axel Meneses
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | | | | | - Lucy K. Vanmaele
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Fuyao Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Francis Shue
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | | | - John Fryer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259 USA
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
- SciNeuro Pharmaceuticals, Rockville, MD 20805 USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liebold I, Meyer S, Heine M, Kuhl A, Witt J, Eissing L, Fischer AW, Koop AC, Kluwe J, zur Wiesch JS, Wehmeyer M, Knippschild U, Scheja L, Heeren J, Bosurgi L, Worthmann A. TREM2 Regulates the Removal of Apoptotic Cells and Inflammatory Processes during the Progression of NAFLD. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030341. [PMID: 36766683 PMCID: PMC9913311 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver pathology worldwide. In mice and humans, NAFLD progression is characterized by the appearance of TREM2-expressing macrophages in the liver. However, their mechanistic contributions to disease progression have not been completely elucidated. Here, we show that TREM2+ macrophages prevent the generation of a pro-inflammatory response elicited by LPS-laden lipoproteins in vitro. Further, Trem2 expression regulates bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and Kupffer cell capacity to phagocyte apoptotic cells in vitro, which is dependent on CD14 activation. In line with this, loss of Trem2 resulted in an increased pro-inflammatory response, which ultimately aggravated liver fibrosis in murine models of NAFLD. Similarly, in a human NAFLD cohort, plasma levels of TREM2 were increased and hepatic TREM2 expression was correlated with higher levels of liver triglycerides and the acquisition of a fibrotic gene signature. Altogether, our results suggest that TREM2+ macrophages have a protective function during the progression of NAFLD, as they are involved in the processing of pro-inflammatory lipoproteins and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and, thereby, are critical contributors for the re-establishment of liver homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imke Liebold
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Kuhl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Witt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leah Eissing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander W. Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anja Christina Koop
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Kluwe
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Amalie Sieveking Hospital, 22359 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Malte Wehmeyer
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lidia Bosurgi
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (A.W.)
| | - Anna Worthmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (A.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lee YS, Olefsky J. Eating macrophages for a healthy anti-NASH meal. Immunity 2023; 56:3-5. [PMID: 36630915 PMCID: PMC10441811 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common liver disease involving interactions between a variety of liver cell types. In this issue of Immunity, Wang et al. show that efferocytosis of dying lipid-laden hepatocytes by hepatic macrophages protects against the development of NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sok Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jerrold Olefsky
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang X, He Q, Zhou C, Xu Y, Liu D, Fujiwara N, Kubota N, Click A, Henderson P, Vancil J, Marquez CA, Gunasekaran G, Schwartz ME, Tabrizian P, Sarpel U, Fiel MI, Diao Y, Sun B, Hoshida Y, Liang S, Zhong Z. Prolonged hypernutrition impairs TREM2-dependent efferocytosis to license chronic liver inflammation and NASH development. Immunity 2023; 56:58-77.e11. [PMID: 36521495 PMCID: PMC9839616 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-induced chronic liver inflammation is a hallmark of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-an aggressive form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, it remains unclear how such a low-grade, yet persistent, inflammation is sustained in the liver. Here, we show that the macrophage phagocytic receptor TREM2, induced by hepatocyte-derived sphingosine-1-phosphate, was required for efferocytosis of lipid-laden apoptotic hepatocytes and thereby maintained liver immune homeostasis. However, prolonged hypernutrition led to the production of proinflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-1β in the liver to induce TREM2 shedding through ADAM17-dependent proteolytic cleavage. Loss of TREM2 resulted in aberrant accumulation of dying hepatocytes, thereby further augmenting proinflammatory cytokine production. This ultimately precipitated a vicious cycle that licensed chronic inflammation to drive simple steatosis transition to NASH. Therefore, impaired macrophage efferocytosis is a previously unrecognized key pathogenic event that enables chronic liver inflammation in obesity. Blocking TREM2 cleavage to restore efferocytosis may represent an effective strategy to treat NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Qifeng He
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuanli Zhou
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yueyuan Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Regeneration Center, Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Danhui Liu
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Naoto Fujiwara
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Naoto Kubota
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Arielle Click
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Polly Henderson
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Janiece Vancil
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Cesia Ammi Marquez
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ganesh Gunasekaran
- Department of Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Myron E Schwartz
- Department of Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Parissa Tabrizian
- Department of Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Umut Sarpel
- Department of Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Maria Isabel Fiel
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yarui Diao
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Regeneration Center, Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Beicheng Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Zhenyu Zhong
