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Oh SE, Kim JH, Park CK, Park HYL. Effect of Bromfenac on Reducing Neuroinflammation in an Ischemia-Reperfusion Glaucoma Model. Cells 2024; 13:1046. [PMID: 38920673 PMCID: PMC11201518 DOI: 10.3390/cells13121046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In the context of glaucoma, intraocular pressure (IOP) and age are recognized as the primary factors contributing to its onset and progression. However, significant reductions in IOP fail to completely halt its advancement. An emerging body of literature highlights the role of neuroinflammation in glaucoma. This study aimed to explore Bromfenac's anti-inflammatory properties in mitigating neuroinflammation associated with glaucoma using an ischemia-reperfusion (IR) glaucoma model. Bromfenac's impact on microglia and astrocytes under pressure was assessed via Western blotting and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunohistochemical staining was used to evaluate glial activation and changes in inflammatory marker expression in the IR model. Bromfenac led to the downregulation of inflammatory markers, which were elevated in the conditions of elevated pressure, and necroptosis markers were downregulated in astrocytes. In the IR model, elevated levels of GFAP and Iba-1 indicated glial activation. Following Bromfenac administration, levels of iNOS, COX-2, and PGE2-R were reduced, suggesting a decrease in neuroinflammation. Furthermore, Bromfenac administration in the IR model resulted in the improved survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and preservation of retinal function, as demonstrated by immunohistochemical staining and electroretinography. In summary, Bromfenac proved effective in diminishing neuroinflammation and resulted in enhanced RGC survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Eun Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bucheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Jie-Hyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Kee Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Young Lopilly Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
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Yang Y, Wang J, Ni H, Ding H, Wei L, Ke ZJ. Genetic model of selective COX2 inhibition improve learning and memory ability and brain pathological changes in 5xFAD mouse. Brain Res 2023; 1821:148566. [PMID: 37683778 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease that leads to dementia. Its pathogenesis is very complex, and inflammation is one of the main pathophysiological mechanisms of AD. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which mainly target cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, are used to reduce the risk of AD, but several side effects limit their application. Here we assess the effect of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) catalytic activity on learning ability and AD pathology using 5x Familial Alzheimer's Disease (FAD) mice with COX2 inhibition (5xFAD/COX2 KO), 5xFAD mice with cyclooxygenase inactivation of COX2 (5xFAD/COX2 Y385F), and 5xFAD mice with peroxidase (POX) inactivation of COX2 (5xFAD/COX2) H374Y), respectively. Our results indicate that learning ability of COX2 KO and mutants is improved compared to 5xFAD mice, further investigations show that Aβ depositions are reduced, microglia and astrocytes homeostasis are changed in COX2 KO and mutants. Especially, there is more responsive microglia in the brain of 5xFAD/COX2 Y385F mice, and Aβ depositions are more effectively cleaned at old age. Taken together, these results identify a role of COX2 Y385F in regulating microglia function and may have important implications for future treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Jie Wang
- Endocrinology Department of Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, PR China
| | - Hong Ni
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Hanqing Ding
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Luyao Wei
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Zun-Ji Ke
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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Kubota H, Kunisawa K, Wulaer B, Hasegawa M, Kurahashi H, Sakata T, Tezuka H, Kugita M, Nagao S, Nagai T, Furuyashiki T, Narumiya S, Saito K, Nabeshima T, Mouri A. High salt induces cognitive impairment via the interaction of the angiotensin II-AT 1 and prostaglandin E2-EP 1 systems. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2393-2411. [PMID: 37076133 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE High salt (HS) intake has been associated with hypertension and cognitive impairment. It is well known that the angiotensin II (Ang II)-AT1 receptor and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-EP1 receptor systems are involved in hypertension and neurotoxicity. However, the involvement of these systems in HS-mediated hypertension and emotional and cognitive impairments remains unclear. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mice were loaded with HS solution (2% NaCl drinking water) for 12 weeks, and blood pressure was monitored. Subsequently, effects of HS intake on emotional and cognitive function and tau phosphorylation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HIP) were investigated. The involvement of Ang II-AT1 and PGE2-EP1 systems in HS-induced hypertension and neuronal and behavioural impairments was examined by treatment with losartan, an AT1 receptor blocker (ARB), or EP1 gene knockout. KEY RESULTS We demonstrate that hypertension and impaired social behaviour and object recognition memory following HS intake may be associated with tau hyperphosphorylation, decreased phosphorylation of Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) expression in the PFC and HIP of mice. These changes were blocked by pharmacological treatment with losartan or EP1 receptor gene knockout. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings suggest that the interaction of Ang II-AT1 receptor and PGE2-EP1 receptor systems could be novel therapeutic targets for hypertension-induced cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayoshi Kubota
- Department of Regulatory Science for Evaluation & Development of Pharmaceuticals & Devices, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kunisawa
- Department of Regulatory Science for Evaluation & Development of Pharmaceuticals & Devices, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Bolati Wulaer
- Laboratory of Health and Medical Science Innovation (HMSI), Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masaya Hasegawa
- Department of Regulatory Science for Evaluation & Development of Pharmaceuticals & Devices, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kurahashi
- Department of Regulatory Science for Evaluation & Development of Pharmaceuticals & Devices, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Sakata
- Department of Regulatory Science for Evaluation & Development of Pharmaceuticals & Devices, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tezuka
- Department of Cellular Function Analysis, Research Promotion and Support Headquarters, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masanori Kugita
- Education and Research Facility of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Center for Research Promotion and Support, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shizuko Nagao
- Education and Research Facility of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Center for Research Promotion and Support, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Taku Nagai
- Division of Behavioral Neuropharmacology International Center for Brain Science (ICBS), Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Furuyashiki
- Division of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Laboratory of Health and Medical Science Innovation (HMSI), Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
- Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Laboratory of Health and Medical Science Innovation (HMSI), Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
- Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mouri
- Department of Regulatory Science for Evaluation & Development of Pharmaceuticals & Devices, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
- Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Wallace CH, Oliveros G, Serrano PA, Rockwell P, Xie L, Figueiredo-Pereira M. Timapiprant, a prostaglandin D2 receptor antagonist, ameliorates pathology in a rat Alzheimer's model. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:e202201555. [PMID: 36167438 PMCID: PMC9515385 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the relevance of the prostaglandin D2 pathway in Alzheimer's disease, because prostaglandin D2 is a major prostaglandin in the brain. Thus, its contribution to Alzheimer's disease merits attention, given the known impact of the prostaglandin E2 pathway in Alzheimer's disease. We used the TgF344-AD transgenic rat model because it exhibits age-dependent and progressive Alzheimer's disease pathology. Prostaglandin D2 levels in hippocampi of TgF344-AD and wild-type littermates were significantly higher than prostaglandin E2. Prostaglandin D2 signals through DP1 and DP2 receptors. Microglial DP1 receptors were more abundant and neuronal DP2 receptors were fewer in TgF344-AD than in wild-type rats. Expression of the major brain prostaglandin D2 synthase (lipocalin-type PGDS) was the highest among 33 genes involved in the prostaglandin D2 and prostaglandin E2 pathways. We treated a subset of rats (wild-type and TgF344-AD males) with timapiprant, a potent highly selective DP2 antagonist in development for allergic inflammation treatment. Timapiprant significantly mitigated Alzheimer's disease pathology and cognitive deficits in TgF344-AD males. Thus, selective DP2 antagonists have potential as therapeutics to treat Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Wallace
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giovanni Oliveros
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Patricia Rockwell
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Computer Science, Hunter College, New York, NY, USA
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Figueiredo-Pereira
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, New York, NY, USA
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Roy MC, Nam K, Kim J, Stanley D, Kim Y. Thromboxane Mobilizes Insect Blood Cells to Infection Foci. Front Immunol 2022; 12:791319. [PMID: 34987515 PMCID: PMC8720849 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.791319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses are effective for insect survival to defend against entomopathogens including a fungal pathogen, Metarhizium rileyi, that infects a lepidopteran Spodoptera exigua. In particular, the fungal virulence was attenuated by cellular immune responses, in which the conidia were phagocytosed by hemocytes (insect blood cells) and hyphal growth was inhibited by hemocyte encapsulation. However, the chemokine signal to drive hemocytes to the infection foci was little understood. The hemocyte behaviors appeared to be guided by a Ca2+ signal stimulating cell aggregation to the infection foci. The induction of the Ca2+ signal was significantly inhibited by the cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. Under the inhibitory condition, the addition of thromboxane A2 or B2 (TXA2 or TXB2) among COX products was the most effective to recover the Ca2+ signal and hemocyte aggregation. TXB2 alone induced a microaggregation behavior of hemocytes under in vitro conditions. Indeed, TXB2 titer was significantly increased in the plasma of the infected larvae. The elevated TXB2 level was further supported by the induction of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity in the hemocytes and subsequent up-regulation of COX-like peroxinectins (SePOX-F and SePOX-H) in response to the fungal infection. Finally, the expression of a thromboxane synthase (Se-TXAS) gene was highly expressed in the hemocytes. RNA interference (RNAi) of Se-TXAS expression inhibited the Ca2+ signal and hemocyte aggregation around fungal hyphae, which were rescued by the addition of TXB2. Without any ortholog to mammalian thromboxane receptors, a prostaglandin receptor was essential to mediate TXB2 signal to elevate the Ca2+ signal and mediate hemocyte aggregation behavior. Specific inhibitor assays suggest that the downstream signal after binding TXB2 to the receptor follows the Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release pathway from the endoplasmic reticulum of the hemocytes. These results suggest that hemocyte aggregation induced by the fungal infection is triggered by TXB2via a Ca2+ signal through a PG receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miltan Chandra Roy
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
| | - Kiwoong Nam
- DGIMI, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Jaesu Kim
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - David Stanley
- Biological Control of Insect Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Station (USDA/ARS), Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
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6
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Vishwakarma S, Singh S, Singh TG. Pharmacological modulation of cytokines correlating neuroinflammatory cascades in epileptogenesis. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:1437-1452. [PMID: 34751915 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06896-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epileptic seizure-induced brain injuries include activation of neuroimmune response with activation of microglia, astrocytes cells releasing neurotoxic inflammatory mediators underlies the pathophysiology of epilepsy. A wide spectrum of neuroinflammatory pathways is involved in neurodegeneration along with elevated levels of inflammatory mediators indicating the neuroinflammation in the epileptic brain. Therefore, the neuroimmune response is commonly observed in the epileptic brain, indicating elevated cytokine levels, providing an understanding of the neuroinflammatory mechanism contributing to seizures recurrence. Clinical and experimental-based evidence suggested the elevated levels of cytokines responsible for neuronal excitation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunctioning causing the drug resistance in epilepsy. Therefore, the understanding of the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation in epilepsy, including migration of microglial cells releasing the inflammatory cytokines indicating the correlation of elevated levels of inflammatory mediators (interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) triggering the generation or recurrence of seizures. The current review summarized the knowledge regarding elevated inflammatory mediators as immunomodulatory response correlating multiple neuroinflammatory NF-kB, RIPK, MAPK, ERK, JNK, JAK-STAT signaling cascades in epileptogenesis. Further selective targeting of inflammatory mediators provides beneficial therapeutic strategies for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Vishwakarma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Shareen Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India.
