1
|
Mohan MK, Thorat K, Puthiyapurayil TP, Sunnapu O, Chandrashekharappa S, Ravula V, Khader R, Sankaranarayanan A, Muhammad H, Vemula PK. Oxime-functionalized anti-insecticide fabric reduces insecticide exposure through dermal and nasal routes, and prevents insecticide-induced neuromuscular-dysfunction and mortality. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4844. [PMID: 38844466 PMCID: PMC11156901 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49167-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Farmers from South Asian countries spray insecticides without protective gear, which leads to insecticide exposure through dermal and nasal routes. Acetylcholinesterase plays a crucial role in controlling neuromuscular function. Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides inhibit acetylcholinesterase, which leads to severe neuronal/cognitive dysfunction, breathing disorders, loss of endurance, and death. To address this issue, an Oxime-fabric is developed by covalently attaching silyl-pralidoxime to the cellulose of the fabric. The Oxime-fabric, when stitched as a bodysuit and facemask, efficiently deactivates insecticides (organophosphates and carbamates) upon contact, preventing exposure. The Oxime-fabric prevents insecticide-induced neuronal damage, neuro-muscular dysfunction, and loss of endurance. Furthermore, we observe a 100% survival rate in rats when repeatedly exposed to organophosphate-insecticide through the Oxime-fabric, while no survival is seen when organophosphate-insecticide applied directly or through normal fabric. The Oxime-fabric is washable and reusable for at least 50 cycles, providing an affordable solution to prevent insecticide-induced toxicity and lethality among farmers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K Mohan
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (DBT-inStem), GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Ketan Thorat
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (DBT-inStem), GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Theja Parassini Puthiyapurayil
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (DBT-inStem), GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Sandeep Chandrashekharappa
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (DBT-inStem), GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Venkatesh Ravula
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (DBT-inStem), GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajamohammed Khader
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (DBT-inStem), GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Aravind Sankaranarayanan
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (DBT-inStem), GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, Karnataka, India
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society (TIGS), inStem, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Hadi Muhammad
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (DBT-inStem), GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Vemula
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (DBT-inStem), GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, Karnataka, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng R, Romero-Del Rey R, Ruiz-Moreno F, Garcia-Gonzalez J, Requena-Mullor M, Navarro-Mena AÁ, López-Villén A, Alarcon-Rodriguez R. Depressive symptoms and suicide attempts among farmers exposed to pesticides. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 108:104461. [PMID: 38723701 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides safeguard crop health but may diminish cholinesterase activity in farmers, potentially leading to psychiatric disorders like depression and suicide attempts. This study, with 453 participants (225 pesticide-exposed farmers, 228 non-farmers) in Almería, Spain, aimed to investigate the presence of depressive symptoms and suicide attempts, the decrease acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity, and their relationship with pesticide exposure in farmers. Depressive symptoms were evaluated using the Spanish adaptation of the Beck Depression Inventory, and blood samples were analyzed for AChE and BChE activity. Farmers showed significantly increased risk of moderate/severe depression and suicide attempts compared to non-farmers (OR = 2.18; p = 0.001), with highest risks observed among mancozeb users (OR = 2.76; p = 0.001 for depression) and malathion users (OR = 3.50; p = 0.001 for suicide attempts). Findings emphasize elevated depression and suicide risks among pesticide-exposed farmers, particularly associated with chlorpyrifos, mancozeb, and malathion exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Zheng
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almería, Almería 04120, Spain
| | - Raúl Romero-Del Rey
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almería, Almería 04120, Spain.
| | | | - Jessica Garcia-Gonzalez
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almería, Almería 04120, Spain
| | - Mar Requena-Mullor
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almería, Almería 04120, Spain
| | | | | | - Raquel Alarcon-Rodriguez
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almería, Almería 04120, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tota M, Karska J, Kowalski S, Piątek N, Pszczołowska M, Mazur K, Piotrowski P. Environmental pollution and extreme weather conditions: insights into the effect on mental health. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1389051. [PMID: 38863619 PMCID: PMC11165707 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1389051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollution exposures, including air, soil, water, light, and noise pollution, are critical issues that may implicate adverse mental health outcomes. Extreme weather conditions, such as hurricanes, floods, wildfires, and droughts, may also cause long-term severe concerns. However, the knowledge about possible psychiatric disorders associated with these exposures is currently not well disseminated. In this review, we aim to summarize the current knowledge on the impact of environmental pollution and extreme weather conditions on mental health, focusing on anxiety spectrum disorders, autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and depression. In air pollution studies, increased concentrations of PM2.5, NO2, and SO2 were the most strongly associated with the exacerbation of anxiety, schizophrenia, and depression symptoms. We provide an overview of the suggested underlying pathomechanisms involved. We highlight that the pathogenesis of environmental pollution-related diseases is multifactorial, including increased oxidative stress, systematic inflammation, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, and epigenetic dysregulation. Light pollution and noise pollution were correlated with an increased risk of neurodegenerative disorders, particularly Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, the impact of soil and water pollution is discussed. Such compounds as crude oil, heavy metals, natural gas, agro-chemicals (pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers), polycyclic or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), solvents, lead (Pb), and asbestos were associated with detrimental impact on mental health. Extreme weather conditions were linked to depression and anxiety spectrum disorders, namely PTSD. Several policy recommendations and awareness campaigns should be implemented, advocating for the advancement of high-quality urbanization, the mitigation of environmental pollution, and, consequently, the enhancement of residents' mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Tota
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Julia Karska
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Szymon Kowalski
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Piątek
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Mazur
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Patryk Piotrowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Noomnual S, Konthonbut P, Kongtip P, Woskie SR. Mental Health Disorders among Thai Farmers: Occupational and Non-Occupational Stressors. HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT : HERA 2024; 30:180-200. [PMID: 38828009 PMCID: PMC11139011 DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2024.2310810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study aimed to identify occupational and non-occupational factors that impact levels of stress, depression, and anxiety among farmers located in the northern part of Thailand, including the potential psychological impacts of pesticide use. The participants (N=270) were interviewed with a survey adopted and modified from peer-reviewed articles and questionnaires. The survey consists of four parts, including demographic information and pesticide exposure; perceived farm stressors employing Farm Stressor Survey (FSS); mental health disorder utilizing Srithanya Stress Scale (ST5), Nine-Questions Depression- Rating Scale (9Q), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 (DASS21); in addition to COVID-related stress utilizing COVID Stress Scale (CSS). The participants were categorized into two groups i.e., Spray and No Spray based on their self-reported occupational use of pesticide spraying within the past year. No significant associations were observed between occupational pesticide exposures and mental health disorder scores. Being female, having a second job besides a farmer, having applied pesticides for greater than 20 years, and having a higher farm stressor perception showed a significant positive association with self-reported mental health disorders; while having a good agricultural practice and PPE use showed a significant negative association with those outcomes. This pilot study scrutinized expanded sources of stress in farm work and provided information for the development of more effective mental disorder intervention programs for Thai farmers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saisattha Noomnual
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pajaree Konthonbut
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pornpimol Kongtip
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Susan R. Woskie
- Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, O’Leary Library Room 540, 61 Wilder St., Lowell, MA 01854, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Frengidou E, Galanis P, Malesios C. Pesticide Exposure or Pesticide Poisoning and the Risk of Depression in Agricultural Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Agromedicine 2024; 29:91-105. [PMID: 37937800 DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2023.2278801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that farm workers represent a high-risk population for the development of depression. The aim of the study was to clarify the association between pesticide exposure/poisoning and depression. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis were conducted in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Relevant studies were included through searching in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, CINAHL and pre-print services databases. A total of eight studies were included. A positive but non-significant association was observed between pesticide use and depression (OR = 1.123; 95% CI, 0.932-1.354, p-value = .221) while a significant positive association was observed between pesticide poisoning and depression (OR = 2.942; 95% CI, 1.791-4.831, p-value < .001). The present meta-analysis suggested clearly a significant positive association between pesticide poisoning and depression, confirming the hypothesis that pesticide poisoning is a risk factor of depression. It also revealed positive, yet non-significant association, between pesticide exposure and depression, a finding that enhances recent research but requires to be further supported by future cohort studies, including socioeconomic factors and biomarkers of depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Frengidou
- Public Organization for Providing Health Care Services, Regional Department of North and East Greece, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Petros Galanis
