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Salamon A, Baranya E, Zsiros LR, Miklósi Á, Csepregi M, Kubinyi E, Andics A, Gácsi M. Success in the Natural Detection Task is influenced by only a few factors generally believed to affect dogs' olfactory performance. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12351. [PMID: 38811746 PMCID: PMC11137087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62957-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Research into dogs' olfactory ability is growing rapidly. However, generalising based on scientific results is challenging, because research has been typically conducted on a few specially trained subjects of a few breeds tested in different environmental conditions. We investigated the effects of temperature and humidity (outdoors), age, test location, sex, neutering status, and repeated testing (outdoors and indoors) on the olfactory performance of untrained family dogs (N = 411) of various breeds. We employed the Natural Detection Task with three difficulty levels, from which we derived two performance metrics: Top Level and Success Score. Temperature (0-25 °C) and humidity (18-90%) did not affect olfactory performance. Young adult dogs surpassed other age groups in reaching the Top Level. Sex and neutering status showed no discernible influence on Top Level and Success Score. Dogs performed better in both metrics when tested indoors compared to outdoors. In the test-retest procedure no significant learning effect was observed. We confirmed on untrained companion dogs that olfactory performance declines with age and rejected some factors that have been previously hypothesised to significantly affect dogs' olfactory success. The influence of the testing environment was notable, emphasising the need to consider various factors in understanding dogs' olfactory capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Salamon
- HUN-REN-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.
- ELTE NAP Canine Brain Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Ethology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
- Hungarian Ethology Foundation, Göd, Hungary.
| | - Eszter Baranya
- ELTE NAP Canine Brain Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Ethology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Róbert Zsiros
- ELTE NAP Canine Brain Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Ethology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Miklósi
- HUN-REN-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Ethology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Melitta Csepregi
- HUN-REN-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Ethology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikő Kubinyi
- ELTE NAP Canine Brain Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Ethology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Lendület "Momentum" Companion Animal Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Andics
- ELTE NAP Canine Brain Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Neuroethology of Communication Lab, Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márta Gácsi
- HUN-REN-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- ELTE NAP Canine Brain Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Ethology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Hungarian Ethology Foundation, Göd, Hungary
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2
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Noche JA, Radhakrishnan H, Ubele MF, Boaz K, Mefford JL, Jones ED, van Rooyen HY, Perpich JA, McCarty K, Meacham B, Smiley J, Bembenek Bailey SA, Puskás LG, Powell DK, Sordo L, Phelan MJ, Norris CM, Head E, Stark CEL. Age-Related Brain Atrophy and the Positive Effects of Behavioral Enrichment in Middle-Aged Beagles. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e2366232024. [PMID: 38561226 PMCID: PMC11097262 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2366-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging dogs serve as a valuable preclinical model for Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to their natural age-related development of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques, human-like metabolism, and large brains that are ideal for studying structural brain aging trajectories from serial neuroimaging. Here we examined the effects of chronic treatment with the calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) tacrolimus or the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-inhibiting compound Q134R on age-related canine brain atrophy from a longitudinal study in middle-aged beagles (36 females, 7 males) undergoing behavioral enrichment. Annual MRI was analyzed using modern, automated techniques for region-of-interest-based and voxel-based volumetric assessments. We found that the frontal lobe showed accelerated atrophy with age, while the caudate nucleus remained relatively stable. Remarkably, the hippocampus increased in volume in all dogs. None of these changes were influenced by tacrolimus or Q134R treatment. Our results suggest that behavioral enrichment can prevent atrophy and increase the volume of the hippocampus but does not prevent aging-associated prefrontal cortex atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamsanandini Radhakrishnan
- University of California, Irvine, California 92697
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | | | - Kathy Boaz
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | | | - Erin D Jones
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lorena Sordo
- University of California, Irvine, California 92697
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3
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Nour Eddin J, Dorez H, Curcio V. Automatic brain extraction and brain tissues segmentation on multi-contrast animal MRI. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6416. [PMID: 37076580 PMCID: PMC10115851 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
For many neuroscience applications, brain extraction in MRI images is the first pre-processing step of a quantification pipeline. Once the brain is extracted, further post-processing calculations become faster, more specific and easier to implement and interpret. It is the case, for example, of functional MRI brain studies, or relaxation time mappings and brain tissues classifications to characterise brain pathologies. Existing brain extraction tools are mostly adapted to work on the human anatomy, this gives poor results when applied to animal brain images. We have developed an atlas-based Veterinary Images Brain Extraction (VIBE) algorithm that encompasses a pre-processing step to adapt the atlas to the patient's image, and a subsequent registration step. We show that the brain extraction is achieved with excellent results in terms of Dice and Jaccard metrics. The algorithm is automatic, with no need to adapt the parameters in a broad range of situations: we successfully tested multiple MRI contrasts (T1-weighted, T2-weighted, T2-weighted FLAIR), all the acquisition planes (sagittal, dorsal, transverse), different animal species (dogs and cats) and canine cranial conformations (brachycephalic, mesocephalic, dolichocephalic). VIBE can be successfully extended to other animal species, provided that an atlas for that specific species exists. We show also how brain extraction, as a preliminary step, can help to segment brain tissues with a K-Means clustering algorithm.
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4
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Hamamoto Y, Yu Y, Asada R, Mizuno S, Hasegawa D. Age-related brain atrophy in cats without apparent neurological and behavioral signs using voxel-based morphometry. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1071002. [PMID: 36504872 PMCID: PMC9729775 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1071002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brain atrophy is observed with aging and may cause cognitive decline or dysfunction. Aging cats may demonstrate behavioral changes related to cognitive dysfunction. In the clinical veterinary field, although the conventional region of interest method by manual or semiauto tracing on magnetic resonance imaging is used to detect atrophy of regional structures, such as the hippocampus, it is difficult to assess atrophy globally. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) has been developed to detect global and regional abnormalities in humans. The purpose of the present study investigates whether the feline brain volume decreases with aging using VBM analysis. Materials A total of 65 cats, aged 17-200 months, without apparent neurological and behavioral signs were included in the statistical analysis. Results We observed that the gray matter in the bilateral parietal lobes was decreased significantly with aging. The regions that showed decreased volume included the right postcruciate, cingulate gyrus, rostral suprasylvian/ectosylvian gyri, and the left postcruciate gyrus. No significant reduction in white matter was observed. Together, our results show that age-related brain atrophy can be detected using VBM analysis. Discussion The age-related atrophy of the parietal cortex may not cause neurological and behavioral signs in cats. Therefore, veterinarians should consider age when assessing the relation between morphometric and functional abnormalities of the parietal cortex in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Hamamoto
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan,Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan,The Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan,*Correspondence: Yuji Hamamoto
| | - Yoshihiko Yu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Rikako Asada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mizuno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan,The Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
