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Yuhan L, Khaleghi Ghadiri M, Gorji A. Impact of NQO1 dysregulation in CNS disorders. J Transl Med 2024; 22:4. [PMID: 38167027 PMCID: PMC10762857 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
NAD(P)H Quinone Dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of neuronal function and synaptic plasticity, cellular adaptation to oxidative stress, neuroinflammatory and degenerative processes, and tumorigenesis in the central nervous system (CNS). Impairment of the NQO1 activity in the CNS can result in abnormal neurotransmitter release and clearance, increased oxidative stress, and aggravated cellular injury/death. Furthermore, it can cause disturbances in neural circuit function and synaptic neurotransmission. The abnormalities of NQO1 enzyme activity have been linked to the pathophysiological mechanisms of multiple neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, cerebrovascular disease, traumatic brain injury, and brain malignancy. NQO1 contributes to various dimensions of tumorigenesis and treatment response in various brain tumors. The precise mechanisms through which abnormalities in NQO1 function contribute to these neurological disorders continue to be a subject of ongoing research. Building upon the existing knowledge, the present study reviews current investigations describing the role of NQO1 dysregulations in various neurological disorders. This study emphasizes the potential of NQO1 as a biomarker in diagnostic and prognostic approaches, as well as its suitability as a target for drug development strategies in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuhan
- Epilepsy Research Center, Münster University, Münster, Germany
- Department of Breast Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Ali Gorji
- Epilepsy Research Center, Münster University, Münster, Germany.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Münster University, Münster, Germany.
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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2
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Bhushan B, Singh NK. Role of Astrogliosis in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease: Insights into Astrocytic Nrf2 Pathway as a Potential Therapeutic Target. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:1015-1029. [PMID: 37817521 DOI: 10.2174/0118715273270473231002104610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, Parkinson's disease (PD) has become a remarkable burden on families and society with an acceleration of population aging having several pathological hallmarks such as dopaminergic neuronal loss of the substantia nigra pars compacta, α-synucleinopathy, neuroinflammation, autophagy, last but not the least astrogliosis. Astrocyte, star-shaped glial cells perform notable physiological functions in the brain through several molecular and cellular mechanisms including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway. It has been well established that the downregulation of the astrocytic Nrf2 signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of PD because it is a master regulator of cellular defense mechanism along with a regulator of numerous detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes gene expression. Fascinatingly, upregulation of the astrocytic Nrf2 signaling pathway attenuates the degeneration of nigrostriatal neurons, restores neuronal proliferation, rejuvenates astrocytic functions, and exhibits neuroprotective effects via numerous cellular and molecular mechanisms in the PD-like brain of the experimental animal. Here, we discuss the numerous in-vitro and in-vivo studies that evaluate the neuroprotective potential of the astrocytic Nrf2 signaling pathway against experimentally-induced PD-like manifestation. In conclusion, based on available preclinical reports, it can be assumed that the astrocytic Nrf2 signaling pathway could be an alternative target in the drug discovery process for the prevention, management, and treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bhushan
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, NH-19, Mathura-Delhi Road, Chaumuhan, Mathura 281406, U.P. India
| | - Niraj Kumar Singh
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, NH-19, Mathura-Delhi Road, Chaumuhan, Mathura 281406, U.P. India
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3
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Wang C, Liu H, Xu S, Deng Y, Xu B, Yang T, Liu W. Ferroptosis and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Insights into the Regulatory Roles of SLC7A11. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s10571-023-01343-7. [PMID: 36988772 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01343-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Programed cell death plays a key role in promoting human development and maintaining homeostasis. Ferroptosis is a recently identified pattern of programmed cell death that is closely associated with the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Ferroptosis is mainly caused by the intracellular accumulation of iron-dependent lipid peroxides. The cysteine/glutamate antibody Solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11, also known as xCT) functions to import cysteine for glutathione biosynthesis and antioxidant defense. SLC7A11 has a significant impact on ferroptosis, and inhibition of SLC7A11 expression promotes ferroptosis. Moreover, SLC7A11 is also closely associated with neurodegenerative diseases. In this paper, we summarize the relationship between ferroptosis and neurodegenerative diseases and the role of SLC7A11 during this process. The various regulatory mechanisms of SLC7A11 are also discussed. In conclusion, we are looking forward to a theoretical basis for further understanding the occurrence and development of ferroptosis in SLC7A11 and neurodegenerative diseases, and to seek new clues for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Haihui Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Si Xu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Tianyao Yang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.
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4
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Wang H, Chen G, Ahn EH, Xia Y, Kang SS, Liu X, Liu C, Han MH, Chen S, Ye K. C/EBPβ/AEP is age-dependently activated in Parkinson's disease and mediates α-synuclein in the gut and brain. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:1. [PMID: 36609384 PMCID: PMC9822984 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative motor disorder, and its pathologic hallmarks include extensive dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in the Substantia nigra associated with Lewy bodies, predominantly consisting of phosphorylated and truncated α-Synuclein (α-Syn). Asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) cleaves human α-Syn at N103 residue and promotes its aggregation, contributing to PD pathogenesis. However, how AEP mediates Lewy body pathologies during aging and elicits PD onset remains incompletely understood. Knockout of AEP or C/EBPβ from α-SNCA mice, and their chronic rotenone exposure models were used, and the mechanism of α-Syn from the gut that spread to the brain was observed. Here we report that C/EBPβ/AEP pathway, aggravated by oxidative stress, is age-dependently activated and cleaves α-Syn N103 and regulates Lewy body-like pathologies spreading from the gut into the brain in human α-SNCA transgenic mice. Deletion of C/EBPβ or AEP substantially diminished the oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation, and PD pathologies, attenuating motor dysfunctions in aged α-SNCA mice. Noticeably, PD pathologies initiate in the gut and progressively spread into the brain. Chronic gastric exposure to a low dose of rotenone initiates Lewy body-like pathologies in the gut that propagate into the brain in a C/EBPβ/AEP-dependent manner. Hence, our studies demonstrate that C/EBPβ/AEP pathway is critical for mediating Lewy body pathology progression in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualong Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China ,grid.452458.aDepartment of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University (Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital of Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University), Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Hebei Province, Neuromedical Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050031 Hebei P. R. China ,grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 USA
| | - Guiqin Chen
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 USA ,grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430060 China
| | - Eun Hee Ahn
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 USA ,grid.256753.00000 0004 0470 5964Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-Do, 24252, South Korea
| | - Yiyuan Xia
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 USA
| | - Seong Su Kang
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 USA
| | - Xia Liu
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 USA
| | - Chang Liu
- grid.458489.c0000 0001 0483 7922CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055 China ,grid.458489.c0000 0001 0483 7922Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Ming-Hu Han
- grid.458489.c0000 0001 0483 7922Department of Mental Health and Public Health, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Keqiang Ye
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 USA ,grid.458489.c0000 0001 0483 7922Department of Biology, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055 China
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Sandouka S, Saadi A, Singh PK, Olowe R, Shekh-Ahmad T. Nrf2 is predominantly expressed in hippocampal neurons in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:3. [PMID: 36600279 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00951-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug resistance is a particular problem in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, where seizures originate mainly from the hippocampus. Many of these epilepsies are acquired conditions following an insult to the brain such as a prolonged seizure. Such conditions are characterized by pathophysiological mechanisms including massive oxidative stress that synergistically mediate the secondary brain damage, contributing to the development of epilepsy. The transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) has emerged in recent years as an attractive therapeutic approach targeting to upregulate the antioxidative defenses in the cell, to ameliorate the oxidative stress-induced damage. Thus, it is important to understand the characteristics of Nrf2 activation during epileptogenesis and epilepsy. Here, we studied the temporal, regional, and cell-type specific expression of Nrf2 in the brain, in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. RESULTS Early after status-epilepticus, Nrf2 is mainly activated in the hippocampus and maintained during the whole period of epileptogenesis. Only transient expression of Nrf2 was observed in the cortex. Nevertheless, the expression of several Nrf2 antioxidant target genes was increased within 24 h after status-epilepticus in both the cortex and the hippocampus. We demonstrated that after status-epilepticus in rats, Nrf2 is predominantly expressed in neurons in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus, and only astrocytes in the CA1 increase their Nrf2 expression. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our data identify previously unrecognized spatial and cell-type dependent activation of Nrf2 during epilepsy development, highlighting the need for a time-controlled, and cell-type specific activation of the Nrf2 pathway for mediating anti-oxidant response after brain insult, to modify the development of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sereen Sandouka
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aseel Saadi
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Prince Kumar Singh
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rhoda Olowe
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tawfeeq Shekh-Ahmad
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Cisterna A, González-Vidal A, Ruiz D, Ortiz J, Gómez-Pascual A, Chen Z, Nalls M, Faghri F, Hardy J, Díez I, Maietta P, Álvarez S, Ryten M, Botía JA. PhenoExam: gene set analyses through integration of different phenotype databases. BMC Bioinformatics 2022; 23:567. [PMID: 36587217 PMCID: PMC9805686 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-022-05122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene set enrichment analysis (detecting phenotypic terms that emerge as significant in a set of genes) plays an important role in bioinformatics focused on diseases of genetic basis. To facilitate phenotype-oriented gene set analysis, we developed PhenoExam, a freely available R package for tool developers and a web interface for users, which performs: (1) phenotype and disease enrichment analysis on a gene set; (2) measures statistically significant phenotype similarities between gene sets and (3) detects significant differential phenotypes or disease terms across different databases. RESULTS PhenoExam generates sensitive and accurate phenotype enrichment analyses. It is also effective in segregating gene sets or Mendelian diseases with very similar phenotypes. We tested the tool with two similar diseases (Parkinson and dystonia), to show phenotype-level similarities but also potentially interesting differences. Moreover, we used PhenoExam to validate computationally predicted new genes potentially associated with epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS We developed PhenoExam, a freely available R package and Web application, which performs phenotype enrichment and disease enrichment analysis on gene set G, measures statistically significant phenotype similarities between pairs of gene sets G and G' and detects statistically significant exclusive phenotypes or disease terms, across different databases. We proved with simulations and real cases that it is useful to distinguish between gene sets or diseases with very similar phenotypes. Github R package URL is https://github.com/alexcis95/PhenoExam . Shiny App URL is https://alejandrocisterna.shinyapps.io/phenoexamweb/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cisterna