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Mitra S, Anand U, Sanyal R, Jha NK, Behl T, Mundhra A, Ghosh A, Radha, Kumar M, Proćków J, Dey A. Neoechinulins: Molecular, cellular, and functional attributes as promising therapeutics against cancer and other human diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112378. [PMID: 34741824 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoechinulins are fungal and plant-derived chemicals extracted from Microsporum sp., Eurotium rubrum, Aspergillus sp., etc. Two analogues of neoechinulin, i.e., A and B, exerted extensive pharmacological properties described in this review. Neoechinulin is an indole alkaloid and has a double bond between C8/C9, which tends to contribute to its cytoprotective nature. Neoechinulin A exhibits protection to PC12 cells against nitrosative stress via increasing NAD(P)H reserve capacity and decreasing cellular GSH levels. It also confers protection via rescuing PC12 cells from rotenone-induced stress by lowering LDH leakage. This compound has great positive potential against neurodegenerative diseases by inhibiting SIN-1 induced cell death in neuronal cells. Together with these, neoechinulin A tends to inhibit Aβ42-induced microglial activation and confers protection against neuroinflammation. Alongside, it also inhibits cervical cancer cells by caspase-dependent apoptosis and via upregulation of apoptosis inducing genes like Bax, it suppresses LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages and acts as an antidepressant. Whereas, another analogue, Neoechinulin B tends to interfere with the cellular mechanism thereby, inhibiting the entry of influenza A virus and it targets Liver X receptor (LXR) and decreases the infection rate of Hepatitis C. The present review describes the pharmaceutical properties of neoechinulins with notes on their molecular, cellular, and functional basis and their therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicon Mitra
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Uttpal Anand
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Rupa Sanyal
- Department of Botany, Bhairab Ganguly College (affiliated to West Bengal State University), Feeder Road, Belghoria, Kolkata 700056, West Bengal, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Avinash Mundhra
- Department of Botany, Rishi Bankim Chandra College (Affiliated to the West Bengal State University), East Kantalpara, North 24 Parganas, Naihati 743165, West Bengal, India
| | - Arabinda Ghosh
- Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014, India
| | - Radha
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR - Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jarosław Proćków
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 5b, 51-631 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India.
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Yang Y, Xiang P, Chen Q, Luo Y, Wang H, Li H, Yang L, Hu C, Zhang J, Li Y, Xia H, Chen Z, Yang J. The imbalance of PGD2-DPs pathway is involved in the type 2 diabetes brain injury by regulating autophagy. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:3993-4004. [PMID: 34671214 PMCID: PMC8495389 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.60149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is the most abundant prostaglandin in the brain, but its involvement in brain damage caused by type 2 diabetes (T2D) has not been reported. In the present study, we found that increased PGD2 content is related to the inhibition of autophagy, which aggravates brain damage in T2D, and may be involved in the imbalanced expression of the corresponding PGD2 receptors DP1 and DP2. We demonstrated that DP2 inhibited autophagy and promotedT2D-induced brain damage by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, whereas DP1enhanced autophagy and amelioratedT2D brain damage by activating the cAMP/PKA pathway. In a T2D rat model, DP1 expression was decreased, and DP2 expression was increased; therefore, the imbalance in PGD2-DPs may be involved in T2D brain damage through the regulation of autophagy. However, there have been no reports on whether PKA can directly inhibit mTOR. The PKA catalytic subunit (PKA-C) has three subtypes (α, β and γ), and γ is not expressed in the brain. Subsequently, we suggested that PKA could directly interact with mTOR through PKA-C(α) and PKA-C(β). Our results suggest that the imbalance in PGD2-DPs is related to changes in autophagy levels in T2D brain damage, and PGD2 is involved in T2D brain damage by promoting autophagy via DP1-PKA/mTOR and inhibiting autophagy via DP2-PI3K/AKT/mTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Pu Xiang
- Department of pharmacy,Dianjiang People's Hospital of Chongqing, Dianjiang, Chongqing 408300, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Pharmacy department of GuiZhou Provincial People,s Hospital, Guiyang 550000, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Congli Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jiahua Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yuke Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hui Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhihao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
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Prowse N, Hayley S. Microglia and BDNF at the crossroads of stressor related disorders: Towards a unique trophic phenotype. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:135-163. [PMID: 34537262 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stressors ranging from psychogenic/social to neurogenic/injury to systemic/microbial can impact microglial inflammatory processes, but less is known regarding their effects on trophic properties of microglia. Recent studies do suggest that microglia can modulate neuronal plasticity, possibly through brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This is particularly important given the link between BDNF and neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative pathology. We posit that certain activated states of microglia play a role in maintaining the delicate balance of BDNF release onto neuronal synapses. This focused review will address how different "activators" influence the expression and release of microglial BDNF and address the question of tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) expression on microglia. We will then assess sex-based differences in microglial function and BDNF expression, and how microglia are involved in the stress response and related disorders such as depression. Drawing on research from a variety of other disorders, we will highlight challenges and opportunities for modulators that can shift microglia to a "trophic" phenotype with a view to potential therapeutics relevant for stressor-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Prowse
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Shawn Hayley
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
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10
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Characterization of prostanoid pathway and the control of its activity by the eyestalk optic ganglion in the female giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Heliyon 2021; 7:e05898. [PMID: 33553720 PMCID: PMC7851786 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, is an economically valuable species that are distributed throughout the Asia-Pacific region. With the natural population declining due to overfishing, aquaculture of this species is deemed necessary. Hence, it is essential to understand the mechanisms regulating reproduction in order to increase their production. Prostaglandins (PGs) play an important role in reproduction in most vertebrates and several invertebrates. It has been proposed that crustaceans have PGs but the prostanoids pathway in the giant freshwater prawn is still unclear. In this study, we identified 25 prostanoid-related genes involved in the biosynthesis of active prostanoids in M. rosenbergii using in silico searches of transcriptome data. Comparative analysis of encoded proteins for the MroPGES2 gene with other species was performed to confirm their evolutionary conservation. Gene expression analysis revealed the correlation of MroPGES2 gene expression level with the progress of ovarian development. Eyestalk ablation increased the expression level of MroPGES2 gene compared to intact groups during the ovary maturation stages. Collectively, this study confirmed the existence of prostanoids in the giant freshwater prawn, as well as characterizing key gene MroPGES2 associated with the prostanoid pathway. We propose that MroPGES2 may play an important role in M. rosenbergii ovarian maturation and its expression is under the inhibitory control from the eyestalk optic ganglion hormones. Identification of genes in prostanoid pathway and their expressions enables future functional studies to be performed, which may lead to applications in the aquaculture of this species.