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5
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Burbaitė E, Gradeckienė A, Juodžentė D, Jankauskas M. MRI abnormalities in a severe cognitive impairment mimicking a forebrain lesion in a geriatric dog. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2022; 44:e001022. [PMID: 35775863 PMCID: PMC9239522 DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm001022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine Cognitive Dysfunction is a neurological condition, that causes dogs to experience a wide variety of clinical signs. On rare occasions the symptoms may be unusual and severe, therefore they reminiscent of another disease. In this case report a 16 year and 8-month-old intact female poodle presented with circling, head pressing, and generalized ataxia. Prior clinical and neurologic examinations indicated the neurolocalisation to be forebrain. Morphometric brain parameters in MRI indicated otherwise. Quantitative MRI parameters such as the ventricle-brain index, interthalamic adhesion thickness, area, and the ratio of the interthalamic adhesion thickness to brain height may aid in the diagnosis of CCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Burbaitė
- Faculty of VeterinaryVeterinary AcademyLithuanian University of Health SciencesKaunasLithuaniaVeterinarian, Kriaučeliūnas Small Animal Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Correspondence
Evelina Burbaitė
Dr. L. Kriaučeliūnas Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences – LUHS
Tilžės g. 18, LT- 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
E-mail:
| | - Aistė Gradeckienė
- Faculty of VeterinaryVeterinary AcademyLithuanian University of Health SciencesKaunasLithuaniaVeterinarian, Kriaučeliūnas Small Animal Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dalia Juodžentė
- Faculty of VeterinaryVeterinary AcademyLithuanian University of Health SciencesKaunasLithuaniaVeterinarian, Kriaučeliūnas Small Animal Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Martinas Jankauskas
- Faculty of VeterinaryVeterinary AcademyLithuanian University of Health SciencesKaunasLithuaniaVeterinarian, Kriaučeliūnas Small Animal Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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6
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Radhakrishnan H, Ubele MF, Krumholz SM, Boaz K, Mefford JL, Jones ED, Meacham B, Smiley J, Puskás LG, Powell DK, Norris CM, Stark CEL, Head E. Tacrolimus Protects against Age-Associated Microstructural Changes in the Beagle Brain. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5124-5133. [PMID: 33952632 PMCID: PMC8197636 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0361-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of calcineurin leads to astrocyte hyperactivation, neuronal death, and inflammation, which are characteristics often associated with pathologic aging and Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that tacrolimus, a calcineurin inhibitor, prevents age-associated microstructural atrophy, which we measured using higher-order diffusion MRI, in the middle-aged beagle brain (n = 30, male and female). We find that tacrolimus reduces hippocampal (p = 0.001) and parahippocampal (p = 0.002) neurite density index, as well as protects against an age-associated increase in the parahippocampal (p = 0.007) orientation dispersion index. Tacrolimus also protects against an age-related decrease in fractional anisotropy in the prefrontal cortex (p < 0.0001). We also show that these microstructural alterations precede cognitive decline and gross atrophy. These results support the idea that calcineurin inhibitors may have the potential to prevent aging-related pathology if administered at middle age.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Hyperactive calcineurin signaling causes neuroinflammation and other neurobiological changes often associated with pathologic aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Controlling the expression of calcineurin before gross cognitive deficits are observable might serve as a promising avenue for preventing AD pathology. In this study, we show that the administration of the calcineurin inhibitor, tacrolimus, over 1 year prevents age- and AD-associated microstructural changes in the hippocampus, parahippocampal cortex, and prefrontal cortex of the middle-aged beagle brain, with no noticeable adverse effects. Tacrolimus is already approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in humans to prevent solid organ transplant rejection, and our results bolster the promise of this drug to prevent AD and aging-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamsanandini Radhakrishnan
- Mathematical, Computational and Systems Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Margo F Ubele
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | - Stephanie M Krumholz
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | - Kathy Boaz
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | - Jennifer L Mefford
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | - Erin Denhart Jones
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | - Beverly Meacham
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | - Jeffrey Smiley
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | | | - David K Powell
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | - Christopher M Norris
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | - Craig E L Stark
- Mathematical, Computational and Systems Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
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7
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Barry EF, Loftus JP, Luh WM, de Leon MJ, Niogi SN, Johnson PJ. Diffusion tensor-based analysis of white matter in the healthy aging canine brain. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 105:129-136. [PMID: 34062488 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
White matter dysfunction and degeneration have been a topic of great interest in healthy and pathological aging. While ex vivo studies have investigated age-related changes in canines, little in vivo canine aging research exists. Quantitative diffusion MRI such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has demonstrated aging and neurodegenerative white matter changes in humans. However, this method has not been applied and adapted in vivo to canine populations. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that white matter diffusion changes frequently reported in human aging are also found in aged canines. The study used Tract Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) and a region of interest (ROI) approach to investigate age related changes in fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AxD) and radial diffusivity (RD). The results show that, compared to younger animals, aged canines have significant decreases in FA in parietal and temporal regions as well as the corpus callosum and fornix. Additionally, AxD decreases were observed in parietal, frontal, and midbrain regions. Similarly, an age- related increase in RD was observed in the right parietal lobe while MD decreases were found in the midbrain. These findings suggest that canine samples show commonalities with human brain aging as both exhibit similar white matter diffusion tensor changes with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica F Barry
- Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - John P Loftus
- Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Wen-Ming Luh
- National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mony J de Leon
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Sumit N Niogi
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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8
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Liu X, Tian R, Zuo Z, Zhao H, Wu L, Zhuo Y, Zhang YQ, Chen L. A high-resolution MRI brain template for adult Beagle. Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 68:148-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Network analysis of canine brain morphometry links tumour risk to oestrogen deficiency and accelerated brain ageing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12506. [PMID: 31467332 PMCID: PMC6715702 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural ‘brain age’ is a valuable but complex biomarker for several brain disorders. The dog is an unrivalled comparator for neurological disease modeling, however canine brain morphometric diversity creates computational and statistical challenges. Using a data-driven approach, we explored complex interactions between patient metadata, brain morphometry, and neurological disease. Twenty-four morphometric parameters measured from 286 canine brain magnetic resonance imaging scans were combined with clinical parameters to generate 9,438 data points. Network analysis was used to cluster patients according to their brain morphometry profiles. An ‘aged-brain’ profile, defined by a small brain width and volume combined with ventriculomegaly, was revealed in the Boxer breed. Key features of this profile were paralleled in neutered female dogs which, relative to un-neutered females, had an 11-fold greater risk of developing brain tumours. Boxer dog and geriatric dog groups were both enriched for brain tumour diagnoses, despite a lack of geriatric Boxers within the cohort. Our findings suggest that advanced brain ageing enhances brain tumour risk in dogs and may be influenced by oestrogen deficiency—a risk factor for dementia and brain tumours in humans. Morphometric features of brain ageing in dogs, like humans, might better predict neurological disease risk than patient chronological age.