- Departamento de Ingeniería de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Aurora González-Vidal
- Departamento de Ingeniería de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Daniel Ruiz
- Departamento de Ingeniería de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jordi Ortiz
- Departamento de Ingeniería de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alicia Gómez-Pascual
- Departamento de Ingeniería de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Zhongbo Chen
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mike Nalls
- Data Tecnica International LLC, Glen Echo, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dememtias, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Faraz Faghri
- Data Tecnica International LLC, Glen Echo, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dememtias, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK
- Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Irene Díez
- NIMGenetics Genómica y Medicina S.L, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sara Álvarez
- NIMGenetics Genómica y Medicina S.L, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mina Ryten
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Juan A Botía
- Departamento de Ingeniería de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL, Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
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7
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Baba MZ, Gomathy S, Wahedi U. Role of Nrf2 Pathway Activation in Neurological Disorder: A Brief Review. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0976500x221128855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the emergence of numerous neurodegenerative diseases, with protein accumulation and mitochondrial damage, which result in neurological disorders. To minimize oxidative stress, several defensive mechanisms protect nerve cells by releasing antioxidants such as nuclear erythroid factor2 (Nrf2)-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein1 (Keap1) signaling pathway activation has been proved to be a prospective treatment to reduce oxidative stress and neuroinflammation for protection of neurons in a variety of neurological disorders. In this review, we focus beneficial role of Nrf2 in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Nrf2 is proved to be a master regulator of antioxidants by releasing over 250 cytoprotective genes aimed at oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. In animal studies Nrf2 activation is proved to improve autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and Suppression of inflammatory cytokinin which protects neuronal cells and inhibit progressive neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zubair Baba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ootacamund, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Gomathy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ootacamund, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Umair Wahedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ootacamund, Tamil Nadu, India
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8
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Preethi S, Arthiga K, Patil AB, Spandana A, Jain V. Review on NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1) pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:8907-8924. [PMID: 35347544 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07369-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NQO1 is an enzyme present in humans which is encoded by NQO1 gene. It is a protective antioxidant agent, versatile cytoprotective agent and regulates the oxidative stresses of chromatin binding proteins for DNA damage in cancer cells. The oxidization of cellular pyridine nucleotides causes structural alterations to NQO1 and changes in its capacity to binding of proteins. A strategy based on NQO1 to have protective effect against cancer was developed by organic components to enhance NQO1 expression. The quinone derivative compounds like mitomycin C, RH1, E09 (Apaziquone) and β-lapachone causes cell death by NQO1 reduction of two electrons. It was also known to be overexpressed in various tumor cells of breast, lung, cervix, pancreas and colon when it was compared with normal cells in humans. The mechanism of NQO1 by the reduction of FAD by NADPH to form FADH2 is by two ways to inhibit cancer cell development such as suppression of carcinogenic metabolic activation and prevention of carcinogen formation. The NQO1 exhibit suppression of chemical-mediated carcinogenesis by various properties of NQO1 which includes, detoxification of quinone scavenger of superoxide anion radical, antioxidant enzyme, protein stabilizer. This review outlines the NQO1 structure, mechanism of action to inhibit the cancer cell, functions of NQO1 against oxidative stress, drugs acting on NQO1 pathways, clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Preethi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570015, India
| | - K Arthiga
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570015, India
| | - Amit B Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570015, India
| | - Asha Spandana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570015, India
| | - Vikas Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570015, India.
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9
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Chakkittukandiyil A, Sajini DV, Karuppaiah A, Selvaraj D. The principal molecular mechanisms behind the activation of Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway leading to neuroprotective action in Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2022; 156:105325. [PMID: 35278519 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. PD is associated with the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta region of the midbrain. Present therapies for PD provide only symptomatic relief by restoring the dopamine (DA) level. However, they are not disease modifying agents and so they do not delay the disease progression. Alpha-synuclein aggregation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic inflammation are considered to be the major pathological mechanisms mediating neurodegeneration in PD. To resist oxidative stress, the human body has an antioxidant defence mechanism consisting of many antioxidants and cytoprotective genes. The expression of those genes are largely controlled by the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/Nuclear factor - erythroid - 2 - related factor 2/Antioxidant response element (Keap1/Nrf2/ARE) signalling pathway. The transcription factor Nrf2 is activated in response to oxidative or electrophilic stress and protects the cells from oxidative stress and inflammation. Nrf2 has been widely considered as a therapeutic target for neurodegeneration and several drugs are now being tested in clinical trials. Regulation of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway by small molecules which can act as Nrf2 activators could be effective for treating oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in PD. In this review, we had discussed the principal molecular mechanisms behind the neuroprotective effects of Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway in PD. Additionally, we also discussed the small molecules and phytochemicals that could activate the Nrf2 mediated anti-oxidant pathway for neuroprotection in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amritha Chakkittukandiyil
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Deepak Vasudevan Sajini
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arjunan Karuppaiah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, PSG College of Pharmacy, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Divakar Selvaraj
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India.
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10
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Duarte P, Michalska P, Crisman E, Cuadrado A, León R. Novel Series of Dual NRF2 Inducers and Selective MAO-B Inhibitors for the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020247. [PMID: 35204129 PMCID: PMC8868346 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease. It is characterized by a complex network of physiopathological events where oxidative stress plays a central role among other factors such as neuroinflammation and protein homeostasis. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (NRF2) has a multitarget profile itself as it controls a plethora of cellular processes involved in the progression of the disease. In this line, we designed a novel family of 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethan-1-amine derivatives as NRF2 inducers with complementary activities. Novel compounds are based on melatonin scaffold and include, among other properties, selective monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibition activity. Novel multitarget compounds exhibited NRF2 induction activity and MAO-B selective inhibition, combined with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and blood–brain barrier permeation properties. Furthermore, they exert neuroprotective properties against oxidative stress toxicity in PD-related in vitro. Hit compound 14 reduced oxidative stress markers and exerted neuroprotection in rat striatal slices exposed to 6-hydroxydopamine or rotenone. In conclusion, we developed a promising family of dual NRF2 inducers and selective MAO-B inhibitors that could serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Duarte
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain; (P.D.); (E.C.)
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Enrique Crisman
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain; (P.D.); (E.C.)
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IS), Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rafael León
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain; (P.D.); (E.C.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Saha S, Buttari B, Profumo E, Tucci P, Saso L. A Perspective on Nrf2 Signaling Pathway for Neuroinflammation: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:787258. [PMID: 35126058 PMCID: PMC8813964 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.787258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), the leading causes of dementia. These neurological disorders are characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins such as amyloid-ß (Aß), tau protein and α-synuclein, contributing to mitochondrial fragmentation, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Misfolded proteins activate microglia, which induces neuroinflammation, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and subsequently facilitates synaptic damage and neuronal loss. So far, all the proposed drugs were based on the inhibition of protein aggregation and were failed in clinical trials. Therefore, the treatment options of dementia are still a challenging issue. Thus, it is worthwhile to study alternative therapeutic strategies. In this context, there is increasing data on the pivotal role of transcription factor NF- E2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) on the redox homeostasis and anti-inflammatory functions in neurodegenerative disorders. Interestingly, Nrf2 signaling pathway has shown upregulation of antioxidant genes, inhibition of microglia-mediated inflammation, and improved mitochondrial function in neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting Nrf2 activation could be a novel therapeutic approach to target pathogenesis. The present review will examine the correlation between Nrf2 signaling with neuroinflammation in AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Saha
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Brigitta Buttari
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Profumo
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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12
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Boas SM, Joyce KL, Cowell RM. The NRF2-Dependent Transcriptional Regulation of Antioxidant Defense Pathways: Relevance for Cell Type-Specific Vulnerability to Neurodegeneration and Therapeutic Intervention. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010008. [PMID: 35052512 PMCID: PMC8772787 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in the etiology and pathobiology of various neurodegenerative diseases. At baseline, the cells of the nervous system have the capability to regulate the genes for antioxidant defenses by engaging nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2/NRF)-dependent transcriptional mechanisms, and a number of strategies have been proposed to activate these pathways to promote neuroprotection. Here, we briefly review the biology of the transcription factors of the NFE2/NRF family in the brain and provide evidence for the differential cellular localization of NFE2/NRF family members in the cells of the nervous system. We then discuss these findings in the context of the oxidative stress observed in two neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinson's disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and present current strategies for activating NFE2/NRF-dependent transcription. Based on the expression of the NFE2/NRF family members in restricted populations of neurons and glia, we propose that, when designing strategies to engage these pathways for neuroprotection, the relative contributions of neuronal and non-neuronal cell types to the overall oxidative state of tissue should be considered, as well as the cell types which have the greatest intrinsic capacity for producing antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Boas
- Department of Neuroscience, Southern Research, 2000 9th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (S.M.B.); (K.L.J.)
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kathlene L. Joyce
- Department of Neuroscience, Southern Research, 2000 9th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (S.M.B.); (K.L.J.)
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Rita M. Cowell
- Department of Neuroscience, Southern Research, 2000 9th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (S.M.B.); (K.L.J.)