- Faculty of Nursing, Center for Health Services Management and Evaluation, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zanchi MM, Marafon F, Marins K, Bagatini MD, Zamoner A. Redox imbalance and inflammation: A link to depression risk in brazilian pesticide-exposed farmers. Toxicology 2024; 501:153706. [PMID: 38097130 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to elucidate the mechanisms linking occupational pesticide exposure to depression among rural workers from Maravilha, Brazil. We assessed the mental health, oxidative, and inflammatory profiles of farmers exposed to pesticides (N = 28) and compared them to an urban control group without occupational exposure to pesticides (N = 25). Data on sociodemographic, occupational history, and clinical records were collected. Emotional states were evaluated using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Biochemical, hematological, inflammatory, and redox parameters were examined in blood samples from both groups. Results showed educational disparities between groups and unveiled a concerning underutilization of personal protective equipment (PPEs) among farmers. Glyphosate was the predominant pesticide used by farmers. Farmers exhibited higher BDI scores, including more severe cases of depression. Additionally, elevated levels of creatinine, ALT, AST, and LDH were observed in farmers, suggesting potential renal and hepatic issues due to pesticide exposure. Oxidative stress markers, such as increased lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, along with decreased catalase (CAT) activity and ascorbic acid levels, were noted in the pesticide-exposed group compared to controls. Elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, were also observed in pesticide-exposed group. Our findings suggest that inflammation, oxidative distress and lower educational levels may be associated with depression in pesticide-exposed farmers. This study highlights the impact of occupational pesticide exposure on the mental health of rural workers. The underuse of PPEs and the link between depressive symptoms, inflammation, and oxidative stress underscore the urgent need for improved safety measures in agricultural practices. Addressing these issues will contribute to a deeper understanding of the intricate relationship between environmental exposures and mental health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Magalhães Zanchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling, Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88037-000 SC, Brazil
| | - Filomena Marafon
- Laboratory of Cell Culture, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, 89815-899 SC, Brazil
| | - Katiuska Marins
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling, Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88037-000 SC, Brazil
| | - Margarete Dulce Bagatini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling, Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88037-000 SC, Brazil
| | - Ariane Zamoner
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling, Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88037-000 SC, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ruirui Z, Raúl RDR, Jessica GG, Mar RM, Navarro-Mena Á, López-Villén A, Raquel AR. Indicators of occupational pesticide exposure are associated with psychiatric symptoms. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 105:104357. [PMID: 38158030 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In southeastern Spain, intensive and highly productive agriculture under plastic also poses a risk to human health, as evidenced by reports on acute pesticide poisoning and its effects on mental health. However, knowledge of chronic exposures and their relationship to psychiatric disorders is still limited. This study analyzed the relationship between occupational exposure to pesticides and psychiatric disorders in farmers from Almería. A cross-sectional study was conducted amongst a coastal population in Almería, where over 32,800 ha of land are dedicated to intensive agriculture in plastic greenhouses. A total of 409 people participated in the study: 203 farmers and 206 control subjects. The highest risk of psychiatric disorders was observed in farmers living in areas of high exposure to pesticides, working in greenhouses (intensive agriculture), without protective goggles and without wearing masks. This study supports previous evidence of an elevated risk of psychiatric disorders among farm workers exposed to pesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ruirui
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Romero-Del Rey Raúl
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - Garcia-Gonzalez Jessica
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Requena-Mullor Mar
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | | | | | - Alarcon-Rodriguez Raquel
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cancino J, Soto K, Tapia J, Muñoz-Quezada MT, Lucero B, Contreras C, Moreno J. Occupational exposure to pesticides and symptoms of depression in agricultural workers. A systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116190. [PMID: 37217130 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of pesticides can result in harm to both the environment and human health. There is a growing concern in the field of occupational health about the impact on the mental health of agricultural workers. OBJECTIVES The objective of this review was to systematize scientific evidence from the last ten years on the impact of occupational exposure to pesticides on the development of depression symptoms in agricultural workers. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive search in the PubMed and Scopus databases from 2011 to September 2022. Our search included studies in English, Spanish, and Portuguese that examined the association between occupational exposure to pesticides and symptoms of depression in agricultural workers, following the guidelines recommended by the PRISMA statement and the PECO strategy (Population, Exposure, Comparison, and Outcomes). RESULTS Among the 27 articles reviewed, 78% of them indicated a link between exposure to pesticides and the incidence of depression symptoms. The pesticides most frequently reported in the studies were organophosphates (17 studies), herbicides (12 studies), and pyrethroids (11 studies). The majority of the studies were rated as having intermediate to intermediate-high quality, with the use of standardized measures to assess both exposure and effect. CONCLUSION The updated evidence presented in our review indicates a clear association between pesticide exposure and the development of depressive symptoms. However, more high-quality longitudinal studies are necessary to control for sociocultural variables and utilize pesticide-specific biomarkers and biomarkers of depression. Given the increased use of these chemicals and the health risks associated with depression, it is crucial to implement more stringent measures to monitor the mental health of agricultural workers regularly exposed to pesticides and to enhance surveillance of companies that apply these chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cancino
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile; The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center CINPSI Neurocog, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Karly Soto
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile; The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center CINPSI Neurocog, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Joaquín Tapia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile; The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center CINPSI Neurocog, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - María Teresa Muñoz-Quezada
- The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center CINPSI Neurocog, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.
| | - Boris Lucero
- The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center CINPSI Neurocog, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Caterina Contreras
- The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center CINPSI Neurocog, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Jaime Moreno
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zanchi MM, Marins K, Zamoner A. Could pesticide exposure be implicated in the high incidence rates of depression, anxiety and suicide in farmers? A systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023:121888. [PMID: 37244531 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide exposure and poisoning may rise the risk of mental health problems and suicidal tendencies. To explore the potential connection between chronic occupational exposure to pesticides and depression, anxiety, and suicide-related outcomes in farmers, a systematic review was performed. Systematic review protocol is available in PROSPERO registration number CRD42022316285. A total of fifty-seven studies met inclusion criteria: twenty-nine on depression or other mental disorders, twelve on suicide (two of them on both depression and suicide), and fourteen on pesticide poisoning or self-poisoning and death. Among the fifty-seven selected studies, eighteen were conducted in Asia, seventeen in North America, fourteen in South America, seven in European Union, one in Africa, and one in Australia/Oceania. Selected studies demonstrated an increased prevalence of depressive disorders in farmworkers exposed to pesticides as well as an increased self-reported prevalence of depression in this population. Moreover, previous pesticide poisoning increased the risk estimates for depression or other mental disorders as compared with chronic pesticide exposure. Severe pesticide poisoning and multiple poisoning showed increased risks of depressive symptoms compared with milder cases. In addition, financial difficulties and poor health were positively correlated with depression. Among studies on suicide, nine of them found that suicide rates increased in areas devoted to agriculture with intensive pesticide consumption. Moreover, studies demonstrate a higher suicide risk among farmers. The present review suggests more attention to the farmer's mental health and more detailed studies on occupational exposure to the mixture of these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Magalhães Zanchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Pharmacy Graduate Course, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Katiuska Marins
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Pharmacy Graduate Course, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ariane Zamoner
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Pharmacy Graduate Course, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Santana MB, Soares LB, Zanella E, Fellipe da Silva M, Stambuk BU, Goldbeck R, Ambrosi A, Zielinski A, Poletto P, Ienczak JL. Hydrothermal pretreatment for the production of prebiotic oligosaccharides from tobacco stem. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 382:129169. [PMID: 37187330 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco stem is an abundant and inexpensive renewable source to produce prebiotics by circular economy. In this study, hydrothermal pretreatments were evaluated on the release of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) and cello-oligosaccharides (COS) from the tobacco stem by a central composite rotational design associated with response surface methodology to evaluate the effects of temperature (161.72 to 218.3 °C) and solid load (SL) (2.93 to 17.07%). XOS were the main compounds released to the liquor. Desirability function was performed to maximize the production of XOS and minimize the effects of release of monosaccharides and degradation compounds. The result indicated yield of 96% w[XOS]/w[xylan] for 190 °C-2.93% SL. The highest value for COS and total oligomers content (COS + XOS) was 6.42 g/L and 17.7 g/L, respectively, for 190 °C-17.07% SL. The mass balance for the best yield XOS condition predicted 132 kg of XOS (X2-X6) from 1000 kg of tobacco stem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel B Santana
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Lauren B Soares
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Zanella
- Center of Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fellipe da Silva
- Bioprocess and Metabolic Engineering Laboratory, School of Food Engineering, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Boris U Stambuk
- Center of Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rosana Goldbeck
- Bioprocess and Metabolic Engineering Laboratory, School of Food Engineering, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alan Ambrosi
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Acácio Zielinski
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Poletto
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
| | - Jaciane L Ienczak