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10
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Gardini A, Taeymans O, Cherubini GB, de Stefani A, Targett M, Vettorato E. Linear magnetic resonance imaging measurements of the hippocampal formation differ in young versus old dogs. Vet Rec 2019; 185:306. [PMID: 31308154 PMCID: PMC6817983 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Age-related hippocampal formation (HF) atrophy has been documented on MRI studies using volumetric analysis and visual rating scales. This retrospective cross-sectional study aimed to compare linear MRI measurements of the HF between young (1–3 years) and old (>10 years) non-brachycephalic dogs, with normal brain anatomy and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Right and left hippocampal formation height (HFH), height of the brain (HB) and mean HFH/HB ratio were measured by two observers on a transverse T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence containing rostral colliculi and mesencephalic aqueduct.119 MRI studies were enrolled: 75 young and 44 old dogs. Left and right HFH were greater (p<0.0001) in young, while HB was greater in old dogs (p=0.024). Mean HFH/HB ratio was 15.66 per cent and 18.30 per cent in old and young dogs (p<0.0001). No differences were found comparing measurements between epileptic and non-epileptic dogs. Old dogs have a greater HB; this may represent the different study populations or a statistical phenomenon. Ageing affects HF linear measurements. A reduction of mean HFH/HB ratio between 18.30 per cent and 15.66 per cent should be considered a physiological age-related process of the canine lifespan. The use of mean HFH/HB ratio could be considered for quantifying brain atrophy in elderly dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gardini
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, UK
| | - Olivier Taeymans
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, UK
| | | | - Alberta de Stefani
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Mike Targett
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
| | - Enzo Vettorato
- Department of Anaesthesia and Analgesia, Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, UK
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11
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Pero ME, Cortese L, Mastellone V, Tudisco R, Musco N, Scandurra A, D'Aniello B, Vassalotti G, Bartolini F, Lombardi P. Effects of a Nutritional Supplement on Cognitive Function in Aged Dogs and on Synaptic Function of Primary Cultured Neurons. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9070393. [PMID: 31252640 PMCID: PMC6680659 DOI: 10.3390/ani9070393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We tested the effects of a nutraceutical product, DiSeniorTM, by spatial navigation test and by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results showed that DiSeniorTM was safe and able to ameliorate cognitive functions in aged dogs, as demonstrated by the better performances in the treated with respect the untreated groups. The increase of cFOS, a functional marker of activity in cultured neurons, indicated a positive effect of the substance on neuronal functions. The study suggests that DiSeniorTM can improve the quality of life of elderly dogs and may slow the onset of cognitive dysfunction symptoms associated with aging. Abstract The objective of this research was to investigate the efficacy of DìSeniorTM, a nutraceutical formulated to improve cognitive functions in elderly dogs. To this purpose, some clinical and metabolic investigations and a spatial navigation test were performed in treated and untreated dogs. Moreover, the nutraceutical was also tested on primary hippocampal neuron cultures. Results showed no adverse effects on the dogs’ health and a positive effect on learning. In vitro effects on neuron cultures showed an increase in the level of cFOS in treated neurons compared with the vehicle, suggesting that DiSeniorTM has also a positive effect on neuronal functions. Overall, this study suggests that DiSeniorTM can exert a beneficial effect on aged dogs by preventing the negative effects of aging on cognition. Further studies are needed to assess the mechanisms by which it acts on neurons and the specific effect of the different components alone or combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Pero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Laura Cortese
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mastellone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Tudisco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Nadia Musco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Scandurra
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Biagio D'Aniello
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vassalotti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Bartolini
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Pietro Lombardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
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12
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Czeibert K, Andics A, Petneházy Ö, Kubinyi E. A detailed canine brain label map for neuroimaging analysis. Biol Futur 2019; 70:112-120. [DOI: 10.1556/019.70.2019.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kálmán Czeibert
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Andics
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE ‘Lendület’ Neuroethology of Communication Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences – Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Örs Petneházy
- Medicopus Nonprofit Ltd., ‘Kaposi Mór’ Teaching Hospital, Somogy County, Kaposvár, Hungary
- Justanatomy Ltd., Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Enikő Kubinyi
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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13
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Cortical motor threshold determination in dogs. Res Vet Sci 2019; 124:248-255. [PMID: 30953941 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In humans, determining the cortical motor threshold (CMT) is a critical step in successfully applying a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treatment. Stimulus intensity, safety and efficacy of a TMS treatment are dependent of the correct assessment of the CMT. Given that TMS in dogs could serve as a natural animal model, an accurate and reliable technique for the measurement of the CMT should be available for dogs. Using a visual descending staircase paradigm (Rossini paradigm), the CMT repeatability was assessed and compared to the electromyographic (EMG) variant. The influence of a HF-rTMS treatment on the CMT was examined. Subsequently, the CMT was measured under sedation and general anaesthesia. Finally, the coil-cortex distance was associated with the CMT, weight, age and gender. During one year the CMT was measured three times, during which it remained constant, although a higher CMT was measured (40% higher machine output) when using EMG (P-value < .001) and under general anaesthesia (P-value = .005). On average, a 40% and 12% higher machine output were registered. An aHF-rTMS protocol does not influence the CMT. Males have on average a 5.2 mm larger coil cortex distance and an 11.81% higher CMT. The CMT was positively linearly associated (P-value < .05) with the weight and age of the animals. Only within female subjects, a positive linear association was found between the CMT and the coil-cortex distance (P-value = .02). Using the visual Rossini paradigm, the CMT can be reliably used over time and during a TMS treatment. It has to be kept in mind that when using EMG or assessing the CMT under general anaesthesia, a higher CMT is to be expected. As in humans, every parameter that influences the coil-cortex distance may also influence the CMT.
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Hamamoto Y, Hasegawa D, Yu Y, Asada R, Mizoguchi S, Kuwabara T, Wada M, Fujiwara-Igarashi A, Fujita M. Statistical Structural Analysis of Familial Spontaneous Epileptic Cats Using Voxel-Based Morphometry. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:172. [PMID: 30087902 PMCID: PMC6066542 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) based on high resolution three-dimensional data of magnetic resonance imaging has been developed as a statistical morphometric imaging analysis method to locate brain abnormalities in humans. Recently, VBM has been used for human patients with psychological or neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy. Traditional volumetry using region of interest (ROI) is performed manually and the observer needs detailed knowledge of the neuroanatomy having to trace objects of interest on many slices which can cause artificial errors. In contrast, VBM is an automatic technique that has less observer biases compared to the ROI method. In humans, VBM analysis is performed in patients with epilepsy to detect accurately structural abnormalities. Familial spontaneous epileptic cats (FSECs) have been developed as an animal model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. In FSECs, hippocampal asymmetry had been detected using three-dimensional magnetic resonance (MR) volumetry based on the ROI method. In this study, we produced a standard template of the feline brain and compared FSECs and healthy cats using standard VBM analysis. The feline standard template and tissue probability maps were created using 38 scans from 14 healthy cats. Subsequently, the gray matter was compared between FSECs (n = 25) and healthy controls (n = 12) as group analysis and between each FSEC and controls as individual analysis. The feline standard template and tissue probability maps could be created using the VBM tools for humans. There was no significant reduction of GM in the FSEC group compared to the control group. However, 5/25 (20%) FSECs showed significant decreases in the hippocampal and/or amygdaloid regions in individual analysis. Here, we established the feline standard templates of the brain that can be used to determine accurately abnormal zones. Furthermore, like MR volumetry, VBM identified morphometric changes in the hippocampus and/or amygdala in some FSECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Hamamoto
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hasegawa
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Yu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Rikako Asada
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Shunta Mizoguchi
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kuwabara
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Masae Wada
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Aki Fujiwara-Igarashi
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Michio Fujita
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
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15
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Frank L, Lüpke M, Kostic D, Löscher W, Tipold A. Grey matter volume in healthy and epileptic beagles using voxel-based morphometry - a pilot study. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:50. [PMID: 29463250 PMCID: PMC5819682 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1373-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most common chronic neurological disorders in dogs is idiopathic epilepsy (IE) diagnosed as epilepsy without structural changes in the brain. In the current study the hypothesis should be proven that subtle grey matter changes occur in epileptic dogs. Therefore, magnetic resonance (MR) images of one dog breed (Beagles) were used to obtain an approximately uniform brain shape. Local differences in grey matter volume (GMV) were compared between 5 healthy Beagles and 10 Beagles with spontaneously recurrent seizures (5 dogs with IE and 5 dogs with structural epilepsy (SE)), using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). T1W images of all dogs were prepared using Amira 6.3.0 for brain extraction, FSL 4.1.8 for registration and SPM12 for realignment. After creation of tissue probability maps of cerebrospinal fluid, grey and white matter from control images to segment all extracted brains, GM templates for each group were constructed to normalize brain images for parametric statistical analysis, which was achieved using SPM12. RESULTS Epileptic Beagles (IE and SE Beagles) displayed statistically significant reduced GMV in olfactory bulb, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus and cortex, especially in temporal and occipital lobes. Beagles with IE showed statistically significant decreased GMV in olfactory bulb, cortex of parietal and temporal lobe, hippocampus and cingulate gyrus, Beagles with SE mild statistically significant GMV reduction in temporal lobe (p < 0.05; family- wise error correction). CONCLUSION These results suggest that, as reported in epileptic humans, focal reduction in GMV also occurs in epileptic dogs. Furthermore, the current study shows that VBM analysis represents an excellent method to detect GMV differences of the brain between a healthy dog group and dogs with epileptic syndrome, when MR images of one breed are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Frank