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11
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Wu F, Yang H, Liu Y, Yang X, Xu B, Liu W, Xu Z, Deng Y. Manganese exposure caused reproductive toxicity of male mice involving activation of GnRH secretion in the hypothalamus by prostaglandin E2 receptors EP1 and EP2. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 201:110712. [PMID: 32502905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to manganese (Mn) can cause male reproductive damage and lead to abnormal secretion of sex hormones. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) plays an important role in the neuromodulation of vertebrate reproduction. Astrocytes can indirectly regulate the secretion of GnRH by binding paracrine prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) specifically to the EP1 and EP2 receptors on GnRH neurons. Prior studies assessed the abnormal secretion of GnRH caused by Mn exposure, but the specific mechanism has not been reported in detail. This study investigated the effects of Mn exposure on the reproductive system of male mice to clarify the role of PGE2 in the abnormal secretion of GnRH in the hypothalamus caused by exposure to Mn. Our data demonstrate that antagonizing the EP1 and EP2 receptors of PGE2 can restore abnormal levels of GnRH caused by Mn exposure. Mn exposure causes reduced sperm count and sperm shape deformities. These findings suggest that EP1 and EP2, the receptors of PGE2, may be the key to abnormal GnRH secretion caused by Mn exposure. Antagonizing the PGE2 receptors may reduce reproductive damage caused by Mn exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengdi Wu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China; Department of Medical, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Yang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China; Department of Occupational Diseases, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Yang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaofa Xu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Seeger DR, Golovko SA, Golovko MY. Blood-Brain Barrier Is the Major Site for a Rapid and Dramatic Prostanoid Increase upon Brain Global Ischemia. Lipids 2019; 55:79-85. [PMID: 31814137 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We and others have demonstrated a rapid and dramatic increase in brain prostanoids upon decapitation-induced brain global ischemia and injury. However, the mechanism for this induction, including the cell types involved, are unknown. In the present study, we have validated and applied a pharmacological approach to inhibit prostanoid synthesis in the blood-brain barrier including endothelial cells. Our results indicate that a nonspecific cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, ketorolac, does not pass the blood-brain barrier and does not enter red blood cells but penetrates endothelial cells. Ketorolac treatment did not affect basal prostanoid levels but completely prevented prostanoid induction upon global ischemia. These data indicate that basal prostanoids are synthesized in brain parenchyma cells, while inducible prostanoids are synthesized in the blood-brain barrier, most likely in endothelial cells. However, future studies with cell and COX isoform-specific gene ablation are needed to further validate this conclusion. These findings identify endothelial cells as a possible target for the development of pharmacological approaches to selectively attenuate inducible prostanoid pools without affecting basal levels under brain ischemia, trauma, surgery, and other related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew R Seeger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 N. Columbia Rd., Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9037, USA
| | - Svetlana A Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 N. Columbia Rd., Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9037, USA
| | - Mikhail Y Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 N. Columbia Rd., Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9037, USA
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13
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Iglesias González PA, Conde MA, González-Pardo V, Uranga RM, Salvador GA. In vitro 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity: New insights on NFκB modulation. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 60:400-411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Yaneff A, Sahores A, Gómez N, Carozzo A, Shayo C, Davio C. MRP4/ABCC4 As a New Therapeutic Target: Meta-Analysis to Determine cAMP Binding Sites as a Tool for Drug Design. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1270-1307. [PMID: 29284392 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666171229133259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MRP4 transports multiple endogenous and exogenous substances and is critical not only for detoxification but also in the homeostasis of several signaling molecules. Its dysregulation has been reported in numerous pathological disorders, thus MRP4 appears as an attractive therapeutic target. However, the efficacy of MRP4 inhibitors is still controversial. The design of specific pharmacological agents with the ability to selectively modulate the activity of this transporter or modify its affinity to certain substrates represents a challenge in current medicine and chemical biology. The first step in the long process of drug rational design is to identify the therapeutic target and characterize the mechanism by which it affects the given pathology. In order to develop a pharmacological agent with high specific activity, the second step is to systematically study the structure of the target and identify all the possible binding sites. Using available homology models and mutagenesis assays, in this review we recapitulate the up-to-date knowledge about MRP structure and aligned amino acid sequences to identify the candidate MRP4 residues where cyclic nucleotides bind. We have also listed the most relevant MRP inhibitors studied to date, considering drug safety and specificity for MRP4 in particular. This meta-analysis platform may serve as a basis for the future development of inhibitors of MRP4 cAMP specific transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Yaneff
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacologicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Sahores
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacologicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Gómez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacologicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Carozzo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacologicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carina Shayo
- Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Davio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacologicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Dec K, Łukomska A, Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Kolasa-Wołosiuk A, Tarnowski M, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Gutowska I. Long-term exposure to fluoride as a factor promoting changes in the expression and activity of cyclooxygenases (COX1 and COX2) in various rat brain structures. Neurotoxicology 2019; 74:81-90. [PMID: 31175943 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sixty percent of the mammalian brain is composed of lipids including arachidonic acid (AA). AA released from cell membranes is metabolised in the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway to prostanoids - biologically active substances involved in the regulation of many processes including inflammation. It has been shown that long-term exposure to fluoride in pre and neonatal period is dangerous because this element is able to penetrate through the placenta and to cross the blood-brain barrier. Exposure to fluoride during the development affects metabolism and physiology of neurons and glia which results in the impairment of cognitive functions but the exact mechanisms of fluoride neurotoxicity are not clearly defined. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether exposure to fluoride during the development affects COXes activity and the synthesis of prostanoids. MATERIAL AND METHODS Pre- and postnatal toxicity model in Wistar rats was used. Experimental animals received 50 mg/L of NaF in drinking water ad libitum, while control animals received tap water. In cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum and striatum were measured fluoride concentration, COX1 and COX2 genes expression, immunolocalization of the enzymatic proteins and concentration of PGE2 and TXB2. RESULTS of this study showed statistically significant changes in the concentration of fluoride in brain structures between study group and control animals. Moreover, significant changes in the expression level of COX1 and COX2, and in the concentration of PGE2 and TXB2 were observed. CONCLUSION Exposure to fluoride in the prenatal and neonatal period result in the increase in COX2 activity and increase in PGE2 concentration in rats brain, which may lead to disturbances in central nervous system homeostasis..
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Dec
- The Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24 Str., 70-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Łukomska
- The Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24 Str., 70-460 Szczecin, Poland; Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka
- The Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24 Str., 70-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kolasa-Wołosiuk
- The Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maciej Tarnowski
- The Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- The Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- The Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24 Str., 70-460 Szczecin, Poland.
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16
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Duangprom S, Ampansri W, Suwansa-Ard S, Chotwiwatthanakun C, Sobhon P, Kornthong N. Identification and expression of prostaglandin E synthase (PGES) gene in the central nervous system and ovary during ovarian maturation of the female mud crab, Scylla olivacea. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 198:220-232. [PMID: 30292571 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandins have important physiological roles in marine invertebrates, including larval development and reproduction. The prostaglandin E concentration fluctuates during the ovarian development of crustaceans. The biosynthetic pathway of prostaglandin, however, has not been well studied in portunid crabs, including in the mud crab, Scylla olivacea. In this study, the aim was to investigate the presence of prostaglandin E synthase (PGES), enzyme that catalyzes the terminal conversion in the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) biosynthesis, and its gene expression in the central nervous system (CNS) and ovary during ovarian maturation of S. olivacea. cDNA sequence encoding PGES was cloned from the S. olivacea ovary. The PGES transcript of S. olivacea (Scyol-PGES) consists of 1258 nucleotides, which encodes for 420 amino acid PGES protein precursor. Investigation of gene expression by RT-PCR indicated that Scyol-PGES was detected in all organs studied. Based on in situ hybridization, Scyol-PGES was detected in the I to III stages for oocyte development of Stage 3 of ovarian development, and in the CNS, including the various neuronal clusters of the brain. In the ventral nerve cord, the Scyol-PGES gene was expressed in the neurons within the subesophageal, thoracic and abdominal ganglia. The Scyol-PGES gene expression as indicated by relative abundance of mRNA in the Stage 4 of ovarian development was greater than that at Stages 1 to 3 of ovarian development. This is the first report on PGES in the mud crab, S. olivacea, and its gene expression suggested the involvement of PGES in the ovarian development of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supawadee Duangprom
- Chulabhorn International Collage of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Wilailuk Ampansri
- Chulabhorn International Collage of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Saowaros Suwansa-Ard
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charoonroj Chotwiwatthanakun
- Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan Campus, Nakhonsawan, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prasert Sobhon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand; Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Rd., SeanSook Sub-District, Mueang District, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Napamanee Kornthong
- Chulabhorn International Collage of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathumthani, Thailand.