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li HR, Fu XH, Song LL, Cen MQ, Wu J. Association between pyrethroid exposure and risk of depressive symptoms in the general US adults. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:685-698. [PMID: 35904735 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the association between pyrethroid exposure and the risk of depressive symptoms in adults in the USA. Data of participants aged ≥20 years (n = 6455) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2007-2014) were included. 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), an adequately detected pyrethroid metabolite, was used as a biomarker to assess pyrethroid exposure. Depressive symptoms were defined as the Patient's Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) total score ≥10 or use of antidepressant. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association between urinary 3-PBA levels and the risk of depressive symptoms. In this study, 1150 participants (weighted frequency, 18.45%) developed depressive symptoms. Participants in the highest tertile have a higher risk of depressive symptoms than those in the lowest tertile of urinary 3-PBA and weighted OR of 1.28 (95% CI, 1.00-1.63, P=0.019). There was a nonlinear association between urinary 3-PBA and depressive symptoms (P for nonlinearity = 0.034). Mediation analysis showed the mediating effect of trouble sleeping on the association of urinary 3-PBA with depressive symptoms was 28.8% (P = 0.006). Our findings indicate that pyrethroid exposure is associated with the increased risk of depressive symptoms, and trouble sleeping may mediated this association. Further studies should be conducted to validate our findings and elucidate their underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ru Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xi-Hang Fu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ling-Ling Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Man-Qiu Cen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Arab A, Mostafalou S. Neurotoxicity of pesticides in the context of CNS chronic diseases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:2718-2755. [PMID: 34663153 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2021.1987396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Following the introduction and application of pesticides in human life, they have always been along with health concerns both in acute poisoning and chronic toxicities. Neurotoxicity of pesticides in chronic exposures has been known as one of the most important human health problems, as most of these chemicals act through interacting with some elements of nervous system. Pesticide-induced neurotoxicity can be defined in different categories of neurological disorders including neurodegenerative (Alzheimer, Parkinson, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis), neurodevelopmental (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, developmental delay, and intellectual disability), neurobehavioral and neuropsychiatric (depression/suicide attempt, anxiety/insomnia, and cognitive impairment) disorders some of which are among the most debilitating human health problems. In this review, neurotoxicity of pesticides in the mentioned categories and sub-categories of neurological diseases have been systematically presented in relation to different route of exposures including general, occupational, environmental, prenatal, postnatal, and paternal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Arab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Sara Mostafalou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sarailoo M, Afshari S, Asghariazar V, Safarzadeh E, Dadkhah M. Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegenerative Diseases Development Associated with Organophosphate Pesticides Exposure: a Review Study. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1624-1643. [PMID: 36066747 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00552-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A significant body of literature emphasizes the role of insecticide, particularly organophosphates (OPs), as the major environmental factor in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases. This review aims to study the relationship between OP insecticide exposure, cognitive impairment, and neurodegenerative disease development. Human populations, especially in developing countries, are frequently exposed to OPs due to their extensive applications. The involvement of various signaling pathways in OP neurotoxicity are reported, but the OP-induced cognitive impairment and link between OP exposure and the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases are not clearly understood. In the present review, we have therefore aimed to come to new conclusions which may help to find protective and preventive strategies against OP neurotoxicity and may establish a possible link between organophosphate exposure, cognitive impairment, and OP-induced neurotoxicity. Moreover, we discuss the findings obtained from animal and human research providing some support for OP-induced cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sarailoo
- Students Research Committee, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Salva Afshari
- Students Research Committee, Pharmacy School, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Vahid Asghariazar
- Deputy of Research & Technology, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Elham Safarzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Masoomeh Dadkhah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zúñiga-Venegas LA, Hyland C, Muñoz-Quezada MT, Quirós-Alcalá L, Butinof M, Buralli R, Cardenas A, Fernandez RA, Foerster C, Gouveia N, Gutiérrez Jara JP, Lucero BA, Muñoz MP, Ramírez-Santana M, Smith AR, Tirado N, van Wendel de Joode B, Calaf GM, Handal AJ, Soares da Silva A, Cortés S, Mora AM. Health Effects of Pesticide Exposure in Latin American and the Caribbean Populations: A Scoping Review. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:96002. [PMID: 36173136 PMCID: PMC9521041 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to pesticides is associated with adverse health outcomes. However, the literature on pesticide-related health effects in the Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) region, an area of intensive agricultural and residential pesticide use, is sparse. We conducted a scoping review to describe the current state of research on the health effects of pesticide exposure in LAC populations with the goal of identifying knowledge gaps and research capacity building needs. METHODS We searched PubMed and SciELO for epidemiological studies on pesticide exposure and human health in LAC populations published between January 2007 and December 2021. We identified 233 publications from 16 countries that met our inclusion criteria and grouped them by health outcome (genotoxicity, neurobehavioral outcomes, placental outcomes and teratogenicity, cancer, thyroid function, reproductive outcomes, birth outcomes and child growth, and others). RESULTS Most published studies were conducted in Brazil (37%, n = 88 ) and Mexico (20%, n = 46 ), were cross-sectional in design (72%, n = 167 ), and focused on farmworkers (45%, n = 105 ) or children (21%, n = 48 ). The most frequently studied health effects included genotoxicity (24%, n = 62 ) and neurobehavioral outcomes (21%, n = 54 ), and organophosphate (OP) pesticides were the most frequently examined (26%, n = 81 ). Forty-seven percent (n = 112 ) of the studies relied only on indirect pesticide exposure assessment methods. Exposure to OP pesticides, carbamates, or to multiple pesticide classes was consistently associated with markers of genotoxicity and adverse neurobehavioral outcomes, particularly among children and farmworkers. DISCUSSION Our scoping review provides some evidence that exposure to pesticides may adversely impact the health of LAC populations, but methodological limitations and inconsistencies undermine the strength of the conclusions. It is critical to increase capacity building, integrate research initiatives, and conduct more rigorous epidemiological studies in the region to address these limitations, better inform public health surveillance systems, and maximize the impact of research on public policies. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9934.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana A. Zúñiga-Venegas
- Centro de Investigaciones de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Carly Hyland
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- School of Public Health and Population Science, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - María Teresa Muñoz-Quezada
- Centro de Investigación en Neuropsicología y Neurociencias Cognitivas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Lesliam Quirós-Alcalá
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Mariana Butinof
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rafael Buralli
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Andres Cardenas
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ricardo A. Fernandez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Foerster
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales, Universidad de O’Higgins, San Fernando, Chile
| | - Nelson Gouveia
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Juan P. Gutiérrez Jara
- Centro de Investigaciones de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Boris A. Lucero
- Centro de Investigación en Neuropsicología y Neurociencias Cognitivas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - María Pía Muñoz
- Escuela de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Muriel Ramírez-Santana
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Anna R. Smith
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Noemi Tirado
- Instituto de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, Louisiana Paz, Bolivia
| | - Berna van Wendel de Joode
- Infants’ Environmental Health Study, Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Gloria M. Calaf
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexis J. Handal
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Sandra Cortés
- Centro Avanzado de Enfermedades Crónicas (ACCDiS), Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable, Departamento de Salud Pública, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana M. Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Infants’ Environmental Health Study, Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Alves RM, Santos EGDO, Barbosa IR. Factors associated with common mental disorders among farmers in a medium-sized municipality in Northeastern Brazil. Rev Saude Publica 2022; 56:74. [PMID: 35946674 PMCID: PMC9388066 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2022056003522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the prevalence and factors associated with common mental disorders among farmers living in a medium-sized municipality in Northeastern Brazil between 2019 and 2020. METHODS Trained interviewers applied the standardized questionnaire in 450 participants. Sociodemographic, health, income and working characteristics were assessed. The screening of common mental disorders was performed using the Self-Reporting Questionaire, with the cutoff point ≥ 7 for women and ≥ 5 for men. Poisson regression with robust estimation was applied to verify the prevalence ratios in the bivariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS The prevalence of common mental disorders among farmers was 55.1% (95%CI: 50.4–59.6). The variables that remained significant and associated with common mental disorders were: men (PR = 1.7), > 60 years old (PR = 0.5), poor or very poor self-assessment of health (PR = 1.4), previous mental health treatment (PR = 1.2), alcohol abuse (PR = 1.2) and loss of production (PR = 1.3). CONCLUSION These results indicate that common mental disorders are associated with individual factors and with the farmers’ context of life and work, which shows the importance of social, economic and health services support to this group of workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Machado Alves
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte . Centro de Ciências da Saúde . Departamento de Saúde Coletiva . Natal , RN , Brasil
| | | | - Isabelle Ribeiro Barbosa
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte . Centro de Ciências da Saúde . Departamento de Saúde Coletiva . Natal , RN , Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ong-Artborirak P, Boonchieng W, Juntarawijit Y, Juntarawijit C. Potential Effects on Mental Health Status Associated with Occupational Exposure to Pesticides among Thai Farmers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9654. [PMID: 35955007 PMCID: PMC9367823 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide-related mental health issues in Thailand, an upper-middle-income country, are not well known. This study aimed to investigate the association between the history of occupational exposure to pesticides and the mental health of Thai farmers. A cross-sectional study was carried out in the areas around Chiang Mai, a large city in Northern Thailand, between June 2020 and January 2021. A total of 6974 farmers from six districts were interviewed to determine whether they regularly experienced symptoms related to mental health by the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) as well as their lifetime history of agricultural pesticide exposure from 31 active ingredients and five functional categories: insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, and molluscicides. The cut-off of 6 was used to evaluate probable mental disorder. Most of the farmers under investigation were men (53.8%), with a mean age of 55.2 (11.7) years, and were involved mainly in the planting of rice, fruit, and vegetables. About 86.7% reported having used pesticides on their crops at some point in their lives-mostly glyphosate, paraquat, 2,4-D, methomyl, and carbofuran. All functional groups, as well as pesticide classes like organochlorines, organophosphates, and carbamates, were significantly associated with a higher risk of probable mental disorder based on exposure duration, frequency, personal protective equipment usage, and hygienic behavior. In a model with multiple pesticides, there was an association between mental disorder and exposure to endosulfan (AOR = 2.27, 95%CI = 1.26-4.08) and methyl parathion (AOR = 2.26, 95%CI = 1.26-4.06). Having previously reported pesticide poisoning symptoms was related to mental disorder (AOR = 7.97, 95%CI = 5.16-12.31), the findings provided evidence of pesticide exposure posing a risk to farmers' mental health, particularly long-term and high-intensity exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parichat Ong-Artborirak