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hou J, Chen Y, Grajales-Reyes G, Colonna M. TREM2 dependent and independent functions of microglia in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:84. [PMID: 36564824 PMCID: PMC9783481 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are central players in brain innate immunity and have been the subject of extensive research in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this review, we aim to summarize the genetic and functional discoveries that have advanced our understanding of microglia reactivity to AD pathology. Given the heightened AD risk posed by rare variants of the microglial triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), we will focus on the studies addressing the impact of this receptor on microglia responses to amyloid plaques, tauopathy and demyelination pathologies in mouse and human. Finally, we will discuss the implications of recent discoveries on microglia and TREM2 biology on potential therapeutic strategies for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Hou
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Yun Chen
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA ,grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Gary Grajales-Reyes
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bandow K, Smith A, Garlick J. Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2) positively regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of CXC chemokine ligand 10 and 11 in mouse macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 635:227-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
31
|
Hendrikx T, Porsch F, Kiss MG, Rajcic D, Papac-Miličević N, Hoebinger C, Goederle L, Hladik A, Shaw LE, Horstmann H, Knapp S, Derdak S, Bilban M, Heintz L, Krawczyk M, Paternostro R, Trauner M, Farlik M, Wolf D, Binder CJ. Soluble TREM2 levels reflect the recruitment and expansion of TREM2 + macrophages that localize to fibrotic areas and limit NASH. J Hepatol 2022; 77:1373-1385. [PMID: 35750138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Previous single-cell RNA-sequencing analyses have shown that Trem2-expressing macrophages are present in the liver during obesity, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Herein, we aimed to functionally characterize the role of bone marrow-derived TREM2-expressing macrophage populations in NASH. METHODS We used bulk RNA sequencing to assess the hepatic molecular response to lipid-dependent dietary intervention in mice. Spatial mapping, bone marrow transplantation in two complementary murine models and single-cell sequencing were applied to functionally characterize the role of TREM2+ macrophage populations in NASH. RESULTS We found that the hepatic transcriptomic profile during steatohepatitis mirrors the dynamics of recruited bone marrow-derived monocytes that already acquire increased expression of Trem2 in the circulation. Increased Trem2 expression was reflected by elevated levels of systemic soluble TREM2 in mice and humans with NASH. In addition, soluble TREM2 levels were superior to traditionally used laboratory parameters for distinguishing between different fatty liver disease stages in two separate clinical cohorts. Spatial transcriptomics revealed that TREM2+ macrophages localize to sites of hepatocellular damage, inflammation and fibrosis in the steatotic liver. Finally, using multiple murine models and in vitro experiments, we demonstrate that hematopoietic Trem2 deficiency causes defective lipid handling and extracellular matrix remodeling, resulting in exacerbated steatohepatitis, cell death and fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the functional properties of bone marrow-derived TREM2+ macrophages and implies the clinical relevance of systemic soluble TREM2 levels in the context of NASH. LAY SUMMARY Our study defines the origin and function of macrophages (a type of immune cell) that are present in the liver and express a specific protein called TREM2. We find that these cells have an important role in protecting against non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (a progressive form of fatty liver disease). We also show that the levels of soluble TREM2 in the blood could serve as a circulating marker of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hendrikx
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, KILM, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Molecular Genetics, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Florentina Porsch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, KILM, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Máté G Kiss
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, KILM, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dragana Rajcic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, KILM, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Constanze Hoebinger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, KILM, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Goederle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, KILM, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anastasiya Hladik
- Department of Medicine I, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa E Shaw
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hauke Horstmann
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Knapp
- Department of Medicine I, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophia Derdak
- Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Bilban
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, KILM, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lena Heintz
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Marcin Krawczyk
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany; Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Centre for Preclinical Research, Laboratory of Metabolic Liver Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafael Paternostro
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Farlik
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, KILM, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Vorselen D. Dynamics of phagocytosis mediated by phosphatidylserine. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1281-1291. [PMID: 36281986 PMCID: PMC9704538 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis triggered by the phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) is key for the removal of apoptotic cells in development, tissue homeostasis and infection. Modulation of PS-mediated phagocytosis is an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in the context of atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disease, and cancer. Whereas the mechanisms of target recognition, lipid and protein signalling, and cytoskeletal remodelling in opsonin-driven modes of phagocytosis are increasingly well understood, PS-mediated phagocytosis has remained more elusive. This is partially due to the involvement of a multitude of receptors with at least some redundancy in functioning, which complicates dissecting their contributions and results in complex downstream signalling networks. This review focusses on the receptors involved in PS-recognition, the signalling cascades that connect receptors to cytoskeletal remodelling required for phagocytosis, and recent progress in our understanding of how phagocytic cup formation is coordinated during PS-mediated phagocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daan Vorselen
