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Gao Y, Li R, Ma Q, Baker JM, Rauch S, Gunier RB, Mora AM, Kogut K, Bradman A, Eskenazi B, Reiss AL, Sagiv SK. Childhood exposure to organophosphate pesticides: Functional connectivity and working memory in adolescents. Neurotoxicology 2024; 103:206-214. [PMID: 38908438 PMCID: PMC11302996 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early life exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides is linked with adverse neurodevelopment and brain function in children. However, we have limited knowledge of how these exposures affect functional connectivity, a measure of interaction between brain regions. To address this gap, we examined the association between early life OP pesticide exposure and functional connectivity in adolescents. METHODS We administered functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to 291 young adults with measured prenatal or childhood dialkylphosphates (DAPs) in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) study, a longitudinal study of women recruited during pregnancy and their offspring. We measured DAPs in urinary samples collected from mothers during pregnancy (13 and 26 weeks) and children in early life (ages 6 months, 1, 2, 3, and 5 years). Youth underwent fNIRS while they performed executive function and semantic language tasks during their 18-year-old visit. We used covariate-adjusted regression models to estimate the associations of prenatal and childhood DAPs with functional connectivity between the frontal, temporal, and parietal regions, and a mediation model to examine the role of functional connectivity in the relationship between DAPs and task performance. RESULTS We observed null associations of prenatal and childhood DAP concentrations and functional connectivity for the entire sample. However, when we looked for sex differences, we observed an association between childhood DAPs and functional connectivity for the right interior frontal and premotor cortex after correcting for the false discovery rate, among males, but not females. In addition, functional connectivity appeared to mediate an inverse association between DAPs and working memory accuracy among males. CONCLUSION In CHAMACOS, a secondary analysis showed that adolescent males with elevated childhood OP pesticide exposure may have altered brain regional connectivity. This altered neurofunctional pattern in males may partially mediate working memory impairment associated with childhood DAP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Gao
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
| | - Rihui Li
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Institute of Collaborative Innovation, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Qianheng Ma
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Joseph M Baker
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Stephen Rauch
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Robert B Gunier
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ana M Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Katherine Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Allan L Reiss
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Sharon K Sagiv
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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Normann SS, Beck IH, Nielsen F, Andersen MS, Bilenberg N, Jensen TK, Andersen HR. Prenatal exposure to pyrethroids and chlorpyrifos and IQ in 7-year-old children from the Odense Child Cohort. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2024; 103:107352. [PMID: 38636567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2024.107352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphates and pyrethroids are two major groups of insecticides used for crop protection worldwide. They are neurotoxicants and exposure during vulnerable windows of brain development may have long-term impact on human neurodevelopment. Only few longitudinal studies have investigated associations between prenatal exposure to these substances and intelligence quotient (IQ) at school age in populations with low, mainly dietary, exposure. OBJECTIVE To investigate associations between maternal urinary concentrations of insecticide metabolites at gestational week 28 and IQ in offspring at 7-years of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data was derived from the Odense Child Cohort (OCC). Metabolites of chlorpyrifos (TCPy) and pyrethroids (3-PBA, cis- and trans-DCCA, 4-F-3PBA, cis-DBCA) were measured in maternal urine collected at gestational week (GW) 28. An abbreviated version of the Danish Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children fifth edition (WISC-V) consisting of four subtests to estimate full scale IQ (FSIQ) was administered by trained psychologists. Data were analyzed by use of multiple linear regression and adjusted for confounders. RESULTS 812 mother/child-pairs were included. Median concentrations were 0.21 μg/L for 3-PBA, 1.67 μg/L for TCPy and the mean IQ for children were 99.4. Null association between maternal 3-PBA and child IQ at 7 years was seen, but with trends suggesting an inverse association. There was a significant association for maternal TCPy and child IQ at mid-level exposure. Trans-DCCA above the level of detection (LOD) was also associated with slightly lower child IQ, but the association was also not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS We found no significant associations between maternal 3-PBA metabolites and child IQ at 7 years, but with trends suggesting an inverse association. A non-significant trend between maternal TCPy exposure and child IQ in 7-year-children was seen even in this low exposed population. Given the widespread exposure and increasing use of insecticides, this should be elaborated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Søgaard Normann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Iben Have Beck
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Flemming Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Bilenberg
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mental Health Services in Region of Southern Denmark, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tina Kold Jensen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; OPEN Patient data Explorative Network, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helle Raun Andersen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Dimitrov LV, Kaminski JW, Holbrook JR, Bitsko RH, Yeh M, Courtney JG, O'Masta B, Maher B, Cerles A, McGowan K, Rush M. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Chemical Exposures and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2024; 25:225-248. [PMID: 38108946 PMCID: PMC11132938 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-023-01601-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to certain chemicals prenatally and in childhood can impact development and may increase risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Leveraging a larger set of literature searches conducted to synthesize results from longitudinal studies of potentially modifiable risk factors for childhood ADHD, we present meta-analytic results from 66 studies that examined the associations between early chemical exposures and later ADHD diagnosis or symptoms. Studies were eligible for inclusion if the chemical exposure occurred at least 6 months prior to measurement of ADHD diagnosis or symptomatology. Included papers were published between 1975 and 2019 on exposure to anesthetics (n = 5), cadmium (n = 3), hexachlorobenzene (n = 4), lead (n = 22), mercury (n = 12), organophosphates (n = 7), and polychlorinated biphenyls (n = 13). Analyses are presented for each chemical exposure by type of ADHD outcome reported (categorical vs. continuous), type of ADHD measurement (overall measures of ADHD, ADHD symptoms only, ADHD diagnosis only, inattention only, hyperactivity/impulsivity only), and timing of exposure (prenatal vs. childhood vs. cumulative), whenever at least 3 relevant effect sizes were available. Childhood lead exposure was positively associated with ADHD diagnosis and symptoms in all analyses except for the prenatal analyses (odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 1.60 to 2.62, correlation coefficients (CCs) ranging from 0.14 to 0.16). Other statistically significant associations were limited to organophosphates (CC = 0.11, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03-0.19 for continuous measures of ADHD outcomes overall), polychlorinated biphenyls (CC = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.02-0.14 for continuous measures of inattention as the outcome), and both prenatal and childhood mercury exposure (CC = 0.02, 95% CI: 0.00-0.04 for continuous measures of ADHD outcomes overall for either exposure window). Our findings provide further support for negative impacts of prenatal and/or childhood exposure to certain chemicals and raise the possibility that primary prevention and targeted screening could prevent or mitigate ADHD symptomatology. Furthermore, these findings support the need for regular review of regulations as our scientific understanding of the risks posed by these chemicals evolves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina V Dimitrov
- Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center On Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
| | - Jennifer W Kaminski
- Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center On Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph R Holbrook
- Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center On Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca H Bitsko
- Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center On Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Yeh
- Division of Environmental Health Science and Practice, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph G Courtney
- Division of Environmental Health Science and Practice, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Brion Maher
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Oskar S, Balalian AA, Stingone JA. Identifying critical windows of prenatal phenol, paraben, and pesticide exposure and child neurodevelopment: Findings from a prospective cohort study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:170754. [PMID: 38369152 PMCID: PMC10960968 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate how exposure to a mixture of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during two points in pregnancy affects early childhood neurodevelopment. METHODS We analyzed publicly-available data from a high-risk cohort of mothers and their children (2007-2014) that measured six EDCs including methyl-, ethyl- and propyl parabens (MEPB, ETPB, PRPB), Bisphenol-A (BPA), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) in prenatal urine samples during the second and third trimesters. Neurodevelopmental scores were assessed using Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) at age 3. We used mean field variational Bayes for lagged kernel machine regression (MFVB-LKMR) to investigate the association between trimester-specific co-exposure to the six EDCs and MSEL scores at age 3, stratified by sex. RESULTS The analysis included 130 children. For females, the relationship between BPA and 3PBA with MSEL score varied between the two trimesters. In the second trimester, effect estimates for BPA were null but inversely correlated with MSEL score in the third trimester. 3PBA had a negative relationship with MSEL in the second trimester and positive correlation in the third trimester. For males, effect estimates for all EDCs were in opposing directions across trimesters. MFVB-LKMR analysis identified significant two-way interaction between EDCs for MSEL scores in both trimesters. For example, in females, the MSEL scores associated with increased exposure to TCPy were 1.75 units (95%credible interval -0.04, -3.47) lower in the 2nd trimester and 4.61 (95%CI -3.39, -5.84) lower in the third trimester when PRPB was fixed at the 75th percentile compared to when PRPB was fixed at the 25th percentile. CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence that timing of EDC exposure within the prenatal period may impact neurodevelopmental outcomes in children. More of these varying effects were identified among females. Future research is needed to explore EDC mixtures and the timing of exposure during pregnancy to enhance our understanding of how these chemicals impact child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Oskar
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Arin A Balalian
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeanette A Stingone
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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Reddy DS, Singh T, Ramakrishnan S, Huber M, Wu X. Neuroprotectant Activity of Novel Water-Soluble Synthetic Neurosteroids on Organophosphate Intoxication and Status Epilepticus-Induced Long-Term Neurological Dysfunction, Neurodegeneration, and Neuroinflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:399-415. [PMID: 38071567 PMCID: PMC10801736 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPs) and nerve agents are potent neurotoxic compounds that cause seizures, status epilepticus (SE), brain injury, or death. There are persistent long-term neurologic and neurodegenerative effects that manifest months to years after the initial exposure. Current antidotes are ineffective in preventing these long-term neurobehavioral and neuropathological changes. Additionally, there are few effective neuroprotectants for mitigating the long-term effects of acute OP intoxication. We have pioneered neurosteroids as novel anticonvulsants and neuroprotectants for OP intoxication and seizures. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of two novel synthetic, water-soluble neurosteroids, valaxanolone (VX) and lysaxanolone (LX), in combating the long-term behavioral and neuropathological impairments caused by acute OP intoxication and SE. Animals were exposed to the OP nerve agent surrogate diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) and were treated with VX or LX in addition to midazolam at 40 minutes postexposure. The extent of neurodegeneration, along with various behavioral and memory deficits, were assessed at 3 months postexposure. VX significantly reduced deficits of aggressive behavior, anxiety, memory, and depressive-like traits in control (DFP-exposed, midazolam-treated) animals; VX also significantly prevented the DFP-induced chronic loss of NeuN(+) principal neurons and PV(+) inhibitory neurons in the hippocampus and other regions. Additionally, VX-treated animals exhibited a reduced inflammatory response with decreased GFAP(+) astrogliosis and IBA1(+) microgliosis in the hippocampus, amygdala, and other regions. Similarly, LX showed significant improvement in behavioral and memory deficits, and reduced neurodegeneration and cellular neuroinflammation. Together, these results demonstrate the neuroprotectant effects of the novel synthetic neurosteroids in mitigating the long-term neurologic dysfunction and neurodegeneration associated with OP exposure. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Survivors of nerve agents and organophosphate (OP) exposures suffer from long-term neurological deficits. Currently, there is no specific drug therapy for mitigating the impact of OP exposure. However, novel synthetic neurosteroids that activate tonic inhibition provide a viable option for treating OP intoxication. The data from this study indicates the neuroprotective effects of synthetic, water-soluble neurosteroids for attenuation of long-term neurological deficits after OP intoxication. These findings establish valaxanolone and lysaxanolone as potent and efficacious neuroprotectants suitable for injectable dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, Texas (D.S.R., T.S., S.R., M.H., X.W.) and Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas (D.S.R., S.R., X.W.)
| | - Tanveer Singh
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, Texas (D.S.R., T.S., S.R., M.H., X.W.) and Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas (D.S.R., S.R., X.W.)
| | - Sreevidhya Ramakrishnan
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, Texas (D.S.R., T.S., S.R., M.H., X.W.) and Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas (D.S.R., S.R., X.W.)
| | - Madeline Huber
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, Texas (D.S.R., T.S., S.R., M.H., X.W.) and Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas (D.S.R., S.R., X.W.)