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Correspondence:
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Berlamont H, Bruggeman A, Bauwens E, Vandendriessche C, Clarebout E, Xie J, De Bruyckere S, Van Imschoot G, Van Wonterghem E, Ducatelle R, Santens P, Smet A, Haesebrouck F, Vandenbroucke RE. Gastric Helicobacter suis Infection Partially Protects against Neurotoxicity in A 6-OHDA Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111328. [PMID: 34768765 PMCID: PMC8582972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact etiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains largely unknown, but more and more research suggests the involvement of the gut microbiota. Interestingly, idiopathic PD patients were shown to have at least a 10 times higher prevalence of Helicobacter suis (H. suis) DNA in gastric biopsies compared to control patients. H. suis is a zoonotic Helicobacter species that naturally colonizes the stomach of pigs and non-human primates but can be transmitted to humans. Here, we investigated the influence of a gastric H. suis infection on PD disease progression through a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) mouse model. Therefore, mice with either a short- or long-term H. suis infection were stereotactically injected with 6-OHDA in the left striatum and sampled one week later. Remarkably, a reduced loss of dopaminergic neurons was seen in the H. suis/6-OHDA groups compared to the control/6-OHDA groups. Correspondingly, motor function of the H. suis-infected 6-OHDA mice was superior to that in the non-infected 6-OHDA mice. Interestingly, we also observed higher expression levels of antioxidant genes in brain tissue from H. suis-infected 6-OHDA mice, as a potential explanation for the reduced 6-OHDA-induced cell loss. Our data support an unexpected neuroprotective effect of gastric H. suis on PD pathology, mediated through changes in oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Berlamont
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (H.B.); (E.B.); (S.D.B.); (R.D.); (F.H.)
| | - Arnout Bruggeman
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (A.B.); (C.V.); (E.C.); (J.X.); (G.V.I.); (E.V.W.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Eva Bauwens
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (H.B.); (E.B.); (S.D.B.); (R.D.); (F.H.)
| | - Charysse Vandendriessche
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (A.B.); (C.V.); (E.C.); (J.X.); (G.V.I.); (E.V.W.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elien Clarebout
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (A.B.); (C.V.); (E.C.); (J.X.); (G.V.I.); (E.V.W.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Junhua Xie
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (A.B.); (C.V.); (E.C.); (J.X.); (G.V.I.); (E.V.W.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie De Bruyckere
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (H.B.); (E.B.); (S.D.B.); (R.D.); (F.H.)
| | - Griet Van Imschoot
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (A.B.); (C.V.); (E.C.); (J.X.); (G.V.I.); (E.V.W.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elien Van Wonterghem
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (A.B.); (C.V.); (E.C.); (J.X.); (G.V.I.); (E.V.W.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (H.B.); (E.B.); (S.D.B.); (R.D.); (F.H.)
| | - Patrick Santens
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Annemieke Smet
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (H.B.); (E.B.); (S.D.B.); (R.D.); (F.H.)
| | - Roosmarijn E. Vandenbroucke
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (A.B.); (C.V.); (E.C.); (J.X.); (G.V.I.); (E.V.W.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-9-3313730
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Parga JA, Rodriguez-Perez AI, Garcia-Garrote M, Rodriguez-Pallares J, Labandeira-Garcia JL. NRF2 Activation and Downstream Effects: Focus on Parkinson's Disease and Brain Angiotensin. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111649. [PMID: 34829520 PMCID: PMC8614768 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are signalling molecules used to regulate cellular metabolism and homeostasis. However, excessive ROS production causes oxidative stress, one of the main mechanisms associated with the origin and progression of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease. NRF2 (Nuclear Factor-Erythroid 2 Like 2) is a transcription factor that orchestrates the cellular response to oxidative stress. The regulation of NRF2 signalling has been shown to be a promising strategy to modulate the progression of the neurodegeneration associated to Parkinson's disease. The NRF2 pathway has been shown to be affected in patients with this disease, and activation of NRF2 has neuroprotective effects in preclinical models, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of this pathway. In this review, we highlight recent advances regarding the regulation of NRF2, including the effect of Angiotensin II as an endogenous signalling molecule able to regulate ROS production and oxidative stress in dopaminergic neurons. The genes regulated and the downstream effects of activation, with special focus on Kruppel Like Factor 9 (KLF9) transcription factor, provide clues about the mechanisms involved in the neurodegenerative process as well as future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Parga
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.I.R.-P.); (M.G.-G.); (J.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, CIMUS, Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, R/ San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.A.P.); (J.L.L.-G.)
| | - Ana I. Rodriguez-Perez
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.I.R.-P.); (M.G.-G.); (J.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, CIMUS, Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, R/ San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Garcia-Garrote
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.I.R.-P.); (M.G.-G.); (J.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, CIMUS, Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, R/ San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jannette Rodriguez-Pallares
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.I.R.-P.); (M.G.-G.); (J.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, CIMUS, Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, R/ San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose L. Labandeira-Garcia
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.I.R.-P.); (M.G.-G.); (J.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, CIMUS, Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, R/ San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.A.P.); (J.L.L.-G.)
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15
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Asanuma M, Miyazaki I. Glutathione and Related Molecules in Parkinsonism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168689. [PMID: 34445395 PMCID: PMC8395390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant intrinsic antioxidant in the central nervous system, and its substrate cysteine readily becomes the oxidized dimeric cystine. Since neurons lack a cystine transport system, neuronal GSH synthesis depends on cystine uptake via the cystine/glutamate exchange transporter (xCT), GSH synthesis, and release in/from surrounding astrocytes. Transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a detoxifying master transcription factor, is expressed mainly in astrocytes and activates the gene expression of various phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes or antioxidants including GSH-related molecules and metallothionein by binding to the antioxidant response element (ARE) of these genes. Accumulating evidence has shown the involvement of dysfunction of antioxidative molecules including GSH and its related molecules in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) or parkinsonian models. Furthermore, we found several agents targeting GSH synthesis in the astrocytes that protect nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal loss in PD models. In this article, the neuroprotective effects of supplementation and enhancement of GSH and its related molecules in PD pathology are reviewed, along with introducing new experimental findings, especially targeting of the xCT-GSH synthetic system and Nrf2–ARE pathway in astrocytes.
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16
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Genetic polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin system and cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:5541-5548. [PMID: 34302265 PMCID: PMC8301732 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06569-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) influences the central nervous system not only through its peripheral impact—the brain possesses its own local RAS. Studies showed altered RAS components in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and their association with oxidative stress which may be linked to neurodegeneration and dementia. Moreover, the protective functions of RAS blockade antagonists against cognitive decline and dementia have been suggested. This study aimed to examine whether genetic variability in RAS genes correlates with cognitive decline in PD. Methods and results We genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in angiotensinogen (AGT: rs699, rs4762), angiotensin II receptors (AGTR1: rs5186 and AGTR2: rs5194, rs1403543) genes, as well as insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE I/D) gene in 256 PD patients, divided into three groups: without cognitive decline, with mild cognitive impairment and with PD dementia. We did not find any significant differences in the frequencies of the analysed polymorphisms in any of the groups. Conclusions Despite no direct correlation between the investigated polymorphisms in RAS genes and cognitive decline in PD, we believe the impact of those genotypes may be indirect, affecting RAS blockade treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11033-021-06569-6.