- Faculty of Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Community Health Informatics, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Waraporn Boonchieng
- Faculty of Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Community Health Informatics, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | | | - Chudchawal Juntarawijit
- Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tiwari S, Sapkota N, Tiwari S, Sapkota B. Association between pesticide exposure and neurobehavioral performance of agricultural workers: A cross-sectional study. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2641. [PMID: 35666132 PMCID: PMC9304822 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticide exposure has affected humans' health, especially those directly in contact with a pesticide like agricultural workers. Here, we sought to see a link between pesticide exposure and cognitive impairment among male agricultural workers. METHODS We selected 18-60 years old 100 male agricultural workers who came for their health check-up in the hospital's out-patient department from August 2020 to May 2021. Standardized questionnaires (German Q18 questionnaire) and WHO Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery were used to examine the neurobehavioral performance of the individuals. The data were presented in a descriptive manner and statistically examined using the chi-square test. RESULTS The male agricultural workers' neurobehavioral performance was 46% normal and 54% abnormal. Headaches, impaired focus, short memory, weariness, palpitation, and numbness were the most prevalent neurobehavioral impairments. The chi-square test revealed that spraying frequency (p =.010), personal protective equipment (PPE) use (p < .001), and smoking habits (p =.006) were all linked to neurobehavioral performance, while spraying duration (p =.804), working years (p =.234), pesticide types (p =.816), and spraying time (p =.867) were not linked to neurobehavioral performance. CONCLUSION We found that pesticide exposure has a certain role on neurobehavioral performance in adult male agricultural workers as more people have been affected; however, a considerable number of confounding factors might have played a significant role in giving rise to such results. The government should be concerned about farmer's neurobehavioral performance and implement different approaches to minimize the use of pesticides so that agricultural workers can work without any mental health problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Tiwari
- Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Namrata Sapkota
- Net Fresh Hospital, Chitwan, Nepal.,Om Wellness Hospital, Biratnagar, Nepal.,Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Sagun Tiwari
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Life Care Hospital, Chitwan, Nepal
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lopes-Ferreira M, Maleski ALA, Balan-Lima L, Bernardo JTG, Hipolito LM, Seni-Silva AC, Batista-Filho J, Falcao MAP, Lima C. Impact of Pesticides on Human Health in the Last Six Years in Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063198. [PMID: 35328887 PMCID: PMC8951416 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Every year, Brazil intensifies its activity in agriculture and, as a result, it has become one of the biggest consumers of pesticides in the world. The high rate of these substances raises environmental and human health concerns. Therefore, we collected papers from PubMed, Scopus, Scielo, and Web of Science databases, from 2015 to 2021. After a blind selection using the software Rayyan QCRI by two authors, 51 studies were included. Researchers from the South and the Southeast Brazilian regions contributed to most publications, from areas that concentrate agricultural commodity complexes. Among the pesticides described in the studies, insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides were the most frequent. The articles reported multiple toxic effects, particularly in rural workers. The results obtained can be used to direct policies to reduce the use of pesticides, and to protect the health of the population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Lopes-Ferreira
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500, Butantan, São Paulo 05503-009, Brazil; (A.L.A.M.); (L.B.-L.); (J.T.G.B.); (L.M.H.); (A.C.S.-S.); (J.B.-F.); (M.A.P.F.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Adolfo Luis Almeida Maleski
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500, Butantan, São Paulo 05503-009, Brazil; (A.L.A.M.); (L.B.-L.); (J.T.G.B.); (L.M.H.); (A.C.S.-S.); (J.B.-F.); (M.A.P.F.); (C.L.)
- Post-Graduation Program of Toxinology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-009, Brazil
| | - Leticia Balan-Lima
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500, Butantan, São Paulo 05503-009, Brazil; (A.L.A.M.); (L.B.-L.); (J.T.G.B.); (L.M.H.); (A.C.S.-S.); (J.B.-F.); (M.A.P.F.); (C.L.)
| | - Jefferson Thiago Gonçalves Bernardo
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500, Butantan, São Paulo 05503-009, Brazil; (A.L.A.M.); (L.B.-L.); (J.T.G.B.); (L.M.H.); (A.C.S.-S.); (J.B.-F.); (M.A.P.F.); (C.L.)
| | - Lucas Marques Hipolito
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500, Butantan, São Paulo 05503-009, Brazil; (A.L.A.M.); (L.B.-L.); (J.T.G.B.); (L.M.H.); (A.C.S.-S.); (J.B.-F.); (M.A.P.F.); (C.L.)
| | - Ana Carolina Seni-Silva
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500, Butantan, São Paulo 05503-009, Brazil; (A.L.A.M.); (L.B.-L.); (J.T.G.B.); (L.M.H.); (A.C.S.-S.); (J.B.-F.); (M.A.P.F.); (C.L.)
- Post-Graduation Program of Toxinology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-009, Brazil
| | - Joao Batista-Filho
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500, Butantan, São Paulo 05503-009, Brazil; (A.L.A.M.); (L.B.-L.); (J.T.G.B.); (L.M.H.); (A.C.S.-S.); (J.B.-F.); (M.A.P.F.); (C.L.)
- Post-Graduation Program of Toxinology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-009, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice Pimentel Falcao
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500, Butantan, São Paulo 05503-009, Brazil; (A.L.A.M.); (L.B.-L.); (J.T.G.B.); (L.M.H.); (A.C.S.-S.); (J.B.-F.); (M.A.P.F.); (C.L.)
| | - Carla Lima
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500, Butantan, São Paulo 05503-009, Brazil; (A.L.A.M.); (L.B.-L.); (J.T.G.B.); (L.M.H.); (A.C.S.-S.); (J.B.-F.); (M.A.P.F.); (C.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Adıbelli D, Kırca N, Özkan İ. The problems of women working in greenhouse agriculture in rural area in Turkey: A phenomenological study from health and social perspective. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:203-211. [PMID: 33894079 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Working in agriculture may cause serious health problems due to heavy working conditions and chemical exposure. This Husserlian phenomenological qualitative study was conducted with 22 women working in greenhouse agriculture to investigate the health and social problem(s). In the evaluation of the data, Colaizzi's seven-step content analysis method and thematic analysis were used. The Kappa analysis was performed with two independent experts to measure the reliability of comparative fit, and the value obtained in the analysis was 1.00 (perfect fit). Based on the content analysis, six themes were defined. All participants indicated that they had different reproductive health-related problems. Some participants stated that their children had respiratory system-related problems and that they were subjected to physical, verbal/emotional and sexual violence by their husbands. It is important to provide health education, counselling services and screening programmes for women who work in greenhouse agriculture and thus are in the at-risk group for poor health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derya Adıbelli
- Department of Public Health Nursing, Kumluca Health Science Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Nurcan Kırca
- Department of Women Health Nursing, Nursing Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - İlknur Özkan
- Department of Internal Medicine Nursing, Kumluca Health Science Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
von Ameln Lovison O, Jank L, de Souza WM, Ramalho Guerra R, Lamas AE, da Costa Ballestrin RA, da Silva Morais Hein C, da Silva TCB, Corção G, Martins AF. Identification of pesticides in water samples by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:2670-2680. [PMID: 34355448 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs), including pesticides, have been a trending topic and Brazil is the country with the highest usage of pesticides worldwide. This study aimed to measure the presence of pesticide residues in the water from different sources in the city of Porto Alegre. We analyzed 55 samples from drinking water treatment plants, public water sites, and sewage treatment plants from winter 2018 to summer 2020 by solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Among 184 pesticides evaluated, 107 matched validation criteria (linearity, trueness, accuracy, repeatability, reproducibility) and 15 of them were detected in different water samples, including seven insecticides, five antifungals, and three herbicides, with a wide range of toxicity levels and noticeable seasonal differences. For the worst-case scenario evaluation, 20 out of 22 (90.9%) samples exceeded the Risk Quotient of 1. The sum of pesticide concentrations exceeded 100 ng L-1 in 66.7% of samples in February 19 and in 75% of samples in February 20 and the total pesticide concentration has reached the worrisome mark of 1615 and 954.96 ng L-1 respectively. Therefore, our results make evident the need to promote public policies to achieve better water quality monitoring. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Among 184 pesticides evaluated, 107 matched validation criteria (linearity, trueness, accuracy, repeatability, reproducibility). A total of 55 different water samples were analyzed, and 15 pesticides were detected and five quantified. For the worst-case scenario evaluation, 20 out of 21 samples exceeded the Risk Quotient of 1 on Feb/20. The pesticide concentrations sum exceeded 100 ng L-1 in 66.7% of samples on February 19 and in 75% of samples on February 20. It is mandatory to improve water monitoring to guide the development of public policies concerning its quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Otávio von Ameln Lovison
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Louise Jank
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária - LFDA/RS, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - William Machado de Souza
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Ramalho Guerra
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alex Elias Lamas
- Coordenadoria Geral de Vigilância em Saúde de Porto Alegre, Diretoria Geral de Vigilância em Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Antonio da Costa Ballestrin
- Coordenadoria Geral de Vigilância em Saúde de Porto Alegre, Diretoria Geral de Vigilância em Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Camila da Silva Morais Hein
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Gertrudes Corção
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andreza Francisco Martins
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gonzaga CWP, Baldo MP, Caldeira AP. Exposure to pesticides or agroecological practices: suicidal ideation among peasant farmers in Brazil's semi-arid region. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2021; 26:4243-4252. [PMID: 34586275 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232021269.09052020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Health risks faced by peasant farmers may vary depending on the type of agriculture they practice. This study examined the association between suicide ideation and exposure to pesticides by comparing two groups of peasant farmers of both sexes living in the semi-arid region of the north of Minas Gerais, Brazil: exposed to pesticides and adopting agroecological practices without the use of pesticides. Group participants were selected using convenience sampling and data was collected using a previously validated questionnaire administered through face-to-face interviews. Bivariate analysis was performed, followed by logistic regression. A total of 547 peasant farmers were interviewed (311 in the group exposed to pesticides and 236 in the group adopting agroecological practices). Respondents from the group exposed to pesticides were more likely to report suicidal ideation (OR=2.30; 95%CI 1.16-4.56), harmful alcohol consumption (OR=2.30; 95%CI 1.18-4.48), and lifetime acute pesticide poisoning (OR=8.58; 95%CI 2.98-24.72). The findings suggest that agricultural practices that lead to chronic pesticide exposure are associated with a greater likelihood of suicide ideation, regardless of previous episodes of acute pesticide poisoning or harmful alcohol consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo Perim Baldo
- Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros. Av. Prof. Rui Braga s/n, Vila Mauriceia. 39401-089 Montes Claros MG Brasil.