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, Texas (D.S.R., T.S., S.R., M.H., X.W.) and Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas (D.S.R., S.R., X.W.)
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Neff MJ, Reddy DS. Long-Term Neuropsychiatric Developmental Defects after Neonatal Organophosphate Exposure: Mitigation by Synthetic Neurosteroids. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:451-468. [PMID: 37863488 PMCID: PMC10806574 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Children are much more susceptible to the neurotoxic effects of organophosphate (OP) pesticides and nerve agents than adults. OP poisoning in children leads to acute seizures and neuropsychiatric sequela, including the development of long-term disabilities and cognitive impairments. Despite these risks, there are few chronic rodent models that use pediatric OP exposure for studying neurodevelopmental consequences and interventions. Here, we investigated the protective effect of the neurosteroid ganaxolone (GX) on the long-term developmental impact of neonatal exposure to the OP compound, diisopropyl-fluorophosphate (DFP). Pediatric postnatal day-28 rats were acutely exposed to DFP, and at 3 and 10 months after exposure, they were evaluated using a series of cognitive and behavioral tests with or without the postexposure treatment of GX. Analysis of the neuropathology was performed after 10 months. DFP-exposed animals displayed significant long-term deficits in mood, anxiety, depression, and aggressive traits. In spatial and nonspatial cognitive tests, they displayed striking impairments in learning and memory. Analysis of brain sections showed significant loss of neuronal nuclei antigen(+) principal neurons, parvalbumin(+) inhibitory interneurons, and neurogenesis, along with increased astrogliosis, microglial neuroinflammation, and mossy fiber sprouting. These detrimental neuropathological changes are consistent with behavioral dysfunctions. In the neurosteroid GX-treated cohort, behavioral and cognitive deficits were significantly reduced and were associated with strong protection against long-term neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In conclusion, this pediatric model replicates the salient features of children exposed to OPs, and the protective outcomes from neurosteroid intervention support the viability of developing this strategy for mitigating the long-term effects of acute OP exposure in children. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: An estimated 3 million organophosphate exposures occur annually worldwide, with children comprising over 30% of all victims. Our understanding of the neurodevelopmental consequences in children exposed to organophosphates is limited. Here, we investigated the long-term impact of neonatal exposure to diisopropyl-fluorophosphate in pediatric rats. Neurosteroid treatment protected against major deficits in behavior and memory and was well correlated with neuropathological changes. Overall, this pediatric model is helpful to screen novel therapies to mitigate long-term developmental deficits of organophosphate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael James Neff
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics (M.J.N., D.S.R.) and Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics (M.J.N., D.S.R.), School of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
| | - Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics (M.J.N., D.S.R.) and Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics (M.J.N., D.S.R.), School of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
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Singh T, Ramakrishnan S, Wu X, Reddy DS. A Pediatric Rat Model of Organophosphate-Induced Refractory Status Epilepticus: Characterization of Long-Term Epileptic Seizure Activity, Neurologic Dysfunction and Neurodegeneration. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:416-431. [PMID: 37977810 PMCID: PMC10801778 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Children are highly vulnerable to the neurotoxic effects of organophosphates (OPs), which can cause neuronal developmental defects, including intellectual disability, autism, epilepsy, and related comorbidities. Unfortunately, no specific pediatric OP neurotoxicity model currently exists. In this study, we developed and characterized a pediatric rat model of status epilepticus (SE) induced by the OP diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) and examined its impact on long-term neurological outcomes. Postnatal day 21 rats were exposed to a DFP regimen with standard antidotes. Progressive behavioral deteriorations were assessed over a three-month period. Development of epileptic seizures, ictal discharges, high-frequency oscillations (HFOs), and interictal spikes were monitored by video-electroencephalography recordings. Histology-stereology analysis was performed to assess neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and morphologic abnormalities. DFP-exposed, post-SE animals exhibited significantly elevated levels of anxiety and depression than age-matched controls at 1, 2, and 3 months post-exposure. DFP-exposed animals displayed aggressive behavior and a marked decline in object recognition memory, as well as prominent impairment in spatial learning and memory. DFP-exposed animals had striking electrographic abnormalities with the occurrence of displayed epileptic seizures, ictal discharges, HFOs, and interictal spikes, suggesting chronic epilepsy. Neuropathological analysis showed substantially fewer principal neurons and inhibitory interneurons with a marked increase in reactive microglia and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus and other brain regions. DFP-exposed animals also exhibited mossy fiber sprouting indicating impaired network formations. Long-term epileptic seizures and neuropsychiatric functional deficits induced by DFP were consistent with neuropathological defects. Collectively, this pediatric model displays many hallmarks of chronic sequelae reminiscent of children exposed to OPs, suggesting that it will be a valuable tool for investigating pathologic mechanisms and potential treatment strategies to attenuate long-term OP neurotoxicity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Millions of children are exposed to organophosphates (OPs) used in agriculture or chemical incidents. This study investigated the long-term impact of neonatal exposure to the OP chemical diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) on neurobehavioral and neurodevelopmental outcomes in adulthood. DFP exposure caused long-lasting behavioral abnormalities, epileptic seizures, and bilateral brain defects with an array of neurological sequelae seen in children's OP neurotoxicity. Thus, this model provides a novel tool to explore therapeutic interventions that mitigate long-term neurotoxic effects of children exposed to OP-induced seizures and status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Singh
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, Texas (T.S., S.R., X.W., D.S.R.) and Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas (T.S., S.R., X.W., D.S.R.)
| | - Sreevidhya Ramakrishnan
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, Texas (T.S., S.R., X.W., D.S.R.) and Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas (T.S., S.R., X.W., D.S.R.)
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, Texas (T.S., S.R., X.W., D.S.R.) and Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas (T.S., S.R., X.W., D.S.R.)
| | - Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, Texas (T.S., S.R., X.W., D.S.R.) and Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas (T.S., S.R., X.W., D.S.R.)
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Reed JE, Burns CJ, Pisa F. Literature landscape of neurodevelopment and pesticides: A scoping review of methodologies. GLOBAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 6:100121. [PMID: 37781166 PMCID: PMC10539886 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2023.100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are highly tested and regulated chemicals. There is currently great interest in the role that pesticides may play in childhood neurodevelopment. The objective was to identify and describe the body of evidence and to assess the ability to synthesize effect estimates. The epidemiologic literature from 2011 to 2022 was searched for publications on the association between pesticide exposure and neurodevelopment, behavior, and/or cognition in children. We identified 114 publications, representing 67 unique studies. While organochlorine and other insecticides were the most common classes of pesticides studied, up to 159 different metabolites or active ingredients were reported. Nine pesticides or their metabolites were reported in >10 publications. Similarly, multiple assessment methods were administered across studies to evaluate outcomes in neurodevelopment at ages which ranged from birth to 18 years of age. This scoping review reveals the heterogeneity among published studies with respect to exposures and health outcomes, in the methods used to assess and classify them, and in combinations of the two. This limits the adequacy of the evidence to evaluate specific risk estimates for a particular exposure-outcome pair. Intentional coordination among researchers to increase consistency in methodologies would facilitate the synthesis of results across studies. Research opportunities also exist to validate assumptions in exposure and outcome assessment which are implicit in many of the studies reviewed. In conclusion, there are many ongoing epidemiologic studies with a focus on pesticides and neurodevelopment. The variety of exposures, exposure assessment methods and tests for each outcome can be overwhelming. Interdisciplinary collaboration is recommended to harmonize data collection and to enable meaningful interpretation of the study results across populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol J. Burns
- Burns Epidemiology Consulting, LLC, Thompsonville, MI, USA
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Cohen JF, Richardson S, March WW, Gosliner W, Hauser R. Phthalates, adipates, BPA, and pesticides in school meals. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116632. [PMID: 37442262 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to phthalates, adipates, bisphenol-A (BPA), and pesticides may have important health consequences for children, but little is known regarding their presence in school meals, a major food source for children. The aims of this study were to determine the presence of phthalates, adipates, BPA, and pesticides in school meals. METHODS Using a cross-sectional design, n = 50 school meal components were collected from four school districts in New England (n = 8 elementary/K-8 schools) differing preparation methods (on-site scratch cooking and pre-packaged heat and serve meals with plastic films) between 2019 and 2021. Meal components were tested for the presence of phthalates, adipates, BPA, and pesticides by an independent laboratory. RESULTS One adipate, DEHA, was detected in 42% of samples (range 0.08 mg/kg - 50.39 mg/kg). Among the prepackaged foods, DEHA was detected in 86% of samples, which also contained the highest average concentrations among all the samples tested. The phthalate Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) was detected in only one sample, and BPA was not detected in any of the samples tested. Pesticides were detected in 64% of produce and 27% of entrées, but most had levels that were lower than the average levels detected by the USDA's Pesticide Data Program and only one sample had levels that exceeded those detected by the USDA (Cyfluthrin levels in one sample of apples were 0.038 mg/kg compared with an USDA average range of 0.004-0.032 mg/kg). CONCLUSIONS Overall pesticides and phthalate levels in school meals are low and BPA was not detected. However, this study suggests that manufacturers may be changing to less studied plasticizers such as DEHA. More studies should examine the impact of DEHA on human health, particularly among children. As schools transition back from the COVID-19 pandemic, foods packaged in plastic should be minimized where possible. Overall, school meals remain one of the healthiest options for children and policies that support on site cooking can further strengthen the quality of school meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Fw Cohen
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Merrimack College, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, USA.