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Matthias Lüpke
- Department of General Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Draginja Kostic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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16
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Nitzsche B, Boltze J, Ludewig E, Flegel T, Schmidt MJ, Seeger J, Barthel H, Brooks OW, Gounis MJ, Stoffel MH, Schulze S. A stereotaxic breed-averaged, symmetric T2w canine brain atlas including detailed morphological and volumetrical data sets. Neuroimage 2018; 187:93-103. [PMID: 29407456 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereotaxic systems and automatic tissue segmentation routines enable neuronavigation as well as reproducible processing of neuroimage datasets. Such systems have been developed for humans, non-human-primates, sheep, and rodents, but not for dogs. Although dogs share important neurofunctional and -anatomical features with humans, and in spite of their importance in translational neuroscience, little is known about the variability of the canine brain morphology and, possibly related, function. Moreover, we lack templates, tissue probability maps (TPM), and stereotaxic brain labels for implementation in standard software utilities such as Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM). Hence, objective and reproducible, image-based investigations are currently impeded in dogs. We have created a detailed stereotaxic reference frame for dogs including TPM and tissue labels, enabling inter-individual and cross-study neuroimage analysis. T2w datasets were acquired from 16 neurologically inconspicuous dogs of different breeds by 3T MRI. The datasets were averaged after initial preprocessing using linear and nonlinear registration algorithms as implemented in SPM8. TPM for gray (GM) and white matter (WM) as well as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were created. Different cortical, subcortical, medullary, and CSF regions were manually labeled to create a spatial binary atlas being aligned with the template. A proof-of-concept for automatic determination of morphological and volumetrical characteristics was performed using additional canine datasets (n = 64) including a subgroup of laboratory beagles (n = 24). Overall, 21 brain regions were labeled using the segmented tissue classes of the brain template. The proof-of-concept trial revealed excellent suitability of the created tools for image processing and subsequent analysis. There was high intra-breed variability in frontal lobe and hippocampus volumes, and noticeable inter-breed corpus callosum volume variation. The T2w brain template provides important, breed-averaged canine brain anatomy features in a spatial standard coordinate system. TPM allows automatic tissue segmentation using SPM and enables unbiased automatic image processing or morphological characterization in different canine breeds. The reported volumetric and morphometric results may serve as a starting point for further research aimed at in vivo analysis of canine brain anatomy and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Nitzsche
- Department for Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Johannes Boltze
- Department of Translational Medicine and Cell Technology, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Cell Technology, Institute of Medical and Marine Biotechnology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Eberhard Ludewig
- Clinic Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Flegel
- Department of Small Animals Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin J Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals - Neurosurgery, Neuroradiology and Clinical Neurology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Johannes Seeger
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henryk Barthel
- Department for Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Olivia W Brooks
- Department of Radiology, New England Center for Stroke Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Matthew J Gounis
- Department of Radiology, New England Center for Stroke Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Michael H Stoffel
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Schulze
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals - Neurosurgery, Neuroradiology and Clinical Neurology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
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17
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Schütt T, Helboe L, Pedersen LØ, Waldemar G, Berendt M, Pedersen JT. Dogs with Cognitive Dysfunction as a Spontaneous Model for Early Alzheimer's Disease: A Translational Study of Neuropathological and Inflammatory Markers. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 52:433-49. [PMID: 27003213 DOI: 10.3233/jad-151085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Aged companion dogs with canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) spontaneously develop varying degrees of progressive cognitive decline and particular neuropathological features correspondent to the changes associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in humans. The aim of the present study was to characterize certain aspects of neuropathology and inflammatory markers related to aging and CCD in dogs in comparison with human AD. Fifteen brains from aged dogs with normal cognitive function, mild cognitive impairment, or CCD were investigated and compared with two control brains from young dogs and brain sections from human AD subjects. The neuropathological investigations included evaluation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque deposition (N-terminally truncated and pyroglutamyl-modified Aβ included), tau pathology, and inflammatory markers in prefrontal cortex. Cortical Aβ deposition was found to be only of the diffuse subtype as no dense-core or neuritic plaques were found. The Aβ deposition followed a progressive pattern in four maturation stages. Accumulation of the Aβ peptide was also observed in the vessel walls. Both immunohistochemically and biochemically measured levels of Aβ pathology in prefrontal cortex showed a consistent positive correlation to age but not to cognitive deficit severity. No evidence of neurofibrillary tau pathology was found. The level of pro-inflammatory cytokines was generally low and showed no significant association to cognitive status. The findings of the present study support the senescent dog with spontaneous cognitive dysfunction as a valuable non-transgenic model for further investigations of the molecular events involved in the neurodegenerative processes associated with aging and early stage AD, especially the Aβ-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Schütt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neurodegeneration, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark
| | - Lone Helboe
- Department of Neurodegeneration, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark
| | | | - Gunhild Waldemar
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Berendt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Hainsworth AH, Allan SM, Boltze J, Cunningham C, Farris C, Head E, Ihara M, Isaacs JD, Kalaria RN, Lesnik Oberstein SAMJ, Moss MB, Nitzsche B, Rosenberg GA, Rutten JW, Salkovic-Petrisic M, Troen AM. Translational models for vascular cognitive impairment: a review including larger species. BMC Med 2017; 15:16. [PMID: 28118831 PMCID: PMC5264492 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-017-0793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disease models are useful for prospective studies of pathology, identification of molecular and cellular mechanisms, pre-clinical testing of interventions, and validation of clinical biomarkers. Here, we review animal models relevant to vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). A synopsis of each model was initially presented by expert practitioners. Synopses were refined by the authors, and subsequently by the scientific committee of a recent conference (International Conference on Vascular Dementia 2015). Only peer-reviewed sources were cited. METHODS We included models that mimic VCI-related brain lesions (white matter hypoperfusion injury, focal ischaemia, cerebral amyloid angiopathy) or reproduce VCI risk factors (old age, hypertension, hyperhomocysteinemia, high-salt/high-fat diet) or reproduce genetic causes of VCI (CADASIL-causing Notch3 mutations). CONCLUSIONS We concluded that (1) translational models may reflect a VCI-relevant pathological process, while not fully replicating a human disease spectrum; (2) rodent models of VCI are limited by paucity of white matter; and (3) further translational models, and improved cognitive testing instruments, are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atticus H Hainsworth
- Clinical Neurosciences (J-0B) Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK. .,Department of Neurology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Johannes Boltze
- Department of Translational Medicine and Cell Technology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Catriona Cunningham
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Chad Farris
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jeremy D Isaacs
- Clinical Neurosciences (J-0B) Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK.,Department of Neurology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Raj N Kalaria
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | | | - Mark B Moss
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Björn Nitzsche
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany.,Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gary A Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Julie W Rutten
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Melita Salkovic-Petrisic
- Department of Pharmacology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Aron M Troen
- Institute of Biochemistry Food and Nutrition Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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19
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Milne ME, Steward C, Firestone SM, Long SN, O'Brien TJ, Moffat BA. Development of representative magnetic resonance imaging-based atlases of the canine brain and evaluation of three methods for atlas-based segmentation. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:395-403. [PMID: 27027839 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.4.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop representative MRI atlases of the canine brain and to evaluate 3 methods of atlas-based segmentation (ABS). ANIMALS 62 dogs without clinical signs of epilepsy and without MRI evidence of structural brain disease. PROCEDURES The MRI scans from 44 dogs were used to develop 4 templates on the basis of brain shape (brachycephalic, mesaticephalic, dolichocephalic, and combined mesaticephalic and dolichocephalic). Atlas labels were generated by segmenting the brain, ventricular system, hippocampal formation, and caudate nuclei. The MRI scans from the remaining 18 dogs were used to evaluate 3 methods of ABS (manual brain extraction and application of a brain shape-specific template [A], automatic brain extraction and application of a brain shape-specific template [B], and manual brain extraction and application of a combined template [C]). The performance of each ABS method was compared by calculation of the Dice and Jaccard coefficients, with manual segmentation used as the gold standard. RESULTS Method A had the highest mean Jaccard coefficient and was the most accurate ABS method assessed. Measures of overlap for ABS methods that used manual brain extraction (A and C) ranged from 0.75 to 0.95 and compared favorably with repeated measures of overlap for manual extraction, which ranged from 0.88 to 0.97. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Atlas-based segmentation was an accurate and repeatable method for segmentation of canine brain structures. It could be performed more rapidly than manual segmentation, which should allow the application of computer-assisted volumetry to large data sets and clinical cases and facilitate neuroimaging research and disease diagnosis.