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wolf EM, Fingleton B, Hasty AH. The therapeutic potential of TREM2 in cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:984193. [PMID: 36119485 PMCID: PMC9479103 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.984193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer continues to be a substantial health concern and a leading cause of death in the United States and around the world. Therefore, it is important to continue to explore the potential of novel therapeutic targets and combinatorial therapies. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a transmembrane receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily that associates with DNAX activation protein (DAP) 12 and DAP10 to propagate signals within the cell. TREM2 has primarily been recognized for its expression on cells in the monocyte-macrophage lineage, with the majority of work focusing on microglial function in Alzheimer’s Disease. However, expansion of TREM2 research into the field of cancer has revealed that epithelial tumor cells as well as intratumoral macrophages and myeloid regulatory cells also express TREM2. In this review, we discuss evidence that TREM2 contributes to tumor suppressing or oncogenic activity when expressed by epithelial tumor cells. In addition, we discuss the immunosuppressive role of TREM2-expressing intratumoral macrophages, and the therapeutic potential of targeting TREM2 in combination with immune checkpoint therapy. Overall, the literature reveals TREM2 could be considered a novel therapeutic target for certain types of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elysa M. Wolf
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Barbara Fingleton
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Alyssa H. Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Alyssa H. Hasty,
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Herd CS, Yu X, Cui Y, Franz AWE. Identification of the extracellular metallo-endopeptidases ADAM and ADAMTS in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 148:103815. [PMID: 35932972 PMCID: PMC11149919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The mosquito Aedes aegypti is a major vector for dengue, Zika, yellow fever, and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses, which cause significant morbidity and mortality among human populations in the tropical regions of the world. Following ingestion of a viremic bloodmeal from a vertebrate host, an arbovirus needs to productively infect the midgut epithelium of the mosquito. De novo synthesized virions then exit the midgut by traversing the surrounding basal lamina (BL) in order to disseminate to secondary tissues and infect those. Once the salivary glands are infected, the virus is transmitted to a vertebrate host along with saliva released during probing of the mosquito. Midgut tissue distention due to bloodmeal ingestion leads to remodeling of the midgut structure and facilitates virus dissemination from the organ. Previously, we described the matrix-metalloproteinases (MMP) of Ae. aegypti as zinc ion dependent endopeptidases (Metzincins) and showed MMP activity during midgut BL rearrangement as a consequence of bloodmeal ingestion and subsequent digestion thereby affecting arbovirus dissemination from the midgut. Here we investigate the ADAM/ADAMTS of Ae. aegypti, which form another major group of multi-domain proteinases within the Metzincin superfamily and are active during extra-cellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Seven different ADAM and five ADAMTS were identified in Ae. aegypti. The functional protein domain structures of the identified mosquito ADAM resembled those of human ADAM10, ADAM12, and ADAM17, while two of the five mosquito ADAMTS had human orthologs. Expression profiling of Ae. aegypti ADAM/ADAMTS in immature forms, whole body-females, midguts, and ovarian tissues showed transcriptional activity of the proteinases during metamorphosis, bloodmeal ingestion/digestion, and female reproduction. Custom-made antibodies to ADAM10a and ADAM12c showed that both were strongly expressed in midgut and ovarian tissues. Furthermore, transient silencing of ADAM12c significantly reduced the carcass infection rate with CHIKV at 24 h post-infection, while silencing of ADAM12a significantly increased viral titers in secondary tissues at the same time point. Our results indicate a functional specificity for several ADAM/ADAMTS in those selected mosquito tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christie S Herd
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Xiudao Yu
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Yingjun Cui
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Alexander W E Franz
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Khezri MR, Ghasemnejad-Berenji M. Icariin: A Potential Neuroprotective Agent in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2954-2962. [PMID: 35802286 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03667-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative diseases worldwide. They are characterized by the loss of neurons and synapses in special parts of the central nervous system (CNS). There is no definitive treatment for AD and PD, but extensive studies are underway to identify the effective drugs which can slow the progression of these diseases by affecting the factors involved in their pathophysiology (i.e., aggregated proteins, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress). Icariin, a natural compound isolated from Epimedii herba, is known because of its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. In this regard, there are numerous studies indicating its potential as a natural compound against the progression of CNS disorders, such as neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, this review aims to re-examine findings on the pharmacologic effects of icariin on factors involved in the pathophysiology of AD and PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Morteza Ghasemnejad-Berenji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. .,Research Center for Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Dash R, Munni YA, Mitra S, Choi HJ, Jahan SI, Chowdhury A, Jang TJ, Moon IS. Dynamic insights into the effects of nonsynonymous polymorphisms (nsSNPs) on loss of TREM2 function. