1
|
Meredith WJ, Silvers JA. Experience-dependent neurodevelopment of self-regulation in adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2024; 66:101356. [PMID: 38364507 PMCID: PMC10878838 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of rapid biobehavioral change, characterized in part by increased neural maturation and sensitivity to one's environment. In this review, we aim to demonstrate that self-regulation skills are tuned by adolescents' social, cultural, and socioeconomic contexts. We discuss adjacent literatures that demonstrate the importance of experience-dependent learning for adolescent development: environmental contextual influences and training paradigms that aim to improve regulation skills. We first highlight changes in prominent limbic and cortical regions-like the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex-as well as structural and functional connectivity between these areas that are associated with adolescents' regulation skills. Next, we consider how puberty, the hallmark developmental milestone in adolescence, helps instantiate these biobehavioral adaptations. We then survey the existing literature demonstrating the ways in which cultural, socioeconomic, and interpersonal contexts drive behavioral and neural adaptation for self-regulation. Finally, we highlight promising results from regulation training paradigms that suggest training may be especially efficacious for adolescent samples. In our conclusion, we highlight some exciting frontiers in human self-regulation research as well as recommendations for improving the methodological implementation of developmental neuroimaging studies and training paradigms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley J Meredith
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Jennifer A Silvers
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang R, Wang Z. Aggressive behaviors predict greater intraindividual reaction time variability in children: Evidence from cross-lagged panel models. Aggress Behav 2024; 50:e22110. [PMID: 37624086 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in attentional control or inhibitory control are distinct features of childhood aggressive behaviors. Lower attentional control or inhibitory control is considered to predict more aggressive behaviors, while few studies have documented the possible predictive effects of aggressive behaviors on attentional control or inhibitory control. The present study examined the bidirectional relations between aggressive behaviors and both inhibitory control and attentional control in 169 Chinese primary school children (75 girls, Mage = 7.15, SDage = 0.33), annually for 3 years starting at age 7. The No-go accuracy on a Go/No-go task was used as the index of inhibitory control, and the intraindividual reaction time variability (IIRTV) of correct Go trials indicated attentional control. The aggressive behaviors subscale of the child behavior checklist-Chinese version was used to assess the children's aggressive behaviors. The results demonstrated a significant and stable predictive effect of previous aggressive behaviors on subsequent attentional control, with more aggressive behaviors predicting greater IIRTV at both the between-child and within-child levels. No significant effects of inhibitory control or attentional control on aggressive behaviors or sex-specific patterns were found. The findings suggest the negative impact of childhood aggressive behaviors on attentional control and underscore the importance of early prevention and intervention for childhood aggressive behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runzhu Zhang
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenhong Wang
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McGuire JL, Grinspan JB, Jordan-Sciutto KL. Update on Central Nervous System Effects of HIV in Adolescents and Young Adults. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2023; 20:19-28. [PMID: 36809477 PMCID: PMC10695667 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-023-00651-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW : Behaviorally acquired (non-perinatal) HIV infection during adolescence and young adulthood occurs in the midst of key brain developmental processes such as frontal lobe neuronal pruning and myelination of white matter, but we know little about the effects of new infection and therapy on the developing brain. RECENT FINDINGS Adolescents and young adults account for a disproportionately high fraction of new HIV infections each year. Limited data exist regarding neurocognitive performance in this age group, but suggest impairment is at least as prevalent as in older adults, despite lower viremia, higher CD4 + T cell counts, and shorter durations of infection in adolescents/young adults. Neuroimaging and neuropathologic studies specific to this population are underway. The full impact of HIV on brain growth and development in youth with behaviorally acquired HIV has yet to be determined; it must be investigated further to develop future targeted treatment and mitigation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L McGuire
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Judith B Grinspan
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kelly L Jordan-Sciutto
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Carr SJA, Chen W, Fondran J, Friel H, Sanchez-Gonzalez J, Zhang J, Tatsuoka C. Early Stopping in Experimentation With Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using a Modified Sequential Probability Ratio Test. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:643740. [PMID: 34803577 PMCID: PMC8600259 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.643740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) often involves long scanning durations to ensure the associated brain activity can be detected. However, excessive experimentation can lead to many undesirable effects, such as from learning and/or fatigue effects, discomfort for the subject, excessive motion artifacts and loss of sustained attention on task. Overly long experimentation can thus have a detrimental effect on signal quality and accurate voxel activation detection. Here, we propose dynamic experimentation with real-time fMRI using a novel statistically driven approach that invokes early stopping when sufficient statistical evidence for assessing the task-related activation is observed. Methods: Voxel-level sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) statistics based on general linear models (GLMs) were implemented on fMRI scans of a mathematical 1-back task from 12 healthy teenage subjects and 11 teenage subjects born extremely preterm (EPT). This approach is based on likelihood ratios and allows for systematic early stopping based on target statistical error thresholds. We adopt a two-stage estimation approach that allows for accurate estimates of GLM parameters before stopping is considered. Early stopping performance is reported for different first stage lengths, and activation results are compared with full durations. Finally, group comparisons are conducted with both early stopped and full duration scan data. Numerical parallelization was employed to facilitate completion of computations involving a new scan within every repetition time (TR). Results: Use of SPRT demonstrates the feasibility and efficiency gains of automated early stopping, with comparable activation detection as with full protocols. Dynamic stopping of stimulus administration was achieved in around half of subjects, with typical time savings of up to 33% (4 min on a 12 min scan). A group analysis produced similar patterns of activity for control subjects between early stopping and full duration scans. The EPT group, individually, demonstrated more variability in location and extent of the activations compared to the normal term control group. This was apparent in the EPT group results, reflected by fewer and smaller clusters. Conclusion: A systematic statistical approach for early stopping with real-time fMRI experimentation has been implemented. This dynamic approach has promise for reducing subject burden and fatigue effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. A. Carr
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Weicong Chen
- Department of Computer and Data Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jeremy Fondran
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Harry Friel
- Philips Healthcare, Highland Heights, OH, United States
| | | | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Curtis Tatsuoka