| | - Scott Richardson
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, USA
| | - William W March
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Merrimack College, USA
| | - Wendi Gosliner
- Nutrition Policy Institute, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, USA
| | - Russ Hauser
- Departments of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, USA
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10
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Fisher M, Muckle G, Lanphear B, Arbuckle TE, Braun JM, Zidek A, Vélez MP, Lupien N, Bastien S, Ashley-Martin J, Oulhote Y, Borghese MM, Walker M, Asztalos E, Bouchard MF, Booij L, Palmert MR, Morrison KM, Cummings EA, Khatchadourian K, Panagiotopoulos C, Glendon G, Shutt R, Abdul-Fatah A, Seal K, Fraser WD. Cohort profile update: The Canadian Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals Child Development study (MIREC-CD PLUS). Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2023; 37:719-732. [PMID: 37921434 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pan-Canadian Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study was established to determine whether maternal environmental chemical exposures were associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in 2001 pregnant women. OBJECTIVES The MIREC-Child Development (CD PLUS) study followed this cohort with the goal of assessing the potential effects of prenatal exposures on anthropometry and neurodevelopment in early childhood. POPULATION MIREC families with children between the ages of 15 months and 5 years who had agreed to be contacted for future research (n = 1459) were invited to participate in MIREC-CD PLUS which combines data collected from an online Maternal Self-Administered Questionnaire with biomonitoring and neurodevelopment data collected from two in-person visits. PRELIMINARY RESULTS Between April 2013 and March 2015, 803 children participated in the Biomonitoring visit where we collected anthropometric measures, blood, and urine from the children. The Behavioural Assessment System for Children-2, Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function, MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories and the Communication subscale of the Adaptive Behaviour Scale from the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III are available on close to 900 children. There were 610 singleton children who completed in-person visits for neurodevelopment assessments including the Social Responsiveness Scale, Wechsler Preschool Primary Scale of Intelligence-III and NEuroPSYchological assessments (NEPSY). Currently, we are following the cohort into early adolescence to measure the impact of early life exposures on endocrine and metabolic function (MIREC-ENDO). CONCLUSIONS Data collection for the MIREC-CD PLUS study is complete and analysis of the data continues. We are now extending the follow-up of the cohort into adolescence to measure the impact of early life exposures on endocrine and metabolic function (MIREC-ENDO). MIREC-CD PLUS is limited by loss to follow-up and the fact that mothers are predominately of higher socioeconomic status and 'White' ethnicity, which limits our generalizability. However, the depth of biomonitoring and clinical measures in MIREC provides a platform to examine associations of prenatal, infancy and childhood exposures with child growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Fisher
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Bruce Lanphear
- Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tye E Arbuckle
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Angelika Zidek
- Existing Substances and Risk Assessment Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Nicole Lupien
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephanie Bastien
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jillian Ashley-Martin
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Youssef Oulhote
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael M Borghese
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Walker
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Asztalos
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maryse F Bouchard
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Linda Booij
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Research Centre/Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark R Palmert
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine M Morrison
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Constadina Panagiotopoulos
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gord Glendon
- Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robin Shutt
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ammanie Abdul-Fatah
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelsey Seal
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - William D Fraser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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11
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Bliznashka L, Roy A, Christiani DC, Calafat AM, Ospina M, Diao N, Mazumdar M, Jaacks LM. Pregnancy pesticide exposure and child development in low- and middle-income countries: A prospective analysis of a birth cohort in rural Bangladesh and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287089. [PMID: 37294794 PMCID: PMC10256216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite considerable evidence on a negative association between pregnancy pesticide exposure and child development in high-income countries, evidence from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is limited. Therefore, we assessed associations between pregnancy pesticide exposure and child development in rural Bangladesh and summarised existing literature in a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS We used data from 284 mother-child pairs participating in a birth cohort established in 2008. Eight urinary pesticide biomarkers were quantified in early pregnancy (mean gestational age 11.6±2.9 weeks) as an index of pesticide exposure. The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition were administered at 20-40 months of age. Associations between creatinine-adjusted urinary pesticide biomarker concentrations and child development scores were estimated using multivariable generalised linear models. We searched ten databases up to November 2021 to identify prospective studies on pregnancy pesticide exposure and child development conducted in LMICs. We used a random-effects model to pool similar studies, including our original analysis. The systematic review was pre-registered with PROSPERO: CRD42021292919. RESULTS In the Bangladesh cohort, pregnancy 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine (IMPY) concentrations were inversely associated with motor development (-0.66 points [95% CI -1.23, -0.09]). Pregnancy 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY) concentrations were inversely associated with cognitive development, but the association was small: -0.02 points (-0.04, 0.01). We observed no associations between 4-nitrophenol and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) concentrations and child development. The systematic review included 13 studies from four LMICs. After pooling our results with one other study, we found consistent evidence that pregnancy 3-PBA concentrations were not associated with cognitive, language, or motor development. CONCLUSION Evidence suggests that pregnancy exposure to some organophosphate pesticides is negatively associated with child development. Interventions to reduce in-utero pesticide exposure in LMICs may help protect child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Bliznashka
- Nutrition, Diets, and Health Unit, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Aditi Roy
- Center for Environmental Health, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | - David C. Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Antonia M. Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Maria Ospina
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Nancy Diao
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Maitreyi Mazumdar
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Lindsay M. Jaacks
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Center for Environmental Health, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
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12
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Li Q, Lesseur C, Srirangam P, Kaur K, Hermetz K, Caudle WM, Fiedler N, Panuwet P, Prapamontol T, Naksen W, Suttiwan P, Baumert BO, Hao K, Barr DB, Marsit CJ, Chen J. Associations between prenatal organophosphate pesticide exposure and placental gene networks. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 224:115490. [PMID: 36828252 PMCID: PMC10054353 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides during pregnancy has been linked to deficiencies of neurobehavioral development in childhood; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this association remain elusive. The placenta plays a crucial role in protecting the fetus from environmental insults and safeguarding proper fetal development including neurodevelopment. The aim of our study is to evaluate changes in the placental transcriptome associated with prenatal OP exposure. METHODS Pregnant farm workers from two agricultural districts in northern Thailand were recruited for the Study of Asian Women and Offspring's Development and Environmental Exposures (SAWASDEE) from 2017 to 2019. For 254 participants, we measured maternal urinary concentrations of six nonspecific dialkyl phosphates (DAP) metabolites in early, middle, and late pregnancy. In parallel, we profiled the term placental transcriptome from the same participants using RNA-Sequencing and performed Weighted Gene co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA). Generalized linear regression modeling was used to examine associations of urinary OP metabolites and placental co-expression module eigenvalues. RESULTS We identified 21 gene co-expression modules in the placenta. From the six DAP metabolites assayed, diethylphosphate (DEP) and diethylthiophosphate (DETP) were detected in more than 70% of the urine samples. Significant associations between DEP at multiple time points and two specific placental gene modules were observed. The 'black' module, enriched in genes involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and hypoxia, was negatively associated with DEP in early (p = 0.034), and late pregnancies (p = 0.016). The 'lightgreen' module, enriched in genes involved in myogenesis and EMT, was negatively associated with DEP in late pregnancy (p = 0.010). We observed 2 hub genes (CELSR1 and PYCR1) of the 'black' module to be negatively associated with DEP in early and late pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that prenatal OP exposure may disrupt placental gene networks in a time-dependent manner. Such transcriptomic effects may lead to down-stream changes in placental function that ultimately affect the developing fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Corina Lesseur
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pranathi Srirangam
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Barnard College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kirtan Kaur
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karen Hermetz
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - W Michael Caudle
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nancy Fiedler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tippawan Prapamontol
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Warangkana Naksen
- Faculty of Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Panrapee Suttiwan
- Psychology Center of Life-span Development and Intergeneration (LIFE Di), Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Brittney O Baumert
- Department of Population and Public Health Science, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Ke Hao
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carmen J Marsit
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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13
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Xu S, Yu Y, Qin Z, Wang C, Hu Q, Jin Y. Effects of 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate exposure on the glucolipid metabolism and cardiac developmental toxicity in larval zebrafish based on transcriptomic analysis. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 267:109578. [PMID: 36822296 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) is an organophosphorus type of flame retardant. It is mainly used as a flame-retardant plasticizer in the production of flexible polyvinyl chloride. EHDPP is widely present in environment, particularly in aquatic environment. In this study, we reported that EHDPP exposure significantly affected glucose and lipid metabolism in zebrafish larvae, which was reflected by changes in the transcription of relevant genes and decreased levels of glucose, pyruvate, and triglycerides. In addition, the transcriptomic analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes could enrich various endpoints in zebrafish larvae. Interestingly, EHDPP exposure could not only change the transcription of genes related to glucolipid metabolism but also cause cardiotoxicity by affecting the transcription of genes related to calcium signaling pathways in zebrafish larvae. To support these findings, we confirmed that these genes involved in cardiac morphology and development were significantly upregulated in zebrafish larvae after EHDPP exposure. More importantly, the distance and overlapping area of the atrium and ventricle were also changed in the EHDPP-exposed zebrafish larvae of transgenic Tg (myl7: EGFP). Overall, our study revealed that EHDPP exposure could affect various endpoints related to glucolipid metabolism and cardiac development in the early developmental stages of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yixin Yu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Qin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, Zhejiang, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinglian Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, Zhejiang, China.
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14
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Prissel CM, Grossardt BR, Klinger GS, St. Sauver JL, Rocca WA. Integrating Environmental Data with Medical Data in a Records-Linkage System to Explore Groundwater Nitrogen Levels and Child Health Outcomes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5116. [PMID: 36982025 PMCID: PMC10049688 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Background: The Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP) medical records-linkage system offers a unique opportunity to integrate medical and residency data with existing environmental data, to estimate individual-level exposures. Our primary aim was to provide an archetype of this integration. Our secondary aim was to explore the association between groundwater inorganic nitrogen concentration and adverse child and adolescent health outcomes. Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study in children, aged seven to eighteen, from six counties of southeastern Minnesota. Groundwater inorganic nitrogen concentration data were interpolated, to estimate exposure across our study region. Residency data were then overlaid, to estimate individual-level exposure for our entire study population (n = 29,270). Clinical classification software sets of diagnostic codes were used to determine the presence of 21 clinical conditions. Regression models were adjusted for age, sex, race, and rurality. Results: The analyses support further investigation of associations between nitrogen concentration and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis (OR: 2.38, CI: 1.64-3.46) among boys and girls, thyroid disorders (OR: 1.44, CI: 1.05-1.99) and suicide and intentional self-inflicted injury (OR: 1.37, CI: >1.00-1.87) among girls, and attention deficit conduct and disruptive behavior disorders (OR: 1.34, CI: 1.24-1.46) among boys. Conclusions: Investigators with environmental health research questions should leverage the well-enumerated population and residency data in the REP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Prissel
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Brandon R. Grossardt
- Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Gregory S. Klinger
- Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota Extension, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jennifer L. St. Sauver
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- The Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Walter A. Rocca
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Women’s Health Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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15
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Eadeh HM, Davis J, Ismail AA, Abdel Rasoul GM, Hendy OM, Olson JR, Bonner MR, Rohlman DS. Evaluating how occupational exposure to organophosphates and pyrethroids impacts ADHD severity in Egyptian male adolescents. Neurotoxicology 2023; 95:75-82. [PMID: 36621468 PMCID: PMC10010376 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in attention and hyperactivity/impulsivity that cause impairments to daily living. An area of long-standing concern is understanding links between environmental toxicants, including pesticides, and the development or worsening of ADHD. OBJECTIVES The present study evaluated associations between occupational pesticide exposure, specifically organophosphate (OP) pesticides, chlorpyrifos (CPF) and the pyrethroids (PYR) alpha-cypermethrin (αCM) and lambda-cyhalothrin (λCH), and symptoms of ADHD in a longitudinal study among Egyptian adolescent males. METHODS Participants (N = 226, mean age = 17) were Egyptian adolescent males who either applied pesticides or were non-applicators. Urinary trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy) was measured as a specific metabolite biomarker of exposure to chlorpyrifos. Urinary 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) was measured as a general metabolite biomarker of exposure to pyrethroids, while urinary cis-3-(2,2- dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (cis-DCCA) was measured as a specific biomarker of exposure to αCM and lambda cyhalothric acid (λCH acid) measured as a specific biomarker of exposure to λCH. Ordinal logistic regression models controlling for age were used to determine the likelihood of ADHD development (measured via parent-reported ADHD symptoms) as the level of biomarkers of pesticide exposure increased. RESULTS Cis-DCCA was the only biomarker associated with higher likelihood ADHD symptoms (> 0.60 vs. 0-0.17 μg/g creatinine; OR = 2.82, 95% CI: 1.29-6.14). All participants reported clinical levels of ADHD symptoms when compared to national norms used in the United States. TCPy, trans-DCCA and λCH acid were not associated with risk of ADHD symptoms after controlling for levels of cis-DCCA. No other metabolites were associated with the number of ADHD symptoms. There were no interaction effects found for exposure to both OPs and Pyrethroids. DISCUSSION The results suggest that exposure to the pyrethroid αCM is associated with more ADHD symptoms. Methodological and cultural considerations in need of further study are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana-May Eadeh
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jonathan Davis
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ahmed A Ismail
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Community, Environmental, and Occupational Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, Egypt
| | - Gaafar M Abdel Rasoul
- Community, Environmental, and Occupational Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, Egypt
| | - Olfat M Hendy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebein Elkom, Egypt
| | - James R Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Matthew R Bonner
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Diane S Rohlman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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16
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Antonangeli LM, Kenzhebekova S, Colosio C. Neurobehavioral Effects of Low-Dose Chronic Exposure to Insecticides: A Review. TOXICS 2023; 11:192. [PMID: 36851066 PMCID: PMC9963921 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The modes of action of insecticides frequently involve a neurotoxic effect; therefore, the study of neurotoxic effects caused by long-term and low-dose insecticide exposure is of particular interest. This study looks at whether or not new studies conducted after 2009 and up to 2021 have provided new evidence for a better understanding of the actual neurobehavioral risk associated with long-term insecticide exposure. We selected and reviewed studies carried out on the neurobehavioral effects of neurotoxic insecticides (organophosphates and/or carbamates, pyrethroids, multiple or undefined insecticides, and organochlorines) considering occupational and non-occupational exposures. The articles were also scored and ranked based on seven parameters. Eighty-six studies were chosen for a final review process from among the 950 scientific papers identified. Twenty-six addressed occupational exposure and six environmental exposure. Among the latter group of studies, 17 focused on rural residents, to be assumed exposed because of living in rural areas, and 43 on the general population. Pending doubts have not been resolved in the last ten years due to the presence of contradictory and hardly comparable results and the fact that in most of the studies showing an evident neurobehavioral impairment the frequent presence of a previous episode of poisoning and hospitalization, with severe brain hypoxia, impaired the possibility of confirming the presence of a causal association with insecticide exposure. Interestingly, the most severely exposed groups, such as applicators who did not wear personal protective equipment, performed worse on neurobehavioral tests. As for residential exposure, there is sufficient evidence to suggest that prenatal OP exposure may increase the risk of ADHD in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saniya Kenzhebekova
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, International Centre for Rural Health of the Santi Paolo e Carlo ASST of Milan, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Claudio Colosio
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, International Centre for Rural Health of the Santi Paolo e Carlo ASST of Milan, 20142 Milano, Italy
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17
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Jokanović M, Oleksak P, Kuca K. Multiple neurological effects associated with exposure to organophosphorus pesticides in man. Toxicology 2023; 484:153407. [PMID: 36543276 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews available data regarding the possible association of organophosphorus (OP) pesticides with neurological disorders such as dementia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, neurodevelopment, autism, cognitive development, Parkinson's disease and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder. These effects mainly develop after repeated (chronic) human exposure to low doses of OP. In addition, three well defined neurotoxic effects in humans caused by single doses of OP compounds are discussed. Those effects are the cholinergic syndrome, the intermediate syndrome and organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy. Usually, the poisoning can be avoided by an improved administrative control, limited access to OP pesticides, efficient measures of personal protection and education of OP pesticide applicators and medical staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Jokanović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech republic
| | - Patrik Oleksak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech republic.