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9378. [PMID: 35672339 PMCID: PMC9174165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide variations in Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2) are associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, including Nasu-Hakola disease (NHD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and late-onset Alzheimer's disease because they disrupt ligand binding to the extracellular domain of TREM2. However, the effects of nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in TREM2 on disease progression remain unknown. In this study, we identified several high-risk nsSNPs in the TREM2 gene using various deleterious SNP predicting algorithms and analyzed their destabilizing effects on the ligand recognizing region of the TREM2 immunoglobulin (Ig) domain by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Cumulative prediction by all tools employed suggested the three most deleterious nsSNPs involved in loss of TREM2 function are rs549402254 (W50S), rs749358844 (R52C), and rs1409131974 (D104G). MD simulation showed that these three variants cause substantial structural alterations and conformational remodeling of the apical loops of the TREM2 Ig domain, which is responsible for ligand recognition. Detailed analysis revealed that these variants substantially increased distances between apical loops and induced conformation remodeling by changing inter-loop nonbonded contacts. Moreover, all nsSNPs changed the electrostatic potentials near the putative ligand-interacting region (PLIR), which suggested they might reduce specificity or loss of binding affinity for TREM2 ligands. Overall, this study identifies three potential high-risk nsSNPs in the TREM2 gene. We propose further studies on the molecular mechanisms responsible for loss of TREM2 function and the associations between TREM2 nsSNPs and neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raju Dash
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeasmin Akter Munni
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarmistha Mitra
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jin Choi
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Sultana Israt Jahan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Apusi Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, North-South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Tae Jung Jang
- Department of Pathology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Soo Moon
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Dhandapani R, Neri M, Bernhard M, Brzak I, Schweizer T, Rudin S, Joller S, Berth R, Kernen J, Neuhaus A, Waldt A, Cuttat R, Naumann U, Keller CG, Roma G, Feuerbach D, Shimshek DR, Neumann U, Gasparini F, Galimberti I. Sustained Trem2 stabilization accelerates microglia heterogeneity and Aβ pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110883. [PMID: 35649351 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
TREM2 is a transmembrane protein expressed exclusively in microglia in the brain that regulates inflammatory responses to pathological conditions. Proteolytic cleavage of membrane TREM2 affects microglial function and is associated with Alzheimer's disease, but the consequence of reduced TREM2 proteolytic cleavage has not been determined. Here, we generate a transgenic mouse model of reduced Trem2 shedding (Trem2-Ile-Pro-Asp [IPD]) through amino-acid substitution of an ADAM-protease recognition site. We show that Trem2-IPD mice display increased Trem2 cell-surface-receptor load, survival, and function in myeloid cells. Using single-cell transcriptomic profiling of mouse cortex, we show that sustained Trem2 stabilization induces a shift of fate in microglial maturation and accelerates microglial responses to Aβ pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Our data indicate that reduction of Trem2 proteolytic cleavage aggravates neuroinflammation during the course of Alzheimer's disease pathology, suggesting that TREM2 shedding is a critical regulator of microglial activity in pathological states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Dhandapani
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marilisa Neri
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mario Bernhard
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Irena Brzak
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tatjana Schweizer
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Rudin
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Joller
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ramon Berth
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jasmin Kernen
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Neuhaus
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annick Waldt
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rachel Cuttat
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Naumann
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Gubser Keller
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guglielmo Roma
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Feuerbach
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Derya R Shimshek
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Neumann
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Gasparini
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Galimberti
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Neuroprotective Effects of Green Tea Seed Isolated Saponin Due to the Amelioration of Tauopathy and Alleviation of Neuroinflammation: A Therapeutic Approach to Alzheimer's Disease. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072079. [PMID: 35408478 PMCID: PMC9000224 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tauopathy is one of the major causes of neurodegenerative disorders and diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins by various kinases leads to the formation of PHF and NFT and eventually results in tauopathy and AD; similarly, neuroinflammation also exaggerates and accelerates neuropathy and neurodegeneration. Natural products with anti-tauopathy and anti-neuroinflammatory effects are highly recommended as safe and feasible ways of preventing and /or treating neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. In the present study, we isolated theasaponin E1 from ethanol extract of green tea seed and evaluated its therapeutic inhibitory effects on tau hyper-phosphorylation and neuroinflammation in neuroblastoma (SHY-5Y) and glioblastoma (HTB2) cells, respectively, to elucidate the mechanism of the inhibitory effects. The expression of tau-generating and phosphorylation-promoting genes under the effects of theasaponin E1 were determined and assessed by RT- PCR, ELISA, and western blotting. It was found that theasaponin E1 reduced hyperphosphorylation of tau and Aβ concentrations significantly, and dose-dependently, by suppressing the expression of GSK3 β, CDK5, CAMII, MAPK, EPOE4(E4), and PICALM, and enhanced the expression of PP1, PP2A, and TREM2. According to the ELISA and western blotting results, the levels of APP, Aβ, and p-tau were reduced by treatment with theasaponin E1. Moreover, theasaponin E1 reduced inflammation by suppressing the Nf-kB pathway and dose-dependently reducing the levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha etc.