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17
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Anandhan A, Nguyen N, Syal A, Dreher LA, Dodson M, Zhang DD, Madhavan L. NRF2 Loss Accentuates Parkinsonian Pathology and Behavioral Dysfunction in Human α-Synuclein Overexpressing Mice. Aging Dis 2021; 12:964-982. [PMID: 34221542 PMCID: PMC8219498 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2) is a central regulator of cellular stress responses and its transcriptional activation promotes multiple cellular defense and survival mechanisms. The loss of NRF2 has been shown to increase oxidative and proteotoxic stress, two key pathological features of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Moreover, compromised redox homeostasis and protein quality control can cause the accumulation of pathogenic proteins, including alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) which plays a key role in PD. However, despite this link, the precise mechanisms by which NRF2 may regulate PD pathology is not clear. In this study, we generated a humanized mouse model to study the importance of NRF2 in the context of α-Syn-driven neuropathology in PD. Specifically, we developed NRF2 knockout and wild-type mice that overexpress human α-Syn (hα-Syn+/Nrf2-/- and hα-Syn+/Nrf2+/+ respectively) and tested changes in their behavior through nest building, challenging beam, and open field tests at three months of age. Cellular and molecular alterations in α-Syn, including phosphorylation and subsequent oligomerization, as well as changes in oxidative stress, inflammation, and autophagy were also assessed across multiple brain regions. It was observed that although monomeric α-Syn levels did not change, compared to their wild-type counterparts, hα-Syn+/Nrf2-/- mice exhibited increased phosphorylation and oligomerization of α-Syn. This was associated with a loss of tyrosine hydroxylase expressing dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, and more pronounced behavioral deficits reminiscent of early-stage PD, in the hα-Syn+/Nrf2-/- mice. Furthermore, hα-Syn+/Nrf2-/- mice showed significantly amplified oxidative stress, greater expression of inflammatory markers, and signs of increased autophagic burden, especially in the midbrain, striatum and cortical brain regions. These results support an important role for NRF2, early in PD progression. More broadly, it indicates NRF2 biology as fundamental to PD pathogenesis and suggests that targeting NRF2 activation may delay the onset and progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annadurai Anandhan
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Nhat Nguyen
- Physiology Undergraduate Program, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Arjun Syal
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Undergraduate Program, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Luke A Dreher
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Undergraduate Program, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Matthew Dodson
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Donna D Zhang
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Lalitha Madhavan
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Evelyn F McKnight Brain Institute and Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Tian R, Abarientos A, Hong J, Hashemi SH, Yan R, Dräger N, Leng K, Nalls MA, Singleton AB, Xu K, Faghri F, Kampmann M. Genome-wide CRISPRi/a screens in human neurons link lysosomal failure to ferroptosis. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:1020-1034. [PMID: 34031600 PMCID: PMC8254803 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell transcriptomics provide a systematic map of gene expression in different human cell types. The next challenge is to systematically understand cell-type-specific gene function. The integration of CRISPR-based functional genomics and stem cell technology enables the scalable interrogation of gene function in differentiated human cells. Here we present the first genome-wide CRISPR interference and CRISPR activation screens in human neurons. We uncover pathways controlling neuronal response to chronic oxidative stress, which is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. Unexpectedly, knockdown of the lysosomal protein prosaposin strongly sensitizes neurons, but not other cell types, to oxidative stress by triggering the formation of lipofuscin, a hallmark of aging, which traps iron, generating reactive oxygen species and triggering ferroptosis. We also determine transcriptomic changes in neurons after perturbation of genes linked to neurodegenerative diseases. To enable the systematic comparison of gene function across different human cell types, we establish a data commons named CRISPRbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilin Tian
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Anthony Abarientos
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jason Hong
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sayed Hadi Hashemi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Rui Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nina Dräger
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kun Leng
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International, LLC, Glen Echo, MD, USA
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Faraz Faghri
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International, LLC, Glen Echo, MD, USA
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Ross D, Siegel D. The diverse functionality of NQO1 and its roles in redox control. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101950. [PMID: 33774477 PMCID: PMC8027776 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the multiple functions of NQO1, its established roles in redox processes and potential roles in redox control that are currently emerging. NQO1 has attracted interest due to its roles in cell defense and marked inducibility during cellular stress. Exogenous substrates for NQO1 include many xenobiotic quinones. Since NQO1 is highly expressed in many solid tumors, including via upregulation of Nrf2, the design of compounds activated by NQO1 and NQO1-targeted drug delivery have been active areas of research. Endogenous substrates have also been proposed and of relevance to redox stress are ubiquinone and vitamin E quinone, components of the plasma membrane redox system. Established roles for NQO1 include a superoxide reductase activity, NAD+ generation, interaction with proteins and their stabilization against proteasomal degradation, binding and regulation of mRNA translation and binding to microtubules including the mitotic spindles. We also summarize potential roles for NQO1 in regulation of glucose and insulin metabolism with relevance to diabetes and the metabolic syndrome, in Alzheimer's disease and in aging. The conformation and molecular interactions of NQO1 can be modulated by changes in the pyridine nucleotide redox balance suggesting that NQO1 may function as a redox-dependent molecular switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - David Siegel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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McCann MS, Maguire-Zeiss KA. Environmental toxicants in the brain: A review of astrocytic metabolic dysfunction. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 84:103608. [PMID: 33556584 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental toxicants is linked to long-term adverse outcomes in the brain and involves the dysfunction of glial and neuronal cells. Astrocytes, the most numerous cell type, are increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases of the central nervous system, including neurodegenerative diseases. Astrocytes are critical for proper brain function in part due to their robust antioxidant and unique metabolic capabilities. Additionally, astrocytes are positioned both at the blood-brain barrier, where they are the primary responders to xenobiotic penetrance of the CNS, and at synapses where they are in close contact with neurons and synaptic machinery. While exposure to several classes of environmental toxicants, including chlorinated and fluorinated compounds, and trace metals, have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, their impact on astrocytes represents an important and growing field of research. Here, we review existing literature focused on the impact of a range of synthetic compounds on astrocytic function. We focus specifically on perturbed metabolic processes in response to these compounds and consider how perturbation of these pathways impacts disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mondona S McCann
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, United States.
| | - Kathleen A Maguire-Zeiss
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, United States
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Kulkarni N, Gadde R, Gugnani KS, Vu N, Yoo C, Zaveri R, Betharia S. Neuroprotective effects of disubstituted dithiolethione ACDT against manganese-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Neurochem Int 2021; 147:105052. [PMID: 33905764 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dithiolethiones are lipophilic, organosulfur compounds that activate the Nrf2 transcription factor causing an upregulation of various phase II antioxidant enzymes. A disubstituted dithiolethione 5-amino-3-thioxo-3H-(1,2) dithiole-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (ACDT) retains the functional pharmacophore while also containing modifiable functional groups. Neuroprotection against autoimmune encephalomyelitis in vivo and 6-hydroxy dopamine (a model for Parkinson's disease) in vitro have been previously reported with ACDT. Manganese (Mn) is a metal essential for metabolic processes at low concentrations. Overexposure and accumulation of Mn leads to a neurological condition called manganism which shares pathophysiological sequelae with parkinsonism. Here we hypothesized ACDT to be protective against manganese-induced cytotoxicity. SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells exposed to 300 μM MnCl2 displayed approximately 50% cell death, and a 24-h pretreatment with 75 μM ACDT significantly reversed this cytotoxicity. ACDT pretreatment was also found to increase total GSH levels (2.18-fold) and the protein levels of NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) enzyme (6.33-fold), indicating an overall increase in the cells' antioxidant defense stores. A corresponding 2.32-fold reduction in the level of Mn-induced reactive oxygen species was also observed in cells pretreated with ACDT. While no changes were observed in the protein levels of apoptotic markers Bax and Bcl-2, pretreatment with 75 μM ACDT led to a 2.09-fold downregulation of ZIP14 import transporter, indicating a potential reduction in the cellular uptake of Mn as an additional neuroprotective mechanism. These effects did not extend to other transporters like the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) or ferroportin. Collectively, ACDT showed substantial neuroprotection against Mn-induced cytotoxicity, opening a path for dithiolethiones as a potential novel therapeutic option against heavy metal neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MCPHS University, School of Pharmacy, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Rajitha Gadde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MCPHS University, School of Pharmacy, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kuljeet S Gugnani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MCPHS University, School of Pharmacy, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nguyen Vu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MCPHS University, School of Pharmacy, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Claude Yoo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MCPHS University, School of Pharmacy, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rohan Zaveri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MCPHS University, School of Pharmacy, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Swati Betharia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MCPHS University, School of Pharmacy, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Modelling Parkinson's Disease: iPSCs towards Better Understanding of Human Pathology. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11030373. [PMID: 33799491 PMCID: PMC8000082 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11030373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, among which are bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor as well as mental symptoms such as dementia. The underlying cause of Parkinson disease is degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. It has been challenging to develop an efficient animal model to accurately represent the complex phenotypes found with PD. However, it has become possible to recapitulate the myriad of phenotypes underlying the PD pathology by using human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology. Patient-specific iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons are available and present an opportunity to study many aspects of the PD phenotypes in a dish. In this review, we report the available data on iPSC-derived neurons derived from PD patients with identified gene mutations. Specifically, we will report on the key phenotypes of the generated iPSC-derived neurons from PD patients with different genetic background. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship these cellular phenotypes have to PD pathology and future challenges and prospects for iPSC modelling and understanding of the pathogenesis of PD.
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23
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Lee SE, Park YS. The Emerging Roles of Antioxidant Enzymes by Dietary Phytochemicals in Vascular Diseases. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11030199. [PMID: 33806594 PMCID: PMC8001043 DOI: 10.3390/life11030199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular diseases are major causes of death worldwide, causing pathologies including diabetes, atherosclerosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Exposure of the vascular system to a variety of stressors and inducers has been implicated in the development of various human diseases, including chronic inflammatory diseases. In the vascular wall, antioxidant enzymes form the first line of defense against oxidative stress. Recently, extensive research into the beneficial effects of phytochemicals has been conducted; phytochemicals are found in commonly used spices, fruits, and herbs, and are used to prevent various pathologic conditions, including vascular diseases. The present review aims to highlight the effects of dietary phytochemicals role on antioxidant enzymes in vascular diseases.