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20
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Diagnostic techniques to detect the epileptogenic zone: Pathophysiological and presurgical analysis of epilepsy in dogs and cats. Vet J 2016; 215:64-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Neural changes in the primate brain correlated with the evolution of complex motor skills. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31084. [PMID: 27498966 PMCID: PMC4976342 DOI: 10.1038/srep31084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex motor skills of eventual benefit can be learned after considerable trial and error. What do structural brain changes that accompany such effortful long-term learning tell us about the mechanisms for developing innovative behavior? Using MRI, we monitored brain structure before, during and after four marmosets learnt to use a rake, over a long period of 10-13 months. Throughout learning, improvements in dexterity and visuo-motor co-ordination correlated with increased volume in the lateral extrastriate cortex. During late learning, when the most complex behavior was maintained by sustained motivation to acquire the skill, the volume of the nucleus accumbens increased. These findings reflect the motivational state required to learn, and show accelerated function in higher visual cortex that is consistent with neurocognitive divergence across a spectrum of primate species.
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22
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Wang D, Luo Y, Mok VCT, Chu WCW, Shi L. Tractography atlas-based spatial statistics: Statistical analysis of diffusion tensor image along fiber pathways. Neuroimage 2016; 125:301-310. [PMID: 26481677 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Defeng Wang
- Research Center for Medical Image Computing, Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China; CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yishan Luo
- Research Center for Medical Image Computing, Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vincent C T Mok
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China; Chow Yuk Ho Center of Innovative Technology for Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Winnie C W Chu
- Research Center for Medical Image Computing, Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China; CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China; Chow Yuk Ho Center of Innovative Technology for Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
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23
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Nitzsche B, Frey S, Collins LD, Seeger J, Lobsien D, Dreyer A, Kirsten H, Stoffel MH, Fonov VS, Boltze J. A stereotaxic, population-averaged T1w ovine brain atlas including cerebral morphology and tissue volumes. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:69. [PMID: 26089780 PMCID: PMC4455244 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Standard stereotaxic reference systems play a key role in human brain studies. Stereotaxic coordinate systems have also been developed for experimental animals including non-human primates, dogs, and rodents. However, they are lacking for other species being relevant in experimental neuroscience including sheep. Here, we present a spatial, unbiased ovine brain template with tissue probability maps (TPM) that offer a detailed stereotaxic reference frame for anatomical features and localization of brain areas, thereby enabling inter-individual and cross-study comparability. Three-dimensional data sets from healthy adult Merino sheep (Ovis orientalis aries, 12 ewes and 26 neutered rams) were acquired on a 1.5 T Philips MRI using a T1w sequence. Data were averaged by linear and non-linear registration algorithms. Moreover, animals were subjected to detailed brain volume analysis including examinations with respect to body weight (BW), age, and sex. The created T1w brain template provides an appropriate population-averaged ovine brain anatomy in a spatial standard coordinate system. Additionally, TPM for gray (GM) and white (WM) matter as well as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) classification enabled automatic prior-based tissue segmentation using statistical parametric mapping (SPM). Overall, a positive correlation of GM volume and BW explained about 15% of the variance of GM while a positive correlation between WM and age was found. Absolute tissue volume differences were not detected, indeed ewes showed significantly more GM per bodyweight as compared to neutered rams. The created framework including spatial brain template and TPM represent a useful tool for unbiased automatic image preprocessing and morphological characterization in sheep. Therefore, the reported results may serve as a starting point for further experimental and/or translational research aiming at in vivo analysis in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Nitzsche
- Department of Cell Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology Leipzig, Germany ; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephen Frey
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Louis D Collins
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Johannes Seeger
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Donald Lobsien
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Dreyer
- Department of Cell Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology Leipzig, Germany ; Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Kirsten
- Department of Cell Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology Leipzig, Germany ; Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany ; LIFE Center (Leipzig Interdisciplinary Research Cluster of Genetic Factors, Phenotypes and Environment), University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael H Stoffel
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir S Fonov
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Johannes Boltze
- Department of Cell Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology Leipzig, Germany ; Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany ; Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory at Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Charlestown, MA, USA
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24
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Hikishima K, Ando K, Yano R, Kawai K, Komaki Y, Inoue T, Itoh T, Yamada M, Momoshima S, Okano HJ, Okano H. Parkinson Disease: Diffusion MR Imaging to Detect Nigrostriatal Pathway Loss in a Marmoset Model Treated with 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Radiology 2015; 275:430-7. [PMID: 25602507 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.14140601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the use of diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) to detect denervation of the nigrostriatal pathway in a nonhuman primate model of Parkinson disease (PD) after treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was approved by the institutional committee for animal experiments. DTI was performed in marmosets (n = 6) by using a 7-T magnetic resonance (MR) imager before and 10 weeks after administration of MPTP. Fixed brains of a normal marmoset and a marmoset model of PD (n = 1) were analyzed by using microscopic tractography. Tyrosine-hydroxylase staining of dopaminergic neurons and three-dimensional histologic analysis also were performed in normal marmosets (n = 2) and a PD marmoset model (n = 2) to validate the course of the nigrostriatal pathway revealed at tractography. Statistical analysis of voxel-based and post hoc region-of-interest analyses of DTI maps was performed by using a paired t test. RESULTS At voxel-based analysis of DTI before and after treatment, MPTP-treated marmoset brains showed significantly increased axial and radial diffusivity in the bilateral nigrostriatal pathway (P < .05, false discovery rate corrected). The largest area of significantly increased diffusivity was an area of axial diffusivity in the right hemispere (177 mm(3)) that corresponded to the location of dopaminergic neurodegeneration at histologic evaluation. Region-of-interest analysis revealed a 27% increase in axial diffusivity in the right hemisphere (1.198 mm(2)/sec ± 0.111 to 1.522 mm(2)/sec ± 0.118; P = .002). Three-dimensional histologic analysis with tyrosine-hydroxylase staining showed the course of the nigrostriatal pathway and degeneration in the PD marmoset model as the absence of a tyrosine-hydroxylase stained region. Microscopic tractography showed that the connection of the substantia nigra to the striatum followed the same course as the nigrostriatal pathway and fewer fiber tracts in the PD marmoset model. CONCLUSION DTI and microscopic tractography showed the loss of fiber structures of the nigrostriatal pathway in the marmoset model of PD. The results of this study provide a potential basis for the use of DTI in the clinical diagnosis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Hikishima
- From the Departments of Physiology (K.H., R.Y., Y.K., H.O.) and Diagnostic Radiology (S.M.), Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (K.H., K.A., R.Y., K.K., Y.K., T. Inoue, T. Itoh); Faculty of Radiological Technology, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Japan (M.Y.); Division of Regenerative Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.J.O.); and Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan (H.O.)