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18
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Bertoletti ACC, Peres KK, Faccioli LS, Vacci MC, Mata IRD, Kuyven CJ, Bosco SMD. Early exposure to agricultural pesticides and the occurrence of autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA 2023; 41:e2021360. [PMID: 36102405 PMCID: PMC9462403 DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/2023/41/2021360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of early exposure to agricultural pesticides and their relationship with autism spectrum disorder. Data source: This systematic review was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42020204842. The subject was systematically analyzed on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases until April 2021. Only studies with humans with early exposure to agricultural pesticides and diagnosis of autism were included. Exclusion criteria were studies on pesticides for domestic or veterinary use and late exposure. There were no language and time restriction. The quality analysis of the studies used the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Data synthesis: Six case-control studies were included; three of them measured the route of exposure by maternal biomarkers and the others by the residence address. The studies had scores between moderate and high in the quality assessment tool. It was found high rates of association between early exposure to agricultural pesticides and autism and detection limit above the quantification for a sample of polychlorinated biphenyls, hexachlorobenzene, and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene. Conclusions: There is evidence concerning the exposure to agricultural pesticides in early life and the development of the autism spectrum disorder; however, more studies are required to better understand their possible association.
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Başımoğlu Koca Y, Koca S, Öztel Z, Balcan E. Determination of histopathological effects and myoglobin, periostin gene-protein expression levels in Danio rerio muscle tissue after acaricide yoksorrun-5EC (hexythiazox) application. Drug Chem Toxicol 2023; 46:50-58. [PMID: 34879781 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.2007945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Although pesticides are essential agrochemicals to annihilate harmful organisms in agriculture, their uncontrolled use has become an important threat to environmental health. Exposure to pesticides can affect many biological systems including immune system, endocrine system, and nervous system. However, the potential side effects of pesticides to skeletal muscle system remain unclear. Present study has focused on the evaluation of this issue by using an acaricide, yoksorrun-5EC (hexythiazox), in an aquatic model organism, Danio rerio. The histological analyses revealed that increased concentrations of the acaricide cause degradation of skeletal muscle along with increased necrosis and atrophy in myocytes, intercellular edema, and increased infiltrations between perimysium sheaths of muscle fibers. The effects of acaricide on myoglobin and periostin, which are associated with oxygen transport and muscle regeneration, respectively, were investigated at the gene and protein levels. RT-PCR results suggested that high concentration yoksorrun-5EC (hexythiazox) can induce myoglobin and periostin genes. Similar results were also obtained in the protein levels of these genes by western blotting analysis. These results suggested that yoksorrun-5EC (hexythiazox)-dependent disruption of skeletal muscle architecture is closely associated with the expression levels of myoglobin and periostin genes in Danio rerio model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yücel Başımoğlu Koca
- Department of Biology, Zoology Section, Faculty of Science and Art, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Serdar Koca
- Department of Biology, General Biology Section, Faculty of Science and Art, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Zübeyde Öztel
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Faculty of Science and Art, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Erdal Balcan
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Faculty of Science and Art, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
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20
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Sittiwang S, Nimmapirat P, Suttiwan P, Promduang W, Chaikittipornlert N, Wouldes T, Prapamontol T, Naksen W, Promkam N, Pingwong S, Breckheimer A, Cadorett V, Panuwet P, Barr DB, Baumert BO, Ohman-Strickland P, Fiedler N. The relationship between prenatal exposure to organophosphate insecticides and neurodevelopmental integrity of infants at 5-weeks of age. FRONTIERS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 2:1039922. [PMID: 36925965 PMCID: PMC10016628 DOI: 10.3389/fepid.2022.1039922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Organophosphate (OP) insecticides are among the most abundantly used insecticides worldwide. Thailand ranked third among 15 Asian countries in its use of pesticides per unit hectare and fourth in annual pesticide use. More than 40% of Thai women of childbearing age work on farms where pesticides are applied. Thus, the potential for pregnant women and their fetuses to be exposed to pesticides is significant. This study investigated the relationship between early, mid, and late pregnancy maternal urine concentrations of OP metabolites and infant neural integrity at 5 weeks of age. Method We enrolled women employed on farms from two antenatal clinics in the Chiang Mai province of northern Thailand. We collected urine samples monthly during pregnancy, composited them by early, mid and late pregnancy and analyzed the composited samples for dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites of OP insecticides. At 5 weeks after birth, nurses certified in use of the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) completed the evaluation of 320 healthy infants. We employed generalized linear regression, logistic and Poisson models to determine the association between NNNS outcomes and DAP concentrations. All analyses were adjusted for confounders and included creatinine as an independent variable. Results We did not observe trimester specific associations between DAP concentrations and NNNS outcomes. Instead, we observed statistically significant inverse associations between NNNS arousal (β = -0.10; CI: -0.17, -0.002; p = 0.0091) and excitability [0.79 (0.68, 0.92; p = 0.0026)] among participants with higher average prenatal DAP concentrations across pregnancy. We identified 3 NNNS profiles by latent profile analysis. Higher prenatal maternal DAP concentrations were associated with higher odds of being classified in a profile indicative of greater self-regulation and attention, but arousal and excitability scores below the 50th percentile relative to US normative samples [OR = 1.47 (CI: 1.05, 2.06; p = 0.03)]. Similar findings are also observed among infants with prenatal exposure to substances of abuse (e.g., methamphetamine). Discussion Overall, the associations between prenatal DAP concentrations and NNNS summary scores were not significant. Further evaluations are warranted to determine the implications of low arousal and excitability for neurodevelopmental outcomes of attention and memory and whether these results are transitory or imply inadequate responsivity to stimulation among children as they develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supattra Sittiwang
- LIFE Di Center, Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pimjuta Nimmapirat
- LIFE Di Center, Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panrapee Suttiwan
- LIFE Di Center, Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wathoosiri Promduang
- LIFE Di Center, Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Trecia Wouldes
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tippawan Prapamontol
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Warangkana Naksen
- Faculty of Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nattawadee Promkam
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sureewan Pingwong
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Adrian Breckheimer
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Valerie Cadorett
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Brittney O. Baumert
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Pamela Ohman-Strickland
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Nancy Fiedler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
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21
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Kadawathagedara M, Muckle G, Cordier S, Michineau L, Tressieres B, Mallard A, Kovacic L, Multigner L, Quénel P, Chevrier C. Simultaneous exposure to both Zika virus and household insecticides during pregnancy, and fetal growth and infant developmental behavior outcomes at 18 months, in Guadeloupe. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114256. [PMID: 36096163 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal infection with Zika virus (ZIKV) could result in adverse growth, developmental and behavioral outcomes, while insecticides used to control mosquitoes are neurotoxic. OBJECTIVES We aim to study the role played by exposure during pregnancy to both ZIKV and household insecticides in newborn health, development and behavior at age of 18 months. METHODS Maternal and cord blood samples from a cohort of pregnant women (created during Guadeloupe's Zika epidemic of 2016) were used to identify ZIKV infection during pregnancy. A self-administered questionnaire at birth documented prenatal household use of insecticides. Birth weight and head circumference were collected from maternity records (n = 708). Infant development and behaviors were documented at 18 months of age through the Ages and Stages Questionnaire and the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (n = 409). Logistic and linear regression models were performed, taking into account confounding factors. RESULTS Use of household insecticides was associated with smaller head circumference and lower birth weight among newborns from mothers not exposed to ZIKV: 0.3 cm (95% CI: 0.6, 0) and -82 g (95% CI: 165, 0), respectively. Similar decreases were observed with ZIKV exposure among mothers not reporting household insecticides use, and with presence of both exposures. The combined presence of ZIKV exposure and insecticide use was associated with lower ASQ fine motor scores (-3.9; 95% CI: 7.3, -0.4), and higher hyperactivity scores (0.8; 95% CI: 0.0, 1.5), compared to no exposure to either. A higher opposition score was observed in association with ZIKV exposure among non-users of insecticide (0.6; 95% CI: 0.0, 1.2). CONCLUSION Adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 months of age were observed with prenatal ZIKV exposure, and with higher magnitude when mothers reported use of household insecticides. At birth, rates of adverse fetal growth were however similar for the combined presence of exposure and either of the exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kadawathagedara
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, IRSET UMR_S 1085, F-3500, Rennes, France.