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhang SS, Zhu L, Peng Y, Zhang L, Chao FL, Jiang L, Xiao Q, Liang X, Tang J, Yang H, He Q, Guo YJ, Zhou CN, Tang Y. Long-term running exercise improves cognitive function and promotes microglial glucose metabolism and morphological plasticity in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:34. [PMID: 35123512 PMCID: PMC8817568 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02401-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The role of physical exercise in the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been widely studied. Microglia play an important role in AD. Triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is expressed on microglia and is known to mediate microglial metabolic activity and brain glucose metabolism. However, the relationship between brain glucose metabolism and microglial metabolic activity during running exercise in APP/PS1 mice remains unclear. Methods Ten-month-old male APP/PS1 mice and wild-type mice were randomly divided into sedentary groups or running groups (AD_Sed, WT_Sed, AD_Run and WT_Run, n = 20/group). Running mice had free access to a running wheel for 3 months. Behavioral tests, [18]F-FDG-PET and hippocampal RNA-Seq were performed. The expression levels of microglial glucose transporter (GLUT5), TREM2, soluble TREM2 (sTREM2), TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein (TYROBP), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), and phosphorylated spleen tyrosine kinase (p-SYK) were estimated by western blot or ELISA. Immunohistochemistry, stereological methods and immunofluorescence were used to investigate the morphology, proliferation and activity of microglia. Results Long-term voluntary running significantly improved cognitive function in APP/PS1 mice. Although there were few differentially expressed genes (DEGs), gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed enriched glycometabolic pathways in APP/PS1 running mice. Running exercise increased FDG uptake in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice, as well as the protein expression of GLUT5, TREM2, SPP1 and p-SYK. The level of sTREM2 decreased in the plasma of APP/PS1 running mice. The number of microglia, the length and endpoints of microglial processes, and the ratio of GLUT5+/IBA1+ microglia were increased in the dentate gyrus (DG) of APP/PS1 running mice. Running exercise did not alter the number of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU)+/IBA1+ microglia but reduced the immunoactivity of CD68 in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. Conclusions Running exercise inhibited TREM2 shedding and maintained TREM2 protein levels, which were accompanied by the promotion of brain glucose metabolism, microglial glucose metabolism and morphological plasticity in the hippocampus of AD mice. Microglia might be a structural target responsible for the benefits of running exercise in AD. Promoting microglial glucose metabolism and morphological plasticity modulated by TREM2 might be a novel strategy for AD treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02401-5.
Collapse
|
40
|
Variant TREM2 Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167470. [PMID: 35120968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, accounting for as much as three-quarters of cases globally with individuals in low- and middle-income countries being worst affected. Numerous risk factors for the disease have been identified and our understanding of gene-environment interactions have shed light on several gene variants that contribute to the most common, sporadic form of Alzheimer's disease. Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an important receptor that is crucial to the functioning of microglial cells, and variants of this protein have been found to be associated with a significantly increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. Several studies have elucidated the signaling processes involved in the normal functioning of the TREM2 receptor. However, current knowledge of the idiosyncrasies of the signaling processes triggered by stimulation of the variants of this receptor is limited. In this review, we examine the existing literature and highlight the effects that various receptor variants have on downstream signaling processes and discuss how these perturbations may affect physiologic processes in Alzheimer's disease. Despite the fact that this is a territory yet to be fully explored, the studies that currently exist report mostly quantitative effects on signaling. More mechanistic studies with the aim of providing qualitative results in terms of downstream signaling among these receptor variants are warranted. Such studies will provide better opportunities of identifying therapeutic targets that may be exploited in designing new drugs for the management of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
|
41
|
Filipello F, Goldsbury C, Feng YS, Locca A, Karch CM, Piccio L. Soluble TREM2: Innocent bystander or active player in neurological diseases? Neurobiol Dis 2022; 165:105630. [PMID: 35041990 PMCID: PMC10108835 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an innate immune receptor expressed by macrophages and microglia in the central nervous system (CNS). TREM2 has attracted a lot of interest in the past decade for its critical role in modulating microglia functions under homeostatic conditions and in neurodegenerative diseases. Genetic variation in TREM2 is sufficient to cause Nasu-Hakola disease, a rare pre-senile dementia with bone cysts, and to increase risk for Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and other neurodegenerative disorders. Beyond the role played by TREM2 genetic variants in these diseases, TREM2 engagement is a key step in microglia activation in response to different types of tissue injury (e.g. β-Amyloid deposition, demyelination, apoptotic cell death) leading to enhanced microglia metabolism, phagocytosis, proliferation and survival. TREM2 also exists as a soluble form (sTREM2), generated from receptor shedding or alternative splicing, which is detectable in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Genetic variation, physiological conditions and disease status impact CSF sTREM2 levels. Clinical and preclinical studies suggest that targeting and/or monitoring sTREM2 could have clinical and therapeutic implications. Despite the critical role of sTREM2 in neurologic disease, its function remains poorly understood. Here, we review the current literature on sTREM2 regarding its origin, genetic variation, and possible functions as a biomarker in neurological disorders and as a potential active player in CNS diseases and target for therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabia Filipello
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Claire Goldsbury
- Brain and Mind Centre and Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - You Shih Feng
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alberto Locca
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laura Piccio