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Meng Y, Lui S, Qiu C, Qiu L, Lama S, Huang X, Feng Y, Zhu C, Gong Q, Zhang W. Neuroanatomical deficits in drug-naïve adult patients with generalized social anxiety disorder: a voxel-based morphometry study. Psychiatry Res 2013; 214:9-15. [PMID: 23953332 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Little is known, so far, about the cerebral structural deficits in drug-naïve adult social anxiety disorder (SAD) patients. The present study aimed to explore the cerebral anatomic deficits in drug-naïve adult generalized SAD patients using voxel-based morphometric analysis with DARTEL. High-resolution T1-weighted images were acquired from 20 drug-naïve adult SAD patients and 19 age-, sex- and education-matched controls. The volumes of gray matter, white matter, cerebrospinal fluid, and total intracranial volume were compared between groups using two-sample t-tests with age and gender as covariates. Gray matter density (GMD) was compared between groups using voxel-wise two-sample t-test analysis. Correlation analysis was used to identify any associations between regional GMD and clinical symptoms. Compared with healthy controls, SAD patients showed significantly lower GMD in the bilateral thalami, right amygdala, and right precuneus. Furthermore, the GMD in the right amygdala was negatively related to the disease duration, but positively correlated with age of onset. Our findings demonstrated that cerebral anatomic deficits could be found within limbic and thalamic areas in drug-naïve SAD patients, which provides structural information to complement the functional alterations observed in the same regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Meng
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Lane, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
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26
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Head E. A canine model of human aging and Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1384-9. [PMID: 23528711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aged dog naturally develops cognitive decline in many different domains (including learning and memory) but also exhibits human-like individual variability in the aging process. The neurobiological basis for cognitive dysfunction may be related to structural changes that reflect neurodegeneration. Molecular cascades that contribute to degeneration in the aging dog brain include the progressive accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) in diffuse plaques and in the cerebral vasculature. In addition, neuronal dysfunction occurs as a consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction and cumulative oxidative damage. In combination, the aged dog captures key features of human aging, making them particularly useful for the development of preventive or therapeutic interventions to improve aged brain function. These interventions can then be translated into human clinical trials. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Animal Models of Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Head
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Datta R, Lee J, Duda J, Avants BB, Vite CH, Tseng B, Gee JC, Aguirre GD, Aguirre GK. A digital atlas of the dog brain. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52140. [PMID: 23284904 PMCID: PMC3527386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a long history and a growing interest in the canine as a subject of study in neuroscience research and in translational neurology. In the last few years, anatomical and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of awake and anesthetized dogs have been reported. Such efforts can be enhanced by a population atlas of canine brain anatomy to implement group analyses. Here we present a canine brain atlas derived as the diffeomorphic average of a population of fifteen mesaticephalic dogs. The atlas includes: 1) A brain template derived from in-vivo, T1-weighted imaging at 1 mm isotropic resolution at 3 Tesla (with and without the soft tissues of the head); 2) A co-registered, high-resolution (0.33 mm isotropic) template created from imaging of ex-vivo brains at 7 Tesla; 3) A surface representation of the gray matter/white matter boundary of the high-resolution atlas (including labeling of gyral and sulcal features). The properties of the atlas are considered in relation to historical nomenclature and the evolutionary taxonomy of the Canini tribe. The atlas is available for download (https://cfn.upenn.edu/aguirre/wiki/public:data_plosone_2012_datta).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritobrato Datta
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jongho Lee
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Duda
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brian B. Avants
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Charles H. Vite
- Section of Neurology, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ben Tseng
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James C. Gee
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gustavo D. Aguirre
- Section of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey K. Aguirre
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Araujo JA, Greig NH, Ingram DK, Sandin J, de Rivera C, Milgram NW. Cholinesterase inhibitors improve both memory and complex learning in aged beagle dogs. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 26:143-55. [PMID: 21593569 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-110005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Similar to patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), dogs exhibit age-dependent cognitive decline, amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology, and evidence of cholinergic hypofunction. The present study sought to further investigate the role of cholinergic hypofunction in the canine model by examining the effect of the cholinesterase inhibitors phenserine and donepezil on performance of two tasks, a delayed non-matching-to-position task (DNMP) designed to assess working memory, and an oddity discrimination learning task designed to assess complex learning, in aged dogs. Phenserine (0.5 mg/kg; PO) significantly improved performance on the DNMP at the longest delay compared to wash-out and partially attenuated scopolamine-induced deficits (15 μg/kg; SC). Phenserine also improved learning on a difficult version of an oddity discrimination task compared to placebo, but had no effect on an easier version. We also examined the effects of three doses of donepezil (0.75, 1.5, and 6 mg/kg; PO) on performance of the DNMP. Similar to the results with phenserine, 1.5 mg/kg of donepezil improved performance at the longest delay compared to baseline and wash-out, indicative of memory enhancement. These results further extend the findings of cholinergic hypofunction in aged dogs and provide pharmacological validation of the canine model with a cholinesterase inhibitor approved for use in AD. Collectively, these studies support utilizing the aged dog in future screening of therapeutics for AD, as well as for investigating the links among cholinergic function, Aβ pathology, and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Araujo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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29
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Chambers JK, Uchida K, Nakayama H. White matter myelin loss in the brains of aged dogs. Exp Gerontol 2011; 47:263-9. [PMID: 22239863 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The significance of cerebral white matter (WM) demyelination in the cognitive decline of elderly humans is disputed. Cognitive decline also occurs in aged dogs, although the age-related changes that occur in the canine cerebral WM are yet to be studied, particularly with regard to their relevance to the WM alterations of elderly humans. The present study revealed age-dependent myelin loss in the frontal lobe WM of canine brains. The accumulation of ceroid-lipofuscin-laden phagocytes was observed in the perivascular spaces of the WM and was correlated with the decrease in myelination. Also, myelin basic protein was detected in some of the vacuoles of these phagocytes. In the WM, beta-amyloid (Aβ) was deposited focally in capillary walls, and colocalized with apolipoprotein E (Apo E). Note that the dog is homozygous for Apo E4, which genotype is related to capillary CAA in humans. These findings indicate that WM demyelination occurs in aged dogs as well as in aged humans, hence WM alterations may account for age-related behavioral changes of the dog. In conclusion, dogs are useful for chronological studies of age-related WM changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Kenn Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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30
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Salvin HE, McGreevy PD, Sachdev PS, Valenzuela MJ. The canine sand maze: an appetitive spatial memory paradigm sensitive to age-related change in dogs. J Exp Anal Behav 2011; 95:109-18. [PMID: 21541168 DOI: 10.1901/jeab.2011.95-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aged dogs exhibit a spectrum of cognitive abilities including a syndrome similar to Alzheimer's disease. A major impediment to research so far has been the lack of a quick and accurate test of visuospatial memory appropriate for community-based animals. We therefore report on the development and validation of the Canine Sand Maze. A 4.5-m-diameter circular pool was filled with a sand and powdered food reward mix to a depth of 10 cm. Dogs were given 4 habituation and 16 learning trials which alternated a food reward being half (control trials) or fully-buried (acquisition trials) in a fixed location. After a 90-min break, a probe trial was conducted. Cognitively normal, aged (> 8 years, n = 11) and young (1-4 years, n = 11), breed-matched dogs were compared. After correction for differences in control trials, average probe times were 2.97 and 10.81 s for young and aged dogs, respectively. In the probe trial, both groups spent significantly more time in the target quadrant but there was a trend for young dogs to cross a 1 m(2) annulus zone around the buried reward more frequently (2.6 times) than aged dogs (1.5 times). Test-retest reliability in a subset of young dogs (n = 5) was high. On the basis of these findings, the Canine Sand Maze is presented as a quick, sensitive and nonaversive tool for assessing spatial learning and reference memory in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Salvin
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Australia.
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31
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Head E. Neurobiology of the aging dog. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 33:485-496. [PMID: 20845082 PMCID: PMC3168593 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-010-9183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Aged canines naturally accumulate several types of neuropathology that may have links to cognitive decline. On a gross level, significant cortical atrophy occurs with age along with an increase in ventricular volume based on magnetic resonance imaging studies. Microscopically, there is evidence of select neuron loss and reduced neurogenesis in the hippocampus of aged dogs, an area critical for intact learning and memory. The cause of neuronal loss and dysfunction may be related to the progressive accumulation of toxic proteins, oxidative damage, cerebrovascular pathology, and changes in gene expression. For example, aged dogs naturally accumulate human-type beta-amyloid peptide, a protein critically involved with the development of Alzheimer's disease in humans. Further, oxidative damage to proteins, DNA/RNA and lipids occurs with age in dogs. Although less well explored in the aged canine brain, neuron loss, and cerebrovascular pathology observed with age are similar to human brain aging and may also be linked to cognitive decline. Interestingly, the prefrontal cortex appears to be particularly vulnerable early in the aging process in dogs and this may be reflected in dysfunction in specific cognitive domains with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Head
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, 800 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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32
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Zhou Y, Lin FC, Du YS, Qin LD, Zhao ZM, Xu JR, Lei H. Gray matter abnormalities in Internet addiction: A voxel-based morphometry study. Eur J Radiol 2011; 79:92-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Balzeau A, Gilissen E. Endocranial shape asymmetries in Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla assessed via skull based landmark analysis. J Hum Evol 2010; 59:54-69. [PMID: 20537369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain shape asymmetries or petalias consist of the extension of one cerebral hemisphere beyond the other. A larger frontal or caudal projection is usually coupled with a larger lateral extent of the more projecting hemisphere relative to the other. The concurrence of these petalial components is characteristic of hominins. Studies aimed at quantifying petalial asymmetries in human and great ape endocasts rely on the definition of the midline of the endocranial surface. Studies of brain material show that, at least in humans, most of the medial surface of the left occipital lobe distorts along the midline and protrudes on to the right side, making it difficult for midline and corresponding left and right reference point identification. In order to accurately quantify and compare brain shape asymmetries in extant hominid species, we propose here a new protocol based on the objective definition of cranial landmarks. We describe and quantify for the first time in three dimensions the positions of frontal and occipital protrusions in large samples of Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla. This study confirms the existence of frontal and occipital petalias in African apes. Moreover, the detailed analysis of the 3D structure of these petalias reveals shared features, as well as features that are unique to the different great ape species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Balzeau
- Equipe de Paléontologie Humaine, CNRS, UMR 7194, Département de Préhistoire du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, France.