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17
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Abstract
Elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandins (PGs) are involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by the accumulation of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) and tau hyperphosphorylation. However, the gaps in our knowledge of the roles of COX-2 and PGs in AD have not been filled. Here, we summarized the literature showing that COX-2 dysregulation obviously influences abnormal cleavage of β-amyloid precursor protein, aggregation and deposition of Aβ in β-amyloid plaques and the inclusion of phosphorylated tau in neurofibrillary tangles. Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, synaptic plasticity, neurotoxicity, autophagy, and apoptosis have been assessed to elucidate the mechanisms of COX-2 regulation of AD. Notably, an imbalance of these factors ultimately produces cognitive decline. The current review substantiates our understanding of the mechanisms of COX-2-induced AD and establishes foundations for the design of feasible therapeutic strategies to treat AD.-Guan, P.-P., Wang, P. Integrated communications between cyclooxygenase-2 and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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18
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Luo Y, Kuang S, Li H, Ran D, Yang J. cAMP/PKA-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway in hippocampus mediates cyclooxygenase 2-induced learning/memory deficits of rats subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress. Oncotarget 2018; 8:35558-35572. [PMID: 28415673 PMCID: PMC5482598 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the mechanism of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) in learning and memory impairments in rats subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), meloxicam was used intragastrically to inhibit the activity of cyclooxygenase 2. Moreover, cyclooxygenase 2 over-expressing or RNA interfere lentivirus was injected intraventricularly to increase or decrease the enzyme's expression, respectively. The body weights and sucrose consumption were used to analyze depressive behaviors, while the Morris water maze and step-down-type passive avoidance tests were carried out to evaluate the learning-memory functions. The levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured to estimate inflammation and the contents of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) were used to measure the levels of the second messenger. Changes in cyclooxygenase 2 mRNA levels were analyzed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Moreover, the expression of cyclooxygenase 2, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), prostaglandins receptor 3 (EP3), protein kinase A (PKA), cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), and phosphorylated CREB were estimated using immunohistochemical staining or western blotting. The results showed that CUMS led to significant depressive-like behaviors and learning and memory dysfunctions. Also, the cAMP levels decreased significantly, while levels of inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins E2 increased significantly. The expressions of PKA, BDNF, phosphorylated CREB/CREB declined and cyclooxygenase 2 was increased. Meloxicam and cyclooxygenase 2 RNA interfere lentivirus reversed the changes caused by CUMS while cyclooxygenase 2-overexpressing lentivirus worsened these abnormalities. The findings also showed that CUMS increased cyclooxygenase 2 expression, which can cause learning and memory impairments, mainly through activating the hippocampal neuronal cAMP/PKA-CREB-BDNF signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengnan Kuang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Rongchang, Chongqing, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongzhi Ran
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, China
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19
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Reschke CR, Poersch AB, Masson CJ, Jesse AC, Marafiga JR, Lenz QF, Oliveira MS, Henshall DC, Mello CF. Systemic delivery of selective EP1 and EP3 receptor antagonists attenuates pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 10:47-59. [PMID: 29593850 PMCID: PMC5871629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a major role in brain excitability and may contribute to the development of epilepsy. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a direct mediator of inflammatory responses and, through EP receptors, plays an important role in neuronal excitability. Pharmacological evidence supports that centrally-administered EP1 and EP3 receptor antagonists reduced acutely evoked seizures in rats. Translation of these findings would benefit from evidence of efficacy with a more clinically relevant route of delivery and validation in another species. In the current study we investigated whether the systemic administration of EP1 and EP3 agonists and antagonists modulate pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in mice. In addition, it was examined whether these compounds alter Na+, K+-ATPase activity, an enzyme responsible for the homeostatic ionic equilibrium and, consequently, for the resting membrane potential in neurons. While the systemic administration of EP1 and EP3 antagonists (ONO-8713 and ONO-AE3-240, respectively) attenuated, the respective agonists (ONO-DI-004 and ONO-AE-248) potentiated PTZ-induced seizures (all compounds injected at the dose of 10 µg/kg, s.c., 30 min before PTZ challenge). Co-administration of either EP1 or EP3 agonist with the respective antagonists nullified the anticonvulsant effects of EP1/3 receptor blockade. In addition, EP1 and EP3 agonists exacerbated PTZ-induced decrease of Na+, K+-ATPase activity in both cerebral cortex and hippocampus, whereas, EP1 and EP3 antagonists prevented PTZ-induced decrease of Na+, K+-ATPase activity in both structures. Our findings support and extend evidence that EP1 and EP3 receptors may be novel targets for the development of anticonvulsant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina R Reschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM)Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland123 St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Irelsand
- Current address: Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI)123 St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Alice B Poersch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM)Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Cíntia J Masson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM)Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana C Jesse
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM)Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Joseane R Marafiga
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM)Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Quéli F Lenz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM)Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Mauro S Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM)Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland123 St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Irelsand
| | - Carlos F Mello
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM)Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
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20
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Chen SH, Sung YF, Oyarzabal EA, Tan YM, Leonard J, Guo M, Li S, Wang Q, Chu CH, Chen SL, Lu RB, Hong JS. Physiological Concentration of Prostaglandin E 2 Exerts Anti-inflammatory Effects by Inhibiting Microglial Production of Superoxide Through a Novel Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8001-8013. [PMID: 29492849 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0965-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the physiological regulation of brain immune homeostasis in rat primary neuron-glial cultures by sub-nanomolar concentrations of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). We demonstrated that 0.01 to 10 nM PGE2 protected dopaminergic neurons against LPS-induced neurotoxicity through a reduction of microglial release of pro-inflammatory factors in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, neuroprotective effects elicited by PGE2 were mediated by the inhibition of microglial NOX2, a major superoxide-producing enzyme. This conclusion was supported by (1) the close relationship between inhibition of superoxide and PGE2-induced neuroprotective effects; (2) the mediation of PGE2-induced reduction of superoxide and neuroprotection via direct inhibition of the catalytic subunit of NOX2, gp91phox, rather than through the inhibition of conventional prostaglandin E2 receptors; and (3) abolishment of the neuroprotective effect of PGE2 in NOX2-deficient cultures. In summary, this study revealed a potential physiological role of PGE2 in maintaining brain immune homeostasis and protecting neurons via an EP receptor-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Heng Chen
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Yueh-Feng Sung
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.,Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Esteban A Oyarzabal
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Yu-Mei Tan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Lab, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jeremy Leonard
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Mingri Guo
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Haihe Hospital/Haihe Clinical Institute of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.,Department of Respiratory, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingshan Wang
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Chun-Hsien Chu
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Shiou-Lan Chen
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Band Lu
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine & Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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21
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Tian X, Ji C, Luo Y, Yang Y, Kuang S, Mai S, Ma J, Yang J. PGE2-EP3 signaling pathway contributes to protective effects of misoprostol on cerebral injury in APP/PS1 mice. Oncotarget 2018; 7:25304-14. [PMID: 27015117 PMCID: PMC5041905 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate chronic use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which inhibit the enzymatic activity of the inflammatory cyclooxygenases (COX), reduces the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) in normal aging populations. Considering multiple adverse side effects of NSAIDs, findings suggest that COX downstream prostaglandin signaling function in the pre-clinical development of AD. Our previous study found that misoprostol, a synthetic prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor agonist, has neuroprotection against brain injury induced by chronic aluminum overload. Here, we investigated the neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of misoprostol on neurodegeneration in overexpressing both amyloid precursor protein (APP) and mutant presenilin 1 (PS1) mice. Here were young group, elderly group, APP/PS1 group and misoprostol-treated group. Mice in misoprostol-treated group were administrated with misoprostol (200 μg·kg−1·d−1, p.o.) five days a week for 20 weeks. The spatial learning and memory function was impaired and karyopycnosis of hippocampal and cortical neurons was observed; amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition was increased; superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was decreased and malondialdehyde (MDA) content was increased in APP/PS1 mice. However, misoprostol could significantly blunte these changes in APP/PS1 mic. Moreover, the expressions of microsomal PGE2 synthase (mPGES-1), PGE2, PGE2 receptor (EP) 2 and EP4 were increased and EP3 expression was decreased in APP/PS1 mice, while misoprostol reversed these changes. Our present experimental results indicate that misoprostol has a neuroprotective effect on brain injury and neurodegeneration of APP/PS1 mice and that the activation of PGE2-EP3 signaling and inhibition of oxidative stress contribute to the neuroprotective mechanisms of misoprostol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Chaonan Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shengnan Kuang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shaoshan Mai
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
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22