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Brain and Mind Centre and Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sheng X, Yao Y, Huang R, Xu Y, Zhu Y, Chen L, Zhang L, Wang W, Zhuo R, Can D, Chang CF, Zhang YW, Xu H, Bu G, Zhong L, Chen XF. Identification of the minimal active soluble TREM2 sequence for modulating microglial phenotypes and amyloid pathology. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:286. [PMID: 34893068 PMCID: PMC8665564 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02340-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background TREM2 is a microglial receptor genetically linked to the risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of soluble TREM2 (sTREM2) have emerged as a valuable biomarker for the disease progression in AD and higher CSF levels of sTREM2 are linked to slower cognitive decline. Increasing sTREM2 in mouse models of amyloidosis reduces amyloid-related pathology through modulating microglial functions, suggesting a beneficial role of sTREM2 in microglia biology and AD pathology. Methods In the current study, we performed serial C- and N-terminal truncations of sTREM2 protein to define the minimal sequence requirement for sTREM2 function. We initially assessed the impacts of sTREM2 mutants on microglial functions by measuring cell viability and inflammatory responses. The binding of the sTREM2 mutants to oligomeric Aβ was determined by solid-phase protein binding assay and dot blot assay. We further evaluated the impacts of sTREM2 mutants on amyloid-related pathology by direct stereotaxic injection of sTREM2 proteins into the brain of 5xFAD mice. Results We found that both sTREM2 fragments 41–81 and 51–81 enhance cell viability and inflammatory responses in primary microglia. However, the fragment 51–81 exhibited impaired affinity to oligomeric Aβ. When administrated to the 5xFAD mice brain, the sTREM2 fragment 41–81, but not 51–81, increased the number of plaque-associated microglia and reduced the plaque deposition. Interestingly, the fragment 41–81 was more efficient than the physiological form of sTREM2 in ameliorating Aβ-related pathology. Conclusions Our results indicate that the interaction of sTREM2 truncated variants with Aβ is essential for enhancing microglial recruitment to the vicinity of an amyloid plaque and reducing the plaque load. Importantly, we identified a 41-amino acid sequence of sTREM2 that is sufficient for modulating microglial functions and more potent than the full-length sTREM2 in reducing the plaque load and the plaque-associated neurotoxicity. Taken together, our data provide more insights into the mechanisms underlying sTREM2 function and the minimal active sTREM2 sequence represents a promising candidate for AD therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Sheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yunling Yao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ruizhi Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yifei Zhu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Linting Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Lianshuai Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Wanbing Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Rengong Zhuo
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518063, China
| | - Dan Can
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Che-Feng Chang
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Li Zhong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Xiao-Fen Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China. .,Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518063, China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Okuzono Y, Sakuma H, Miyakawa S, Ifuku M, Lee J, Das D, Banerjee A, Zhao Y, Yamamoto K, Ando T, Sato S. Reduced TREM2 activation in microglia of patients with Alzheimer's disease. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:3063-3080. [PMID: 34523252 PMCID: PMC8564098 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function variants of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). The mechanism through which TREM2 contributes to the disease (TREM2 activation vs inactivation) is largely unknown. Here, we analyzed changes in a gene set downstream of TREM2 to determine whether TREM2 signaling is modified by AD progression. We generated an anti-human TREM2 agonistic antibody and defined TREM2 activation in terms of the downstream expression changes induced by this antibody in microglia developed from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) following TREM2 activation were compared with the gene set extracted from microglial single nuclear RNA sequencing data of patients with AD, using gene set enrichment analysis. We isolated an anti-TREM2-specific agonistic antibody, Hyb87, from anti-human TREM2 antibodies generated using binding and agonism assays, which helped us identify 300 upregulated and 251 downregulated DEGs. Pathway enrichment analysis suggested that TREM2 activation may be associated with Th2-related pathways. TREM2 activation was lower in AD microglia than in microglia from healthy subjects or patients with mild cognitive impairment. TREM2 activation also showed a significant negative correlation with disease progression. Pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs controlled by TREM2 activity indicated that TREM2 activation in AD may lead to anti-apoptotic signaling, immune response, and cytoskeletal changes in the microglia. We showed that TREM2 activation decreases with AD progression, in support of a protective role of TREM2 activation in AD. In addition, the agonistic anti-TREM2 antibody can be used to identify TREM2 activation state in AD microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuumi Okuzono
- Immune Cell Engineered TherapeuticsResearch, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Sakuma
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery UnitResearch, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaJapan
| | - Shuuichi Miyakawa
- Immune Cell Engineered TherapeuticsResearch, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaJapan
| | - Masataka Ifuku
- Immune Cell Engineered TherapeuticsResearch, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaJapan
| | - Jonghun Lee
- Computational BiologyResearch, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaJapan
| | - Debashree Das
- Early Target DiscoveryResearch, Takeda California, Inc.San DiegoCAUSA
| | - Antara Banerjee
- GI ImmunologyResearch, Takeda California, Inc.San DiegoCAUSA
| | - Yang Zhao
- Computational BiologyResearch, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaJapan
| | - Koji Yamamoto
- Computational BiologyResearch, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaJapan
| | - Tatsuya Ando
- Computational BiologyResearch, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaJapan
| | - Shuji Sato