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Longitudinal associations between inhibitory control and externalizing and internalizing symptoms in school-aged children. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 33:843-855. [PMID: 32662373 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420000176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory control (IC) deficits have been associated with psychiatric symptoms in all ages. However, longitudinal studies testing the direction of the associations in childhood are scarce. We used a sample of 2,874 children (7 to 9 years old) to test the following three hypotheses: (a) IC deficits are an underlying risk factor with a potentially causal role for psychopathology, (b) IC deficits are a complication of psychopathology, and (c) IC deficits and psychopathology are associated at the trait level but not necessarily causally related. We used the go/no-go task to assess IC, the parent-rated Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire to evaluate externalizing/internalizing symptoms, and the random intercepts cross-lagged panel model to test the hypotheses. The results showed no support for the underlying risk factor hypothesis, suggesting that IC unlikely has a causal role in this age group's psychopathology. The complication hypothesis received support for externalizing symptoms, suggesting that externalizing symptoms may hamper the normal development of IC. IC deficits and both externalizing and internalizing symptoms were correlated at the trait level, indicating a possible common origin. We suggest that it may be useful to support children with externalizing symptoms to promote and protect their IC development.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ashburn SM, Flowers DL, Napoliello EM, Eden GF. Cerebellar function in children with and without dyslexia during single word processing. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 41:120-138. [PMID: 31597004 PMCID: PMC7267899 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellar deficit hypothesis of dyslexia posits that dysfunction of the cerebellum is the underlying cause for reading difficulties observed in this common learning disability. The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a single word processing task to test for differences in activity and connectivity in children with (n = 23) and without (n = 23) dyslexia. We found cerebellar activity in the control group when word processing was compared to fixation, but not when it was compared to the active baseline task designed to reveal activity specific to reading. In the group with dyslexia there was no cerebellar activity for either contrasts and there were no differences when they were compared to children without dyslexia. Turning to functional connectivity (FC) in the controls, background FC (i.e., not specific to reading) was predominately found between the cerebellum and the occipitaltemporal cortex. In the group with dyslexia, there was background FC between the cerebellum and several cortical regions. When comparing the two groups, they differed in background FC in connections between the seed region right crus I and three left‐hemisphere perisylvian target regions. However, there was no task‐specific FC for word processing in either group and no between‐group differences. Together the results do not support the theory that the cerebellum is affected functionally during reading in children with dyslexia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sikoya M Ashburn
- Center for the Study of Learning, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - D Lynn Flowers
- Center for the Study of Learning, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Eileen M Napoliello
- Center for the Study of Learning, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Guinevere F Eden
- Center for the Study of Learning, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Darcey VL, McQuaid GA, Fishbein DH, VanMeter JW. Dietary Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids Are Related to Impulse Control and Anterior Cingulate Function in Adolescents. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1012. [PMID: 30686978 PMCID: PMC6333752 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulse control, an emergent function modulated by the prefrontal cortex (PFC), helps to dampen risky behaviors during adolescence. Influences on PFC maturation during this period may contribute to variations in impulse control. Availability of omega-3 fatty acids, an essential dietary nutrient integral to neuronal structure and function, may be one such influence. This study examined whether intake of energy-adjusted long-chain omega-3 fatty acids [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] was related to variation in impulse control and PFC activity during performance of an inhibitory task in adolescents (n = 87; 51.7% female, mean age 13.3 ± 1.1 years) enrolled in a longitudinal neuroimaging study. Intake of DHA + EPA was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and adjusted for total energy intake. Inhibitory control was assessed using caregiver rating scale (BRIEF Inhibit subscale) and task performance (false alarm rate) on a Go/No-Go task performed during functional MRI. Reported intake of long-chain omega-3 was positively associated with caregiver ratings of adolescent ability to control impulses (p = 0.017) and there was a trend for an association between intake and task-based impulse control (p = 0.072). Furthermore, a regression of BOLD response within PFC during successful impulse control (Correct No-Go versus Incorrect No-Go) with energy-adjusted DHA + EPA intake revealed that adolescents reporting lower intakes display greater activation in the dorsal anterior cingulate, potentially suggestive of a possible lag in cortical development. The present results suggest that dietary omega-3 fatty acids are related to development of both impulse control and function of the dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus in normative adolescent development. Insufficiency of dietary omega-3 fatty acids during this developmental period may be a factor which hinders development of behavioral control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L Darcey
- The Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States.,Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Goldie A McQuaid
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Diana H Fishbein
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - John W VanMeter
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Taylor CM, Olulade OA, Luetje MM, Eden GF. An fMRI study of coherent visual motion processing in children and adults. Neuroimage 2018; 173:223-239. [PMID: 29477442 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a large corpus of brain imaging studies examining the dorsal visual pathway, especially area V5/MT during visual motion perception. However, despite evidence suggesting a protracted development of the dorsal visual stream, and a role of this pathway in neurodevelopmental disorders, V5/MT has not been characterized developmentally. Further, experiential factors such as reading acquisition may play a modulating role in any age-dependent changes. Here we used a coherent visual motion detection task to examine V5/MT activity and connectivity in typical participants in two studies: a Cross- Sectional Study comparing adults and children; and a Longitudinal Study of 2nd graders followed into 3rd grade. In the Cross-Sectional Study, a whole-brain analysis revealed no differences between the two groups, whereas a region of interest (ROI) approach identified greater activation in left (right trending) V5/MT in adults compared to children. However, when we measured V5/MT activation individually for each participant, children and adults showed no difference in the location or intensity of activation, although children did exhibit relatively larger extent of V5/MT activation bilaterally. There was also relatively greater functional connectivity in the children between left and right occipitotemporal cortex, including V5/MT. The Longitudinal Study revealed no changes in V5/MT activation for any measures of activation or functional connectivity from 2nd to 3rd grade. Finally, there was no evidence of an association between reading and V5/MT over time, nor predictive power of V5/MT activity for later reading. Together, our results indicate similar V5/MT activity across age groups, with relatively greater extent of V5/MT activation and functional connectivity in children relative to adults, bilaterally. These differences were not apparent over the time course of one year, suggesting that these developmental changes occur over a more protracted period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Taylor
- Center for the Study of Learning, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - O A Olulade
- Center for the Study of Learning, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - M M Luetje
- Center for the Study of Learning, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - G F Eden
- Center for the Study of Learning, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Maulisova A, Korman B, Rey G, Bernal B, Duchowny M, Niederlova M, Krsek P, Novak V. Atypical language representation in children with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2016; 58:91-6. [PMID: 27064828 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated language organization in children with intractable epilepsy caused by temporal lobe focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) alone or dual pathology (temporal lobe FCD and hippocampal sclerosis, HS). We analyzed clinical, neurological, fMRI, neuropsychological, and histopathologic data in 46 pediatric patients with temporal lobe lesions who underwent excisional epilepsy surgery. The frequency of atypical language representation was similar in both groups, but children with dual pathology were more likely to be left-handed. Atypical receptive language cortex correlated with lower intellectual capacity, verbal abstract conceptualization, receptive language abilities, verbal working memory, and a history of status epilepticus but did not correlate with higher seizure frequency or early seizure onset. Histopathologic substrate had only a minor influence on neuropsychological status. Greater verbal comprehension deficits were noted in children with atypical receptive language representation, a risk factor for cognitive morbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Maulisova
- Charles University, Faculty of Arts, Department of Psychology, Prague, Czech Republic; Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Brandon Korman
- Brain Institute, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, FL, United States.