| | - G Muckle
- École de Psychologie, Université Laval, et Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - S Cordier
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, IRSET UMR_S 1085, F-3500, Rennes, France
| | - L Michineau
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, IRSET UMR_S 1085, F-3500, Rennes, France
| | - B Tressieres
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, Inserm, CIC 1424, 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - A Mallard
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, Inserm, CIC 1424, 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - L Kovacic
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, Inserm, CIC 1424, 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - L Multigner
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, IRSET UMR_S 1085, F-3500, Rennes, France
| | - P Quénel
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, IRSET UMR_S 1085, F-3500, Rennes, France
| | - C Chevrier
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, IRSET UMR_S 1085, F-3500, Rennes, France
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22
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Bliznashka L, Roy A, Jaacks LM. Pesticide exposure and child growth in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114230. [PMID: 36087771 PMCID: PMC7614514 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), pesticides are widely used in agricultural and residential settings. Little is known about how pesticides affect child growth. OBJECTIVES To systematically review and synthesise the evidence on the associations between pesticide exposure and adverse birth outcomes and/or impaired postnatal growth in children up to 5 years of age in LMICs. METHODS We searched 10 databases from inception through November 2021. We included cohort and cross-sectional studies investigating associations between self-reported or measured prenatal or postnatal pesticide exposure and child growth (postnatal child linear/ponderal growth, and/or birth outcomes). Two researchers screened studies, extracted data, and assessed certainty using GRADE. The protocol was preregistered with PROSPERO (CRD42021292919). RESULTS Of 939 records retrieved, 31 studies met inclusion criteria (11 cohort, 20 cross-sectional). All studies assessed prenatal exposure. Twenty-four studies reported on birth weight. Four found positive associations with organochlorines (0.01-0.25 standardised mean difference (SMD)) and two found negative associations (-0.009 SMD to -55 g). Negative associations with organophosphates (-170 g, n = 1) and pyrethroids (-97 to -233 g, n = 2) were also documented. Two (out of 15) studies reporting on birth length found positive associations with organochlorines (0.21-0.25 SMD) and one found negative associations (-0.25 to -0.32 SMD). Organophosphate exposure was negatively associated with birth length (-0.37 cm, n = 1). Organophosphate exposure was also associated with higher risk/prevalence of low birth weight (2 out of nine studies) and preterm birth (2 out of six studies). Certainty of the evidence was "very low" for all outcomes. CONCLUSION The limited literature from LMICs shows inconclusive associations between prenatal pesticide exposure, child growth, and birth outcomes. Studies with accurate quantitative data on exposure to commonly used pesticides in LMICs using consistent methodologies in comparable populations are needed to better understand how pesticides influence child growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Bliznashka
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Edinburgh, Alexander Robertson Building, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Aditi Roy
- Centre for Environmental Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Plot No. 47, Sector 44, Institutional Area Gurugram, 122002, India
| | - Lindsay M Jaacks
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Edinburgh, Alexander Robertson Building, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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23
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Ireland D, Rabeler C, Gong T, Collins EMS. Bioactivation and detoxification of organophosphorus pesticides in freshwater planarians shares similarities with humans. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:3233-3243. [PMID: 36173421 PMCID: PMC10729609 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03387-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are a chemically diverse class of insecticides that inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Many OPs require bioactivation to their active oxon form via cytochrome P450 to effectively inhibit AChE. OP toxicity can be mitigated by detoxification reactions performed by carboxylesterase and paraoxonase. The relative extent of bioactivation to detoxification varies among individuals and between species, leading to differential susceptibility to OP toxicity. Because of these species differences, it is imperative to characterize OP metabolism in model systems used to assess OP toxicity. We have shown that the asexual freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica is a suitable model to assess OP neurotoxicity and developmental neurotoxicity via rapid, automated testing of adult and developing organisms in parallel using morphological and behavioral endpoints. D. japonica has two cholinesterase enzymes with intermediate properties between AChE and butyrylcholinesterase that are sensitive to OP inhibition. Here, we demonstrate that D. japonica contains the major OP metabolic machinery to be a relevant model for OP neurotoxicity studies. Adult and regenerating D. japonica can bioactivate chlorpyrifos and diazinon into their respective oxons. Significant AChE inhibition was only observed after in vivo metabolic activation but not when the parent OPs were directly added to planarian homogenate using the same concentrations and timing. Using biochemical assays, we found that D. japonica has both carboxylesterase (24 nmol/(min*mg protein)) and paraoxonase (60 pmol/(min*mg protein)) activity. We show that planarian carboxylesterase activity is distinct from cholinesterase activity using benzil and tacrine. These results further support the use of D. japonica for OP toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - TaiXi Gong
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA
| | - Eva-Maria S Collins
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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24
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Leite SB, Tofighi B. Peasant family farming as an alternative to industrial agriculture: Implications for maternal and child health in Paraguay. FRONTIERS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 2:954081. [PMID: 38455299 PMCID: PMC10911013 DOI: 10.3389/fepid.2022.954081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Stela Benitez Leite
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National University of Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Babak Tofighi
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Bellevue Hospital Center, New York, NY, United States
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25
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Ireland D, Zhang S, Bochenek V, Hsieh JH, Rabeler C, Meyer Z, Collins EMS. Differences in neurotoxic outcomes of organophosphorus pesticides revealed via multi-dimensional screening in adult and regenerating planarians. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:948455. [PMID: 36267428 PMCID: PMC9578561 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.948455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are a chemically diverse class of commonly used insecticides. Epidemiological studies suggest that low dose chronic prenatal and infant exposures can lead to life-long neurological damage and behavioral disorders. While inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the shared mechanism of acute OP neurotoxicity, OP-induced developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) can occur independently and/or in the absence of significant AChE inhibition, implying that OPs affect alternative targets. Moreover, different OPs can cause different adverse outcomes, suggesting that different OPs act through different mechanisms. These findings emphasize the importance of comparative studies of OP toxicity. Freshwater planarians are an invertebrate system that uniquely allows for automated, rapid and inexpensive testing of adult and developing organisms in parallel to differentiate neurotoxicity from DNT. Effects found only in regenerating planarians would be indicative of DNT, whereas shared effects may represent neurotoxicity. We leverage this unique feature of planarians to investigate potential differential effects of OPs on the adult and developing brain by performing a comparative screen to test 7 OPs (acephate, chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, diazinon, malathion, parathion and profenofos) across 10 concentrations in quarter-log steps. Neurotoxicity was evaluated using a wide range of quantitative morphological and behavioral readouts. AChE activity was measured using an Ellman assay. The toxicological profiles of the 7 OPs differed across the OPs and between adult and regenerating planarians. Toxicological profiles were not correlated with levels of AChE inhibition. Twenty-two "mechanistic control compounds" known to target pathways suggested in the literature to be affected by OPs (cholinergic neurotransmission, serotonin neurotransmission, endocannabinoid system, cytoskeleton, adenyl cyclase and oxidative stress) and 2 negative controls were also screened. When compared with the mechanistic control compounds, the phenotypic profiles of the different OPs separated into distinct clusters. The phenotypic profiles of adult vs. regenerating planarians exposed to the OPs clustered differently, suggesting some developmental-specific mechanisms. These results further support findings in other systems that OPs cause different adverse outcomes in the (developing) brain and build the foundation for future comparative studies focused on delineating the mechanisms of OP neurotoxicity in planarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Ireland
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Veronica Bochenek
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
| | - Jui-Hua Hsieh
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Christina Rabeler
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
| | - Zane Meyer
- Department of Engineering, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
- Department of Computer Science, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
| | - Eva-Maria S. Collins
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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26
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Caba IC, Ștreangă V, Dobrin ME, Jităreanu C, Jităreanu A, Profire BȘ, Apotrosoaei M, Focșa AV, Caba B, Agoroaei L. Clinical Assessment of Acute Organophosphorus Pesticide Poisoning in Pediatric Patients Admitted to the Toxicology Emergency Department. TOXICS 2022; 10:582. [PMID: 36287862 PMCID: PMC9609388 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide poisoning in pediatric patients is still an important reason for presenting to the emergency department in Romania. In this context, the present study aims to raise awareness of the toxicological impact of pesticides on human health in pediatrics. For this purpose, the demographic characteristics, clinical assessment, and outcome of pediatric patients with acute pesticide poisoning admitted to the toxicology department of "Saint Mary" Emergency Children's Hospital from Iasi, were analyzed. This retrospective study focused on the clinical and laboratory data of patients aged under 18 years diagnosed with acute pesticide poisoning between 2010-2020. The statistical analysis was performed using the Statistica 10 package. A total of 49 patients presented with manifestations of acute pesticide poisoning, and the most common pesticide involved was diazinon. The most frequent exposure route was accidentally ingesting pesticide products (95%). The primary clinical manifestations were toxic encephalopathy, coma, depressive disorder, gastric disorders, and respiratory failure. Changes in the glycemic status, liver, and kidney damage were also present. Treatment included decontamination, administration of antidote, supportive care, and recommendations to be closely monitored to avoid a new incident. These results highlight the toxic potential of pesticides on human health and their biological consequences, which require an increase in consciousness of the precautions imposed on their use, especially when children are nearby.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana-Cezara Caba
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Violeta Ștreangă
- Department of Toxicology, “Saint Mary” Children Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mona-Elisabeta Dobrin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Hospital of Pulmonary Disease, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina Jităreanu
- Department of Toxicology, “Saint Mary” Children Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandra Jităreanu
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bianca-Ștefania Profire
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Maria Apotrosoaei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alin-Viorel Focșa
- Department of Drug Industry and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan Caba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Luminița Agoroaei
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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27
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Design of zero-dimensional graphene quantum dots based nanostructures for the detection of organophosphorus pesticides in food and water: A review. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Sarailoo M, Afshari S, Asghariazar V, Safarzadeh E, Dadkhah M. Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegenerative Diseases Development Associated with Organophosphate Pesticides Exposure: a Review Study. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1624-1643. [PMID: 36066747 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00552-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A significant body of literature emphasizes the role of insecticide, particularly organophosphates (OPs), as the major environmental factor in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases. This review aims to study the relationship between OP insecticide exposure, cognitive impairment, and neurodegenerative disease development. Human populations, especially in developing countries, are frequently exposed to OPs due to their extensive applications. The involvement of various signaling pathways in OP neurotoxicity are reported, but the OP-induced cognitive impairment and link between OP exposure and the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases are not clearly understood. In the present review, we have therefore aimed to come to new conclusions which may help to find protective and preventive strategies against OP neurotoxicity and may establish a possible link between organophosphate exposure, cognitive impairment, and OP-induced neurotoxicity. Moreover, we discuss the findings obtained from animal and human research providing some support for OP-induced cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sarailoo
- Students Research Committee, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Salva Afshari
- Students Research Committee, Pharmacy School, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Vahid Asghariazar