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Rasheed MSU, Tripathi MK, Patel DK, Singh MP. Resveratrol Regulates Nrf2-Mediated Expression of Antioxidant and Xenobiotic Metabolizing Enzymes in Pesticides-Induced Parkinsonism. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 27:1038-1045. [PMID: 32242774 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666200403110036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combined maneb (MB) and paraquat (PQ), two widely used pesticides, increases oxidative stress leading to Parkinsonism. Xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 and its mouse ortholog Cyp2d22 protect against Parkinsonism. Resveratrol, an antioxidant, restores antioxidant defense system through the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2- related factor 2 (Nrf2). However, a crosstalk between Cyp2d22/CYP2D6-mediated protection and resveratrol-induced Nrf2 activation leading to neuroprotection is not yet elucidated. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to decipher the effect of resveratrol on Nrf2 activation and expression of its downstream mediators, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) along with Cyp2d22/CYP2D6 activity in combined MB and PQ mouse model of Parkinsonism and differentiated neuroblastoma cells. RESULTS MB and PQ reduced the dopamine content (mouse) and Cyp2d22/CYP2D6 activity (mouse/neuroblastoma cells) and increased the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and expression of NQO1 and Trx1 (both). Resveratrol ameliorated pesticides-induced changes in dopamine content and Cyp2d22/CYP2D6 activity. It was found to promote nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and expression of NQO1 and Trx1 proteins. Since Cyp2d22/CYP2D6 inhibitor (ketoconazole/quinidine) per se reduced Cyp2d22/CYP2D6 activity and dopamine content, it was found to substantially increase the pesticides-induced reduction in Cyp2d22/CYP2D6 activity and dopamine content. Inhibitors normalized the pesticides induced changes in Nrf2 translocation and NQO1 and Trx1 levels in pesticides treated groups. CONCLUSION The results suggest that resveratrol promotes the catalytic activity of xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme, Cyp2d22/CYP2D6, which partially contributes to Nrf2 activation in pesticides- induced Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Sami Ur Rasheed
- Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group,
CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Manish Kumar Tripathi
- Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group,
CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Patel
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mahendra Pratap Singh
- Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group,
CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
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Drolet J, Buchner-Duby B, Stykel MG, Coackley C, Kang JX, Ma DWL, Ryan SD. Docosahexanoic acid signals through the Nrf2-Nqo1 pathway to maintain redox balance and promote neurite outgrowth. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:511-520. [PMID: 33502893 PMCID: PMC8101469 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-09-0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may act as activators of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway. The antioxidant response, in turn, promotes neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth. Nrf2 has recently been suggested to be a cell intrinsic mediator of docosohexanoic acid (DHA) signaling. In the current study, we assessed whether DHA-mediated axodendritic development was dependent on activation of the Nrf2 pathway and whether Nrf2 protected from agrochemical-induced neuritic retraction. Expression profiling of the DHA-enriched Fat-1 mouse brain relative to wild type showed a significant enrichment of genes associated with neuronal development and neuronal projection and genes associated with the Nrf2-transcriptional pathway. Moreover, we found that primary cortical neurons treated with DHA showed a dose-dependent increase in Nrf2 transcriptional activity and Nrf2-target gene expression. DHA-mediated activation of Nrf2 promoted neurite outgrowth and inhibited oxidative stress-induced neuritic retraction evoked by exposure to agrochemicals. Finally, we provide evidence that this effect is largely dependent on induction of the Nrf2-target gene NAD(P)H: (quinone acceptor) oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and that silencing of either Nrf2 or Nqo1 blocks the effects of DHA on the axodendritic compartment. Collectively, these data support a role for the Nrf2-NQO1 pathway in DHA-mediated axodendritic development and protection from agrochemical exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Drolet
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Brodie Buchner-Duby
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Morgan G Stykel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Carla Coackley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jing X Kang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
| | - David W L Ma
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Scott D Ryan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA 92121
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Asanuma M, Miyazaki I. [Anti-oxidants in astrocytes as target of neuroprotection for Parkinson's disease]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2021; 156:14-20. [PMID: 33390474 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.20071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it has been reported that dysfunction of astrocytes is involved vulnerability of neuronal cells in several neurological disorders. Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant intrinsic antioxidant in the central nervous system, and its substrate cysteine is readily becomes the oxidized dimeric cystine. Since neurons lack a cystine transport system, neuronal GSH synthesis depends on cystine uptake via the cystine/glutamate exchange transporter (xCT), GSH synthesis and release in/from surrounding astrocytes. The expression and release of the zinc-binding protein metallothionein (MT) in astrocytes, which is a strong antioxidant, is induced and exerts neuroprotective in the case of dopaminergic neuronal damage. In addition, the transcription factor Nrf2 induces expression of MT-1 and GSH related molecules. We previously revealed that several antiepileptic drugs, serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonists, plant-derived chemicals (phytochemicals) increased xCT expression, Nrf2 activation, GSH or MT expression and release in/from astrocytes, and exerted a neuroprotective effect against dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease model. Our serial studies on neuroprotection via antioxidant defense mechanism of astrocytes have found three target molecular systems of astrocytes for neuroprotection: (1) xCT-GSH synthetic system, (2) Nrf2 system and (3) 5-HT1A receptor-Nrf2-MT system, 5-HT1A-S100β system. In this article, possible neuroprotective strategy for Parkinson's disease has been reviewed targeting antioxidative molecules in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Asanuma
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentist and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Ikuko Miyazaki
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentist and Pharmaceutical Sciences
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27
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Kodavanti PRS, Valdez M, Richards JE, Agina-Obu DI, Phillips PM, Jarema KA, Kodavanti UP. Ozone-induced changes in oxidative stress parameters in brain regions of adult, middle-age, and senescent Brown Norway rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 410:115351. [PMID: 33249117 PMCID: PMC7775355 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A critical part of community based human health risk assessment following chemical exposure is identifying sources of susceptibility. Life stage is one such susceptibility. A prototypic air pollutant, ozone (O3) induces dysfunction of the pulmonary, cardiac, and nervous systems. Long-term exposure may cause oxidative stress (OS). The current study explored age-related and subchronic O3-induced changes in OS in brain regions of rats. To build a comprehensive assessment of OS-related effects of O3, a tripartite approach was implemented focusing on 1) the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [NADPH Quinone oxidoreductase 1, NADH Ubiquinone reductase] 2) antioxidant homeostasis [total antioxidant substances, superoxide dismutase, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase] and 3) an assessment of oxidative damage [total aconitase and protein carbonyls]. Additionally, a neurobehavioral evaluation of motor activity was compared to these OS measures. Male Brown Norway rats (4, 12, and 24 months of age) were exposed to air or O3 (0.25 or 1 ppm) via inhalation for 6 h/day, 2 days per week for 13 weeks. A significant decrease in horizontal motor activity was noted only in 4-month old rats. Results on OS measures in frontal cortex (FC), cerebellum (CB), striatum (STR), and hippocampus (HIP) indicated life stage-related increases in ROS production, small decreases in antioxidant homeostatic mechanisms, a decrease in aconitase activity, and an increase in protein carbonyls. The effects of O3 exposure were brain area-specific, with the STR being more sensitive. Regarding life stage, the effects of O3 were greater in 4-month-old rats, which correlated with horizontal motor activity. These results indicate that OS may be increased in specific brain regions after subchronic O3 exposure, but the interactions between age and exposure along with their consequences on the brain require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasada Rao S Kodavanti
- Neurological and Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, CPHEA, ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Matthew Valdez
- Neurological and Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, CPHEA, ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Judy E Richards
- Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, CPHEA, ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Datonye I Agina-Obu
- Neurological and Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, CPHEA, ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Pamela M Phillips
- Neurological and Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, CPHEA, ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Kimberly A Jarema
- Neurological and Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, CPHEA, ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Urmila P Kodavanti
- Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, CPHEA, ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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Flores-Soto ME, Corona-Angeles JA, Tejeda-Martinez AR, Flores-Guzman PA, Luna-Mujica I, Chaparro-Huerta V, Viveros-Paredes JM. β-Caryophyllene exerts protective antioxidant effects through the activation of NQO1 in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2020; 742:135534. [PMID: 33271195 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, caused by the selective death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. β-caryophyllene (BCP) is a phytocannabinoid with several pharmacological properties, producing anti-inflammatory and antihypertensive effects. In addition, BCP protects dopaminergic neurons from neuronal death induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), yet it remains unclear if this effect is due to its antioxidant activity. To assess whether this is the case, the effect of BCP on the expression and activity of NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) was evaluated in mice after the administration of MPTP. Male C57BL/6 J mice were divided into four groups, the first of which received saline solution i.p. in equivalent volume and served as a control group. The second group received MPTP. The second group received MPTP hydrochloride (5 mg/kg, i.p.) daily for seven consecutive days. The third group received BCP (10 mg/kg) for seven days, administered orally and finally, the fourth group received MPTP as described above and BCP for 7 days from the fourth day of MPTP administration. The results showed that BCP inhibits oxidative stress-induced cell death of dopaminergic neurons exposed to MPTP at the same time as it enhances the expression and enzymatic activity of NQO1. Also, the BCP treatment ameliorated motor dysfunction and protected the dopaminergic cells of the SNpc from damage induced by MPTP. Hence, BCP appears to achieve at least some of its antioxidant effects by augmenting NQO1 activity, which protects cells from MPTP toxicity. Accordingly, this phytocannabinoid may represent a promising pharmacological option to safeguard dopaminergic neurons and prevent the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Flores-Soto
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - J A Corona-Angeles
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - A R Tejeda-Martinez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - P A Flores-Guzman
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - I Luna-Mujica
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - V Chaparro-Huerta
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - J M Viveros-Paredes
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo Farmacéutico, Departamento de Farmacología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, 44430, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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29
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S Narasimhan KK, Devarajan A, Karan G, Sundaram S, Wang Q, van Groen T, Monte FD, Rajasekaran NS. Reductive stress promotes protein aggregation and impairs neurogenesis. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101739. [PMID: 33242767 PMCID: PMC7695986 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox homeostasis regulates key cellular signaling in both physiology and pathology. While perturbations result in shifting the redox homeostasis towards oxidative stress are well documented, the influence of reductive stress (RS) in neurodegenerative diseases and its mechanisms are unknown. Here, we postulate that a redox shift towards the reductive arm (through the activation of Nrf2 signaling) will damage neurons and impair neurogenesis. In proliferating and differentiating neuroblastoma (Neuro 2a/N2a) cells, sulforaphane-mediated Nrf2 activation resulted in increased transcription/translation of antioxidants and glutathione (GSH) production along with significantly declined ROS in a dose-dependent manner leading to a reductive-redox state (i.e. RS). Interestingly, this resulted in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress leading to subsequent protein aggregation/proteotoxicity in neuroblastoma cells. Under RS, we also observed elevated Tau/α-synuclein and their co-localization with other protein aggregates in these cells. Surprisingly, we noticed that acute RS impaired neurogenesis as evidenced from reduced neurite outgrowth/length. Furthermore, maintaining the cells in a sustained RS condition (for five consecutive generations) dramatically reduced their differentiation and prevented the formation of axons (p < 0.05). This impairment in RS mediated neurogenesis occurs through the alteration of Tau dynamics i.e. RS activates the pathogenic GSK3β/Tau cascade thereby promoting the phosphorylation of Tau leading to proteotoxicity. Of note, intermittent withdrawal of sulforaphane from these cells suppressed the proteotoxic insult and re-activated the differentiation process. Overall, this results suggest that either acute or chronic RS could hamper neurogenesis through GSK3β/TAU signaling and proteotoxicity. Therefore, investigations identifying novel redox mechanisms impacting proteostasis are crucial to preserve neuronal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Kumar S Narasimhan
- Cardiac Aging & Redox Signaling Laboratory, Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Asokan Devarajan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Goutam Karan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sandhya Sundaram
- Department of Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Medical University & Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Thomas van Groen
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Federica Del Monte
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Namakkal S Rajasekaran
- Cardiac Aging & Redox Signaling Laboratory, Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Birmingham, AL, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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30
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Scuderi SA, Ardizzone A, Paterniti I, Esposito E, Campolo M. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effect of Nrf2 Inducer Dimethyl Fumarate in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9070630. [PMID: 32708926 PMCID: PMC7402174 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) represents debilitating conditions characterized by degeneration of neuronal cells in specific brain areas, causing disability and death in patients. In the pathophysiology of NDs, oxidative stress, apoptosis and neuroinflammation have a key role, as demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro models. Therefore, the use of molecules with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities represents a possible strategy for the treatment of NDs. Many studies demonstrated the beneficial effects of fumaric acid esters (FAEs) to counteract neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Among these molecules, dimethyl fumarate (DMF) showed a valid therapeutic approach to slow down neurodegeneration and relieve symptoms in patients with NDs. DMF is a methyl ester of fumaric acid and acts as modulator of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway as well as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) translocation. Therefore, this review aims to examine the potential beneficial effects of DMF to counteract oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with NDs.