| | - Gustavo Rey
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Byron Bernal
- Department of Radiology, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Michael Duchowny
- Brain Institute, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Marketa Niederlova
- Charles University, Faculty of Arts, Department of Psychology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Krsek
- Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic; Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vilem Novak
- University of Ostrava, Faculty of Medicine, Ostrava, Czech Republic; Faculty Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
He W, Garrido MI, Sowman PF, Brock J, Johnson BW. Development of effective connectivity in the core network for face perception. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:2161-73. [PMID: 25704356 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study measured effective connectivity within the core face network in young children using a paediatric magnetoencephalograph (MEG). Dynamic casual modeling (DCM) of brain responses was performed in a group of adults (N = 14) and a group of young children aged from 3 to 6 years (N = 15). Three candidate DCM models were tested, and the fits of the MEG data to the three models were compared at both individual and group levels. The results show that the connectivity structure of the core face network differs significantly between adults and children. Further, the relative strengths of face network connections were differentially modulated by experimental conditions in the two groups. These results support the interpretation that the core face network undergoes significant structural configuration and functional specialization between four years of age and adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yerys BE, Antezana L, Weinblatt R, Jankowski KF, Strang J, Vaidya CJ, Schultz RT, Gaillard WD, Kenworthy L. Neural Correlates of Set-Shifting in Children With Autism. Autism Res 2015; 8:386-97. [PMID: 25599972 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is often associated with high levels of inflexible thinking and rigid behavior. The neural correlates of these behaviors have been investigated in adults and older adolescents, but not children. Prior studies utilized set-shifting tasks that engaged multiple levels of shifting, and depended on learning abstract rules and establishing a strong prepotent bias. These additional demands complicate simple interpretations of the results. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates of set-shifting in 20 children (ages 7-14) with ASD and 19 typically developing, matched, control children. Participants completed a set-shifting task that minimized nonshifting task demands through the use of concrete instructions that provide spatial mapping of stimuli-responses. The shift/stay sets were given an equal number of trials to limit the prepotent bias. Both groups showed an equivalent "switch cost," responding less accurately and slower to Switch stimuli than Stay stimuli, although the ASD group was less accurate overall. Both groups showed activation in prefrontal, striatal, parietal, and cerebellum regions known to govern effective set-shifts. Compared to controls, children with ASD demonstrated decreased activation of the right middle temporal gyrus across all trials, but increased activation in the mid-dorsal cingulate cortex/superior frontal gyrus, left middle frontal, and right inferior frontal gyri during the Switch vs. Stay contrast. The successful behavioral switching performance of children with ASD comes at the cost of requiring greater engagement of frontal regions, suggesting less efficiency at this lowest level of shifting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Yerys
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Ligia Antezana
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rachel Weinblatt
- Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Kathryn F Jankowski
- Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - John Strang
- Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Chandan J Vaidya
- Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Robert T Schultz
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - William D Gaillard
- Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Neurology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC.,Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Lauren Kenworthy
- Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.,Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
UNLABELLED Numerical skills are essential in our everyday life, and impairments in the development of number processing and calculation have a negative impact on schooling and professional careers. Approximately 3 to 6 % of children are affected from specific disorders of numerical understanding (developmental dyscalculia (DD)). Impaired development of number processing skills in these children is characterized by problems in various aspects of numeracy as well as alterations of brain activation and brain structure. Moreover, DD is assumed to be a very heterogeneous disorder putting special challenges to define homogeneous diagnostic criteria. Finally, interdisciplinary perspectives from psychology, neuroscience and education can contribute to the design for interventions, and although results are still sparse, they are promising and have shown positive effects on behaviour as well as brain function. CONCLUSION In the current review, we are going to give an overview about typical and atypical development of numerical abilities at the behavioural and neuronal level. Furthermore, current status and obstacles in the definition and diagnostics of DD are discussed, and finally, relevant points that should be considered to make an intervention as successful as possible are summarized.
Collapse
|
13
|
Solomon M, Yoon JH, Ragland JD, Niendam TA, Lesh TA, Fairbrother W, Carter CS. The development of the neural substrates of cognitive control in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:412-21. [PMID: 24209777 PMCID: PMC3999330 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) involve impairments in cognitive control. In typical development (TYP), neural systems underlying cognitive control undergo substantial maturation during adolescence. Development is delayed in adolescents with ASD. Little is known about the neural substrates of this delay. METHODS We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging and a cognitive control task involving overcoming a prepotent response tendency to examine the development of cognitive control in young (ages 12-15; n = 13 with ASD and n = 13 with TYP) and older (ages 16-18; n = 14 with ASD and n = 14 with TYP) adolescents with whole-brain voxelwise univariate and task-related functional connectivity analyses. RESULTS Older ASD and TYP showed reduced activation in sensory and premotor areas relative to younger ones. The older ASD group showed reduced left parietal activation relative to TYP. Functional connectivity analyses showed a significant age by group interaction with the older ASD group exhibiting increased functional connectivity strength between the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex, bilaterally. This functional connectivity strength was related to task performance in ASD, whereas that between dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex (Brodmann areas 9 and 40) was related to task performance in TYP. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents with ASD rely more on reactive cognitive control, involving last-minute conflict detection and control implementation by the anterior cingulate cortex and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, versus proactive cognitive control requiring processing by dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex. Findings await replication in larger longitudinal studies that examine their functional consequences and amenability to intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Solomon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis; M.I.N.D. Institute, Sacramento, California; University of California, Davis Imaging Research Center, Sacramento, California.
| | - Jong H Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis; University of California, Davis Imaging Research Center, Sacramento, California
| | - J Daniel Ragland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis; University of California, Davis Imaging Research Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Tara A Niendam
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis; University of California, Davis Imaging Research Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Tyler A Lesh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis; University of California, Davis Imaging Research Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Wonja Fairbrother
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis; M.I.N.D. Institute, Sacramento, California
| | - Cameron S Carter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis; University of California, Davis Imaging Research Center, Sacramento, California
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bishop DV, Holt G, Whitehouse AJ, Groen M. No population bias to left-hemisphere language in 4-year-olds with language impairment. PeerJ 2014; 2:e507. [PMID: 25165624 PMCID: PMC4137668 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. An apparent paradox in the field of neuropsychology is that people with atypical cerebral lateralization do not appear to suffer any cognitive disadvantage, yet atypical cerebral lateralization is more common in children and adults with developmental language disorders. This study was designed to explore possible reasons for this puzzling pattern of results. Methods. We used functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound (fTCD) to assess cerebral blood flow during language production in 57 four-year-olds, including 15 children who had been late-talkers when first seen at 20 months of age. We categorized cerebral lateralization as left, right or bilateral, and compared proportions with each type of laterality with those seen in a previously tested sample of children aged 6-16 years. We also compared language scores at 4 years for those with typical and atypical lateralization, and then looked at the association the opposite way: comparing those with typical or impaired language in terms of their cerebral lateralization. Results. The distribution of types of cerebral lateralization was similar for 4-year-olds to that seen in older children. Overall, cerebral lateralization was not predictive of language level. However, for children who had language difficulties at 20 months and/or 4 years (N = 21), there was no population bias to left-hemisphere language activation, whereas children without language problems at either age showed a pronounced bias to left-sided language lateralization. Nevertheless, many children with right hemisphere language had no indications of language difficulties, confirming that atypical cerebral asymmetry is not a direct cause of problems. Conclusions. We suggest that atypical lateralization at the individual level is not associated with language impairment. However, lack of lateralization at the population level is a marker of risk for language impairment, which could be due to genetic or non-genetic causes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgina Holt