| | - Antônio Prates Caldeira
- Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros. Av. Prof. Rui Braga s/n, Vila Mauriceia. 39401-089 Montes Claros MG Brasil.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cruzeiro Szortyka ALS, Faria NMX, Carvalho MP, Feijó FR, Meucci RD, Flesch BD, Fiori NS, Fassa AG. Suicidality among South Brazilian tobacco growers. Neurotoxicology 2021; 86:52-58. [PMID: 34214458 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempt among South Brazilian tobacco growers and to analyze the associated factors related to the suicidal ideation. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2011 with a random sample of 2469 tobacco growers in São Lourenço do Sul/RS. Suicidal ideation was characterized by the question "Has the thought of ending your life been on your mind?". Suicide attempt was assessed by the question "Have you ever tried to kill yourself?". Investigation of factors associated with suicidal ideation was done by means of Poisson regression. RESULTS Prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempt was 2.5 % and 1.2 % respectively. In the adjusted analysis, suicidal ideation was associated with being female, older age, moderate participation in religious activities and difficulty in paying debts. Those who worked in activities that required inadequate postures (hunched over or other forced positions), as well as farmers who performed 6-9 pesticide-related tasks demonstrated greater risk of suicidal ideation. Regarding health conditions, medical diagnosis of asthma, chronic low back pain, number of lifetime green tobacco sickness episodes and lifetime pesticide poisoning were positively associated with suicidal ideation. CONCLUSION Suicidal thoughts and attempts are relevant mental health problems among tobacco growers. Reducing pesticide use, as well as exposure to nicotine and improving socio-economic conditions, can reduce suicidal ideation and improve the mental health of exposed workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Sica Cruzeiro Szortyka
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; Psychology Course, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
| | - Neice Muller Xavier Faria
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Maitê Peres Carvalho
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Fernando Ribas Feijó
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Health, Environment and Work, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Dalke Meucci
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Public Health, Foundation Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Betina Daniele Flesch
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Nadia Spada Fiori
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Anaclaudia Gastal Fassa
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lovison Sasso E, Cattaneo R, Rosso Storck T, Spanamberg Mayer M, Sant'Anna V, Clasen B. Occupational exposure of rural workers to pesticides in a vegetable-producing region in Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:25758-25769. [PMID: 33469792 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The health of family farmers is at risk due to occupational exposure to pesticides. The aims of the current study were to investigate the level of farmers' perception of risks associated with pesticide use and to assess their health condition based on biochemical and immunological tests. Family farmers living in a vegetable-producing region in Southern Brazil were selected to participate in the study. More than 70% of the family farmers were often exposed to more than one type of pesticides; 41.2% were intensively using several pesticides for more than one decade and 74.4% were not using personal protective equipment (PPE) at the time of pesticide handling due to low perception of the risks posed by these chemicals. Enzymatic analysis performed in participants' blood samples showed changes in catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity, in lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and carbonylated protein levels, as well as in chemoattractant (IL-8) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) interleukin expression. Low perception of health-related risks posed by pesticides can be attributed to factors such as low schooling and lack of information, which put farmers' health at risk, as evidenced by blood biochemical and immunological changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Lovison Sasso
- Postgraduate Program in Environment and Sustainability (PPGAS), Environmental Toxicology Research Group, State University of Rio Grande do Sul, São Francisco de Paula, RS, Brazil
| | - Roberta Cattaneo
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress and Medicinal Plants, Postgraduate Program in Integral Health Care (PPGAIS), University of Cruz Alta, Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil
| | - Tamiris Rosso Storck
- Environmental Toxicology Research Group, Postgraduate Program in Environmental Engineering (PPGEAmb), Technology Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, n. 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana Spanamberg Mayer
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress and Medicinal Plants, Postgraduate Program in Integral Health Care (PPGAIS), University of Cruz Alta, Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil
| | - Voltaire Sant'Anna
- Postgraduate Program in Environment and Sustainability (PPGAS), Environmental Toxicology Research Group, State University of Rio Grande do Sul, São Francisco de Paula, RS, Brazil
| | - Barbara Clasen
- Postgraduate Program in Environment and Sustainability (PPGAS), Environmental Toxicology Research Group, State University of Rio Grande do Sul, São Francisco de Paula, RS, Brazil.
- Environmental Toxicology Research Group, Postgraduate Program in Environmental Engineering (PPGEAmb), Technology Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, n. 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bernieri T, Rodrigues D, Randon Barbosa I, Perassolo MS, Grolli Ardenghi P, Basso da Silva L. Effect of pesticide exposure on total antioxidant capacity and biochemical parameters in Brazilian soybean farmers. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 44:170-176. [PMID: 30950301 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2019.1566353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Farmers represent a population highly vulnerable to the toxic effects of pesticide exposure. Antioxidant capacity and biochemical parameters have been used as biomarkers of occupational exposure to pesticides. The aim of this study was to evaluate hepatic and renal parameters as well as butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity and ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) considering high and low exposure periods in soybean farmers in southern Brazil. The exposed group consisted of 50 soybean farmers. Two control groups were used, composed by 35 (Novo Hamburgo control group) and 28 (Sertão control group) subjects not exposed to pesticides. Farmers blood samples were collected during the high and low pesticide exposure periods. BChE, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), urea, and creatinine levels were determined. The FRAP assay was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant potential in the exposed group. Considering the exposed group, significantly lower BChE and increased AST activity were observed during high pesticide exposure period as well as higher FRAP, urea and creatinine levels; however, ALT and GGT did not differ between the two periods. When compared with the control groups, only urea and creatinine were higher in the exposed group. The present results indicate that occupational exposure to mixtures of pesticides might elicit adverse effects at the biochemical level. In addition, the study highlights the importance in considering periods of a same crop season with different degree of pesticide exposure during biologic monitoring of these biochemical parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanandra Bernieri
- Health Sciences Institute, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - Dabiana Rodrigues
- Health Sciences Institute, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
de-Assis MP, Barcella RC, Padilha JC, Pohl HH, Krug SBF. Health problems in agricultural workers occupationally exposed to pesticides. Rev Bras Med Trab 2021; 18:352-363. [PMID: 33597986 PMCID: PMC7879472 DOI: 10.47626/1679-4435-2020-532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural workers are susceptible to several health problems as a result of occupational exposure to toxic substances, especially pesticides. The aim of this review was to describe the health issues associated with occupational exposure to pesticides in agricultural workers. A descriptive study, in the form of an integrative literature review, was conducted based on articles retrieved from the LILACS, SciELO and PubMed databases, published between January 2015 and October 2018. The searches were conducted using the keywords "pesticides," "workers' health," "occupational exposure" and "agricultural workers." The study was guided by the following research question: what health problems do agricultural workers experience as a result of occupational exposure to pesticides? The screening process led to the selection of 35 studies performed in several countries and continents, all of which shed light on the vulnerability of agricultural workers, especially due to the misuse of personal protective equipment and lack of knowledge about the correct use of these devices. The studies investigated a variety of health issues, and most reported a positive association between these conditions, which include cancer, and the use of pesticides. Educational and preventive measures must be implemented to promote the health of rural workers. Furthermore, it is crucial that governments play an active role in these initiatives and provide alternatives to pesticides for pest control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Portela de-Assis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Raquel Cristine Barcella
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Janaína Chiogna Padilha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Hildegard Hedwig Pohl
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Suzane Beatriz Frantz Krug
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Pollutant agents are exponentially increasing in modern society since industrialization processes and technology are being developed worldwide. Impact of pollution on public health is well known but little has been described on the association between environmental pollutants and mental health. A literature search on PubMed and EMBASE has been conducted and 134 articles published on the issue of pollution and mental health have been included, cited, reviewed, and summarized. Emerging evidences have been collected on association between major environmental pollutants (air pollutants, heavy metals, ionizing radiation [IR], organophosphate pesticides, light pollution, noise pollution, environmental catastrophes) and various mental health disorders including anxiety, mood, and psychotic syndromes. Underlying pathogenesis includes direct and indirect effects of these agents on brain, respectively, due to their biological effect on human Central Nervous System or related to some levels of stress generated by the exposure to the pollutant agents over the time. Most of emerging evidences are still nonconclusive. Further studies should clarify how industrial production, the exploitation of certain resources, the proximity to waste and energy residues, noise, and the change in lifestyles are connected with psychological distress and mental health problems for the affected populations.