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Guo Y, Lei W, Wang J, Hu X, Wei Y, Ji C, Yang J. Misoprostol Reverse Hippocampal Neuron Cyclooxygenase-2 Downstream Signaling Imbalance in Aluminum-Overload Rats. Curr Alzheimer Res 2017; 13:1006-16. [PMID: 27033056 PMCID: PMC4997938 DOI: 10.2174/1567205013666160401114601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although COX-2 inhibition in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases has shown neuroprotection, recent studies have revealed some serious side effects (ulcers, bleeding, fatal cerebrovascular diseases etc.) and the limited benefits of COX-2 inhibitors. A more focused approach is necessary to explore the therapeutic effect of the COX downstream signaling pathway in neurological research. The aim of this study was to explore the alterations of the PGES-PGE2-EP signal pathway and the effect of misoprostol on neurodegeneration by chronic aluminum-overload in rats. Adult rats were treated by intragastric administration of aluminum gluconate. The PGE2 content and expression of PGES and EPs in the hippocampi of rats were detected using ELISA, q-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the rat hippocampi were also detected. The misoprostol treatment dose-dependently improved spatial learning and memory function as well as healing after hippocampal neuron damage induced by chronic aluminum-overload in rats. Meanwhile, the administration of misoprostol resulted in a decrease in the PGE2 level and down-regulation of the mPGES-1, EP2 and EP4 expression levels, while there was a dosedependent up-regulation of EP3 expression. These results suggest that misoprostol possesses a neuroprotective property, and the mechanism involves affecting the EP3 level and reducing the endogenous production of PGE2 through a negative feedback mechanism, increasing the EP3 expression level, decreasing the EP2 and EP4 expression levels, and rebuilding the mPGES-1-PGE2-EP1-4 signal pathway balance. In this way, misoprostol has a counteractive effect on oxidant stress and inflammation in the central nervous system. The PGES-PGE2-EPs signaling pathway is a potential therapeutic strategy for treating neurodegeneration in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Junqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
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23
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Yang L, Wei Y, Luo Y, Yang Q, Li H, Hu C, Yang Y, Yang J. Effect of PGE 2-EP s pathway on primary cultured rat neuron injury caused by aluminum. Oncotarget 2017; 8:92004-92017. [PMID: 29190893 PMCID: PMC5696159 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To observe the characteristic changes of PGE2-EPs pathway and divergent functions of PGE2 receptor subtypes on neuronal injury. The primary cultured rat hippocampus neuron injury model was established via aluminum maltolate (100 μM). The aluminum-overload neurons were treated with the agonists of EP1 (17-phenyl trinor Prostaglandin E2 ethyl amide), EP2 (Butaprost), EP3 (Sulprostone) and EP4 (CAY10598) and antagonists of EP1 (SC-19220), EP2 (AH6809) and EP4 (L-161982) at different concentrations, respectively. The neuronal viability, lactate dehydrogenase leakage rate and PGE2 content were detected by MTT assay, lactate dehydrogenase assay kit and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The mRNA and protein expressions of mPGES-1 and EPs were determined by RT-PCR and western blot, respectively. The pathomorphology was identified by hematoxylin-eosin staining. In the model group, neuronal viability significantly decreased, while lactate dehydrogenase leakage rate and PGE2 content increased. The mPGES-1, EP1, EP2 and EP4 mRNA expression, and the mPGES-1, EP1 and EP2 protein expression increased, while EP3 level decreased. EP3 agonist exerted protective function in neuronal viability and lactate dehydrogenase leakage rate, while EP1 agonist, EP2 and EP4 antagonist exerted an opposite effect. In conclusion, aluminum-overload caused an imbalance of PGE2-EP1-4 pathway and activation of EP receptor may provide a viable therapeutic target in neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yuling Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qunfang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Congli Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
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24
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Yang Y, He Q, Wang H, Hu X, Luo Y, Liang G, Kuang S, Mai S, Ma J, Tian X, Chen Q, Yang J. The protection of meloxicam against chronic aluminium overload-induced liver injury in rats. Oncotarget 2017; 8:23448-23458. [PMID: 28423583 PMCID: PMC5410317 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to observe the protective effect and mechanisms of meloxicam on liver injury caused by chronic aluminium exposure in rats. The histopathology was detected by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The levels of prostaglandin E2, cyclic adenosine monophosphate and inflammatory cytokines were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The expressions of cyclooxygenases-2, prostaglandin E2 receptors and protein kinase A were measured by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Our experimental results showed that aluminium overload significantly damaged the liver. Aluminium also significantly increased the expressions of cyclooxygenases-2, prostaglandin E2, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, protein kinase A and the prostaglandin E2 receptors (EP1,2,4) and the levels of inflammation and oxidative stress, while significantly decreased the EP3 expression in liver. The administration of meloxicam significantly improved the impairment of liver. The contents of prostaglandin E2 and cyclic adenosine monophosphate were significantly decreased by administration of meloxicam. The administration of meloxicam also significantly decreased the expressions of cyclooxygenases-2 and protein kinase A and the levels of inflammation and oxidative stress, while significantly increased the EP1,2,3,4 expressions in rat liver. Our results suggested that the imbalance of cyclooxygenases-2 and downstream prostaglandin E2 signaling pathway is involved in the injury of chronic aluminium-overload rat liver. The protective mechanism of meloxicam on aluminium-overload liver injury is attributed to reconstruct the balance of cyclooxygenases-2 and downstream prostaglandin E2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qin He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xinyue Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Guojuan Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shengnan Kuang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shaoshan Mai
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
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25
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Guo JW, Guan PP, Ding WY, Wang SL, Huang XS, Wang ZY, Wang P. Erythrocyte membrane-encapsulated celecoxib improves the cognitive decline of Alzheimer's disease by concurrently inducing neurogenesis and reducing apoptosis in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Biomaterials 2017; 145:106-127. [PMID: 28865290 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the loss of neurogenesis and excessive induction of apoptosis. The induction of neurogenesis and inhibition of apoptosis may be a promising therapeutic approach to combating the disease. Celecoxib (CB), a cyclooxygenase-2 specific inhibitor, could offer neuroprotection. Specifically, the CB-encapsulated erythrocyte membranes (CB-RBCMs) sustained the release of CB over a period of 72 h in vitro and exhibited high brain biodistribution efficiency following intranasal administration, which resulted in the clearance of aggregated β-amyloid proteins (Aβ) in neurons. The high accumulation of the CB-RBCMs in neurons resulted in a decrease in the neurotoxicity of CB and an increase in the migratory activity of neurons, and alleviated cognitive decline in APP/PS1 transgenic (Tg) mice. Indeed, COX-2 metabolic products including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and PGD2, PGE2 induced neurogenesis by enhancing the expression of SOD2 and 14-3-3ζ, and PGD2 stimulated apoptosis by increasing the expression of BIK and decreasing the expression of ARRB1. To this end, the CB-RBCMs achieved better effects on concurrently increasing neurogenesis and decreasing apoptosis than the phospholipid membrane-encapsulated CB liposomes (CB-PSPD-LPs), which are critical for the development and progression of AD. Therefore, CB-RBCMs provide a rational design to treat AD by promoting the self-repairing capacity of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wen Guo
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, PR China
| | - Pei-Pei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, PR China
| | - Wei-Yan Ding
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, PR China
| | - Si-Ling Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110016, PR China
| | - Xue-Shi Huang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, PR China
| | - Zhan-You Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, PR China.
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, PR China.
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26
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Falik Zaccai TC, Savitzki D, Zivony-Elboum Y, Vilboux T, Fitts EC, Shoval Y, Kalfon L, Samra N, Keren Z, Gross B, Chasnyk N, Straussberg R, Mullikin JC, Teer JK, Geiger D, Kornitzer D, Bitterman-Deutsch O, Samson AO, Wakamiya M, Peterson JW, Kirtley ML, Pinchuk IV, Baze WB, Gahl WA, Kleta R, Anikster Y, Chopra AK. Phospholipase A2-activating protein is associated with a novel form of leukoencephalopathy. Brain 2016; 140:370-386. [PMID: 28007986 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukoencephalopathies are a group of white matter disorders related to abnormal formation, maintenance, and turnover of myelin in the central nervous system. These disorders of the brain are categorized according to neuroradiological and pathophysiological criteria. Herein, we have identified a unique form of leukoencephalopathy in seven patients presenting at ages 2 to 4 months with progressive microcephaly, spastic quadriparesis, and global developmental delay. Clinical, metabolic, and imaging characterization of seven patients followed by homozygosity mapping and linkage analysis were performed. Next generation sequencing, bioinformatics, and segregation analyses followed, to determine a loss of function sequence variation in the phospholipase A2-activating protein encoding gene (PLAA). Expression and functional studies of the encoded protein were performed and included measurement of prostaglandin E2 and cytosolic phospholipase A2 activity in membrane fractions of fibroblasts derived from patients and healthy controls. Plaa-null mice were generated and prostaglandin E2 levels were measured in different tissues. The novel phenotype of our patients segregated with a homozygous loss-of-function sequence variant, causing the substitution of leucine at position 752 to phenylalanine, in PLAA, which causes disruption of the protein's ability to induce prostaglandin E2 and cytosolic phospholipase A2 synthesis in patients' fibroblasts. Plaa-null mice were perinatal lethal with reduced brain levels of prostaglandin E2 The non-functional phospholipase A2-activating protein and the associated neurological phenotype, reported herein for the first time, join other complex phospholipid defects that cause leukoencephalopathies in humans, emphasizing the importance of this axis in white matter development and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzipora C Falik Zaccai
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel .,Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - David Savitzki
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | | | - Thierry Vilboux
- Section on Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Division of Medical Genomics, Inova Translational Medicine Institute, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Eric C Fitts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yishay Shoval
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Limor Kalfon
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Nadra Samra
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Zohar Keren
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Bella Gross
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel.,Department of Neurology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Natalia Chasnyk
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Rachel Straussberg
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - James C Mullikin
- Comparative Genomics Analysis Unit, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jamie K Teer
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Dan Geiger
- Computer Sciences, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Daniel Kornitzer
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion - I.I.T. and Rappaport Institute for Biomedical Research, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ora Bitterman-Deutsch
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel.,Dermatology Clinic, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Abraham O Samson
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Maki Wakamiya
- Transgenic Mouse Core Facility, Institute for Translational Sciences and Animal Resource Center, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Johnny W Peterson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Michelle L Kirtley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Iryna V Pinchuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Wallace B Baze
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
| | - William A Gahl
- Section on Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert Kleta