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J.O. Whitehouse
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK
- Telethon Institute of Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Margriet Groen
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK
- Radboud University, ED Nijmegen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wilson SJ, Abbott DF, Tailby C, Gentle EC, Merrett DL, Jackson GD. Changes in singing performance and fMRI activation following right temporal lobe surgery. Cortex 2013; 49:2512-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
16
|
Karunanayaka P, Eslinger PJ, Wang JL, Weitekamp CW, Molitoris S, Gates KM, Molenaar PCM, Yang QX. Networks involved in olfaction and their dynamics using independent component analysis and unified structural equation modeling. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 35:2055-72. [PMID: 23818133 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of human olfaction is complicated by the myriad of processing demands in conscious perceptual and emotional experiences of odors. Combining functional magnetic resonance imaging with convergent multivariate network analyses, we examined the spatiotemporal behavior of olfactory-generated blood-oxygenated-level-dependent signal in healthy adults. The experimental functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm was found to offset the limitations of olfactory habituation effects and permitted the identification of five functional networks. Analysis delineated separable neuronal circuits that were spatially centered in the primary olfactory cortex, striatum, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, rostral prefrontal cortex/anterior cingulate, and parietal-occipital junction. We hypothesize that these functional networks subserve primary perceptual, affective/motivational, and higher order olfactory-related cognitive processes. Results provided direct evidence for the existence of parallel networks with top-down modulation for olfactory processing and clearly distinguished brain activations that were sniffing-related versus odor-related. A comprehensive neurocognitive model for olfaction is presented that may be applied to broader translational studies of olfactory function, aging, and neurological disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Karunanayaka
- Department of Radiology (Center for NMR Research), The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vuontela V, Carlson S, Troberg AM, Fontell T, Simola P, Saarinen S, Aronen ET. Working memory, attention, inhibition, and their relation to adaptive functioning and behavioral/emotional symptoms in school-aged children. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2013; 44:105-22. [PMID: 22661151 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-012-0313-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the development of executive functions (EFs) and their associations with performance and behavior at school in 8-12-year-old children. The EFs were measured by computer-based n-back, Continuous Performance and Go/Nogo tasks. School performance was evaluated by Teacher Report Form (TRF) and behavior by TRF and Child Behavior Checklist. The studied dimensions of EF were cognitive efficiency/speed, working memory/attention and inhibitory control. Strong age effects were found for these cognitive abilities (p values <0.01). Inhibitory control was associated with better adaptive functioning (learning, working hard and behaving well), academic performance and less psychiatric symptoms (p values <0.05), specially in 8-9-year-old children. In this youngest age group low inhibitory control was also associated with teacher-reported inattention (p = 0.042). Low inhibitory control was associated with teacher- and parent-reported internalizing symptoms (p < 0.01). These results suggest that maturational factors may underlie low adaptive functioning and psychiatric symptoms during early school years. Further studies are needed to evaluate the association between inhibition and emotional symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virve Vuontela
- Neuroscience Unit, Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Joseph JE, Swearingen JE, Clark JD, Benca CE, Collins HR, Corbly CR, Gathers AD, Bhatt RS. The changing landscape of functional brain networks for face processing in typical development. Neuroimage 2012; 63:1223-36. [PMID: 22906788 PMCID: PMC3637657 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Greater expertise for faces in adults than in children may be achieved by a dynamic interplay of functional segregation and integration of brain regions throughout development. The present study examined developmental changes in face network functional connectivity in children (5-12 years) and adults (18-43 years) during face-viewing using a graph-theory approach. A face-specific developmental change involved connectivity of the right occipital face area. During childhood, this node increased in strength and within-module clustering based on positive connectivity. These changes reflect an important role of the ROFA in segregation of function during childhood. In addition, strength and diversity of connections within a module that included primary visual areas (left and right calcarine) and limbic regions (left hippocampus and right inferior orbitofrontal cortex) increased from childhood to adulthood, reflecting increased visuo-limbic integration. This integration was pronounced for faces but also emerged for natural objects. Taken together, the primary face-specific developmental changes involved segregation of a posterior visual module during childhood, possibly implicated in early stage perceptual face processing, and greater integration of visuo-limbic connections from childhood to adulthood, which may reflect processing related to development of perceptual expertise for individuation of faces and other visually homogenous categories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Joseph
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Berl MM, Mayo J, Parks EN, Rosenberger LR, VanMeter J, Ratner NB, Vaidya CJ, Gaillard WD. Regional differences in the developmental trajectory of lateralization of the language network. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 35:270-84. [PMID: 23033058 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The timing and developmental factors underlying the establishment of language dominance are poorly understood. We investigated the degree of lateralization of traditional frontotemporal and modulatory prefrontal-cerebellar regions of the distributed language network in children (n = 57) ages 4 to 12--a critical period for language consolidation. We examined the relationship between the strength of language lateralization and neuropsychological measures and task performance. The fundamental language network is established by four with ongoing maturation of language functions as evidenced by strengthening of lateralization in the traditional frontotemporal language regions; temporal regions were strongly and consistently lateralized by age seven, while frontal regions had greater variability and were less strongly lateralized through age 10. In contrast, the modulatory prefrontal-cerebellar regions were the least strongly lateralized and degree of lateralization was not associated with age. Stronger core language skills were significantly correlated with greater right lateralization in the cerebellum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madison M Berl
- Department of Neurosciences, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ofen N. The development of neural correlates for memory formation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:1708-17. [PMID: 22414608 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of literature considers the development of episodic memory systems in the brain; the majority are neuroimaging studies conducted during memory encoding in order to explore developmental trajectories in memory formation. This review considers evidence from behavioral studies of memory development, neural correlates of memory formation in adults, and structural brain development, all of which form the foundation of a developmental cognitive neuroscience approach to memory development. I then aim to integrate the current evidence from developmental functional neuroimaging studies of memory formation with respect to three hypotheses. First, memory development reflects the development in the use of memory strategies, linked to prefrontal cortex. Second, developmental effects within the medial temporal lobes are more complex, and correspond to current notions about the nature in which the MTL support the formation of memory. Third, neurocognitive changes in content representation influence memory. Open issues and current directions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noa Ofen
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States. ,
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Maturation of task-induced brain activation and long range functional connectivity in adolescence revealed by multivariate pattern classification. Neuroimage 2012; 60:1250-65. [PMID: 22245647 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study uses multivariate pattern classification analysis to examine maturation in task-induced brain activation and in functional connectivity during adolescence. The multivariate approach allowed accurate discrimination of adolescent boys of respectively 13, 17 and 21years old based on brain activation during a gonogo task, whereas the univariate statistical analyses showed no or only very few, small age-related clusters. Developmental differences in task activation were spatially distributed throughout the brain, indicating differences in the responsiveness of a wide range of task-related and default mode regions. Moreover, these distributed age-distinctive patterns generalized from a simple gonogo task to a cognitively and motivationally very different gambling task, and vice versa. This suggests that functional brain maturation in adolescence is driven by common processes across cognitive tasks as opposed to task-specific processes. Although we confirmed previous reports of age-related differences in functional connectivity, particularly for long range connections (>60mm), these differences were not specific to brain regions that showed maturation of task-induced responsiveness. Together with the task-independency of brain activation maturation, this result suggests that brain connectivity changes in the course of adolescence affect brain functionality at a basic level. This basic change is manifest in a range of tasks, from the simplest gonogo task to a complex gambling task.