Collapse
|
27
|
Ramos JSA, Pedroso TMA, Godoy FR, Batista RE, de Almeida FB, Francelin C, Ribeiro FL, Parise MR, de Melo E Silva D. Multi-biomarker responses to pesticides in an agricultural population from Central Brazil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:141893. [PMID: 32920385 PMCID: PMC7441936 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated farmworkers exposed to pesticides and individuals with no history of occupational exposure to pesticides. It was performed the comet assay to evaluate DNA damage. The immunophenotyping of TCD4+ lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood was performed by flow cytometry. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PON1, XRCC1, IL6, IL6R, TNF-α, and MIR137 genes were evaluated by real-time PCR. The exposed group was composed mostly by males (69.44%), with direct exposure to pesticides (56%) and with an average age range of 46 ± 13.89 years, being that 58.3% of farmworkers directly exposed to pesticides and reported the full use of personal protective equipment (PPE). DNA damage was greater in the exposed group (p < 0.05), reinforced by the use of PPE to denote a lower degree of DNA damage (p = 0.002). In this context, in the exposed group, we demonstrated that the use of PPE, age, gender and intoxication events were the variables that most contributed to increase DNA damage (p < 0.0001). Besides, the exposed group showed a significant increase in the subpopulations of T lymphocytes CD3+CD4+ (p < 0.05) and CD3+CD4+CD25+ (p < 0.0001) and a significant decrease in CD3+CD4+CD25-FOXP3+ (p < 0.05). SNPs in the TNF-α (rs361525) gene presented a difference in the genotype distribution between the groups (p = 0.002). The genotype distribution of TNF-α (rs361525) was also positively correlated with the DNA damage of the exposed group (r = 0.19; p = 0.01), demonstrating a higher risk of DNA damage in the farmworkers presenting the A mutated allele. Our findings demonstrate that pesticides can exert various deleterious effects on human health by damaging the DNA as well as by influencing the immune system in the case of both direct or indirect exposure and these issues are associated to age, gender, intoxication and the nonuse of PPE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jheneffer Sonara Aguiar Ramos
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goias State, Brazil; Laboratory of Mutagenesis, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Thays Millena Alves Pedroso
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goias State, Brazil; Laboratory of Mutagenesis, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ribeiro Godoy
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Renata Elisa Batista
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Francelin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Francis Lee Ribeiro
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, School of Agronomy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goias State, Brazil
| | - Michelle Rocha Parise
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goias State, Brazil; Laboratory of Mutagenesis, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí, Goias, Brazil
| | - Daniela de Melo E Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goias State, Brazil; Laboratory of Mutagenesis, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, School of Agronomy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goias State, Brazil..
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Buralli RJ, Ribeiro H, Leão RS, Marques RC, Silva DS, Guimarães JRD. Conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas de agricultores familiares brasileiros sobre a exposição aos agrotóxicos. SAUDE E SOCIEDADE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-12902021210103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Resumo O artigo discute conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas (CAP) de agricultores familiares brasileiros a respeito dos impactos na saúde e no ambiente gerados pelo uso de agrotóxicos. Trata-se de um estudo transversal misto, realizado em 2014 em São José de Ubá, RJ. A pesquisa é composta por uma etapa qualitativa, baseada em observações em campo e entrevistas com 25 participantes sobre CAP, no que se refere ao uso de agrotóxicos. A etapa quantitativa abrange avaliação sociodemográfica e de exposição aos agrotóxicos de 78 agricultores. Apesar de reconhecerem parcialmente os perigos dos agrotóxicos, os agricultores enfrentam os riscos da exposição e comumente adotam práticas laborais inadequadas. Fatores como a carência de apoio técnico e treinamento laboral, baixa escolaridade, dificuldade de compreensão das orientações de bulas e rótulos dos agrotóxicos, valor elevado e desconforto causado pelo equipamento de proteção individual (EPI), além da crença da dependência do uso de agrotóxicos, explicam parcialmente as atitudes não seguras. É preciso promover práticas agrícolas mais sustentáveis, fortalecer o apoio técnico e treinamento laboral, melhorar a comunicação e o gerenciamento dos riscos e reduzir as desigualdades de gênero entre os agricultores brasileiros, como a forma mais eficaz e imediata de prevenir os agravos relacionados ao trabalho com agrotóxicos.
Collapse
|
29
|
Ambient Pyrethroid Pesticide Exposures in Adult Life and Depression in Older Residents of California's Central Valley. Environ Epidemiol 2020; 4:e123. [PMID: 33336137 PMCID: PMC7727463 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrethroid pesticide exposures may be associated with the onset of depression in later life via disruption of dopaminergic, serotonergic, and neurological functioning. We sought to investigate the association between living near agricultural pyrethroid pesticide applications and depression measures in central California, using two waves (PEG 1&2, total N = 1,654) of a case control study of Parkinson’s disease (PD). At enrollment, participants self-reported history of use of depression medications and dates of MD-diagnosed depression and anxiety. Participants also completed a Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form upon enrollment. We used the California Pesticide Use Registry to assign estimated ambient pyrethroid pesticide exposures at participant’s home addresses over the 5 years before the index date (date of outcome, or an age-matched year for participants without the outcome). We used logistic and linear regression to evaluate associations between living near any pyrethroid applications over the 5-year index period and measures of depression and anxiety. We also evaluated modification by study wave and PD status. We observed associations of pyrethroids with depression, depression medications, and anxiety (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] depression = 1.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14, 2.07; aOR depression medications = 1.68, 95% CI 1.25, 2.25; aOR anxiety = 1.60, 95% CI 1.17, 2.18). However, we observed no associations with mild/moderate depressive symptoms according to the GDS score at enrollment (aOR = 1.04, 95% CI 0.77, 1.42). We did not observe a consistent modification of the pyrethroid-depression associations by study wave and PD status. Ambient pyrethroid pesticide exposures may be associated with measures of depression in later life.