- University College, Royal Free Hospital / UCL Medical School, London, UK
| | - Yair Anikster
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Metabolic Disease Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ashok K Chopra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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27
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Azimi L, Kachooeian M, Khodagholi F, Yans A, Heysieattalab S, Vakilzadeh G, Vosoughi N, Sanati M, Taghizadeh G, Sharifzadeh M. Protective effects of salicylate on PKA inhibitor (H-89)-induced spatial memory deficit via lessening autophagy and apoptosis in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 150-151:158-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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28
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Leclerc JL, Lampert AS, Diller MA, Doré S. PGE2-EP3 signaling exacerbates intracerebral hemorrhage outcomes in 24-mo-old mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H1725-34. [PMID: 27084388 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00638.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
With the population aging at an accelerated rate, the prevalence of stroke and financial burden of stroke-related health care costs are expected to continue to increase. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating stroke subtype more commonly affecting the elderly population, who display increased mortality and worse functional outcomes compared with younger patients. This study aimed to investigate the contribution of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) E prostanoid (EP) receptor subtype 3 in modulating anatomical outcomes and functional recovery following ICH in 24-mo-old mice. EP3 is the most abundant EP receptor in the brain and we have previously shown that signaling through the PGE2-EP3 axis exacerbates ICH outcomes in young mice. Here, we show that EP3 receptor deletion results in 17.9 ± 6.1% less ICH-induced brain injury (P < 0.05) and improves neurological functional recovery (P < 0.01), as identified by lower neurological deficit scores, decreased resting time, and more gross and fine motor movements. Immunohistological staining was performed to investigate possible mechanisms of EP3-mediated neurotoxicity. Identified mechanisms include reduced blood accumulation and modulation of angiogenic and astroglial responses. Using this aged cohort of mice, we have confirmed and extended our previous results in young mice demonstrating the deleterious role of the PGE2-EP3 signaling axis in modulating brain injury and functional recovery after ICH, further supporting the notion of the EP3 receptor as a putative therapeutic avenue for the treatment of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Leclerc
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Forida; and
| | - Andrew S Lampert
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Matthew A Diller
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Forida; and Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Psychology and Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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29
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Kapitanović Vidak H, Catela Ivković T, Vidak Z, Kapitanović S. COX-1 and COX-2 polymorphisms in susceptibility to cerebral palsy in very preterm infants. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:930-938. [PMID: 26781425 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9713-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a nonprogressive motor disorder caused by white matter damage in the developing brain. Recent epidemiological and clinical data suggest intrauterine infection/inflammation as the most common cause of preterm delivery and neonatal complications, including CP. Cyclooxygenases are key enzymes in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. The COX family consists of two isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2. In the brain, COX-2 is constitutively expressed at high levels on pyramidal neurons, while COX-1 is predominantly expressed by microglia and can be upregulated in pathological conditions, such as infection, ischemia and traumatic brain injury. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the COX-1 and COX-2 gene could have profound effects on COX-1 and COX-2 expression and, directly or indirectly, influence the pathogenesis, development and severity of CP. In this study we investigated the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms of the COX-1 and COX-2 gene and susceptibility to cerebral palsy in very preterm infants. The results of our study showed the association between COX-1 high expression genotype (-842 AA) and COX-1 high expression allele -842A and risk of CP in infants with cystic periventricular leucomalacia (cPVL). Our results support an important role of COX-1 enzyme on microglial activation during neuroinflammation resulting in huge neuroinflammatory response and the proinflammatory mediator overproduction, with the serious white matter damage and CP development as a consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Kapitanović Vidak
- Special Hospital for Children with Neurodevelopmental and Motor Difficulties, Goljak 2, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Tina Catela Ivković
- Laboratory for Personalized Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zoran Vidak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Neonatology, Clinical Hospital Merkur, Ivana Zajca 19, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Kapitanović
- Laboratory for Personalized Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, Zagreb, Croatia
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30
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Stančić A, Jandl K, Hasenöhrl C, Reichmann F, Marsche G, Schuligoi R, Heinemann A, Storr M, Schicho R. The GPR55 antagonist CID16020046 protects against intestinal inflammation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:1432-45. [PMID: 26227635 PMCID: PMC4587547 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) is a lysophospholipid receptor responsive to certain cannabinoids. The role of GPR55 in inflammatory processes of the gut is largely unknown. Using the recently characterized GPR55 inhibitor CID16020046, we determined the role of GPR55 in experimental intestinal inflammation and explored possible mechanisms of action. METHODS Colitis was induced by either 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) supplemented in the drinking water of C57BL/6 mice or by a single intrarectal application of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). KEY RESULTS Daily application of CID16020046 (20 mg/kg) significantly reduced inflammation scores and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. In the DSS colitis model, levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and the expression of cyclooxygenase (Cox)-2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT-3) were reduced in colon tissues while in TNBS-induced colitis, levels of Cox-2, IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly lowered. Evaluation of leukocyte recruitment by flow cytometry indicated reduced presence of lymphocytes and macrophages in the colon following GPR55 inhibition in DSS-induced colitis. In J774A.1 mouse macrophages, inhibition of GPR55 revealed reduced migration of macrophages and decreased CD11b expression, suggesting that direct effects of CID16020046 on macrophages may have contributed to the improvement of colitis. GPR55(-/-) knockout mice showed reduced inflammation scores as compared to wild type mice in the DSS model suggesting a pro-inflammatory role in intestinal inflammation. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Pharmacological blockade of GPR55 reduces experimental intestinal inflammation by reducing leukocyte migration and activation, in particular that of macrophages. Therefore, CID16020046 represents a possible drug for the treatment of bowel inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Stančić
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz
| | - Katharina Jandl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz
| | - Carina Hasenöhrl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz
| | - Florian Reichmann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz
| | - Rufina Schuligoi
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz
| | - Martin Storr
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
,Co-corresponding author:Martin Storr, MD, PhD Department of Medicine II, Klinikum Großhadern Ludwig-Maximilians University Marchioninistr. 15 81377 Munich Germany Phone: 0049 89-7095-2281 (0) Fax: 0049 89-7095-5281
| | - Rudolf Schicho
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz
,Corresponding author:Rudolf Schicho, PhD Medical University of Graz Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Universitätsplatz 4 8010 Graz Austria Phone: 0043 3163807851 Fax: 0043 3163809645
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Adzic M, Djordjevic J, Mitic M, Brkic Z, Lukic I, Radojcic M. The contribution of hypothalamic neuroendocrine, neuroplastic and neuroinflammatory processes to lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behaviour in female and male rats: Involvement of glucocorticoid receptor and C/EBP-β. Behav Brain Res 2015; 291:130-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Leclerc JL, Lampert AS, Diller MA, Doré S. Genetic deletion of the prostaglandin E2 E prostanoid receptor subtype 3 improves anatomical and functional outcomes after intracerebral hemorrhage. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:1381-91. [PMID: 25847406 PMCID: PMC4696550 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a stroke subtype associated with high mortality and morbidity. Following ICH, excitotoxicity and inflammation significantly contribute to secondary brain injury and poor outcomes. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) levels rise locally with insult to the nervous system, and PGE2 is known to modulate these processes mainly through its E prostanoid (EP) receptors, EP1-4. EP receptor subtype 3 (EP3) is the most abundant EP receptor in the brain and we have previously shown that signaling through the PGE2 -EP3 axis exacerbates excitotoxicity and ischemic stroke outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the contribution of this pathway in modulating anatomical outcomes and functional recovery following ICH. Genetic deletion of EP3 resulted in 48.2 ± 7.3% less ICH-induced brain injury (P < 0.005) and improved functional recovery (P < 0.05), as identified by neurological deficit scoring. To start investigating the mechanisms involved in neuroprotection with impaired PGE2 -EP3 signaling, histological staining was performed to evaluate blood and ferric iron accumulation, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and peripheral neutrophil infiltration. After ICH, EP3 knockout mice demonstrated 49.5 ± 8.8% and 42.8 ± 13.1% less blood (P < 0.01) and ferric iron (P < 0.05), respectively. Furthermore, EP3 knockout mice had significantly reduced astrogliosis, microglial activation, blood-brain barrier breakdown, and neutrophil infiltration. Collectively, these results suggest an injurious role for the PGE2 -EP3 signaling axis in modulating brain injury, inflammation, and neurological functional recovery after ICH. Modulation of the PGE2 -EP3 signaling axis may represent a putative therapeutic avenue for the treatment of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Leclerc
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Andrew S Lampert
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Matthew A Diller
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Inhibitory effect of triterpenoids from Dillenia serrata (Dilleniaceae) on prostaglandin E2 production and quantitative HPLC analysis of its koetjapic acid and betulinic acid contents. Molecules 2015; 20:3206-20. [PMID: 25690285 PMCID: PMC6272585 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20023206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The crude methanol extracts and fractions of the root and stem barks of Dillenia serrata Thunb. showed 64% to 73% inhibition on the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in lipopolysaccharide-induced human whole blood using a radioimmunoassay technique. Three triterpenoids isolated from the root bark of the plant, koetjapic (1), 3-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic (2), and betulinic (3) acids, exhibited significant concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on PGE2 production with IC50 values of 1.05, 1.54, and 2.59 μM, respectively, as compared with the positive control, indomethacin (IC50 = 0.45 μM). Quantification of compounds 1 and 3 in the methanol extracts and fractions were carried out by using a validated reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method. The ethyl acetate fraction of the stem bark showed the highest content of both compound 1 (15.1%) and compound 3 (52.8%). The strong inhibition of the extracts and fractions on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymatic activity was due to the presence of their major constituents, especially koetjapic and betulinic acids.