Collapse
|
22
|
Wilson SJ, Abbott DF, Lusher D, Gentle EC, Jackson GD. Finding your voice: a singing lesson from functional imaging. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 32:2115-30. [PMID: 21162043 PMCID: PMC6870391 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Vocal singing (singing with lyrics) shares features common to music and language but it is not clear to what extent they use the same brain systems, particularly at the higher cortical level, and how this varies with expertise. Twenty-six participants of varying singing ability performed two functional imaging tasks. The first examined covert generative language using orthographic lexical retrieval while the second required covert vocal singing of a well-known song. The neural networks subserving covert vocal singing and language were found to be proximally located, and their extent of cortical overlap varied with singing expertise. Nonexpert singers showed greater engagement of their language network during vocal singing, likely accounting for their less tuneful performance. In contrast, expert singers showed a more unilateral pattern of activation associated with reduced engagement of the right frontal lobe. The findings indicate that singing expertise promotes independence from the language network with decoupling producing more tuneful performance. This means that the age-old singing practice of 'finding your singing voice' may be neurologically mediated by changing how strongly singing is coupled to the language system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Wilson
- Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Krinzinger H, Koten JW, Hennemann J, Schueppen A, Sahr K, Arndt D, Konrad K, Willmes K. Sensitivity, reproducibility, and reliability of self-paced versus fixed stimulus presentation in an fMRI study on exact, non-symbolic arithmetic in typically developing children aged between 6 and 12 years. Dev Neuropsychol 2011; 36:721-40. [PMID: 21761995 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2010.549882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fixed stimulus presentation times pose several methodological problems for developmental functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies that can be avoided by self-paced study designs. Yet, methodological issues of self-paced stimulus presentation for fMRI studies are largely understudied. Therefore, we compared sensitivity, reproducibility, and reliability of neural activation of a fixed and a self-paced design for an exact, non-symbolic addition paradigm in a sample of children aged 6-12 years. Both design types were comparable in sensitivity, and the self-paced design was superior in reproducibility and reliability. Therefore, self-paced study designs seem to be a valid option for developmental fMRI studies on higher cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helga Krinzinger
- Section Child Neuropsychology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital of the RWTH, Aachen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
You X, Adjouadi M, Guillen MR, Ayala M, Barreto A, Rishe N, Sullivan J, Dlugos D, Vanmeter J, Morris D, Donner E, Bjornson B, Smith ML, Bernal B, Berl M, Gaillard WD. Sub-patterns of language network reorganization in pediatric localization related epilepsy: a multisite study. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 32:784-99. [PMID: 21484949 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the neural networks reorganization in pediatric epilepsy, a consortium of imaging centers was established to collect functional imaging data. Common paradigms and similar acquisition parameters were used. We studied 122 children (64 control and 58 LRE patients) across five sites using EPI BOLD fMRI and an auditory description decision task. After normalization to the MNI atlas, activation maps generated by FSL were separated into three sub-groups using a distance method in the principal component analysis (PCA)-based decisional space. Three activation patterns were identified: (1) the typical distributed network expected for task in left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's) and along left superior temporal gyrus (Wernicke's) (60 controls, 35 patients); (2) a variant left dominant pattern with greater activation in IFG, mesial left frontal lobe, and right cerebellum (three controls, 15 patients); and (3) activation in the right counterparts of the first pattern in Broca's area (one control, eight patients). Patients were over represented in Groups 2 and 3 (P < 0.0004). There were no scanner (P = 0.4) or site effects (P = 0.6). Our data-driven method for fMRI activation pattern separation is independent of a priori notions and bias inherent in region of interest and visual analyses. In addition to the anticipated atypical right dominant activation pattern, a sub-pattern was identified that involved intensity and extent differences of activation within the distributed left hemisphere language processing network. These findings suggest a different, perhaps less efficient, cognitive strategy for LRE group to perform the task.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen You
- College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International University, 10555 W. Flagler Street, Miami, FL 33174, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ebner K, Lidzba K, Hauser TK, Wilke M. Assessing language and visuospatial functions with one task: a "dual use" approach to performing fMRI in children. Neuroimage 2011; 58:923-9. [PMID: 21726649 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to increase the rate of successful functional MR studies in children it is helpful to shorten the time spent in the scanner. To this effect, assessing two cognitive functions with one task seems to be a promising approach. The hypothesis of this study was that the control condition of an established language task (vowel identification task, VIT) requires visuospatial processing and that the control condition (VIT(CC)) therefore may also be applicable to localize visuospatial functions. As a reference task, a visual search task (VST, previously established for use in children) was employed. To test this hypothesis, 43 children (19 f, 24 m; 12.0±2.6, range 7.9 to 17.8 years) were recruited and scanned using both tasks. Second-level random effects group analyses showed activation of left inferior-frontal cortex in the active condition of the VIT, as in previous studies. Additionally, analysis of the VIT(CC) demonstrated activation in right-dominant superior parietal and high-frontal brain regions, classically associated with visuospatial functions; activation seen in the VST was similar with a substantial overlap. However, lateralization in the parietal lobe was significantly more bilateral in the VST than in the VIT(CC). This suggests that the VIT can not only be applied to assess language functions (using the active>control contrast), but also that the control>active condition is useful for assessing visuospatial functions. Future task design may benefit from such a "dual use" approach to performing fMRI not only, but also particularly in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathina Ebner
- Pediatric Neurology & Developmental Medicine and Experimental Pediatric Neuroimaging, Children's Hospital University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Karunanayaka P, Schmithorst VJ, Vannest J, Szaflarski JP, Plante E, Holland SK. A linear structural equation model for covert verb generation based on independent component analysis of FMRI data from children and adolescents. Front Syst Neurosci 2011; 5:29. [PMID: 21660108 PMCID: PMC3106180 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human language is a complex and protean cognitive ability. Young children, following well defined developmental patterns learn language rapidly and effortlessly producing full sentences by the age of 3 years. However, the language circuitry continues to undergo significant neuroplastic changes extending well into teenage years. Evidence suggests that the developing brain adheres to two rudimentary principles of functional organization: functional integration and functional specialization. At a neurobiological level, this distinction can be identified with progressive specialization or focalization reflecting consolidation and synaptic reinforcement of a network (Lenneberg, 1967; Muller et al., 1998; Berl et al., 2006). In this paper, we used group independent component analysis and linear structural equation modeling (McIntosh and Gonzalez-Lima, 1994; Karunanayaka et al., 2007) to tease out the developmental trajectories of the language circuitry based on fMRI data from 336 children ages 5–18 years performing a blocked, covert verb generation task. The results are analyzed and presented in the framework of theoretical models for neurocognitive brain development. This study highlights the advantages of combining both modular and connectionist approaches to cognitive functions; from a methodological perspective, it demonstrates the feasibility of combining data-driven and hypothesis driven techniques to investigate the developmental shifts in the semantic network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Karunanayaka
- Center for NMR Research, Department of Radiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Homae F, Watanabe H, Nakano T, Taga G. Functional development in the infant brain for auditory pitch processing. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 33:596-608. [PMID: 21488136 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how the developing brain processes auditory information is a critical step toward the clarification of infants' perception of speech and music. We have reported that the infant brain perceives pitch information in speech sounds. Here, we used multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy to examine whether the infant brain is sensitive to information of pitch changes in auditory sequences. Three types of auditory sequences with distinct temporal structures of pitch changes were presented to 3- and 6-month-old infants: a long condition of 12 successive tones constructing a chromatic scale (600 ms), a short condition of four successive tones constructing a chromatic scale (200 ms), and a random condition of random tone sequences (50 ms per tone). The difference among the conditions was only in the sequential order of the tones, which causes pitch changes between the successive tones. We found that the bilateral temporal regions of both ages of infants showed significant activation under the three conditions. The stimulus-dependent activation was observed in the right temporoparietal region of the both infant groups; the 3- and 6-month-old infants showed the most prominent activation under the random and short conditions, respectively. Our findings indicate that the infant brain, which shows functional differentiation and lateralization in auditory-related areas, is capable of responding to more than single tones of pitch information. These results suggest that the right temporoparietal region of the infants increases sensitivity to auditory sequences, which have temporal structures similar to those of syllables in speech sounds, in the course of development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Homae