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Özcelik D. Treatment of Neuroblastoma Cells with Inhibitors of Protein Disulfide Isomerase Upregulates NQO1 Activity. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2099-2107. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Özcelik
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Pajares M, I. Rojo A, Manda G, Boscá L, Cuadrado A. Inflammation in Parkinson's Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071687. [PMID: 32674367 PMCID: PMC7408280 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by the death of dopaminergic neurons that project from the substantia nigra pars compacta. Although the molecular bases for PD development are still little defined, extensive evidence from human samples and animal models support the involvement of inflammation in onset or progression. However, the exact trigger for this response remains unclear. Here, we provide a systematic review of the cellular mediators, i.e., microglia, astroglia and endothelial cells. We also discuss the genetic and transcriptional control of inflammation in PD and the immunomodulatory role of dopamine and reactive oxygen species. Finally, we summarize the preclinical and clinical approaches targeting neuroinflammation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pajares
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (A.I.R.); (L.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Rojo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (A.I.R.); (L.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gina Manda
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (A.I.R.); (L.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERcv), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (A.I.R.); (L.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-915854383; Fax: +34-915854401
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Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation Potentiate Each Other to Promote Progression of Dopamine Neurodegeneration. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6137521. [PMID: 32714488 PMCID: PMC7354668 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6137521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and complex disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Progressive loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in midbrain substantia nigra is considered to be the main cause of PD. The hallmark of PD pathology is the formation of Lewy bodies and the deposition of α-synuclein (α-syn). The mechanisms responsible for the progressive feature of DA neurodegeneration are not fully illustrated. Recently, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation have received extensive attention as two important entry points in the pathogenesis of PD. The occurrence of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation is usually derived from external influences or changes in internal environment, such as the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, exposure to a toxic environment, and the transformation of systemic inflammation. However, PD never results from a single independent factor and the simultaneous participation of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation contributed to PD development. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation could potentiate each other to promote progression of PD. In this review, we briefly summarized the conditions of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation and the crosstalk between oxidative stress and neuroinflammation on the development of PD.
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Idebenone Has Distinct Effects on Mitochondrial Respiration in Cortical Astrocytes Compared to Cortical Neurons Due to Differential NQO1 Activity. J Neurosci 2020; 40:4609-4619. [PMID: 32350039 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1632-17.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Idebenone is a synthetic quinone that on reduction in cells can bypass mitochondrial Complex I defects by donating electrons to Complex III. The drug is used clinically to treat the Complex I disease Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), but has been less successful in clinical trials for other neurodegenerative diseases. NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) appears to be the main intracellular enzyme catalyzing idebenone reduction. However, NQO1 is not universally expressed by cells of the brain. Using primary rat cortical cells pooled from both sexes, we tested the hypotheses that the level of endogenous NQO1 activity limits the ability of neurons, but not astrocytes, to use idebenone as an electron donor to support mitochondrial respiration. We then tested the prediction that NQO1 induction by pharmacological activation of the transcription factor nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) enables idebenone to bypass Complex I in cells with poor NQO1 expression. We found that idebenone stimulated respiration by astrocytes but reduced the respiratory capacity of neurons. Importantly, idebenone supported mitochondrial oxygen consumption in the presence of a Complex I inhibitor in astrocytes but not neurons, and this ability was reversed by inhibiting NQO1. Conversely, recombinant NQO1 delivery to neurons prevented respiratory impairment and conferred Complex I bypass activity. Nrf2 activators failed to increase NQO1 in neurons, but carnosic acid induced NQO1 in COS-7 cells that expressed little endogenous enzyme. Carnosic acid-idebenone combination treatment promoted NQO1-dependent Complex I bypass activity in these cells. Thus, combination drug strategies targeting NQO1 may promote the repurposing of idebenone for additional disorders.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Idebenone is used clinically to treat loss of visual acuity in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. Clinical trials for several additional diseases have failed. This study demonstrates a fundamental difference in the way idebenone affects mitochondrial respiration in cortical neurons compared with cortical astrocytes. Cortical neurons are unable to use idebenone as a direct mitochondrial electron donor due to NQO1 deficiency. Our results suggest that idebenone behaves as an NQO1-dependent prodrug, raising the possibility that lack of neuronal NQO1 activity has contributed to the limited efficacy of idebenone in neurodegenerative disease treatment. Combination therapy with drugs able to safely induce NQO1 in neurons, as well as other brain cell types, may be able to unlock the neuroprotective therapeutic potential of idebenone or related quinones.
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Go J, Ryu YK, Park HY, Choi DH, Choi YK, Hwang DY, Lee CH, Kim KS. NQO1 regulates pharmaco-behavioral effects of d-amphetamine in striatal dopaminergic system in mice. Neuropharmacology 2020; 170:108039. [PMID: 32165217 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) gene encodes a cytosolic flavoenzyme that catalyzes the two-electron reduction of quinones to hydroquinones. A polymorphic form of NQO1 is associated with mood disorders such as schizophrenia. However, the role of NQO1 in dopaminergic system has not yet been elucidated. To determine the role of NQO1 in the dopaminergic system, we investigated pharmaco-behavioral effects of d-amphetamine using NQO1-deficienct mice. According to our comparative study involving NQO1+/+ and NQO1-/- mice, NQO1 deficiency increased d-amphetamine-induced psychomotor activity and psychological dependency compared to wild-type mice. Basal and d-amphetamine-induced dopamine levels were also enhanced by NQO1 deficiency. In NQO1-/- mice, neural activation induced by d-amphetamine was higher in dorsolateral striatum, but not in dorsomedial and ventral striata. Although protein level of CaMKIIα, which is a key player in amphetamine-induced dopamine efflux, was decreased in striata of NQO1-/- mice, phosphorylation of CaMKIIα was markedly enhanced in NQO1-/- mice compared to wild-type mice. Interestingly, experiments with pharmacological antagonist showed that D2 antagonist-induced suppression of locomotion required activation of NQO1. Moreover, the rewarding effect in response to D1 agonist was increased by NQO1 deficiency. These results suggest that striatal NQO1 is of considerable interest to understand the mechanism of dopaminergic regulation of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Go
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyoung Ryu
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; College of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Chung-Nam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Yeon Park
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Choi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Keun Choi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Youn Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoung-Shim Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Miyajima T, Melangath G, Zhu S, Deshpande N, Vasanth S, Mondal B, Kumar V, Chen Y, Price MO, Price FW, Rogan EG, Zahid M, Jurkunas UV. Loss of NQO1 generates genotoxic estrogen-DNA adducts in Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 147:69-79. [PMID: 31857234 PMCID: PMC6939626 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy (FECD) is an age-related genetically complex disease characterized by increased oxidative DNA damage and progressive degeneration of corneal endothelial cells (HCEnCs). FECD has a greater incidence and advanced phenotype in women, suggesting a possible role of hormones in the sex-driven differences seen in the disease pathogenesis. In this study, catechol estrogen (4-OHE2), the byproduct of estrogen metabolism, induced genotoxic estrogen-DNA adducts formation, macromolecular DNA damage, and apoptotic cell death in HCEnCs; these findings were potentiated by menadione (MN)-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS). Expression of NQO1, a key enzyme that neutralizes reactive estrogen metabolites, was downregulated in FECD, indicating HCEnC susceptibility to reactive estrogen metabolism in FECD. NQO1 deficiency in vitro exacerbated the estrogen-DNA adduct formation and loss of cell viability, which was rescued by the supplementation of N-acetylcysteine, a ROS scavenger. Notably, overexpression of NQO1 in HCEnCs treated with MN and 4-OHE2 quenched the ROS formation, thereby reducing the DNA damage and endothelial cell loss. This study signifies a pivotal role for NQO1 in mitigating the macromolecular oxidative DNA damage arising from the interplay between intracellular ROS and impaired endogenous estrogen metabolism in post-mitotic ocular tissue cells. A dysfunctional Nrf2-NQO1 axis in FECD renders HCEnCs susceptible to catechol estrogens and estrogen-DNA adducts formation. This novel study highlights the potential role of NQO1-mediated estrogen metabolite genotoxicity in explaining the higher incidence of FECD in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiga Miyajima
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Geetha Melangath
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shan Zhu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Neha Deshpande
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shivakumar Vasanth
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bodhisattwa Mondal
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Varun Kumar
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuming Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marianne O Price
- Price Vision Group and Cornea Research Foundation of America, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Francis W Price
- Price Vision Group and Cornea Research Foundation of America, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eleanor G Rogan
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Muhammad Zahid
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ula V Jurkunas
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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37
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Shaping the Nrf2-ARE-related pathways in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 54:100942. [PMID: 31415806 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A failure in redox homeostasis is a common hallmark of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD), two age-dependent neurodegenerative disorders (NDD), causing increased oxidative stress, oxidized/damaged biomolecules, altered neuronal function and consequent cell death. Activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a redox-regulated transcription factor, results in upregulation of cytoprotective and antioxidant enzymes/proteins, protecting against oxidative stress. Nrf2 regulation is achieved by various proteins and pathways, at both cytoplasmatic and nuclear level; however, the elaborate network of mechanisms involved in Nrf2 regulation may restrain Nrf2 pathway normal activity. Indeed, altered Nrf2 activity is involved in aging and NDD, such as AD and PD. Therefore, understanding the diversity of Nrf2 control mechanisms and regulatory proteins is of high interest, since more effective NDD therapeutics can be identified. In this review, we first introduce Keap1-Nrf2-ARE structure, function and regulation, with a special focus on the several pathways involved in Nrf2 positive and negative modulation, namely p62, PKC, PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β, NF-kB and p38 MAPK. We then briefly describe the evidences for oxidative stress and Nrf2 pathway deregulation in different stages of NDDs. Finally, we discuss the potential of Nrf2-related pathways as potential therapeutic targets to possibly prevent or slowdown NDD progression.