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery UnitResearch, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lichtenthaler SF, Tschirner SK, Steiner H. Secretases in Alzheimer's disease: Novel insights into proteolysis of APP and TREM2. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 72:101-110. [PMID: 34689040 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Secretases are a group of proteases that are major drug targets considered for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Secretases do not only process the AD-linked neuronal amyloid precursor protein (APP) but also the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), thereby controlling microglial functions. This review highlights selected recent discoveries for the α-secretases a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) and a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17), the β-secretase β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase and their link to AD. New genetic evidence strengthens the role of α-secretases in AD through cleavage of APP and TREM2. Novel proteins were linked to AD, which control α- and β-secretase activity through transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. Finally, new opportunities but also challenges are discussed for pharmacologically targeting β- and γ-secretase cleavage of APP and α-secretase cleavage of TREM2 with the aim to prevent or treat AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
| | - Sarah K Tschirner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Steiner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Metabolic Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Sek AC, Percopo CM, Boddapati AK, Ma M, Geslewitz WE, Krumholz JO, Lack JB, Rosenberg HF. Differential expression of Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 2 (Trem2) in tissue eosinophils. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:679-691. [PMID: 33404075 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0920-620r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
No longer regarded simply as end-stage cytotoxic effectors, eosinophils are now recognized as complex cells with unique phenotypes that develop in response stimuli in the local microenvironment. In our previous study, we documented eosinophil infiltration in damaged muscle characteristic of dystrophin-deficient (mdx) mice that model Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Specifically, we found that eosinophils did not promote the generation of muscle lesions, as these persisted in eosinophil-deficient mdx.PHIL mice. To obtain additional insight into these findings, we performed RNA sequencing of eosinophils isolated from muscle tissue of mdx, IL5tg, and mdx.IL5tg mice. We observed profound up-regulation of classical effector proteins (major basic protein-1, eosinophil peroxidase, and eosinophil-associated ribonucleases) in eosinophils isolated from lesion-free muscle from IL5tg mice. By contrast, we observed significant up-regulation of tissue remodeling genes, including proteases, extracellular matrix components, collagen, and skeletal muscle precursors, as well as the immunomodulatory receptor, Trem2, in eosinophils isolated from skeletal muscle tissue from the dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. Although the anti-inflammatory properties of Trem2 have been described in the monocyte/macrophage lineage, no previous studies have documented its expression in eosinophils. We found that Trem2 was critical for full growth and differentiation of bone marrow-derived eosinophil cultures and full expression of TLR4. Immunoreactive Trem2 was also detected on human peripheral blood eosinophils at levels that correlated with donor body mass index and total leukocyte count. Taken together, our findings provide important insight into the immunomodulatory and remodeling capacity of mouse eosinophils and the flexibility of their gene expression profiles in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert C Sek
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Research Technologies Development Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Merck Research Laboratories, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Caroline M Percopo
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Research Technologies Development Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Twinbrook III, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, 20851, USA
| | - Arun K Boddapati
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, 21701, USA
- Yerkes Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Michelle Ma
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Research Technologies Development Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Wendy E Geslewitz
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Research Technologies Development Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Driskill Graduate Program in the Life Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
| | - Julia O Krumholz
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Research Technologies Development Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
| | - Justin B Lack
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, 21701, USA
| | - Helene F Rosenberg
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Research Technologies Development Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Qiu H, Shao Z, Wen X, Jiang J, Ma Q, Wang Y, Huang L, Ding X, Zhang L. TREM2: Keeping Pace With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:716710. [PMID: 34539652 PMCID: PMC8446424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.716710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, immune checkpoint inhibitors have been successively approved and widely used in clinical cancer treatments, however, the overall response rates are very low and almost all cancer patients eventually progressed to drug resistance, this is mainly due to the intricate tumor microenvironment and immune escape mechanisms of cancer cells. One of the main key mechanisms leading to the evasion of immune attack is the presence of the immunosuppressive microenvironment within tumors. Recently, several studies illustrated that triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2), a transmembrane receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily, was a crucial pathology-induced immune signaling hub, and it played a vital negative role in antitumor immunity, such as inhibiting the proliferation of T cells. Here, we reviewed the recent advances in the study of TREM2, especially focused on its regulation of tumor-related immune signaling pathways and its role as a novel target in cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qiu
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhiying Shao
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xin Wen
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jinghua Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qinggong Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Long Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xin Ding
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Longzhen Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Joshi P, Riffel F, Satoh K, Enomoto M, Qamar S, Scheiblich H, Villacampa N, Kumar S, Theil S, Parhizkar S, Haass C, Heneka MT, Fraser PE, St George-Hyslop P, Walter J. Differential interaction with TREM2 modulates microglial uptake of modified Aβ species. Glia 2021; 69:2917-2932. [PMID: 34427354 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rare coding variants of the microglial triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) confer an increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) characterized by the progressive accumulation of aggregated forms of amyloid β peptides (Aβ). Aβ peptides are generated by proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Heterogeneity in proteolytic cleavages and additional post-translational modifications result in the production of several distinct Aβ variants that could differ in their aggregation behavior and toxic properties. Here, we sought to assess whether post-translational modifications of Aβ affect the interaction with TREM2. Biophysical and biochemical methods revealed that TREM2 preferentially interacts with oligomeric Aβ, and that phosphorylation of Aβ increases this interaction. Phosphorylation of Aβ also affected the TREM2 dependent interaction and phagocytosis by primary microglia and in APP transgenic mouse models. Thus, TREM2 function is important for sensing phosphorylated Aβ variants in distinct aggregation states and reduces the accumulation and deposition of these toxic Aβ species in preclinical models of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Joshi