- Department of Language Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Karunanayaka P, Kim KK, Holland SK, Szaflarski JP. The effects of left or right hemispheric epilepsy on language networks investigated with semantic decision fMRI task and independent component analysis. Epilepsy Behav 2011; 20:623-32. [PMID: 21273134 PMCID: PMC3079068 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic and progressive brain injury, as seen in epilepsy, may alter brain networks that underlie cognitive functions. To evaluate the effect of epilepsy on language functions we investigated the neuroanatomical basis of semantic processing in patients with left (LHE) or right (RHE) hemispheric onset epilepsy using semantic decision fMRI paradigm and group independent component analysis (ICA); we then compared the results of our investigations with language networks in healthy subjects examined with the same language task (Kim K, Karunanayaka P, Privitera M, Holland S, Szaflarski J. Semantic association investigated with fMRI and independent component analysis. In press). Group ICA is a data-driven technique capable of revealing the functional organization of the human brain based on fMRI data. In addition to providing functional connectivity information, ICA can also provide information about the temporal dynamics of underlying networks subserving specific cognitive functions. In this study, we implemented two complementary analyses to investigate group differences in underlying network dynamics based on associated independent component (IC) time courses (a priori defined criterion or a posteriori identified maximum likelihood descriptor). We detected several differences between healthy controls and patients with epilepsy not previously observed with standard fMRI analysis methods. Our analyses confirmed the presence of different effects of LHE or RHE on the behavior of the language network. In particular, a major difference was noted in the nodes subserving verbal encoding and retrieval in the bilateral medial temporal regions. These effects were dependent on the side of the epilepsy onset; that is, effects were different with left or right hemispheric epilepsy. These findings may explain the differences in verbal and nonverbal memory abilities between patients with left and those with right hemispheric epilepsy. Further, although the effects on other nodes of the network were more subtle, several deviations from normal network function were observed in patients with LHE (e.g., alterations in the functions of the primarily left frontotemporal network module) or in patients with RHE (e.g., differences in the medial retrosplenial module responsible for mental imagery or in the anterior cingulate module subserving attention control). These findings not only highlight the negative effects of epilepsy on the main left hemispheric language network nodes in patients with LHE, but also document the effects of epilepsy on other language network nodes whether exerted by LHE or RHE. Further, these results document the advantages of using group ICA for investigating the effects of disease state (e.g., epilepsy) on the network subserving cognitive processing and provide an interesting avenue for further exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Karunanayaka
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kwang Ki Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Scott K. Holland
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jerzy P. Szaflarski
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Cincinnati Epilepsy Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Center for Imaging Research, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Klaver P, Marcar V, Martin E. Neurodevelopment of the visual system in typically developing children. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2011; 189:113-36. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53884-0.00021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
30
|
Keulers EHH, Stiers P, Jolles J. Developmental changes between ages 13 and 21 years in the extent and magnitude of the BOLD response during decision making. Neuroimage 2010; 54:1442-54. [PMID: 20807576 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental neuroimaging results have suggested a progression in focalization in functional activations from childhood to adulthood. The mechanisms underlying this process are thought to be an age-related decrease in activation extent as well as an increased magnitude in task-related areas. The present study aimed to evaluate these notions while controlling for confounders that may bias towards focalization. We used adolescent subjects in small age ranges. In addition, head motion corrections were incorporated in statistical analyses and regions of interest were identified for each participant separately to overcome inter-individual variability in anatomy and functional organization. Activation patterns of 13-, 17- and 21-year-old males were compared during the decision phase of a challenging and complex gambling paradigm. The BOLD amplitude enhanced with increasing age, modulated by task conditions. First, response amplitude during difficult, endogenous relative to exogenous decisions increased with age. This decision difficulty effect was most pronounced in 21-year-olds, both in areas associated with task execution and default mode areas. Second, deciding to pass as opposed to gamble exerted more effort in inferior frontal and parietal areas only by 13- and 17-year-olds. There was neither an age-related decrease in activation extent, nor any qualitative shifts in activated areas as suggested by the focalization hypothesis. These results suggest that although different age groups throughout adolescence engage similar brain areas during decision making, the response magnitude in these areas increases with age particularly during difficult task conditions, providing that confounding factors are controlled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther H H Keulers
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Berl MM, Duke ES, Mayo J, Rosenberger LR, Moore EN, VanMeter J, Ratner NB, Vaidya CJ, Gaillard WD. Functional anatomy of listening and reading comprehension during development. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2010; 114:115-25. [PMID: 20656105 PMCID: PMC2962416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Listening and reading comprehension of paragraph-length material are considered higher-order language skills fundamental to social and academic functioning. Using ecologically relevant language stimuli that were matched for difficulty according to developmental level, we analyze the effects of task, age, neuropsychological skills, and post-task performance on fMRI activation and hemispheric laterality. Areas of supramodal language processing are identified, with the most robust region being left-lateralized activation along the superior temporal sulcus. Functionally, this conjunction has a role in semantic and syntactic processing, leading us to refer to this conjunction as "comprehension cortex." Different from adults, supramodal areas for children include less extensive inferior frontal gyrus but more extensive right cerebellum and right temporal pole. Broader neuroanatomical pathways are recruited for reading, reflecting the more active processing and larger set of cognitive demands needed for reading compared to listening to stories. ROI analyses reveal that reading is a less lateralized language task than listening in inferior frontal and superior temporal areas, which likely reflects the difficulty of the task as children in this study are still developing their reading skills. For listening to stories, temporal activation is stable by age four with no correlations with age, neuropsychological skills or post-task performance. In contrast, frontal activation during listening to stories occurs more often in older children, and frontal activation is positively correlated with better performance on comprehension questions, suggesting that the activation of frontal networks may reflect greater integration and depth of story processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madison M. Berl
- Children's National Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience
| | - Elizabeth S. Duke
- Children's National Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience
- NIH, NINDS Clinical Epilepsy Section
| | - Jessica Mayo
- Children's National Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience
| | - Lisa R. Rosenberger
- Children's National Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience
- NIH, NINDS Clinical Epilepsy Section
| | - Erin N. Moore
- Children's National Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience
- NIH, NINDS Clinical Epilepsy Section
| | - John VanMeter
- Georgetown University, Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology
| | - Nan Bernstein Ratner
- University of Maryland at College Park, Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences
| | - Chandan J. Vaidya
- Children's National Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience
- Georgetown University, Department of Psychology
| | - William Davis Gaillard
- Children's National Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience
- NIH, NINDS Clinical Epilepsy Section
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Korman B, Bernal B, Duchowny M, Jayakar P, Altman N, Garaycoa G, Resnick T, Rey G. Atypical propositional language organization in prenatal and early-acquired temporal lobe lesions. J Child Neurol 2010; 25:985-93. [PMID: 20139401 DOI: 10.1177/0883073809357242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated differences in propositional language organization in children with developmental and acquired brain lesions. We evaluated 30 right-handed subjects with intractable epilepsy due to either focal cortical dysplasia or hippocampal sclerosis with neuropsychological testing and functional MRI prior to epilepsy surgery. Atypical activations were seen in both prenatal and early postnatal lesions, but the contribution of specific histopathological substrate was minimal. Atypical organization of both temporal and frontal language areas also correlated inversely with receptive vocabulary scores. The data demonstrated a greater propensity toward atypical activation patterns for receptive than expressive networks, particularly when lesions were located in the dominant temporal lobe. Atypical language organization was not correlated with seizure-related factors such as age at onset or duration of epilepsy. The patterns of atypical language activation support prior studies implicating proximity of pathology to eloquent cortex in the dominant hemisphere as the primary determinant of functional reorganization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Korman