- Deputy of Research & Technology, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Elham Safarzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Masoomeh Dadkhah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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Zúñiga-Venegas LA, Hyland C, Muñoz-Quezada MT, Quirós-Alcalá L, Butinof M, Buralli R, Cardenas A, Fernandez RA, Foerster C, Gouveia N, Gutiérrez Jara JP, Lucero BA, Muñoz MP, Ramírez-Santana M, Smith AR, Tirado N, van Wendel de Joode B, Calaf GM, Handal AJ, Soares da Silva A, Cortés S, Mora AM. Health Effects of Pesticide Exposure in Latin American and the Caribbean Populations: A Scoping Review. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:96002. [PMID: 36173136 PMCID: PMC9521041 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to pesticides is associated with adverse health outcomes. However, the literature on pesticide-related health effects in the Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) region, an area of intensive agricultural and residential pesticide use, is sparse. We conducted a scoping review to describe the current state of research on the health effects of pesticide exposure in LAC populations with the goal of identifying knowledge gaps and research capacity building needs. METHODS We searched PubMed and SciELO for epidemiological studies on pesticide exposure and human health in LAC populations published between January 2007 and December 2021. We identified 233 publications from 16 countries that met our inclusion criteria and grouped them by health outcome (genotoxicity, neurobehavioral outcomes, placental outcomes and teratogenicity, cancer, thyroid function, reproductive outcomes, birth outcomes and child growth, and others). RESULTS Most published studies were conducted in Brazil (37%, n = 88 ) and Mexico (20%, n = 46 ), were cross-sectional in design (72%, n = 167 ), and focused on farmworkers (45%, n = 105 ) or children (21%, n = 48 ). The most frequently studied health effects included genotoxicity (24%, n = 62 ) and neurobehavioral outcomes (21%, n = 54 ), and organophosphate (OP) pesticides were the most frequently examined (26%, n = 81 ). Forty-seven percent (n = 112 ) of the studies relied only on indirect pesticide exposure assessment methods. Exposure to OP pesticides, carbamates, or to multiple pesticide classes was consistently associated with markers of genotoxicity and adverse neurobehavioral outcomes, particularly among children and farmworkers. DISCUSSION Our scoping review provides some evidence that exposure to pesticides may adversely impact the health of LAC populations, but methodological limitations and inconsistencies undermine the strength of the conclusions. It is critical to increase capacity building, integrate research initiatives, and conduct more rigorous epidemiological studies in the region to address these limitations, better inform public health surveillance systems, and maximize the impact of research on public policies. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9934.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana A. Zúñiga-Venegas
- Centro de Investigaciones de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Carly Hyland
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- School of Public Health and Population Science, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - María Teresa Muñoz-Quezada
- Centro de Investigación en Neuropsicología y Neurociencias Cognitivas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Lesliam Quirós-Alcalá
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Mariana Butinof
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rafael Buralli
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Andres Cardenas
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ricardo A. Fernandez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Foerster
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales, Universidad de O’Higgins, San Fernando, Chile
| | - Nelson Gouveia
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Juan P. Gutiérrez Jara
- Centro de Investigaciones de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Boris A. Lucero
- Centro de Investigación en Neuropsicología y Neurociencias Cognitivas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - María Pía Muñoz
- Escuela de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Muriel Ramírez-Santana
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Anna R. Smith
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Noemi Tirado
- Instituto de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, Louisiana Paz, Bolivia
| | - Berna van Wendel de Joode
- Infants’ Environmental Health Study, Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Gloria M. Calaf
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexis J. Handal
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Sandra Cortés
- Centro Avanzado de Enfermedades Crónicas (ACCDiS), Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable, Departamento de Salud Pública, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana M. Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Infants’ Environmental Health Study, Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
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A Review on Recent Trends in Advancement of Bio-Sensory Techniques Toward Pesticide Detection. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02382-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Tap Water Consumption Is Associated with Schoolchildren’s Cognitive Deficits in Afghanistan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148252. [PMID: 35886101 PMCID: PMC9321136 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Environmental influence on intelligence quotient (IQ) is poorly understood in developing countries. We conducted the first cross-sectional investigation to assess the role of socio-economic and environmental factors on schoolchildren’s IQ in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. A representative sample of 245 schoolchildren aged 7–15 was randomly selected in five schools. Children’s records included: non-verbal IQ TONI-1 scale, body mass index, socio-economic status, and further environmental indicators (water supply, proximity to a heavy-traffic road, use of surma traditional cosmetics). The mean age of the children was 11.7 years old (±2.0 years), and 70.2% and 29.8% were male and female, respectively. The children’s mean IQ was 83.8 (±12.6). In total, 37 (14.9%) of the children were overweight, 78 (31.5%) were living below the USD 1.25 poverty line, 133 (53.6%) used tap water supply, 76 (30.6%) used surma, and 166 (66.9%) were exposed to heavy road traffic. The children’s IQ was significantly and independently lowered by tap water use (−3.9; 95% CI [−7.1; −0.6]) and by aging (−1.4; 95% CI [−2.2; −0.6]), as revealed in multivariate analysis, independently of gender, socio-economic status, exposure to heavy road traffic, overweight status, and surma use. Lower IQ among older children is possibly attributed to chronic stress experienced by adolescents due to living conditions in Afghanistan. While using tap water prevents fecal peril, it may expose children to toxic elements such as lead which is known to lower their intellectual development.
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32
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Park H, Park J, Lee G, Kim W, Park J. Detection of Chlorpyrifos Using Bio-Inspired Silver Nanograss. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:3454. [PMID: 35629481 PMCID: PMC9146306 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is widely used as an organophosphorus insecticide; however, owing to developmental neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, and other adverse effects, it is harmful not only to livestock but also to humans. Therefore, the use of CPF was recently regulated, and its sensitive detection is crucial, as it causes serious toxicity, even in the case of residual pesticides. Because it is hard to detect the chlorpyrifos directly using spectroscopy (especially in SERS) without chemical reagents, we aimed to develop a SERS platform that could detect the chlorpyrifos directly in the water. In this study, we utilized the intrinsic properties of natural lawns that grow randomly and intertwine with each other to have a large surface area to promote photosynthesis. To detect CPF sensitively, we facilitated the rapid fabrication of biomimetic Ag nanograss (Ag-NG) as a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate using the electrochemical over-deposition method. The efficiency of the SERS method was confirmed through experiments and finite element method (FEM)-based electromagnetic simulations. In addition, the sensitive detection of CPF was enhanced by pretreatment optimization of the application of the SERS technique (limit of detection: 500 nM). The Ag-NG has potential as a SERS platform that could precisely detect organic compounds, as well as various toxic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjun Park
- Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (H.P.); (J.P.)
| | - Joohyung Park
- Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (H.P.); (J.P.)
| | - Gyudo Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program for Artificial Intelligence Smart Convergence Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Woong Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Jinsung Park
- Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (H.P.); (J.P.)
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Hawkey AB, Pippen E, Kenou B, Holloway Z, Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ, Levin ED. Persistent neurobehavioral and neurochemical anomalies in middle-aged rats after maternal diazinon exposure. Toxicology 2022; 472:153189. [PMID: 35452779 PMCID: PMC9655883 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diazinon is an organophosphate pesticide that has a history of wide use. Developmental exposures to organophosphates lead to neurobehavioral changes that emerge early in life and can persist into adulthood. However, preclinical studies have generally evaluated changes through young adulthood, whereas the persistence or progression of deficits into middle age remain poorly understood. The current study evaluated the effects of maternal diazinon exposure on behavior and neurochemistry in middle age, at 1 year postpartum, comparing the results to our previous studies of outcomes at adolescence and in young adulthood (4 months of age) (Hawkey 2020). Female rats received 0, 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg/day of diazinon via osmotic minipump throughout gestation and into the postpartum period. The offspring were tested on a battery of locomotor, affective, and cognitive tests at young adulthood and during middle age. Some of the neurobehavioral consequences of developmental DZN seen during adolescence and young adulthood faded with continued aging, whereas other neurobehavioral effects emerged with aging. At middle age, the rats showed few locomotor effects, in contrast to the locomotor hyperactivity that had been observed in adolescence. Notably, though, DZN exposure during development impaired reference memory performance in middle-aged males, an effect that had not been seen in the younger animals. Likewise, middle-aged females exposed to DZN showed deficient attentional accuracy, an effect not seen in young adults. Across adulthood, the continued potential for behavioral defects was associated with altered dopaminergic function, characterized by enhanced dopamine utilization that was regionally-selective (striatum but not frontal/parietal cortex). This study shows that the neurobehavioral impairments from maternal low dose exposure to diazinon not only persist, but may continue to evolve as animals enter middle age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Hawkey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, USA
| | - Erica Pippen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, USA
| | - Bruny Kenou
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, USA
| | - Zade Holloway
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, USA
| | - Theodore A Slotkin
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, USA
| | - Frederic J Seidler
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, USA
| | - Edward D Levin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, USA.
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Mechanisms and treatment strategies of organophosphate pesticide induced neurotoxicity in humans: A critical appraisal. Toxicology 2022; 472:153181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Zúñiga-Venegas L, Pancetti FC. DNA damage in a Chilean population exposed to pesticides and its association with PON1 (Q192R and L55M) susceptibility biomarker. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2022; 63:215-226. [PMID: 35522182 DOI: 10.1002/em.22485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The active ingredients in pesticides are known to be genotoxic that can cause mutations, chromosomal aberrations, or other types of DNA damage. Early detection of genotoxicity reduces the risk of developing diseases such as cancer or suffering from reproductive disorders. In turn, the genotoxic risk depends on the intrinsic capability of the individual to metabolize and eliminate the xenobiotic from the organism. This study aimed to determine if two polymorphisms of paraoxonase-1 (PON1), which is involved in the metabolism of several organophosphate (OP) pesticides, are predictors of susceptibility to DNA damage in agricultural workers and inhabitants of rural areas chronically exposed to pesticides. A cross-sectional study was made considering three groups: agricultural workers (occupational exposure, OE, n = 85), rural inhabitants (environmental exposure, EE, n = 60), and an unexposed group conformed by people living far from agricultural areas (U, n = 33). The level of individual DNA damage was measured using the comet assay, and genotyping was done to determine the PON1 Q192R and L55M polymorphisms. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrilcholinesterase activities were also measured to determine exposure to OP. Individuals belonging to EE and OE groups displayed higher levels of DNA damage compared with U group (p < .001). OP exposure was the main predictor of genotoxicity (β = 16.19; 95% CI: 1.85, 30.52), instead of PON1 polymorphisms (β = -12.20; 95% CI: -27.87, 3.48). These results confirm the genotoxic effects of pesticide exposure and suggest that the catalytic efficiency of PON1 to metabolize OP pesticides becomes negligible in individuals with a history of long-term environmental or occupational exposure to these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Zúñiga-Venegas
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados Maule (CIEAM), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Neuropsicología y Neurociencias Cognitivas (CINPSI-Neurocog), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Biomédicas (LIB), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Floria C Pancetti
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología Ambiental, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas y otros Recursos Biológicos (CIDTA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
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Risk Factors for Brain Health in Agricultural Work: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063373. [PMID: 35329061 PMCID: PMC8954905 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Certain exposures related to agricultural work have been associated with neurological disorders. To date, few studies have included brain health measurements to link specific risk factors with possible neural mechanisms. Moreover, a synthesis of agricultural risk factors associated with poorer brain health outcomes is missing. In this systematic review, we identified 106 articles using keywords related to agriculture, occupational exposure, and the brain. We identified seven major risk factors: non-specific factors that are associated with agricultural work itself, toluene, pesticides, heavy metal or dust exposure, work with farm animals, and nicotine exposure from plants. Of these, pesticides are the most highly studied. The majority of qualifying studies were epidemiological studies. Nigral striatal regions were the most well studied brain area impacted. Of the three human neuroimaging studies we found, two focused on functional networks and the third focused on gray matter. We identified two major directions for future studies that will help inform preventative strategies for brain health in vulnerable agricultural workers: (1) the effects of moderators such as type of work, sex, migrant status, race, and age; and (2) more comprehensive brain imaging studies, both observational and experimental, involving several imaging techniques.
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Lopes-Ferreira M, Maleski ALA, Balan-Lima L, Bernardo JTG, Hipolito LM, Seni-Silva AC, Batista-Filho J, Falcao MAP, Lima C. Impact of Pesticides on Human Health in the Last Six Years in Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063198. [PMID: 35328887 PMCID: PMC8951416 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Every year, Brazil intensifies its activity in agriculture and, as a result, it has become one of the biggest consumers of pesticides in the world. The high rate of these substances raises environmental and human health concerns. Therefore, we collected papers from PubMed, Scopus, Scielo, and Web of Science databases, from 2015 to 2021. After a blind selection using the software Rayyan QCRI by two authors, 51 studies were included. Researchers from the South and the Southeast Brazilian regions contributed to most publications, from areas that concentrate agricultural commodity complexes. Among the pesticides described in the studies, insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides were the most frequent. The articles reported multiple toxic effects, particularly in rural workers. The results obtained can be used to direct policies to reduce the use of pesticides, and to protect the health of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Lopes-Ferreira
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500, Butantan, São Paulo 05503-009, Brazil; (A.L.A.M.); (L.B.-L.); (J.T.G.B.); (L.M.H.); (A.C.S.-S.); (J.B.-F.); (M.A.P.F.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Adolfo Luis Almeida Maleski
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500, Butantan, São Paulo 05503-009, Brazil; (A.L.A.M.); (L.B.-L.); (J.T.G.B.); (L.M.H.); (A.C.S.-S.); (J.B.-F.); (M.A.P.F.); (C.L.)