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34
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Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral involutional changes in dogs as markers of aging: An innovative tool adapted from a human visual rating scale. Vet J 2010; 186:166-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Rioja E, McDonell WN, Kerr CL, Dobson H, Konyer NB, Poma R, Chalmers HJ, Noseworthy MD. Effects of hypercapnia, hypocapnia, and hyperoxemia on brain morphometrics determined by use of T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:1011-8. [PMID: 20807139 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.9.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of various combinations of PaCO2 and PaO2 values on brain morphometrics. ANIMALS 6 healthy adult dogs. PROCEDURES A modified Latin square design for randomization was used. Dogs were anesthetized with propofol (6 to 8 mg/kg, IV), and anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane (1.7%) and atracurium (0.2 mg/kg, IV, q 30 min). Three targeted values of PaCO2 (20, 40, and 80 mm Hg) and 2 values of PaO2 (100 and 500 mm Hg) were achieved in each dog, yielding 6 combinations during a single magnetic resonance (MR) imaging session. When the endpoints were reached, dogs were given at least 5 minutes for physiologic variables to stabilize before T1-weighted MR images were obtained. Total brain volume (TBV) and lateral ventricular volume (LVV) were calculated from manually drawn contours of areas of interest by use of a software program, with each dog serving as its own control animal. Three blinded investigators subjectively evaluated the lateral ventricular size (LVS) and the cerebral sulci width (CSW). Brain morphometric values were compared among the target blood gas states. RESULTS No significant differences in TBV were found among target states. The LVV was significantly greater during hypocapnia, compared with hypercapnia at the same PaO2 value. With regard to the subjective evaluations, there were no significant differences among evaluators or among combinations of PaO2 and PaCO2 values. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The changes observed in LVV during hypocapnia and hypercapnia may serve as a potential confounding factor when neuromorphometric evaluations are performed in anesthetized dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Rioja
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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36
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McLaren DG, Kosmatka KJ, Kastman EK, Bendlin BB, Johnson SC. Rhesus macaque brain morphometry: a methodological comparison of voxel-wise approaches. Methods 2009; 50:157-65. [PMID: 19883763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 10/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Voxel-based morphometry studies have become increasingly common in human neuroimaging over the past several years; however, few studies have utilized this method to study morphometry changes in non-human primates. Here we describe the application of voxel-wise morphometry methods to the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) using the 112RM-SL template and priors (McLaren et al. (2009) [42]) and as an illustrative example we describe age-associated changes in grey matter morphometry. Specifically, we evaluated the unified segmentation routine implemented using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software and the FMRIB's Automated Segmentation Tool (FAST) in the FMRIB Software Library (FSL); the effect of varying the smoothing kernel; and the effect of the normalization routine. We found that when studying non-human primates, brain images need less smoothing than in human studies, 2-4mm FWHM. Using flow field deformations (DARTEL) improved inter-subject alignment leading to results that were more likely due to morphometry differences as opposed to registration differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald G McLaren
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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37
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Kennedy KM, Erickson KI, Rodrigue KM, Voss MW, Colcombe SJ, Kramer AF, Acker JD, Raz N. Age-related differences in regional brain volumes: a comparison of optimized voxel-based morphometry to manual volumetry. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 30:1657-76. [PMID: 18276037 PMCID: PMC2756236 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Regional manual volumetry is the gold standard of in vivo neuroanatomy, but is labor-intensive, can be imperfectly reliable, and allows for measuring limited number of regions. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) has perfect repeatability and assesses local structure across the whole brain. However, its anatomic validity is unclear, and with its increasing popularity, a systematic comparison of VBM to manual volumetry is necessary. The few existing comparison studies are limited by small samples, qualitative comparisons, and limited selection and modest reliability of manual measures. Our goal was to overcome those limitations by quantitatively comparing optimized VBM findings with highly reliable multiple regional measures in a large sample (N=200) across a wide agespan (18-81). We report a complex pattern of similarities and differences. Peak values of VBM volume estimates (modulated density) produced stronger age differences and a different spatial distribution from manual measures. However, when we aggregated VBM-derived information across voxels contained in specific anatomically defined regions (masks), the patterns of age differences became more similar, although important discrepancies emerged. Notably, VBM revealed stronger age differences in the regions bordering CSF and white matter areas prone to leukoaraiosis, and VBM was more likely to report nonlinearities in age-volume relationships. In the white matter regions, manual measures showed stronger negative associations with age than the corresponding VBM-based masks. We conclude that VBM provides realistic estimates of age differences in the regional gray matter only when applied to anatomically defined regions, but overestimates effects when individual peaks are interpreted. It may be beneficial to use VBM as a first-pass strategy, followed by manual measurement of anatomically defined regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M. Kennedy
- Institute of Gerontology, Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Kirk I. Erickson
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Sciences and Technology and Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
| | - Karen M. Rodrigue
- Institute of Gerontology, Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Michelle W. Voss
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Sciences and Technology and Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
| | - Stan J. Colcombe
- School of Psychology, University of Wales, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur F. Kramer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Sciences and Technology and Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
| | | | - Naftali Raz
- Institute of Gerontology, Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
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Mietchen D, Gaser C. Computational morphometry for detecting changes in brain structure due to development, aging, learning, disease and evolution. Front Neuroinform 2009; 3:25. [PMID: 19707517 PMCID: PMC2729663 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.11.025.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain, like any living tissue, is constantly changing in response to genetic and environmental cues and their interaction, leading to changes in brain function and structure, many of which are now in reach of neuroimaging techniques. Computational morphometry on the basis of Magnetic Resonance (MR) images has become the method of choice for studying macroscopic changes of brain structure across time scales. Thanks to computational advances and sophisticated study designs, both the minimal extent of change necessary for detection and, consequently, the minimal periods over which such changes can be detected have been reduced considerably during the last few years. On the other hand, the growing availability of MR images of more and more diverse brain populations also allows more detailed inferences about brain changes that occur over larger time scales, way beyond the duration of an average research project. On this basis, a whole range of issues concerning the structures and functions of the brain are now becoming addressable, thereby providing ample challenges and opportunities for further contributions from neuroinformatics to our understanding of the brain and how it changes over a lifetime and in the course of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mietchen
- Structural Brain Mapping Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Jena D - 07743 Jena, Germany
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Sawiak SJ, Wood NI, Williams GB, Morton AJ, Carpenter TA. Voxel-based morphometry in the R6/2 transgenic mouse reveals differences between genotypes not seen with manual 2D morphometry. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 33:20-7. [PMID: 18930824 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The R6/2 mouse is the most common mouse model used for Huntington's disease (HD), a fatal, inherited neurodegenerative CAG disorder characterized by marked brain atrophy. We scanned 47 R6/2 transgenic and 42 wildtype (WT) ex vivo mouse brains at 18 weeks of age using high resolution, three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for automated voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis. We found differences between genotypes in specific brain structures. Many of these changes were bilateral and were found in regions known to be involved in the behavioral deficits present in both R6/2 mice and HD patients. In particular, changes were evident in the basal ganglia, hippocampus, cortex and hypothalamus. In the striatum, changes were heterogenous and reminiscent of striosomal distribution. Changes were also seen in the cerebellum, as might be expected in a mouse carrying a repeat length typical of juvenile onset HD. Many of these changes were not detected by manual 2D morphometry from the same MR images. These data indicate that VBM will be a valuable technique for in vivo measurement of developing pathology in HD transgenic mice, and may be particularly useful for correlating histologically undetectable changes with behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Sawiak