- Brain Institute, Miami Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida 33155, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
de Guibert C, Maumet C, Ferré JC, Jannin P, Biraben A, Allaire C, Barillot C, Le Rumeur E. FMRI language mapping in children: a panel of language tasks using visual and auditory stimulation without reading or metalinguistic requirements. Neuroimage 2010; 51:897-909. [PMID: 20188187 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of presurgical mapping or investigation of neurological and developmental disorders in children, language fMRI raises the issue of the design of a tasks panel achievable by young disordered children. Most language tasks shown to be efficient with healthy children require metalinguistic or reading abilities, therefore adding attentional, cognitive and academic constraints that may be problematic in this context. This study experimented a panel of four language tasks that did not require high attentional skills, reading, or metalinguistic abilities. Two reference tasks involving auditory stimulation (words generation from category, "category"; auditory responsive naming, "definition") were compared with two new tasks involving visual stimulation. These later were designed to tap spontaneous phonological production, in which the names of pictures to be named involve a phonological difference (e.g. in French poule/boule/moule; "phon-diff") or change of segmentation (e.g. in French car/car-te/car-t-on; "phon-seg"). Eighteen healthy children participated (mean age: 12.7+/-3 years). Data processing involved normalizing the data via a matched pairs pediatric template, and inter-task and region of interest analyses with laterality assessment. The reference tasks predominantly activated the left frontal and temporal core language regions, respectively. The new tasks activated these two regions simultaneously, more strongly for the phon-seg task. The union and intersection of all tasks provided more sensitive or specific maps. The study demonstrates that both reference and new tasks highlight core language regions in children, and that the latter are useful for the mapping of spontaneous phonological processing. The use of several different tasks may improve the sensitivity and specificity of fMRI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clément de Guibert
- INSERM, U746, Faculty of Medicine, CS 34317, F-35043 Rennes Cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Watanabe H, Homae F, Taga G. General to specific development of functional activation in the cerebral cortexes of 2- to 3-month-old infants. Neuroimage 2010; 50:1536-44. [PMID: 20109561 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical issue in the functional development of the cerebral cortex is whether cortical regions are functionally differentiated in early infancy. Although a growing number of neuroimaging studies have revealed that functional differentiation between early sensory and association regions of the cortex is already present at 3 months of age, it is unclear how functional regions per se emerge in the earlier developmental period. Here, we present 3 possible hypotheses regarding the functional development of the cerebral cortex as follows: (1) functionally differentiated regions are prespecified in the early developmental period; (2) functional activations appear in a hierarchical order from early sensory regions to the association regions; and (3) functional activation patterns change in a general-to-specific manner, thereby increasing the localization of regions activated by a particular stimulus and increasing the exclusivity of the response to specific stimuli within a particular cortical region. In the present study, we used multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to measure cortical hemodynamic responses to 2 different video images of colorful mobile objects and black-and-white checkerboard pattern reversals over the occipital and prefrontal regions in awake 2-month-old infants. Both visual stimuli produced comparative activations over broad regions of the cortex including the early sensory and association regions, supporting the general-to-specific development (Hypothesis 3). This result suggests that functional cortical regions emerge between 2 and 3 months of age for visual perception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hama Watanabe
- Department of Physical and Health Education, Graduate School of Education, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Karunanayaka P, Schmithorst VJ, Vannest J, Szaflarski JP, Plante E, Holland SK. A group independent component analysis of covert verb generation in children: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroimage 2010; 51:472-87. [PMID: 20056150 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Semantic language skills are an integral part of early childhood language development. The semantic association between verbs and nouns constitutes an important building block for the construction of sentences. In this large-scale functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, involving 336 subjects between the ages of 5 and 18 years, we investigated the neural correlates of covert verb generation in children. Using group independent component analysis (ICA), seven task-related components were identified including the mid-superior temporal gyrus, the most posterior aspect of the superior temporal gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus, the inferior frontal gyrus, the angular gyrus, and medial aspect of the parietal lobule (precuneus/posterior cingulate). A highly left-lateralized component was found including the medial temporal gyrus, the frontal gyrus, the inferior frontal gyrus, and the angular gyrus. The associated independent component (IC) time courses were analyzed to investigate developmental changes in the neural elements supporting covert verb generation. Observed age effects may either reflect specific local neuroplastic changes in the neural substrates supporting language or a more global transformation of neuroplasticity in the developing brain. The results are analyzed and presented in the framework of two theoretical models for neurocognitive brain development. In this context, group ICA of fMRI data from our large sample of children aged 5-18 years provides strong evidence in support of the regionally weighted model for cognitive neurodevelopment of language networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Karunanayaka
- Imaging Research Center, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Neurology and Center for Imaging Research, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Learning to appreciate others: neural development of cognitive perspective taking. Neuroimage 2009; 50:837-46. [PMID: 20025981 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 11/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have thoroughly investigated brain regions that are recruited when we put ourselves in another person's shoes. Taking a third-person perspective (3PP) as opposed to a first-person perspective (1PP) has been associated with brain activation in the inferior parietal cortex, the medial posterior cortex and the prefrontal cortex. Here we investigate for the first time the development of the neural network that yields cognitive perspective taking. Twelve adults (aged 25-32 years) and twelve school-aged children (aged 8-10 years) were investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Behaviorally, we found a decrease of reaction time differences between 3PP and 1PP with age indicating that adults were more efficient in processing a 3PP. Despite the reaction time differences both groups were equally accurate in their judgments. Brain imaging data indicated neural activity in the left inferior parietal cortex and precuneus for adults during 3PP as compared with 1PP judgments. Children additionally showed enhanced activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the right inferior perietal cortex. We found a significant interaction between groups and brain activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and in the right inferior parietal cortex. These results suggest that the development of the ability to reason about another person's mind accompanies a shift in activity from frontal to posterior brain regions and from bilateral to unilateral left inferior parietal cortex.
Collapse
|
37
|
Bray S, Chang C, Hoeft F. Applications of multivariate pattern classification analyses in developmental neuroimaging of healthy and clinical populations. Front Hum Neurosci 2009; 3:32. [PMID: 19893761 PMCID: PMC2773173 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.09.032.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyses of functional and structural imaging data typically involve testing hypotheses at each voxel in the brain. However, it is often the case that distributed spatial patterns may be a more appropriate metric for discriminating between conditions or groups. Multivariate pattern analysis has been gaining traction in neuroimaging of adult healthy and clinical populations; studies have shown that information present in neuroimaging data can be used to decode intentions and perceptual states, as well as discriminate between healthy and diseased brains. While few studies to date have applied these methods in pediatric populations, in this review we discuss exciting potential applications for studying both healthy, and aberrant, brain development. We include an overview of methods and discussion of challenges and limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Signe Bray
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA 94301, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Saccuman MC, Scifo P. Using MRI to Characterize the Anatomy and Function of the Auditory Cortex in Infancy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1169:297-307. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
39
|