- Post-Graduation Program of Toxinology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-009, Brazil
| | - Leticia Balan-Lima
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500, Butantan, São Paulo 05503-009, Brazil; (A.L.A.M.); (L.B.-L.); (J.T.G.B.); (L.M.H.); (A.C.S.-S.); (J.B.-F.); (M.A.P.F.); (C.L.)
| | - Jefferson Thiago Gonçalves Bernardo
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500, Butantan, São Paulo 05503-009, Brazil; (A.L.A.M.); (L.B.-L.); (J.T.G.B.); (L.M.H.); (A.C.S.-S.); (J.B.-F.); (M.A.P.F.); (C.L.)
| | - Lucas Marques Hipolito
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500, Butantan, São Paulo 05503-009, Brazil; (A.L.A.M.); (L.B.-L.); (J.T.G.B.); (L.M.H.); (A.C.S.-S.); (J.B.-F.); (M.A.P.F.); (C.L.)
| | - Ana Carolina Seni-Silva
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500, Butantan, São Paulo 05503-009, Brazil; (A.L.A.M.); (L.B.-L.); (J.T.G.B.); (L.M.H.); (A.C.S.-S.); (J.B.-F.); (M.A.P.F.); (C.L.)
- Post-Graduation Program of Toxinology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-009, Brazil
| | - Joao Batista-Filho
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500, Butantan, São Paulo 05503-009, Brazil; (A.L.A.M.); (L.B.-L.); (J.T.G.B.); (L.M.H.); (A.C.S.-S.); (J.B.-F.); (M.A.P.F.); (C.L.)
- Post-Graduation Program of Toxinology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-009, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice Pimentel Falcao
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500, Butantan, São Paulo 05503-009, Brazil; (A.L.A.M.); (L.B.-L.); (J.T.G.B.); (L.M.H.); (A.C.S.-S.); (J.B.-F.); (M.A.P.F.); (C.L.)
| | - Carla Lima
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500, Butantan, São Paulo 05503-009, Brazil; (A.L.A.M.); (L.B.-L.); (J.T.G.B.); (L.M.H.); (A.C.S.-S.); (J.B.-F.); (M.A.P.F.); (C.L.)
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Ribeiro AC, Hawkins E, Jahr FM, McClay JL, Deshpande LS. Repeated exposure to chlorpyrifos is associated with a dose-dependent chronic neurobehavioral deficit in adult rats. Neurotoxicology 2022; 90:172-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Espinosa da Silva C, Gahagan S, Suarez-Torres J, Lopez-Paredes D, Checkoway H, Suarez-Lopez JR. Time after a peak-pesticide use period and neurobehavior among ecuadorian children and adolescents: The ESPINA study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112325. [PMID: 34740618 PMCID: PMC9138759 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited evidence exists regarding transient neurobehavioral alterations associated with episodic pesticide exposures or agricultural pesticide spray periods. We previously observed that children examined soon after a pesticide spray period (the Mother's Day flower harvest [MDH]) had lower neurobehavioral performance than children examined later. The present study builds on our previous work by incorporating longitudinal analyses from childhood through adolescence. METHODS We examined participants in agricultural communities in Ecuador (ESPINA study) during three periods: July-August 2008 (N = 313, 4-9-year-olds); April 2016 (N = 330, 11-17-year-olds); July-October 2016 (N = 535, 11-17-year-olds). Participants were examined primarily during a period of low floricultural production. Neurobehavior was assessed using the NEPSY-II (domains: Attention/Inhibitory Control, Language, Memory/Learning, Visuospatial Processing, and Social Perception). Linear regression and generalized linear mixed models were used to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between examination date (days) after the MDH and neurobehavioral outcomes, adjusting for demographic, anthropometric, and socio-economic variables. RESULTS Participants were examined between 63 and 171 days after the MDH. Mean neurobehavioral domain scores ranged from 1.0 to 17.0 (SDrange = 2.1-3.1) in 2008 and 1.0 to 15.5 (SDrange = 2.0-2.3) in 2016. In cross-sectional analyses (2016 only; N = 523), we found significant or borderline positive associations between time after the MDH and Attention/Inhibitory Control (difference/10 days [β] = 0.22 points [95% CI = 0.03, 0.41]) and Language (β = 0.16 points [95% CI = -0.03, 0.34]). We also observed positive, longitudinal associations (2008-2016) with Attention/Inhibitory Control (β = 0.19 points [95% CI = 0.04, 0.34]) through 112 days after the harvest and Visuospatial Processing (β = 3.56, β-quadratic = -0.19 [95% CI: -0.29, -0.09]) through 92 days. CONCLUSIONS Children examined sooner after the harvest had lower neurobehavioral performance compared to children examined later, suggesting that peak pesticide spray seasons may transiently affect neurobehavior followed by recovery during low pesticide-use periods. Reduction of pesticide exposure potential for children during peak pesticide-use periods is advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Espinosa da Silva
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego. 9500 Gilman Drive #0725, La Jolla, CA, 92024-0725, USA
| | - S Gahagan
- Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Child Development and Community Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego. 9500 Gilman Drive #0832, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0832, USA
| | - J Suarez-Torres
- Fundación Cimas del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador. De los Olivos E15-18 y las Minas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - D Lopez-Paredes
- Fundación Cimas del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador. De los Olivos E15-18 y las Minas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - H Checkoway
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego. 9500 Gilman Drive #0725, La Jolla, CA, 92024-0725, USA; University of California, San Diego, Department of Neurosciences, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0949, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0949, USA
| | - J R Suarez-Lopez
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego. 9500 Gilman Drive #0725, La Jolla, CA, 92024-0725, USA.
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Parenting, Pesticides and Adolescent Psychological Adjustment: A Brief Report. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19010540. [PMID: 35010800 PMCID: PMC8744964 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides used to control insects, such as pyrethroids, are neurotoxicants, yet adolescent researchers often overlook their potential role in adolescent psychological adjustment. This brief report is guided by bioecological theory and considers the possible independent and interactive effects of environmental pyrethroid pesticide exposure for adolescent depressive symptoms. Self-reported adolescent appraisals of the parent-child relationship and depressive symptoms were obtained from a convenience sample of impoverished, predominantly Latino urban youth (n = 44). Exposure to environmental pyrethroids was obtained from wipe samples using a standardized protocol. Parent-adolescent conflict was higher in households with bifenthrin than those without, and adolescent depressive symptoms were elevated in homes where cypermethrin was detected. In addition, the presence of bifenthrin in the home attenuated the protective effects of parental involvement on adolescent depressive symptoms. The current results suggest that adolescent mental health researchers must consider the synergistic combinations of adolescents' environments' physical and social features. Given the endemic presence of pesticides and their neurotoxic function, pesticide exposure may demand specific attention.
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Ramírez V, Gálvez-Ontiveros Y, González-Domenech PJ, Baca MÁ, Rodrigo L, Rivas A. Role of endocrine disrupting chemicals in children's neurodevelopment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111890. [PMID: 34418446 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stressors, like endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC), are considered important contributors to the increased rates of neurodevelopmental dysfunctions. Considering the cumulative research on adverse neurodevelopmental effects associated with prenatal exposure to EDC, the purpose of this study was to review the available limited literature about the effects of postnatal exposure to EDC on child neurodevelopment and behaviour. Despite widespread children's exposure to EDC, there are a limited number of epidemiological studies on the association of this exposure with neurodevelopmental disorders, in particular in the postnatal period. The available research suggests that postnatal EDC exposure is related to adverse neurobehavioral outcomes in children; however the underlying mechanisms of action remain unclear. Timing of exposure is a key factor determining potential neurodevelopmental consequences, hence studying the impact of multiple EDC co-exposure in different vulnerable life periods could guide the identification of sensitive subpopulations. Most of the reviewed studies did not take into account sex differences in the EDC effects on children neurodevelopment. We believe that the inclusion of sex in the study design should be considered as the role of EDC on children neurodevelopment are likely sex-specific and should be taken into consideration when determining susceptibility and potential mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Ramírez
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Yolanda Gálvez-Ontiveros
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo José González-Domenech
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Lourdes Rodrigo
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Ana Rivas
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
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He X, Tu Y, Song Y, Yang G, You M. The relationship between pesticide exposure during critical neurodevelopment and autism spectrum disorder: A narrative review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111902. [PMID: 34416252 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural pesticides have been one of the most extensively used compounds throughout the world. The main sources of contamination for humans are dietary intake and occupational exposure. The impairments caused by agricultural pesticide exposure have been a significant global public health problem. Recent studies have shown that low-level agricultural pesticide exposure during the critical period of neurodevelopment (pregnancy and lactation) is closely related to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, gut microbiota, neural dendrite morphology, synaptic function, and glial cells are targets for the effects of pesticides during nervous system development. In the present review, we summarize the associations between several highly used and frequently studied pesticides (e.g., glyphosate, chlorpyrifos, pyrethroids, and avermectins) and ASD. We also discusse future epidemiological and toxicological research directions on the relationship between pesticides and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu He
- School of Public Heath, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, PR China
| | - Ying Tu
- School of Public Heath, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, PR China
| | - Yawen Song
- School of Public Heath, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, PR China
| | - Guanghong Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550004, PR China.
| | - Mingdan You
- School of Public Heath, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, PR China.
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Vasamsetti BMK, Chon K, Kim J, Oh JA, Yoon CY, Park HH. Transcriptome-Based Identification of Genes Responding to the Organophosphate Pesticide Phosmet in Danio rerio. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111738. [PMID: 34828343 PMCID: PMC8624534 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) are one of the most widely used insecticides. OPPs exert their neurotoxic effects by inhibiting acetylcholine esterase (AChE). Most of the gross developmental abnormalities observed in OPP-treated fish, on the other hand, may not be explained solely by AChE inhibition. To understand the overall molecular mechanisms involved in OPP toxicity, we used the zebrafish (ZF) model. We exposed ZF embryos to an OPP, phosmet, for 96 h, and then analyzed developmental abnormalities and performed whole transcriptome analysis. Phenotypic abnormalities, such as bradycardia, spine curvature, and growth retardation, were observed in phosmet-treated ZF (PTZF). Whole transcriptome analysis revealed 2190 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 822 and 1368 significantly up-and downregulated genes, respectively. System process and sensory and visual perception were among the top biological pathways affected by phosmet toxicity. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed significant enrichment of metabolic pathways, calcium signaling pathway, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, cardiac muscle contraction, drug metabolism-other enzymes, and phototransduction. Quantitative real-time PCR results of six DEGs agreed with the sequencing data expression profile trend. Our findings provide insights into the consequences of phosmet exposure in ZF, as well as an estimate of the potential risk of OPPs to off-target species.