Collapse
|
30
|
Buralli RJ, Ribeiro H, Iglesias V, Muñoz-Quezada MT, Leão RS, Marques RC, Almeida MMCD, Guimarães JRD. Occupational exposure to pesticides and health symptoms among family farmers in Brazil. Rev Saude Publica 2020; 54:133. [PMID: 33331527 PMCID: PMC7703531 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To explore the association of occupational pesticide exposure with acute and mental health symptoms. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey carried out with 78 Brazilian family farmers, who were pesticide applicators and helpers conveniently selected. Symptoms and exposure data were collected by interviews, and mental health outcomes by the Self-Reporting Questionnaire. Blood samples were analyzed to assess cholinesterase levels. Exposure indicators and symptoms were compared between applicators and helpers, and Poisson regression was performed to estimate prevalence ratios. RESULTS: Farmers reported exposure to multiple pesticides from early ages; they worked without safety training, technical support, and full protective equipment, and they had a high prevalence of acute and mental health symptoms (e.g., headache, mucosal irritation, tachycardia, and depressive signs). Applicators had more cholinesterase changes than helpers, but less symptoms. Helpers used less personal protection and had significantly higher prevalence ratio of headache, dyspnea, wheezing, cough, poor digestion, tiredness, and feeling worthless, after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Acute and mental health symptoms were observed, both among farmers and helpers. Thus, surveillance actions must be reinforced in Brazil, technical support and safety training improved, focused on applicators and helpers, who are occupationally and environmentally exposed to pesticides. Agricultural practices of these groups with less pesticide use should receive incentive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Junqueira Buralli
- Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Helena Ribeiro
- Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Departamento de Saúde Ambiental. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Verónica Iglesias
- Universidad de Chile. Escuela de Salud Pública. Departamento de Epidemiología. Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Renata Spolti Leão
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Centro de Tecnologia em Nanomateriais e Grafeno. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Rejane Correa Marques
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Macaé. Centro Multidisciplinar - UFRJ. Macaé, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Jean Remy Davée Guimarães
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Campos É, Costa VIDBD, Alves SR, Rosa ACS, Geraldino BR, Meira BDC, Cunha V, Cavalcante TM, Turci SR, Sarpa M, Otero UB. Occurrence of green tobacco sickness and associated factors in farmers residing in Dom Feliciano Municipality, Rio Grande do Sul State, Southern Region of Brazil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2020; 36:e00122719. [PMID: 32813792 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00122719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of the green tobacco sickness (GTS) and its associated factors in tobacco familiar farmers residing in Dom Feliciano, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted evaluating the sickness in 354 small tobacco farmers, between October 2011 and March 2012. The urinary concentration of cotinine, a biomarker of exposure to nicotine, was determined during the tobacco harvest period. Subjects presenting cotinine urinary levels ≥ 50ng/mL, that had contact with tobacco leaves up to 48 hours before the sample collection and reported at least one disease symptom were deemed as cases. A non-conditional logistic analysis was performed to evaluate the association between GTS and the population characteristics. A total of 122 (34.5%) cases were identified, with 39% of them being smokers and 61% being males. The median cotinine urinary concentrations were 75.6ng/mL (74.1ng/mg of creatinine) for non-cases and 755.8ng/mL (632.1ng/mg of creatinine) for the cases (p-value ≤ 0.01). The multivariate analysis showed a positive association between GTS and sunlight exposure time, exposure to pesticides, worse health status, and inverse association with wood cultivation. This study presented a high GTS prevalence and suggest that the use of urinary cotinine is a significant biomarker to determine GTS cases, influencing in the distribution by sex. Once the tobacco production involves health hazards, is important to implement measures to prevent the harm caused to tobacco farmers, as set in articles 17 and 18 of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Élida Campos
- Coordenação de Prevenção e Vigilância, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Sérgio Rabello Alves
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Bárbara Rodrigues Geraldino
- Coordenação de Prevenção e Vigilância, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Valéria Cunha
- Coordenação de Prevenção e Vigilância, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tânia Maria Cavalcante
- Secretaria Executiva, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Silvana Rubano Turci
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Sarpa
- Coordenação de Prevenção e Vigilância, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ubirani Barros Otero
- Coordenação de Prevenção e Vigilância, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Alderete E, Livaudais-Toman J, Kaplan C, Gregorich SE, Mejía R, Pérez-Stable EJ. Youth working in tobacco farming: effects on smoking behavior and association with health status. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:84. [PMID: 31959140 PMCID: PMC6971900 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8169-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cultivation of tobacco raises concerns about detrimental health and social consequences for youth, but tobacco producing countries only highlight economic benefits. We compared sociodemographic and health-related characteristics of school-age youth who worked and did not work in tobacco farming and assessed the effects on smoking behavior and health at 1 year. METHODS We used existing data collected in the province of Jujuy, Argentina where 3188 youth 13 to 17 years of age from a random middle school sample responded to longitudinal questionnaires in 2005 and 2006. Multivariate logistic regression models predicted association of tobacco farming work with health status and smoking behavior at 1 year. RESULTS 22.8% of youth in the tobacco growing areas of the province were involved in tobacco farming. The mean age of initiation to tobacco farming was 12.6 years. Youth working in farming had higher rates of fair or poor versus good or excellent self-perceived health (30.3% vs. 19.0%), having a serious injury (48.5% vs. 38.5%), being injured accidentally by someone else (7.5% vs. 4.6%), being assaulted (5.5% vs. 2.6%), and being poisoned by exposure to chemicals (2.5% vs. 0.7%). Youth working in tobacco farming also had higher prevalence of ever (67.9% vs. 55.2%), current (48.0% vs. 32.6%) and established smoking (17.8% vs. 9.9%). In multivariate logistic regression models tobacco farming in 2005 was associated with significant increased reporting of serious injury (OR = 1.4; 95%CI 1.1-2.0), accidental injury by someone else (OR = 1.5; 95% 1.0-2.1), assault (OR = 2.2; 95% CI 1.3-3.8), and poisoning by exposure to chemicals (OR = 2.5; 95% CI 1.2-5.4). Tobacco farming in 2005 predicted established smoking 1 year later (OR = 1.5; 95% CI 1.1-2.0). CONCLUSION Youth who work in tobacco faming face a challenging burden of adversities that increase their vulnerability. Risk assessments should guide public policies to protect underage youth working in tobacco farming. (298 words).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethel Alderete
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Regional (ICTER), UE CISOR Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas/Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Jennifer Livaudais-Toman
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Celia Kaplan
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Steven E Gregorich
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Raúl Mejía
- Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad (CEDES), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eliseo J Pérez-Stable
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, and Office of the Director, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, 6707 Democracy Boulevard, Suite 800, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Nogueira FDAM, Szwarcwald CL, Damacena GN. Exposição a agrotóxicos e agravos à saúde em trabalhadores agrícolas: o que revela a literatura? REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE OCUPACIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/2317-6369000041118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Introdução: a relação entre agrotóxicos e agravos à saúde tem sido investigada em diferentes contextos. Objetivo: reunir evidência científica relevante sobre agravos à saúde associados à exposição ocupacional aos agrotóxicos. Métodos: revisão de literatura de estudos publicados entre 2000 e 2017, nas bases PubMed, Embase e LILACS. Estabeleceu-se como critérios de elegibilidade: a) estudos observacionais; b) população de trabalhadores agrícolas; c) exposição ocupacional; d) agravos à saúde definidos como desfecho; e) comparação estatística de expostos com não expostos; f) idioma inglês, português ou espanhol. Resultados: 59 publicações foram elegíveis - 33 estudos transversais, 22 de coorte e 4 caso-controle. Discussão: os estudos indicam que trabalhadores rurais apresentam maior risco para alguns agravos crônicos (câncer, doenças mentais, neurológicas, endócrinas, renais, auditivas, respiratórias e autoimunes), efeitos subclínicos (danos genéticos e alterações bioquímicas) e sinais e sintomas clínicos de intoxicação aguda. Também foram identificadas limitações dos estudos quanto à avaliação da exposição e do desfecho, delineamento e amostragem. Conclusão: as evidências sugerem a necessidade de se complementar a avaliação da saúde dos trabalhadores expostos aos agrotóxicos utilizando biomarcadores de efeito de genotoxicidade e citotoxicidade, a fim de promover e ampliar a vigilância da exposição e das intoxicações crônicas e suas prevenções.
Collapse
|
35
|
Saillenfait AM, Malard S. Human Risk Associated with Long-Term Exposure to Pyrethroid Insecticides. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2019_427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
36
|
Bernieri T, Moraes MF, Ardenghi PG, Basso da Silva L. Assessment of DNA damage and cholinesterase activity in soybean farmers in southern Brazil: High versus low pesticide exposure. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2019; 55:355-360. [PMID: 31868080 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2019.1704608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the DNA damage in soybean growers during two agricultural periods of a crop season (high and low exposure) and a control group, as well as butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity during these exposure periods in order to estimate the degree of BChE inhibition for the exposed group. DNA damage in peripheral whole blood was evaluated by the comet assay and plasma BChE activity was accessed as a measure of exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors. None of the soybean growers reported using full Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). BChE was lower in high exposure period than in low exposure period and DNA damage index was significantly increased in the high exposure period than in the low exposure period. In addition, DNA damage in both exposure periods was higher than control group. No correlation was found between exposure time and DNA damage and BChE activity. However, negative correlation was observed between DNA damage in high and low exposure periods. The results indicate that soybean growers are exposed to cholinesterase inhibitors and to pesticides mixtures with genotoxic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanandra Bernieri
- Health Sciences Institute, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Daghagh Yazd S, Wheeler SA, Zuo A. Key Risk Factors Affecting Farmers' Mental Health: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E4849. [PMID: 31810320 PMCID: PMC6926562 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, concern has increased globally over farmers' mental health issues. We present a systematic review of the outcomes, locations, study designs, and methods of current studies on farmers' mental health. In particular, this review aims to fill an important gap in understanding of the potential key risk factors affecting farmers' mental health around the world. 167 articles on farmer mental health were included in a final systematic review using a standardized electronic literature search strategy and PRISMA guidelines. The four most-cited influences on farmers' mental health in the reviewed literature respectively were pesticide exposure, financial difficulties, climate variabilities/drought, and poor physical health/past injuries. The majority of studies were from developed countries, most specifically from the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom. Comparative studies on the mental health of farmers and other occupational workers showed mixed results, with a larger portion identifying that psychological health disturbances were more common in farmers and farm-workers. Knowledge of farmer psychological disorder risk factors and its impacts are essential for reducing the burden of mental illness. Further research will be required on climate change impacts, developing country farmers' mental health, and information on how to reduce help-seeking barriers amongst farmers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Ann Wheeler
- Centre for Global Food and Resources, Faculty of Professions, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (S.D.Y.); (A.Z.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gargouri B, Bouchard M, Saliba SW, Fetoui H, Fiebich BL. Repeated bifenthrin exposure alters hippocampal Nurr-1/AChE and induces depression-like behavior in adult rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 370:111898. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
39
|
van den Bosch M, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Environmental Exposures and Depression: Biological Mechanisms and Epidemiological Evidence. Annu Rev Public Health 2019; 40:239-259. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-044106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mental health and well-being are consistently influenced—directly or indirectly—by multiple environmental exposures. In this review, we have attempted to address some of the most common exposures of the biophysical environment, with a goal of demonstrating how those factors interact with central structures and functions of the brain and thus influence the neurobiology of depression. We emphasize biochemical mechanisms, observational evidence, and areas for future research. Finally, we include aspects of contextual environments—city living, nature, natural disasters, and climate change—and call for improved integration of environmental issues in public health science, policies, and activities. This integration is necessary for reducing the global pandemic of depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matilda van den Bosch
- School of Population and Public Health; and Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pesticide exposure and cognitive decline in a rural South Korean population. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213738. [PMID: 30897108 PMCID: PMC6428296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the relationship between pesticide exposure and cognitive decline in a rural South Korean population. From July 2015 to December 2017, 200 randomly selected Korean Farmers Cohort study participants were recruited and of these, 169 participants were analyzed. Pesticide exposure was investigated using a standardized questionnaire, and the Korean-Montreal Cognitive Assessment (K-MoCA) was conducted. Cognitive decline was more frequent among those directly exposed to pesticides (P = 0.057). Pesticide exposure and cognitive decline were positively correlated in the group with direct exposure versus no exposure (crude odds ratio [OR], 2.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17–6.04); this relationship was insignificant after adjustment (adjusted OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 0.57–3.92). There was a significant difference in the K-MoCA scores for each group based on pesticide exposure (P = 0.003). When we stratified by age, differences in the K-MoCA scores depending on the degree of pesticide exposure in the those aged 60 to 69 years were identified. Overall, there was a tendency towards an association between pesticide exposure and cognitive decline in rural Korean adult farmers. In our study, chronic pesticide exposure tended to have a greater impact in certain age group (60–69 years) than in those under 60 and over 70.