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Kondo F, Tachi M, Gosho M, Fukayama M, Yoshikawa K, Okada S. Changes in hypothalamic neurotransmitter and prostanoid levels in response to NMDA, CRF, and GLP-1 stimulation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5261-72. [PMID: 25633219 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8496-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Determination of neuroactive substances, such as neurotransmitters and prostanoids, in the extracellular space of the living brain is a very important technique in neuroscience. The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is one of the most important autonomic control centers in the brain. Recently, we demonstrated that thromboxane (Tx) A2 in the PVN may play an important role in adrenomedullary outflow evoked by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) stimulation using microdialysis sampling and liquid chromatography-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ITMS(n)). In the present study, we investigated whether centrally administered NMDA, CRF, and GLP-1 can release five neurotransmitters, acetylcholine (ACh), histamine, glutamate (Glu), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and serotonin (5-HT), along with six prostanoids, TxB2, prostaglandin (PG) E2, PGD2, 15-deoxy-∆(12,14) (15d)-PGJ2, 6-keto-PGF1α, and PGF2α in rat PVN microdialysates after optimization of LC-ITMS(n) conditions . All stimulations increased the levels of 5-HT, TxB2, PGE2, and PGF2α (except for 5-HT stimulated with GLP-1). Only NMDA increased the levels of ACh, Glu, and GABA. Treatment with dizocilpine maleate (MK-801), a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, attenuated the NMDA-induced increase in the levels of neuroactive substances except for Glu. This is the first study to use LC-ITMS(n) to analyze neurotransmitters and prostanoids in the same microdialysates from rat PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Kondo
- Department of Pharmacology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan,
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Mohan S, Narumiya S, Doré S. Neuroprotective role of prostaglandin PGE2 EP2 receptor in hemin-mediated toxicity. Neurotoxicology 2015; 46:53-9. [PMID: 25451967 PMCID: PMC4681391 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Heme (Fe(2+) protoporphyrin IX) and hemin (Fe(3+)), the prosthetic group of hemoprotein, are cytotoxic due to their ability to contribute to the production of reactive oxygen species, increased intracellular calcium levels, and stimulate glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. Previous work by our group showed that blockade of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-EP1 receptor reduced hemin-induced cytotoxicity in primary cortical neuronal cultures. However, the role of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-EP2 receptor in hemin neurotoxicity remains unclear. Activation of the EP2 receptor in neurons results in increased cyclic AMP (cAMP) and protein kinase A signaling; therefore, we hypothesized that the activation of the EP2 receptor decreases hemin neurotoxicity. Using postnatal primary cortical neurons cultured from wildtype-control (WT) and EP2(-/-) mice, we investigated the role of the EP2 receptor in hemin neurotoxicity by monitoring cell survival with the Calcein-AM live-cell and lactate dehydrogenase assays. MitoTracker staining was also performed to determine how mitochondria were affected by hemin. Hemin neurotoxicity in EP2(-/-) neurons was 37.2 ± 17.0% greater compared to WT neurons. Of interest, cotreatment with the EP2 receptor agonist, butaprost (1 and 10 μM), significantly attenuated hemin neurotoxicity by 55.7 ± 21.1% and 60.1 ± 14.8%, respectively. To further investigate signaling mechanisms related to EP2 receptor mediating cytoprotection, neurons were cotreated with hemin and activators/inhibitors of both the cAMP-protein kinase A/exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) pathways. Forskolin, a cAMP activator, and 8-pCPT-cAMP, an Epac activator, both attenuated hemin neurotoxicity by 78.8 ± 22.2% and 58.4 ± 9.8%, respectively, as measured using the lactate dehydrogenase assay. Together, the results reveal that activation of the EP2 receptor is protective against hemin neurotoxicity in vitro and these findings suggest that neuroprotection occurs through the cAMP-Epac pathway in neuronal cultures. Therefore, activation of the EP2 receptor could be used to minimize neuronal damage following exposure to supraphysiological levels of hemin.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Alprostadil/analogs & derivatives
- Alprostadil/pharmacology
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cerebral Cortex/cytology
- Colforsin/pharmacology
- Cyclic AMP/analogs & derivatives
- Cyclic AMP/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists/pharmacology
- Glutamic Acid/pharmacology
- Hemin/toxicity
- L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/metabolism
- Thionucleotides/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekher Mohan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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36
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Park TY, Baik EJ, Lee SH. Prostaglandin E₂-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression is mediated by cAMP/Epac signalling modules in bEnd.3 brain endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:604-18. [PMID: 23317035 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) has been implicated in the regulation of adhesion molecules, leukocyte adhesion and infiltration into inflamed site. However, the underlying mechanism therein involved remains ill-defined. In this study, we explored its cellular mechanism of action in the regulation of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in the brain endothelial cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH bEnd.3 cells, the murine cerebrovascular endothelial cell line and primary mouse brain endothelial cells were treated with PGE₂ with or without agonists/antagonists of PGE₂ receptors and associated signalling molecules. ICAM-1 expression, Akt phosphorylation and activity of NF-κB were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunoblot analysis, luciferase assay and immunocytochemistry. KEY RESULTS PGE₂ significantly up-regulated the expression of ICAM-1, which was blocked by EP4 antagonist (ONO-AE2-227) and knock-down of EP4. PGE₂ effects were mimicked by forskolin, dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) and an exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) activator (8-Cpt-cAMP) but not a protein kinase A activator (N⁶-Bnz-cAMP). PGE₂-induced ICAM-1 expression was reduced by knock-down of Epac1. A PI3K specific inhibitor (LY294002), Akt inhibitor VIII (Akti) and NF-κB inhibitors (Bay-11-7082 and MG-132) attenuated the induction of ICAM-1 by PGE₂. PGE₂, dbcAMP and 8-Cpt-cAMP induced the phosphorylation of Akt, IκB kinase and IκBα and the translocation of p65 to the nucleus and increased NF-κB dependent reporter gene activity, which was diminished by Akti. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings suggest that PGE₂ induces ICAM-1 expression via EP4 receptor and Epac/Akt/NF-κB signalling pathway in bEnd.3 brain endothelial cells, supporting its pathophysiological role in brain inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yeop Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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37
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Sturm EM, Radnai B, Jandl K, Stančić A, Parzmair GP, Högenauer C, Kump P, Wenzl H, Petritsch W, Pieber TR, Schuligoi R, Marsche G, Ferreirós N, Heinemann A, Schicho R. Opposing roles of prostaglandin D2 receptors in ulcerative colitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:827-39. [PMID: 24929001 PMCID: PMC4121674 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Proresolution functions were reported for PGD2 in colitis, but the role of its two receptors, D-type prostanoid (DP) and, in particular, chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2), is less well defined. We investigated DP and CRTH2 expression and function during human and murine ulcerative colitis (UC). Expression of receptors was measured by flow cytometry on peripheral blood leukocytes and by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting in colon biopsies of patients with active UC and healthy individuals. Receptor involvement in UC was evaluated in a mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium colitis. DP and CRTH2 expression changed in leukocytes of patients with active UC in a differential manner. In UC patients, DP showed higher expression in neutrophils but lower in monocytes as compared with control subjects. In contrast, CRTH2 was decreased in eosinophils, NK, and CD3(+) T cells but not in monocytes and CD3(+)/CD4(+) T cells. The decrease of CRTH2 on blood eosinophils clearly correlated with disease activity. DP correlated positively with disease activity in eosinophils but inversely in neutrophils. CRTH2 internalized upon treatment with PGD2 and 11-dehydro TXB2 in eosinophils of controls. Biopsies of UC patients revealed an increase of CRTH2-positive cells in the colonic mucosa and high CRTH2 protein content. The CRTH2 antagonist CAY10595 improved, whereas the DP antagonist MK0524 worsened inflammation in murine colitis. DP and CRTH2 play differential roles in UC. Although expression of CRTH2 on blood leukocytes is downregulated in UC, CRTH2 is present in colon tissue, where it may contribute to inflammation, whereas DP most likely promotes anti-inflammatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Sturm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Balazs Radnai
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Jandl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Angela Stančić
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald P Parzmair
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Högenauer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Patrizia Kump
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Heimo Wenzl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Petritsch
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas R Pieber
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; and
| | - Rufina Schuligoi
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nerea Ferreirós
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Schicho
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
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38
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Shimizu T, Tanaka K, Nakamura K, Taniuchi K, Yawata T, Higashi Y, Ueba T, Dimitriadis F, Shimizu S, Yokotani K, Saito M. Possible involvement of brain prostaglandin E2 and prostanoid EP3 receptors in prostaglandin E2 glycerol ester-induced activation of central sympathetic outflow in the rat. Neuropharmacology 2014; 82:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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39
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Mass spectrometric determination of prostanoids in rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus microdialysates. Auton Neurosci 2014; 181:49-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Cudaback E, Jorstad NL, Yang Y, Montine TJ, Keene CD. Therapeutic implications of the prostaglandin pathway in Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:565-72. [PMID: 24434190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An important pathologic hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is neuroinflammation, a process characterized in AD by disproportionate activation of cells (microglia and astrocytes, primarily) of the non-specific innate immune system within the CNS. While inflammation itself is not intrinsically detrimental, a delicate balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory signals must be maintained to ensure that long-term exaggerated responses do not damage the brain over time. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) represent a broad class of powerful therapeutics that temper inflammation by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-mediated signaling pathways including prostaglandins, which are the principal mediators of CNS neuroinflammation. While historically used to treat discrete or systemic inflammatory conditions, epidemiologic evidence suggests that protracted NSAID use may delay AD onset, as well as decrease disease severity and rate of progression. Unfortunately, clinical trials with NSAIDs have thus far yielded disappointing results, including premature discontinuation of a large-scale prevention trial due to unexpected cardiovascular side effects. Here we review the literature and make the argument that more targeted exploitation of downstream prostaglandin signaling pathways may offer significant therapeutic benefits for AD while minimizing adverse side effects. Directed strategies such as these may ultimately help to delay the deleterious consequences of brain aging and might someday lead to new therapies for AD and other chronic neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiron Cudaback
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Nikolas L Jorstad
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Yue Yang
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Thomas J Montine
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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41