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Muñoz-Quezada MT, Lucero B, Castillo B, Bradman A, Zúñiga L, Baumert BO, Iglesias V, Muñoz MP, Buralli RJ, Antini C. Psychometric Validation of a Questionnaire to Assess Perception and Knowledge About Exposure to Pesticides in Rural Schoolchildren of Maule, Chile. Front Psychol 2021; 12:715477. [PMID: 34630226 PMCID: PMC8492929 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.715477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to pesticides during infancy is associated with numerous adverse health outcomes. The assessment of knowledge and perception of pesticides exposure and risk among children has not been thoroughly studied. The aim of the study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of a questionnaire that measures the knowledge and perception of exposure to organophosphate pesticides among rural schoolchildren. The questionnaire was administered to 151 schoolchildren between 9 and 13years from four Chilean rural schools. An internal consistency analysis of the ordinal alpha coefficient and a polychoric factor analysis for categorical data were used. The results show that the ordinal alpha was 0.95. Polychoric matrices of rotated components show the 17 questions summarized pesticide knowledge in five factors extracted after promax rotation. This factorial model explains 56.3% of the variance. The questions were grouped as follows: knowledge about pesticides (Factor 1); knowledge of health effects related to pesticides exposure (Factor 2); pesticide exposure through the growing of fruits and vegetables (Factor 3); perception and action against pesticides exposure at school (Factor 4); and perception and action against pesticides exposure at home (Factor 5). The questionnaire provides a useful tool for examining pesticide exposure in agricultural regions, allowing younger community members to participate.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Muñoz-Quezada
- The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center (CINPSI Neurocog), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Boris Lucero
- The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center (CINPSI Neurocog), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Benjamín Castillo
- Doctorate in Applied Mathematical Modeling, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Asa Bradman
- Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Liliana Zúñiga
- The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center (CINPSI Neurocog), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Brittney O. Baumert
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Verónica Iglesias
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Pía Muñoz
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rafael J. Buralli
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carmen Antini
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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González EA, Calsbeek JJ, Tsai YH, Tang MY, Andrew P, Vu J, Berg EL, Saito NH, Harvey DJ, Supasai S, Gurkoff GG, Silverman JL, Lein PJ. Sex-specific acute and chronic neurotoxicity of acute diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP)-intoxication in juvenile Sprague-Dawley rats. Curr Res Toxicol 2021; 2:341-356. [PMID: 34622217 PMCID: PMC8484742 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical efforts to improve medical countermeasures against organophosphate (OP) chemical threat agents have largely focused on adult male models. However, age and sex have been shown to influence the neurotoxicity of repeated low-level OP exposure. Therefore, to determine the influence of sex and age on outcomes associated with acute OP intoxication, postnatal day 28 Sprague-Dawley male and female rats were exposed to the OP diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP; 3.4 mg/kg, s.c.) or an equal volume of vehicle (∼80 µL saline, s.c.) followed by atropine sulfate (0.1 mg/kg, i.m.) and pralidoxime (2-PAM; 25 mg/kg, i.m.). Seizure activity was assessed during the first 4 h post-exposure using behavioral criteria and electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. At 1 d post-exposure, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured in cortical tissue, and at 1, 7, and 28 d post-exposure, brains were collected for neuropathologic analyses. At 1 month post-DFP, animals were analyzed for motor ability, learning and memory, and hippocampal neurogenesis. Acute DFP intoxication triggered more severe seizure behavior in males than females, which was supported by EEG recordings. DFP caused significant neurodegeneration and persistent microglial activation in numerous brain regions of both sexes, but astrogliosis occurred earlier and was more severe in males compared to females. DFP males and females exhibited pronounced memory deficits relative to sex-matched controls. In contrast, acute DFP intoxication altered hippocampal neurogenesis in males, but not females. These findings demonstrate that acute DFP intoxication triggers seizures in juvenile rats of both sexes, but the seizure severity varies by sex. Some, but not all, chronic neurotoxic outcomes also varied by sex. The spatiotemporal patterns of neurological damage suggest that microglial activation may be a more important factor than astrogliosis or altered neurogenesis in the pathogenesis of cognitive deficits in juvenile rats acutely intoxicated with OPs.
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Key Words
- 2-PAM, pralidoxime
- AChE, acetylcholinesterase
- AS, atropine-sulfate
- BChE, butyrylcholinesterase
- CT, computed tomography
- ChE, cholinesterase
- Cognitive deficits
- DFP, diisopropylfluorophosphate
- EEG, electroencephalogram
- FJC, Fluoro-Jade C
- Neurodegeneration
- Neurogenesis
- Neuroinflammation
- OP, organophosphate
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- ROI, region of interest
- SE, status epilepticus
- Seizures
- Sex differences
- T2w, T2-weighted
- VEH, vehicle
- i.m., intramuscular
- i.p., intraperitoneal
- s.c., subcutaneous
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A. González
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jonas J. Calsbeek
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yi-Hua Tsai
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mei-Yun Tang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Peter Andrew
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Joan Vu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Elizabeth L. Berg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, 2230, Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Naomi H. Saito
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Danielle J. Harvey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Suangsuda Supasai
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gene G. Gurkoff
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, 4860 Y Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Jill L. Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, 2230, Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Arcury TA, Chen H, Arnold TJ, Quandt SA, Anderson KA, Scott RP, Talton JW, Daniel SS. Pesticide exposure among Latinx child farmworkers in North Carolina. Am J Ind Med 2021; 64:602-619. [PMID: 34036619 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although pesticides have adverse effects on child health and development, little research has examined pesticide exposure among child farmworkers. This analysis addresses two specific aims: (1) describes pesticide exposure among Latinx child farmworkers in North Carolina, and (2) delineates factors associated with this pesticide exposure. METHODS In 2018 (n = 173) and 2019 (n = 156) Latinx child farmworkers completed interviews and wore silicone wristbands for a single day to measure pesticide exposure. Wristbands were analyzed for 70 pesticides. RESULTS Most Latinx child farmworkers were exposed to multiple pesticides; the most frequent were pyrethroids (69.9% in 2018, 67.9% in 2019), organochlorines (51.4% in 2018, 55.1% in 2019), and organophosphates (51.4% in 2018, 34.0% in 2019). Children were exposed to a mean of 2.15 pesticide classes in 2018 and 1.91 in 2019, and to a mean of 4.06 pesticides in 2018 and 3.34 in 2019. Younger children (≤15 years) had more detections than older children; children not currently engaged in farm work had more detections than children currently engaged in farm work. Migrant child farmworkers had more detections than nonmigrants. For specific pesticides with at least 20 detections, detections and concentrations were generally greater among children not currently engaged in farm work than children currently engaged. CONCLUSIONS Children who live in farmworker communities are exposed to a plethora of pesticides. Although further research is needed to document the extent of pesticide exposure and its health consequences, sufficient information is available to inform the policy needed to eliminate this pesticide exposure in agricultural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Arcury
- Department of Family and Community Medicine Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA
- Center for Worker Health Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA
| | - Haiying Chen
- Center for Worker Health Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Division of Public Health Sciences Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA
| | - Taylor J. Arnold
- Department of Family and Community Medicine Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA
| | - Sara A. Quandt
- Center for Worker Health Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA
| | - Kim A. Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - Richard P. Scott
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - Jennifer W. Talton
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Division of Public Health Sciences Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA
| | - Stephanie S. Daniel
- Department of Family and Community Medicine Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA
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Tazarv M, Faraji H, Moghimi A, Azizinejad F. Bursting-bubble flow microextraction combined with gas chromatography to analyze organophosphorus pesticides in aqueous samples. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2965-2971. [PMID: 34021710 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bubble-bursting flow microextraction combined with gas chromatography as a green and sustainable microextraction method is used to determine some organophosphorus pesticide residues in water samples. The extraction process occurs at the surface of liquid-gas contact, where the analytes interact with the gas molecules in the bubble. The analytes are transferred to the surface of the sample solution by moving the gas bubbles upwards. The bursting of gas bubbles causes the analytes to disperse in the headspace. Eventually, they are collected for injection into the chromatography system. A one-factor-at-one-time approach was applied to optimize the independent variables in the proposed method. Validation studies were performed according to reliable guidelines. Under optimal conditions, the method indicated a dynamic linear range from 1.0 to 100.0 μg/L. The limit of detection and quantification of the method was 0.29-0.38 and 1.21-1.70 μg/L, respectively. The proposed method was successfully utilized to determine malathion, diazinon, profenofos, and ethion as the target analytes in various water samples with satisfactory relative recoveries ranged from 90.1 to 102.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Tazarv
- Department of Chemistry, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, 338177489, Iran
| | - Hakim Faraji
- Department of Chemistry, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, 338177489, Iran
| | - Ali Moghimi
- Department of Chemistry, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, 338177489, Iran
| | - Fariborz Azizinejad
- Department of Chemistry, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, 338177489, Iran
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Suarez-Lopez JR, Cairns MR, Sripada K, Quiros-Alcala L, Mielke HW, Eskenazi B, Etzel RA, Kordas K. COVID-19 and children's health in the United States: Consideration of physical and social environments during the pandemic. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:111160. [PMID: 33852915 PMCID: PMC8542993 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Public health measures necessary to counteract the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have resulted in dramatic changes in the physical and social environments within which children grow and develop. As our understanding of the pathways for viral exposure and associated health outcomes in children evolves, it is critical to consider how changes in the social, cultural, economic, and physical environments resulting from the pandemic could affect the development of children. This review article considers the environments and settings that create the backdrop for children's health in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic, including current threats to child development that stem from: A) change in exposures to environmental contaminants such as heavy metals, pesticides, disinfectants, air pollution and the built environment; B) changes in food environments resulting from adverse economic repercussion of the pandemic and limited reach of existing safety nets; C) limited access to children's educational and developmental resources; D) changes in the social environments at the individual and household levels, and their interplay with family stressors and mental health; E) social injustice and racism. The environmental changes due to COVID-19 are overlaid onto existing environmental and social disparities. This results in disproportionate effects among children in low-income settings and among populations experiencing the effects of structural racism. This article draws attention to many environments that should be considered in current and future policy responses to protect children's health amid pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Suarez-Lopez
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, and Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Maryann R Cairns
- Department of Anthropology, Dedman College of Humanities and Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kam Sripada
- Centre for Global Health Inequalities Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lesliam Quiros-Alcala
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Howard W Mielke
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ruth A Etzel
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Katarzyna Kordas
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
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49
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Abstract
The canonical mechanism of organophosphate (OP) neurotoxicity is the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). However, multiple lines of evidence suggest that mechanisms in addition to or other than AChE inhibition contribute to the neurotoxic effects associated with acute and chronic OP exposures. Characterizing the role(s) of AChE inhibition versus noncholinergic mechanisms in OP neurotoxicity remains an active area of research with significant diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Here, we review recently published studies that provide mechanistic insights regarding (1) OP-induced status epilepticus, (2) long-term neurologic consequences of acute OP exposures, and (3) neurotoxic effects associated with repeated low-level OP exposures. Key data gaps and challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hua Tsai
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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50
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Kassotis CD, Trasande L. Endocrine disruptor global policy. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2021; 92:1-34. [PMID: 34452684 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, scientific consensus has grown around the concept and evidence for human health impacts from exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). A series of publications have now demonstrated considerable economic costs of EDC exposure-induced adverse health outcomes. This research has suggested economic burdens in the hundreds of billions, even considering only a small subset of EDCs and health. As of yet, regulatory efforts and policies to protect and decrease human exposure to most EDCs have been insufficient and have not kept pace with the science. Given the overwhelming scientific evidence, referenced throughout this collection, as well as the economic costs of inaction, described here, regulations are clearly needed. The EU and some other countries have taken promising steps towards protective regulation of EDCs, though the response of the US and many other countries has been limited or altogether lacking. Regulatory bodies that have and continue to apply risk-based approaches to regulating EDCs have also failed to consider the complete economic impacts of EDC-related health impacts. In this chapter, we will discuss broad strategies taken to regulate EDCs, examine the approaches currently taken to regulate EDCs in a global context (discussing the strengths and weaknesses of these regulations), discuss the economic costs of EDC exposures (detailing where consideration of health and economic costs could improve regulations), and discuss next steps and novel approaches to adapting existing regulatory frameworks to this class of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Kassotis
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States.
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Departments of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; NYU College of Global Public Health, New York, NY, United States
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