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38
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Akt Phosphorylates NQO1 and Triggers its Degradation, Abolishing Its Antioxidative Activities in Parkinson's Disease. J Neurosci 2019; 39:7291-7305. [PMID: 31358653 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0625-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidative metabolism of dopamine and consequent oxidative stress are implicated in dopaminergic neuronal loss, mediating the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The inducible detoxifying antioxidative enzyme Quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) (NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1), neuroprotective to counteract reactive oxidative species, is most prominent in the active stage of the disease and virtually absent at the end stage of the disease. However, the molecular mechanism dictating NQO1 expression oscillation remains unclear. Here we show that Akt phosphorylates NQO1 at T128 residues and triggers its polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, abrogating its antioxidative effects in PD. Akt binds NQO1 in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Interestingly, Akt, but not PINK1, provokes NQO1 phosphorylation and polyubiquitination with Parkin as an E3 ligase. Unphosphorylatable NQO1 mutant displays more robust neuroprotective activity than WT NQO1 in suppressing reactive oxidative species and against MPTP-induced dopaminergic cell death, rescuing the motor disorders in both α-synuclein transgenic transgenic male and female mice elicited by the neurotoxin. Thus, our findings demonstrate that blockade of Akt-mediated NQO1 degradation may ameliorate PD pathogenesis.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with the imbalance of oxidative metabolism of dopamine. Quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), a potent antioxidant system, its expression levels are prominently increased in the early and intermediate stages of PD and disappeared in the end-stage PD. The molecular modification behavior of NQO1 after it is upregulated by oxidative stress in the early stage of PD, however, remains unclear. This study shows that Akt binds and phosphorylates NQO1 at T128 residue and promotes its ubiquitination and degradation, and Parkin acts as an E3 ligase in this process, which affects the antioxidant capacity of NQO1. This finding provides a novel molecular mechanism for NQO1 oscillation in PD pathogenesis.
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Francisqueti-Ferron FV, Ferron AJT, Garcia JL, Silva CCVDA, Costa MR, Gregolin CS, Moreto F, Ferreira ALA, Minatel IO, Correa CR. Basic Concepts on the Role of Nuclear Factor Erythroid-Derived 2-Like 2 (Nrf2) in Age-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3208. [PMID: 31261912 PMCID: PMC6651020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) is one of the most important oxidative stress regulator in the human body. Once Nrf2 regulates the expression of a large number of cytoprotective genes, it plays a crucial role in the prevention of several diseases, including age-related disorders. However, the involvement of Nrf2 on these conditions is complex and needs to be clarified. Here, a brief compilation of the Nrf2 enrollment in the pathophysiology of the most common age-related diseases and bring insights for future research on the Nrf2 pathway is described. This review shows a controversial response of this transcriptional factor on the presented diseases. This reinforces the necessity of more studies to investigate modulation strategies for Nrf2, making it a possible therapeutic target in the treatment of age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fernando Moreto
- Medical School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-970, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Igor Otávio Minatel
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil
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40
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Beaver SK, Mesa-Torres N, Pey AL, Timson DJ. NQO1: A target for the treatment of cancer and neurological diseases, and a model to understand loss of function disease mechanisms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1867:663-676. [PMID: 31091472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is a multi-functional protein that catalyses the reduction of quinones (and other molecules), thus playing roles in xenobiotic detoxification and redox balance, and also has roles in stabilising apoptosis regulators such as p53. The structure and enzymology of NQO1 is well-characterised, showing a substituted enzyme mechanism in which NAD(P)H binds first and reduces an FAD cofactor in the active site, assisted by a charge relay system involving Tyr-155 and His-161. Protein dynamics play important role in physio-pathological aspects of this protein. NQO1 is a good target to treat cancer due to its overexpression in cancer cells. A polymorphic form of NQO1 (p.P187S) is associated with increased cancer risk and certain neurological disorders (such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer´s disease), possibly due to its roles in the antioxidant defence. p.P187S has greatly reduced FAD affinity and stability, due to destabilization of the flavin binding site and the C-terminal domain, which leading to reduced activity and enhanced degradation. Suppressor mutations partially restore the activity of p.P187S by local stabilization of these regions, and showing long-range allosteric communication within the protein. Consequently, the correction of NQO1 misfolding by pharmacological chaperones is a viable strategy, which may be useful to treat cancer and some neurological conditions, targeting structural spots linked to specific disease-mechanisms. Thus, NQO1 emerges as a good model to investigate loss of function mechanisms in genetic diseases as well as to improve strategies to discriminate between neutral and pathogenic variants in genome-wide sequencing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Beaver
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Noel Mesa-Torres
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Spain
| | - Angel L Pey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Spain.
| | - David J Timson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK.
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41
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Zhu L, Li D, Chen C, Wang G, Shi J, Zhang F. Activation of Nrf2 signaling by Icariin protects against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 66:465-471. [PMID: 30892727 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Nerve damage is the main pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, in search for a promising therapeutic target that could stop neurodegenerative diseases progression, the antioxidant signaling pathway regulated by transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has attracted new hopes. Icariin (ICA) exhibited a battery of pharmacological properties, including antioxidation, anti-aging, and anti-inflammation activities. Recent studies indicate ICA conferred neuroprotection against brain ischemic injury and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying ICA-mediated neuroprotection remain unelucidated. This study aimed at analyzing whether ICA evoked neuroprotection against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells and the mechanisms of action. ICA protected against 6-OHDA-induced neuronal damage, accompanied by the inhibition of cell apoptosis through the marked decreases in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, cytochrome c release, and caspase-3 cleavage. In addition, the activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway was responsible for ICA-mediated neuroprotection. First, ICA relieved reactive oxygen species accumulation and increased superoxide dismutase generation via the activation of Nrf2 signaling. Second, Nrf2 knockdown by siRNA reversed ICA-mediated neuroprotection. Together, these results suggested ICA-mediated neuroprotection might be attributable to the activation of Nrf2 pathway via antioxidative signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - DaiDi Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ce Chen
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - GuoQing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - JingShan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
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Cuadrado A, Rojo AI, Wells G, Hayes JD, Cousin SP, Rumsey WL, Attucks OC, Franklin S, Levonen AL, Kensler TW, Dinkova-Kostova AT. Therapeutic targeting of the NRF2 and KEAP1 partnership in chronic diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:295-317. [PMID: 30610225 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-018-0008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 797] [Impact Index Per Article: 159.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-E2 p45-related factor 2 (NRF2; encoded by NFE2L2) and its principal negative regulator, the E3 ligase adaptor Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), are critical in the maintenance of redox, metabolic and protein homeostasis, as well as the regulation of inflammation. Thus, NRF2 activation provides cytoprotection against numerous pathologies including chronic diseases of the lung and liver; autoimmune, neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders; and cancer initiation. One NRF2 activator has received clinical approval and several electrophilic modifiers of the cysteine-based sensor KEAP1 and inhibitors of its interaction with NRF2 are now in clinical development. However, challenges regarding target specificity, pharmacodynamic properties, efficacy and safety remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cuadrado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Department of Biochemistry and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols UAM-CSIC, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana I Rojo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Department of Biochemistry and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols UAM-CSIC, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Geoffrey Wells
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - John D Hayes
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Anna-Liisa Levonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Thomas W Kensler
- Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK.
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Zhang XL, Wang ZZ, Shao QH, Zhang Z, Li L, Guo ZY, Sun HM, Zhang Y, Chen NH. RNAi-mediated knockdown of DJ-1 leads to mitochondrial dysfunction via Akt/GSK-3ß and JNK signaling pathways in dopaminergic neuron-like cells. Brain Res Bull 2019; 146:228-236. [PMID: 30634017 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Deletions or some mutations in the gene encoding the multifunctional protein, DJ-1, have been considered to be linked with autosomal recessive early onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Current emerging evidence suggests that DJ-1 is involved in the protection against oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial damage. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying this are not completely clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of DJ-1 on the Akt pathway, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) with regard to modulating mitochondrial function. Here we showed that knockdown of DJ-1 resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction, including a decrease in active mitochondrial mass, complex I deficits, and inhibition of cellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) content in the dopaminergic neuron-like cells PC12 and SH-SY5Y. Additionally, loss of DJ-1 impaired Akt signaling, and reduced nuclear translocation of Nrf2, thereby inhibiting activity of Nrf2-regulated downstream antioxidant enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1. Moreover, DJ-1 knockdown also led to a significant increase in the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, and then promoted the activation of JNK pathways. Furthermore, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by knockdown of DJ-1 were blocked by a JNK inhibitor, which confirmed the important role of JNK activation in mitochondrial dysfunction. In conclusion, the present study indicates that DJ-1 knockdown leads to mitochondrial dysfunction in dopaminergic neuron-like cells, at least in part, through suppressing the Akt/GSK3β pathway and impairing the oxidative stress response, as well as through the subsequent increased JNK activation in dopaminergic neuron-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qian-Hang Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Guo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hong-Mei Sun
- Department of Anatomy, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China.