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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Fernández-Viadero C, González-Mandly A, Verduga R, Crespo D, Cruz-Orive LM. [Stereology as a tool to estimate brain volume and cortical atrophy in elders with dementia]. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol 2008; 43:32-43. [PMID: 18684385 DOI: 10.1016/s0211-139x(08)71147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION stereology is a body of methods that allow unbiased and efficient estimation of geometric quantities defined in arbitrary physical structures. In particular, stereology is a valuable tool to assist neuroimaging in the estimation of morphometric parameters in the brain. Therefore, stereology may confer objectivity in the complementary and diagnostic evaluation of dementia by adding disease by adding quantitative data to clinical evaluation. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS our purpose was to illustrate estimation of brain volume and pial surface area by means of quantitative, computer-assisted stereological methods. Both parameters were estimated by means of a vertical design with a single series of parallel Cavalieri sections at a random orientation and perpendicular to a fixed horizontal plane. The sections were obtained by magnetic resonance imaging. Suitable test systems (of test points for volume, and of cycloids for surface area) were superimposed on these sections with the aid of special software. RESULTS to explore the statistical error of the volume estimator due to stereological sampling, 5 or 10 systematic sections were used in combination with two test point densities in a ratio of 1:4, so that the workload varied in the proportions 1:2:4:8. The four resulting estimators varied between 986 and 1120 cm(3). The surface area estimators varied between 1947 and 2096 cm(2), with workloads varying in the proportions of 1:2:2.3:4.6. CONCLUSIONS stereology is a simple and efficient tool to obtain objective brain volume and surface area estimators that are unbiased by design and accurate at a modest cost. Thus the corresponding methods can effectively assist in diagnostic and follow-up evaluation of elders with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fernández-Viadero
- Residencia de Mayores de Santander, Consejería de Sanidad, Gobierno de Cantabria, Santander, España.
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McConnell JF. Magnetic resonance imaging ? unravelling the mystery. J Small Anim Pract 2007; 48:421-2. [PMID: 17663662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2007.00456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Siwak-Tapp CT, Head E, Muggenburg BA, Milgram NW, Cotman CW. Region specific neuron loss in the aged canine hippocampus is reduced by enrichment. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 29:39-50. [PMID: 17092609 PMCID: PMC2198929 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuron loss within the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex occurs as a function of age in humans. We first tested the hypothesis that neuron loss occurs in the aged dog. The total unilateral number of neurons in the canine entorhinal cortex and subdivisions of the hippocampus from the left hemisphere were estimated using the optical fractionator. The brains from 5 old (13.0-15.0 years old) and 5 young (3.4-4.5 years old) beagle dogs were analyzed. The hilus of the hippocampus showed a significant loss of neurons (approximately 30%) in the aged dog brain compared to young. Differences were not detected in the remaining hippocampal subfields and entorhinal cortex. We further tested the hypothesis that an antioxidant fortified food or behavioral enrichment would reduce the age-related loss of hilar neurons. Behaviorally enriched aged dogs had more neurons in the hilus (approximately 18%) compared to aged controls. These results suggest that the aged canine hippocampus in the left hemisphere shows selective neuron loss and that behavioral enrichment may reduce this loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina T Siwak-Tapp
- Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, University of California, 1226 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, Irvine, CA 92697-4540, USA.
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Snook L, Plewes C, Beaulieu C. Voxel based versus region of interest analysis in diffusion tensor imaging of neurodevelopment. Neuroimage 2006; 34:243-52. [PMID: 17070704 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Revised: 07/04/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There are two main methods of quantitative analysis in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies: manual region of interest (ROI) and automated voxel based. The purpose of this study is to compare the results of each of these methods applied to the same data set. Linear correlative analysis was performed for mean diffusivity (Trace/3 ADC) and for fractional anisotropy (FA) versus age within 8-12 years (N = 32) and within 21-27 years (N = 28), as well as a group comparison. SPM analysis identified more structures changing with age, partly due to the limited regions measured with ROI analysis. In general, ROI and voxel-based analysis methods produced comparable results for widespread reductions of Trace/3 ADC and increases of FA with age, particularly for group comparison. The discrepancies (i.e., missed regions) were likely related to problems of spatial normalization for SPM analysis, and masking localized changes by averaging all the voxels within a region of interest for ROI analysis. These two analysis methods for DTI offer complementary results, but neither one yields the complete story of neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Snook
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1098 Research Transition Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2V2
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Opii WO, Joshi G, Head E, William Milgram N, Muggenburg BA, Klein JB, Pierce WM, Cotman CW, Allan Butterfield D. Proteomic identification of brain proteins in the canine model of human aging following a long-term treatment with antioxidants and a program of behavioral enrichment: relevance to Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 29:51-70. [PMID: 17055614 PMCID: PMC2203613 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Aging and age-related disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are usually accompanied by oxidative stress as one of the main mechanisms contributing to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Aging canines develop cognitive dysfunction and neuropathology similar to those seen in humans, and the use of antioxidants results in reductions in oxidative damage and in improvement in cognitive function in this canine model of human aging. In the present study, the effect of a long-term treatment with an antioxidant-fortified diet and a program of behavioral enrichment on oxidative damage was studied in aged canines. To identify the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these treatment effects, the parietal cortex from 23 beagle dogs (8.1-12.4 years) were treated for 2.8 years in one of four treatment groups: i.e., control food-control behavioral enrichment (CC); control food-behavioral enrichment (CE); antioxidant food-control behavioral enrichment (CA); enriched environment-antioxidant-fortified food (EA). We analyzed the levels of the oxidative stress biomarkers, i.e., protein carbonyls, 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), and the lipid peroxidation product, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), and observed a decrease in their levels on all treatments when compared to control, with the most significant effects found in the combined treatment, EA. Since EA treatment was most effective, we also carried out a comparative proteomics study to identify specific brain proteins that were differentially expressed and used a parallel redox proteomics approach to identify specific brain proteins that were less oxidized following EA. The specific protein carbonyl levels of glutamate dehydrogenase [NAD (P)], glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), alpha-enolase, neurofilament triplet L protein, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and fascin actin bundling protein were significantly reduced in brain of EA-treated dogs compared to control. We also observed significant increases in expression of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase C, creatine kinase, glutamate dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The increased expression of these proteins and in particular Cu/Zn SOD correlated with improved cognitive function. In addition, there was a significant increase in the enzymatic activities of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and total superoxide dismutase (SOD), and significant increase in the protein levels of heme oxygenase (HO-1) in EA treated dogs compared to control. These findings suggest that the combined treatment reduces the levels of oxidative damage and improves the antioxidant reserve systems in the aging canine brain, and may contribute to improvements in learning and memory. These observations provide insights into a possible neurobiological mechanism underlying the effects of the combined treatment. These results support the combination treatments as a possible therapeutic approach that could be translated to the aging human population who are at risk for age-related neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wycliffe. O. Opii
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40506-0055
| | - Gururaj Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40506-0055
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-4540
| | - N William Milgram
- Division of Life Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, M1C 1A4
| | | | - Jon B. Klein
- Department of Medicine, Kidney Disease Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | | | - Carl. W. Cotman
- Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-4540
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40506-0055
- *Address Correspondence to: Prof. D. Allan Butterfield, Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA, Ph: 859-257-3184; FAX: 859-257-5876; E-Mail:
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