Collapse
|
41
|
Magalhães AFA, Caldas ED. Occupational exposure and poisoning by chemical products in the Federal District. Rev Bras Enferm 2019; 72:32-40. [DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: to describe case of occupational exposure to chemical products. Method: descriptive retrospective study using record data of 382 workers assisted in the Outpatient Care for Occupational Toxicology of the Reference Center of Workers' Health of the Federal District, between 2009 and 2013. Results: From the total, 66.7% were men, 55.2% had up to 9 years of activity and 81% did not use personal protective equipment (PPE). Nearly 60% were farmers and environmental surveillance agents, exposed to pesticides (63%), of which 40% were organophosphorus insecticides. The majority (68%) presented butyrylcholinesterase activity decreased, mostly farmers (85.9%); 57.3% of workers were considered poisoned - 61.6% by pesticides and 37.9% by industrial chemicals -, and away from work for at least 10 days. Conclusion: The profile was male workers, from 30 to 39 years, which not used PPE, indicating the need for prevention together with them to prevent poisonings.
Collapse
|
42
|
Non-target toxicity of novel insecticides. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2018; 69:86-102. [PMID: 29990301 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2018-69-3111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans have used insecticides since ancient times. The spectrum and potency of available insecticidal substances has greatly expanded since the industrial revolution, resulting in widespread use and unforeseen levels of synthetic chemicals in the environment. Concerns about the toxic effects of these new chemicals on non-target species became public soon after their appearance, which eventually led to the restrictions of use. At the same time, new, more environmentally-friendly insecticides have been developed, based on naturally occurring chemicals, such as pyrethroids (derivatives of pyrethrin), neonicotinoids (derivatives of nicotine), and insecticides based on the neem tree vegetable oil (Azadirachta indica), predominantly azadirachtin. Although these new substances are more selective toward pest insects, they can still target other organisms. Neonicotinoids, for example, have been implicated in the decline of the bee population worldwide. This review summarises recent literature published on non-target toxicity of neonicotinoids, pyrethroids, and neem-based insecticidal substances, with a special emphasis on neonicotinoid toxicity in honeybees. We also touch upon the effects of pesticide combinations and documented human exposure to these substances.
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Chu S, Baker MR, Leong G, Letcher RJ, Li QX. Covalent binding of the organophosphate insecticide profenofos to tyrosine on α- and β-tubulin proteins. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 199:154-159. [PMID: 29433029 PMCID: PMC5847477 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) compounds can bind covalently to many types of proteins and form protein adducts. These protein adducts can indicate the exposure to and neurotoxicity of OPs. In the present work, we studied adduction of tubulin with the OP insecticide profenofos in vitro and optimized the method for detection of adducted peptides. Porcine tubulin was incubated with profenofos and was then digested with trypsin, followed by mass spectrometric identification of the profenofos-modified tubulin and binding sites. With solvent-assisted digestion (80% acetonitrile in digestion solution), the protein was digested for peptide identification, especially for some peptides with low mass. The MALDI-TOF-MS and LC-ESI-TOF-MS analysis results showed that profenofos bound covalently to Tyr83 in porcine α-tubulin (TGTY*83R) and to Tyr281 in porcine β-tubulin (GSQQY*281R) with a mass increase of 166.02 Da from the original peptide fragments of porcine tubulin proteins. Tyrosine adduct sites were also confirmed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS analysis. This result may partially explain the neurotoxicity of profenofos at low doses and prolonged periods of exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaogang Chu
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Margaret R Baker
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Gladys Leong
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lermen J, Bernieri T, Rodrigues IS, Suyenaga ES, Ardenghi PG. Pesticide exposure and health conditions among orange growers in Southern Brazil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2018; 53:215-221. [PMID: 29336665 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1421823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the exposure to pesticides through the biomarkers analysis, as well as life habits and use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in a group of farmers who grow citrus in the Vale do Caí region, in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. The study population consisted of 73 volunteer farmers, 45 males and 28 females, aged between 13 and 69 years old. The control group consisted of 30 individuals who were not exposed to pesticides. Measures of urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), plasma cholinesterase (BChE) activity, and hematological parameters were analyzed. The study population also answered a structured questionnaire on life habits and health. The results showed that BChE activity was significantly lower in the exposed group than in the control group. AST, ALT, and creatinine were increased in the group of women exposed to pesticides when compared to the control group. GGT, urea, and hematological parameters did not show statistical differences for both male and female group. The most prevalent symptom reported by farmers after exposure to pesticides was headache. Furthermore, it was verified that the use of complete PPE is only made by 38% of the studied population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joice Lermen
- a Department of Health Sciences , Feevale University , Novo Hamburgo , Rio Grande do Sul (RS) , Brazil
| | - Tanandra Bernieri
- a Department of Health Sciences , Feevale University , Novo Hamburgo , Rio Grande do Sul (RS) , Brazil
| | - Isabel S Rodrigues
- a Department of Health Sciences , Feevale University , Novo Hamburgo , Rio Grande do Sul (RS) , Brazil
| | - Edna S Suyenaga
- a Department of Health Sciences , Feevale University , Novo Hamburgo , Rio Grande do Sul (RS) , Brazil
| | - Patrícia G Ardenghi
- a Department of Health Sciences , Feevale University , Novo Hamburgo , Rio Grande do Sul (RS) , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Silvério ACP, Machado SC, Azevedo L, Nogueira DA, de Castro Graciano MM, Simões JS, Viana ALM, Martins I. Assessment of exposure to pesticides in rural workers in southern of Minas Gerais, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 55:99-106. [PMID: 28843102 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess of occupational exposure to pesticides in rural workers using genotoxicity test, bioindicators and clinical evaluation. Blood, urine and buccal samples from persons, rural workers exposed to a complex mixture of pesticides with organophosphates (n=94) and without organophosphates (n=94) were collected to compare the activities of cholinesterases, the levels of urinary dialkyl phosphates, genotoxicity data, from a cytome assay. Biomarkers were analysed by traditional/published methods Control group consisted of 50 other persons, non- occupationally exposed to pesticides from the city of Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. All subjects underwent a clinical evaluation. In the group exposed to organophosphates, the activity of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and total cholinesterase was lower by 63.8%, 12.8%, and 14.8%, respectively, and 92.6% of the group had dialkyl phosphates present in their urine. The cytome assay was used to measure biomarkers of DNA damage (micronuclei and/or elimination of nuclear material by budding), cytokinetic defects (binucleated cells), and proliferative potential (basal cell) and/or cell death (condensed chromatin, karyorrhectic, pyknotic, and karyolytic cells). The group exposed to organophosphates showed significant changes in all these parameters compared to the control group and showed significant changes in budding, condensed chromatin and karyolytic cells compared with the group non-exposed to organophosphates. Data from the clinical evaluation showed significant changes in the central nervous, respiratory and auditory systems. The studied biomarkers are able to distinguish occupational and environmental exposure to pesticides and the data showed hazardous exposure to organophosphates and afforded valuable data to estimate the risk to cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Cristina Pupin Silvério
- Laboratory of Toxicants and Drugs Analysis - LATF, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas - Unifal-MG, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva street, 37130-000, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Simone Caetani Machado
- Laboratory of Toxicants and Drugs Analysis - LATF, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas - Unifal-MG, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva street, 37130-000, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Luciana Azevedo
- Laboratory Nutritional and Toxicological Analysis in vivo - LANTIN, Faculty of Nutrion, Federal University of Alfenas - Unifal-MG, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva street, 37130-000, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Denismar Alves Nogueira
- Institute of Exact Sciences- ICEX- Federal University of Alfenas - Unifal-MG, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva street, 37130-000, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Savioli Simões
- Laboratory of Toxicants and Drugs Analysis - LATF, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas - Unifal-MG, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva street, 37130-000, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Machado Viana
- Laboratory of Clinical Analysis- LACEN, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas - Unifal-MG, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva street, 37130-000, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Isarita Martins
- Laboratory of Toxicants and Drugs Analysis - LATF, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas - Unifal-MG, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva street, 37130-000, Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|