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44
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Asanuma M, Okumura-Torigoe N, Miyazaki I, Murakami S, Kitamura Y, Sendo T. Region-Specific Neuroprotective Features of Astrocytes against Oxidative Stress Induced by 6-Hydroxydopamine. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030598. [PMID: 30704073 PMCID: PMC6387089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, we found regional differences in the induction of antioxidative molecules in astrocytes against oxidative stress, postulating that region-specific features of astrocytes lead region-specific vulnerability of neurons. We examined region-specific astrocytic features against dopaminergic neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) as an oxidative stress using co-culture of mesencephalic neurons and mesencephalic or striatal astrocytes in the present study. The 6-OHDA-induced reduction of mesencephalic dopamine neurons was inhibited by co-culturing with astrocytes. The co-culture of midbrain neurons with striatal astrocytes was more resistant to 6-OHDA than that with mesencephalic astrocytes. Furthermore, glia conditioned medium from 6-OHDA-treated striatal astrocytes showed a greater protective effect on the 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress than that from mesencephalic astrocytes. The cDNA microarray analysis showed that the number of altered genes in both mesencephalic and striatal astrocytes was fewer than that changed in either astrocyte. The 6-OHDA treatment, apparently up-regulated expressions of Nrf2 and some anti-oxidative or Nrf2-regulating phase II, III detoxifying molecules related to glutathione synthesis and export in the striatal astrocytes but not mesencephalic astrocytes. There is a profound regional difference of gene expression in astrocytes induced by 6-OHDA. These results suggest that protective features of astrocytes against oxidative stress are more prominent in striatal astrocytes, possibly by secreting humoral factors in striatal astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Asanuma
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medical, Dental and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Nao Okumura-Torigoe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medical, Dental and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Ikuko Miyazaki
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medical, Dental and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Shinki Murakami
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medical, Dental and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Yoshihisa Kitamura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medical, Dental and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Sendo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medical, Dental and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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45
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Valdez JM, Johnstone AFM, Richards JE, Schmid JE, Royland JE, Kodavanti PRS. Interaction of Diet and Ozone Exposure on Oxidative Stress Parameters within Specific Brain Regions of Male Brown Norway Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010011. [PMID: 30577502 PMCID: PMC6337237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) contributes to the neurological and cardio/pulmonary effects caused by adverse metabolic states and air pollutants such as ozone (O3). This study explores the interactive effects of O3 and diet (high-fructose (FRUC) or high–fat (FAT)) on OS in different rat brain regions. In acute exposure, there was a decrease in markers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in some brain regions by diet and not by O3. Total antioxidant substances (TAS) were increased in the cerebellum (CER) and frontal cortex (FC) and decreased in the striatum (STR) by both diets irrespective of O3 exposure. Protein carbonyls (PC) and total aconitase decreased in some brain regions irrespective of exposure. Following subacute exposure, an increase in markers of ROS was observed in both diet groups. TAS was increased in the FC (FAT only) and there was a clear O3 effect where TAS was increased in the FC and STR. Diet increased PC formation within the CER in the FAT group, while the hippocampus showed a decrease in PC after O3 exposure in controls. In general, these results indicate that diet/O3 did not have a global effect on brain OS parameters, but showed some brain region- and OS parameter-specific effects by diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Valdez
- Neurotoxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, NHEERL/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Andrew F M Johnstone
- Neurotoxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, NHEERL/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Judy E Richards
- Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Judith E Schmid
- Neurotoxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, NHEERL/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Joyce E Royland
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Prasada Rao S Kodavanti
- Neurotoxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, NHEERL/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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46
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Parga JA, Rodriguez-Perez AI, Garcia-Garrote M, Rodriguez-Pallares J, Labandeira-Garcia JL. Angiotensin II induces oxidative stress and upregulates neuroprotective signaling from the NRF2 and KLF9 pathway in dopaminergic cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 129:394-406. [PMID: 30315936 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a transcription factor that activates the antioxidant cellular defense in response to oxidative stress, leading to neuroprotective effects in Parkinson's disease (PD) models. We have previously shown that Angiotensin II (AngII) induces an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) via AngII receptor type 1 and NADPH oxidase (NOX), which may activate the NRF2 pathway. However, controversial data suggest that AngII induces a decrease in NRF2 signaling leading to an increase in oxidative stress. We analyzed the effect of AngII and the dopaminergic neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in culture and in vivo, and examined the effects on the expression of NRF2-related genes. Treatment of neuronal cell lines Mes23.5, N27 and SH-SY5Y with AngII, 6-OHDA or a combination of both increased ROS production and reduced cell viability. Simultaneously, these treatments induced an increase in expression in the NRF2-regulated genes heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1), NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (Nqo1) and Kruppel like factor 9 (Klf9). Moreover, overexpression of KLF9 transcription factor caused a reduction in the production of ROS induced by treatment with AngII or 6-OHDA and improved the survival of these neuronal cells. Rats treated with AngII, 6-OHDA or a combination of both also showed an increased expression of NRF2 related genes and KLF9. In conclusion, our data indicate that AngII induces a damaging effect in neuronal cells, but also acts as a signaling molecule to activate NRF2 and KLF9 neuroprotective pathways in cellular and animal models of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Parga
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Rodriguez-Perez
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Garcia-Garrote
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jannette Rodriguez-Pallares
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L Labandeira-Garcia
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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47
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Sison SL, Vermilyea SC, Emborg ME, Ebert AD. Using Patient-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Identify Parkinson's Disease-Relevant Phenotypes. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2018; 18:84. [PMID: 30284665 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-018-0893-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder affecting older individuals. The specific cause underlying dopaminergic (DA) neuron loss in the substantia nigra, a pathological hallmark of PD, remains elusive. Here, we highlight peer-reviewed reports using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to model PD in vitro and discuss the potential disease-relevant phenotypes that may lead to a better understanding of PD etiology. Benefits of iPSCs are that they retain the genetic background of the donor individual and can be differentiated into specialized neurons to facilitate disease modeling. RECENT FINDINGS Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, ER stress, and alpha-synuclein accumulation are common phenotypes observed in PD iPSC-derived neurons. New culturing technologies, such as directed reprogramming and midbrain organoids, offer innovative ways of investigating intraneuronal mechanisms of PD pathology. PD patient-derived iPSCs are an evolving resource to understand PD pathology and identify therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Sison
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, BSB 409, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - S C Vermilyea
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Preclinical Parkinson's Research Program, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - M E Emborg
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Preclinical Parkinson's Research Program, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - A D Ebert
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, BSB 409, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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48
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Son HJ, Han SH, Lee JA, Shin EJ, Hwang O. Potential repositioning of exemestane as a neuroprotective agent for Parkinson's disease. Free Radic Res 2018; 51:633-645. [PMID: 28770670 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1353688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterised by selective degeneration of the nigral dopaminergic neurons, and neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are believed to be involved in its pathogenesis. In the present study, we provide data that the synthetic steroid exemestane, which is currently being used to treat breast cancer, may be useful for PD therapy. In BV-2 microglial cells, exemestane activated the transcription factor Nrf2 and induced expression of the Nrf2-dependent genes that encode the antioxidant enzymes NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1, haem oxygenase-1, and glutamylcysteine ligase. It also downregulated gene expression of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase, lowered the levels of NO and reactive oxygen species, interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α in lipopolysaccharide-activated microglial cells. In CATH.a dopaminergic neuronal cells, exemestane also induced the same set of Nrf2-dependent antioxidant enzyme genes and provided neuroprotection against oxidative damage. In vivo, the drug protected the nigral dopaminergic neurons, decreased microglial activation, and prevented motor deficits in C57Bl/6 male mice that had been administered with the dopaminergic neurotoxin MPTP. Taken together, the results suggested a utility of repositioning exemestane towards disease-modifying therapy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jin Son
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Se Hee Han
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Ji Ae Lee
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Eun Jung Shin
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Onyou Hwang
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul , South Korea
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49
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Cuadrado A, Manda G, Hassan A, Alcaraz MJ, Barbas C, Daiber A, Ghezzi P, León R, López MG, Oliva B, Pajares M, Rojo AI, Robledinos-Antón N, Valverde AM, Guney E, Schmidt HHHW. Transcription Factor NRF2 as a Therapeutic Target for Chronic Diseases: A Systems Medicine Approach. Pharmacol Rev 2018; 70:348-383. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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50
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Rizzi N, Brunialti E, Cerri S, Cermisoni G, Levandis G, Cesari N, Maggi A, Blandini F, Ciana P. In vivo imaging of early signs of dopaminergic neuronal death in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 114:74-84. [PMID: 29486298 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Parkinson's disease (PD) evolves over an extended period of time with the onset occurring long before clinical signs begin to manifest. Characterization of the molecular events underlying the PD onset is instrumental for the development of diagnostic markers and preventive treatments, progress in this field is hindered by technical limitations. We applied an imaging approach to demonstrate the activation of Nrf2 transcription factor as a hallmark of neurodegeneration in neurotoxin-driven models of PD. In dopaminergic SK-N-BE neuroblastoma cells, Nrf2 activation was detected in cells committed to die as proven by time lapse microscopy; in the substantia nigra pars compacta area of the mouse brain, the Nrf2 activation preceded dopaminergic neurodegeneration as demonstrated by in vivo and ex vivo optical imaging, a finding confirmed by co-localization experiments carried out by immunohistochemistry. Collectively, our results identify the Nrf2 signaling as an early marker of neurodegeneration, anticipating dopaminergic neurodegeneration and motor deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Rizzi
- Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Electra Brunialti
- Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Cerri
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Greta Cermisoni
- Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Levandis
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Cesari
- Centro Clinico-Veterinario e Zootecnico-Sperimentale d'Ateneo, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Adriana Maggi
- Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Blandini
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Ciana
- Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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