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian Riffel
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kanayo Satoh
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Medicine (Neurology), Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Masahiro Enomoto
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Seema Qamar
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hannah Scheiblich
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Gerontopsychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Neuroinflammation Unit, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases e. V. (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Nàdia Villacampa
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Gerontopsychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Neuroinflammation Unit, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases e. V. (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Sathish Kumar
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Theil
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Samira Parhizkar
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,Molecular Neurodegeneration Unit, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases e.V. (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Gerontopsychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Neuroinflammation Unit, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases e. V. (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Paul E Fraser
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Medicine (Neurology), Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter St George-Hyslop
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Medicine (Neurology), Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hu WT, Ozturk T, Kollhoff A, Wharton W, Christina Howell J. Higher CSF sTNFR1-related proteins associate with better prognosis in very early Alzheimer's disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4001. [PMID: 34183654 PMCID: PMC8238986 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24220-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is associated with Alzheimer's disease, but the application of cerebrospinal fluid measures of inflammatory proteins may be limited by overlapping pathways and relationships between them. In this work, we measure 15 cerebrospinal proteins related to microglial and T-cell functions, and show them to reproducibly form functionally-related groups within and across diagnostic categories in 382 participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuro-imaging Initiative as well participants from two independent cohorts. We further show higher levels of proteins related to soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 are associated with reduced risk of conversion to dementia in the multi-centered (p = 0.027) and independent (p = 0.038) cohorts of people with mild cognitive impairment due to predicted Alzheimer's disease, while higher soluble TREM2 levels associated with slower decline in the dementia stage of Alzheimer's disease. These inflammatory proteins thus provide prognostic information independent of established Alzheimer's markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William T Hu
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Rutgers Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| | - Tugba Ozturk
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexander Kollhoff
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Whitney Wharton
- Nell Hodgson School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Christina Howell
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kothari V, Tang J, He Y, Kramer F, Kanter JE, Bornfeldt KE. ADAM17 Boosts Cholesterol Efflux and Downstream Effects of High-Density Lipoprotein on Inflammatory Pathways in Macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1854-1873. [PMID: 33882688 PMCID: PMC8159900 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.315145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Kothari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute
| | - Jingjing Tang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute
| | - Yi He
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute
| | - Farah Kramer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute
| | - Jenny E. Kanter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute
| | - Karin E. Bornfeldt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Shafi S, Singh A, Ibrahim AM, Alhajri N, Abu Izneid T, Pottoo FH. Role of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) in neurodegenerative dementias. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:3294-3310. [PMID: 33786894 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a debilitating condition that causes nerve cell degeneration or death. Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Lewy body dementia (LBD) are posing a larger population burden of dementia worldwide. Neurodegenerative dementia is one of the main challenges in public health with its main characteristics being permanent loss of memory, impairment in cognition, and impaired daily functions. The published literature about genetic studies of these disorders suggests genetic underpinning in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative dementia. In the process of underlining the pathogenesis of NDD, growing evidence has related genetic variations in the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2). This review paper aims to provide a detailed information regarding the association of TREM2 and NDDs leading to dementia. A central consideration is AD that accounts for almost 50%-70% of all late-life dementias alone or in combination with other neurological disorders. Other prevalent neurodegenerative conditions that lead to dementia are also discussed. Such studies are important as they can give a comprehensive knowledge of TREM2's role in various NDDs, in order to maximize the potential for developing new therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadat Shafi
- Pharmaceutical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Archu Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Abdallah Mohammad Ibrahim
- Fundamentals of Nursing Department, College of Nursing, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noora Alhajri
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | | - Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Damman, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|