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Fattahi MJ, Mirshafiey A. Positive and negative effects of prostaglandins in Alzheimer's disease. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 68:50-60. [PMID: 23992456 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to clarify the role of prostaglandins and prostaglandin receptors in the immunopathology of Alzheimer's disease. A PubMed search was done using the key word, 'Alzheimer's disease' in combination with the term 'prostaglandins'. Articles from the past 10 years were preferentially selected but important ones from the past 20 years were also included according to the authors' judgment. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by pathological hallmarks such as extracellular deposition of the amyloid β-peptide, the appearance of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, extensive neuronal loss and synaptic changes in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. These processes induce inflammatory pathways by activating microglia, astrocytes and infiltrating leukocytes that produce inflammatory mediators including cytokines and prostaglandins.Prostaglandins are small lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid by multi-enzymatic pathways in which cyclooxygenases and phospholipases are the rate-limiting enzymes. In the central nervous system, prostaglandins exhibit either neurotoxic or neuroprotective effects by acting on specific G-protein-coupled receptors that have different subfamilies and differences in their selective agonists, tissue distribution and signal transduction cascades. Further studies on the role of prostaglandins in Alzheimer's disease may contribute to clarification of their neuroprotective actions, which may lead to the development of successful therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Fattahi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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42
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Straccia M, Dentesano G, Valente T, Pulido-Salgado M, Solà C, Saura J. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β regulates prostaglandin E synthase expression and prostaglandin E2 production in activated microglial cells. Glia 2013; 61:1607-19. [PMID: 23893854 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The eicosanoid prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) plays important roles in neuroinflammation and it is produced by the sequential action of the enzymes cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E synthase (PTGES). The expression of both enzymes and the production of PGE2 are increased in neuroinflammation. The objective of this study was to elucidate whether the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ) regulates the expression of prostaglandin synthesis enzymes in neuroinflammation. To this aim, the expression of these enzymes in wild-type and C/EBPβ-null mice was analyzed in vitro and in vivo. In mixed glial cultures, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ± interferon γ (IFN-γ) induced C/EBPβ binding to COX-2 and PTGES promoters. LPS ± IFN-γ-induced increases in PTGES expression and in PGE2 production in mixed glial and microglial cultures were abrogated in the absence of C/EBPβ. Also, increased brain PTGES expression induced by systemic LPS administration was markedly reduced in C/EBPβ-null mice. In contrast to PTGES, the induction of COX-2 expression in vitro or in vivo was not markedly affected by the absence of C/EBPβ. These results demonstrate that C/EBPβ regulates PTGES expression and PGE2 production by activated microglial cells in vitro and point to C/EBPβ as a regulator of PTGES expression in vivo in the inflamed central nervous system. Altogether, these findings strengthen the proposed role of C/EBPβ as a key player in the orchestration of neuroinflammatory gene response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Straccia
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
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43
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Dewapriya P, Li YX, Himaya S, Pangestuti R, Kim SK. Neoechinulin A suppresses amyloid-β oligomer-induced microglia activation and thereby protects PC-12 cells from inflammation-mediated toxicity. Neurotoxicology 2013; 35:30-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, autoimmune, and complex inflammatory disease leading to bone and cartilage destruction, whose cause remains obscure. Accumulation of genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and dysregulated immune responses are necessary for mounting this self-reacting disease. Inflamed joints are infiltrated by a heterogeneous population of cellular and soluble mediators of the immune system, such as T cells, B cells, macrophages, cytokines, and prostaglandins (PGs). Prostaglandins are lipid inflammatory mediators derived from the arachidonic acid by multienzymatic reactions. They both sustain homeostatic mechanisms and mediate pathogenic processes, including the inflammatory reaction. They play both beneficial and harmful roles during inflammation, according to their site of action and the etiology of the inflammatory response. With respect to the role of PGs in inflammation, they can be effective mediators in the pathophysiology of RA. Thus the use of agonists or antagonists of PG receptors may be considered as a new therapeutic protocol in RA. In this paper, we try to elucidate the role of PGs in the immunopathology of RA.
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45
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Colton CA. Immune heterogeneity in neuroinflammation: dendritic cells in the brain. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2012; 8:145-62. [PMID: 23114889 PMCID: PMC4279719 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-012-9414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are critical to an integrated immune response and serve as the key link between the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Under steady state conditions, brain DC’s act as sentinels, continually sampling their local environment. They share this function with macrophages derived from the same basic hemopoietic (bone marrow-derived) precursor and with parenchymal microglia that arise from a unique non-hemopoietic origin. While multiple cells may serve as antigen presenting cells (APCs), dendritic cells present both foreign and self-proteins to naïve T cells that, in turn, carry out effector functions that serve to protect or destroy. The resulting activation of the adaptive response is a critical step to resolution of injury or infection and is key to survival. In this review we will explore the critical roles that DCs play in the brain’s response to neuroinflammatory disease with emphasis on how the brain’s microenvironment impacts these actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Colton
- Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 2900, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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46
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Prostaglandin E2 and the suppression of phagocyte innate immune responses in different organs. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:327568. [PMID: 23024463 PMCID: PMC3449139 DOI: 10.1155/2012/327568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The local and systemic production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and its actions in phagocytes lead to immunosuppressive conditions. PGE2 is produced at high levels during inflammation, and its suppressive effects are caused by the ligation of the E prostanoid receptors EP2 and EP4, which results in the production of cyclic AMP. However, PGE2 also exhibits immunostimulatory properties due to binding to EP3, which results in decreased cAMP levels. The various guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) that are coupled to the different EP receptors account for the pleiotropic roles of PGE2 in different disease states. Here, we discuss the production of PGE2 and the actions of this prostanoid in phagocytes from different tissues, the relative contribution of PGE2 to the modulation of innate immune responses, and the novel therapeutic opportunities that can be used to control inflammatory responses.
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Chang HH, Chang MC, Huang GF, Wang YL, Chan CP, Wang TM, Lin PS, Jeng JH. Effect of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate on the cytotoxicity, cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostanoids production in human dental pulp cells. Int Endod J 2012; 45:848-58. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wormser U, Brodsky B, Milatovic D, Finkelstein Y, Farina M, Rocha JB, Aschner M. Protective effect of a novel peptide against methylmercury-induced toxicity in rat primary astrocytes. Neurotoxicology 2011; 33:763-8. [PMID: 22186600 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is an environmental neurotoxicant associated with aberrant central nervous system (CNS) functions. In this study, we examined the protective effect of a novel anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective nonapeptide, termed IIIM1, against MeHg-induced toxicity in cultured rat neonatal primary astrocytes. Astrocytes were pretreated for 66 h with 5 μg/ml IIIM1 (4.95 μM) followed by 6 h exposure to MeHg (5 μM). MeHg significantly increased F(2)-isoprostane generation, a lipid peroxidation biomarker of oxidative injury and this effect was significantly reduced upon pre-treatment with IIIM1. The MeHg-induced increase in levels of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), biomarkers of inflammatory responses, was also decreased in the peptide-treated cells. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed no chemical or binding interaction between MeHg and IIIM1, indicating that intracellular cytoprotective mechanism of action accounts for the neuroprotection rather than direct intracellular neutralization of the neurotoxicant with the peptide. These findings point to therapeutic potential for IIIM1 in a plethora of conditions associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The implication of these findings may prove beneficial in designing new treatment modalities that efficiently suppress neurotoxicity, triggered not only by MeHg, but also by other metals and environmental agents, as well as chronic disease conditions that inherently increase reactive radical production and inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Wormser
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, the Hebrew University, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
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Clasadonte J, Sharif A, Baroncini M, Prevot V. Gliotransmission by prostaglandin e(2): a prerequisite for GnRH neuronal function? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:91. [PMID: 22649391 PMCID: PMC3355930 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past four decades it has become clear that prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), a phospholipid-derived signaling molecule, plays a fundamental role in modulating the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuroendocrine system and in shaping the hypothalamus. In this review, after a brief historical overview, we highlight studies revealing that PGE(2) released by glial cells such as astrocytes and tanycytes is intimately involved in the active control of GnRH neuronal activity and neurosecretion. Recent evidence suggests that hypothalamic astrocytes surrounding GnRH neuronal cell bodies may respond to neuronal activity with an activation of the erbB receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, triggering the release of PGE(2) as a chemical transmitter from the glia themselves, and, in turn, leading to the feedback regulation of GnRH neuronal activity. At the GnRH neurohemal junction, in the median eminence of the hypothalamus, PGE(2) is released by tanycytes in response to cell-cell signaling initiated by glial cells and vascular endothelial cells. Upon its release, PGE(2) causes the retraction of the tanycyte end-feet enwrapping the GnRH nerve terminals, enabling them to approach the adjacent pericapillary space and thus likely facilitating neurohormone diffusion from these nerve terminals into the pituitary portal blood. In view of these new insights, we suggest that synaptically associated astrocytes and perijunctional tanycytes are integral modulatory elements of GnRH neuronal function at the cell soma/dendrite and nerve terminal levels, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Clasadonte
- Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Inserm, U837, F-59000Lille, France
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Université Lille Nord de FranceLille, France
- School of Medicine, UDSLLille, France
| | - Ariane Sharif
- Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Inserm, U837, F-59000Lille, France
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Université Lille Nord de FranceLille, France
- School of Medicine, UDSLLille, France
| | - Marc Baroncini
- Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Inserm, U837, F-59000Lille, France
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Université Lille Nord de FranceLille, France
- School of Medicine, UDSLLille, France
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHULilleLille, France
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Inserm, U837, F-59000Lille, France
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Université Lille Nord de FranceLille, France
- School of Medicine, UDSLLille, France
- *Correspondence: Vincent Prevot, INSERM U837, Bâtiment Biserte, Place de Verdun, 59045 Lille Cedex, France. e-mail:
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