Rosenberger LR, Zeck J, Berl MM, Moore EN, Ritzl EK, Shamim S, Weinstein SL, Conry JA, Pearl PL, Sato S, Vezina LG, Theodore WH, Gaillard WD. Interhemispheric and intrahemispheric language reorganization in complex partial epilepsy. Neurology 2009; 72:1830-6. [PMID: 19470965 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181a7114b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate interhemispheric and intrahemispheric reorganization in patients with localization-related epilepsy. METHOD We studied 50 patients with a left hemispheric focus and 20 normal right-handed controls with a 3T echoplanar imaging blood oxygen level dependent functional MRI auditory-based word definition decision task. Data were analyzed using SPM 2. Using region of interest for Broca and Wernicke areas and an asymmetry index (AI), patients were categorized as left language (LL; AI > or = 0.20) or atypical language (AL; AI <0.20) for region. The point maxima activation for normal controls (p <0.05 corrected FDR) was identified in Broca and midtemporal regions and then used as a point of reference for individual point maxima identified at p < 0.001, uncorrected. RESULTS Patient groups showed increased frequency of having activation in right homologues. Activation in AL groups occurred in homologous right regions; distances for point maxima activation in homologous regions were the same as point maxima distances in normal control activation in left regions. Distances for LL patient in left regions showed a trend for differences for midtemporal gyrus (6 mm posterior, 3 mm superior) but variability around mean difference distance was significant. There was no effect of age at epilepsy onset, duration, or pathology on activation maxima. CONCLUSIONS Right hemisphere language regions in patients with left hemispheric focus are homologues of left hemisphere Broca and broadly defined Wernicke areas. We found little evidence for intrahemispheric reorganization in patients with left hemisphere epilepsy who remain left language dominant by these methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L R Rosenberger
- Department of Neuroscience, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bitan T, Cheon J, Lu D, Burman DD, Booth JR. Developmental increase in top-down and bottom-up processing in a phonological task: an effective connectivity, fMRI study. J Cogn Neurosci 2009; 21:1135-45. [PMID: 18702576 PMCID: PMC2821219 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We examined age-related changes in the interactions among brain regions in children performing rhyming judgments on visually presented words. The difficulty of the task was manipulated by including a conflict between task-relevant (phonological) information and task-irrelevant (orthographic) information. The conflicting conditions included pairs of words that rhyme despite having different spelling patterns (jazz-has), or words that do not rhyme despite having similar spelling patterns (pint-mint). These were contrasted with nonconflicting pairs that have similar orthography and phonology (dime-lime) or different orthography and phonology (press-list). Using fMRI, we examined effective connectivity among five left hemisphere regions of interest: fusiform gyrus (FG), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), intraparietal sulcus (IPS), lateral temporal cortex (LTC), and medial frontal gyrus (MeFG). Age-related increases were observed in the influence of the IFG and FG on the LTC, but only in conflicting conditions. These results reflect a developmental increase in the convergence of bottom-up and top-down information on the LTC. In older children, top-down control process may selectively enhance the sensitivity of the LTC to bottom-up information from the FG. This may be evident especially in situations that require selective enhancement of task-relevant versus task-irrelevant information. Altogether these results provide a direct evidence for a developmental increase in top-down control processes in language processing. The developmental increase in bottom-up processing may be secondary to the enhancement of top-down processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tali Bitan
- Department of Communication Disorders, Haifa University, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kadis DS, Kerr EN, Rutka JT, Snead III OC, Weiss SK, Smith ML. Pathology type does not predict language lateralization in children with medically intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia 2009; 50:1498-504. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.02014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
42
|
Vuontela V, Steenari MR, Aronen ET, Korvenoja A, Aronen HJ, Carlson S. Brain activation and deactivation during location and color working memory tasks in 11–13-year-old children. Brain Cogn 2009; 69:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2008.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
43
|
Lee PS, Yerys BE, Della Rosa A, Foss-Feig J, Barnes KA, James JD, VanMeter J, Vaidya CJ, Gaillard WD, Kenworthy LE. Functional connectivity of the inferior frontal cortex changes with age in children with autism spectrum disorders: a fcMRI study of response inhibition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 19:1787-94. [PMID: 19068486 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Unmasking the neural basis of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD), requires studying functional connectivity during childhood when cognitive skills develop. A functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI) analysis was performed on data collected during Go/NoGo task performance from 24 children ages 8-12 years (12 with ASD; 12 controls matched on age and intellectual functioning). We investigated the connectivity of the left and right inferior frontal cortex (IFC; BA 47), key regions for response inhibition, with other active regions in frontal, striatal, and parietal cortex. Groups did not differ on behavioral measures or functional connectivity of either IFC region. A trend for reduced connectivity in the right IFC for the ASD group was revealed when controlling for age. In the ASD group, there was a significant negative correlation between age and 2 right IFC correlation pairs: right IFC-bilateral presupplementary motor area (BA 6) and right IFC-right caudate. Compared with typical controls, children with ASD may not have gross differences in IFC functional connectivity during response inhibition, which contrasts with an adult study of ASD that reported reduced functional connectivity. This discrepancy suggests an atypical developmental trajectory in ASD for right IFC connectivity with other neural regions supporting response inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip S Lee
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Mbwana J, Berl MM, Ritzl EK, Rosenberger L, Mayo J, Weinstein S, Conry JA, Pearl PL, Shamim S, Moore EN, Sato S, Vezina LG, Theodore WH, Gaillard WD. Limitations to plasticity of language network reorganization in localization related epilepsy. Brain 2008; 132:347-56. [PMID: 19059978 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural networks for processing language often are reorganized in patients with epilepsy. However, the extent and location of within and between hemisphere re-organization are not established. We studied 45 patients, all with a left hemisphere seizure focus (mean age 22.8, seizure onset 13.3), and 19 normal controls (mean age 24.8) with an fMRI word definition language paradigm to assess the location of language processing regions. Individual patient SPM maps were compared to the normal group in a voxel-wise comparison; a voxel was considered to be significant if its z-value exceeded mid R:2mid R:. Subsequently, we used principal component analysis with hierarchical clustering of variance patterns from individual difference maps to identify four patient sub-groups. One did not differ from normal controls; one had increased left temporal activation on the margin of regions activated in controls; two others had recruitment in right inferior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus and temporal cortex. Right hemisphere activation in these two groups occurred in homologues of left hemisphere regions that sustained task activation. Our study used novel data driven methods to find evidence for constraints on inter-hemispheric reorganization of language in recruitment of right homologues, and, in a subpopulation of patients, evidence for intra-hemispheric reorganization of language limited to the margins of typical left temporal regional activation. These methods may be applied to investigate both normal and pathological variance in other developmental disorders and cognitive domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Mbwana
- Department of Neuroscience, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Developmental neuroimaging of the human ventral visual cortex. Trends Cogn Sci 2008; 12:152-62. [PMID: 18359267 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Revised: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Here, we review recent results that investigate the development of the human ventral stream from childhood, through adolescence and into adulthood. Converging evidence suggests a differential developmental trajectory across ventral stream regions, in which face-selective regions show a particularly long developmental time course, taking more than a decade to become adult-like. We discuss the implications of these recent findings, how they relate to age-dependent improvements in recognition memory performance and propose possible neural mechanisms that might underlie this development. These results have important implications regarding the role of experience in shaping the ventral stream and the nature of the underlying representations.
Collapse
|
46
|
Booth JR, Mehdiratta N, Burman DD, Bitan T. Developmental increases in effective connectivity to brain regions involved in phonological processing during tasks with orthographic demands. Brain Res 2007; 1189:78-89. [PMID: 18068690 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 10/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Developmental differences (9- to 15-year-olds) in effective connectivity in left hemisphere regions were examined using dynamic causal modeling (DCM) of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. Children completed spelling tasks in the visual and auditory modalities in which they were asked to determine if two words were spelled the same from the first vowel onwards. Intrinsic (anatomical) connections were strongest from primary cortical regions to unimodal association areas - from Heschl's gyrus to superior temporal gyrus for the auditory spelling task and from calcarine to fusiform gyrus for the visual spelling task. The modulatory (experimental) effect for the visual spelling task from calcarine to superior temporal gyrus was stronger than all other effects from calcarine and this effect showed a developmental increase, suggesting automatic activation of phonology that increased with age. The modulatory effect from Heschl's gyrus to dorsal inferior frontal gyrus also showed a developmental increase, suggesting age-related increases in phonological segmentation in verbal working memory. All together, these results suggest that there are developmental increases in automatic access into brain regions involved in phonological processing in tasks that require orthographic processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James R Booth
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Cognitive/behavioral teratogenetic effects of antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy Behav 2007; 11:292-302. [PMID: 17996637 PMCID: PMC2713059 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The majority of children of mothers with epilepsy are normal, but they are at increased risk for developmental delay. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) appear to play a role. Our current knowledge is reviewed, including research design issues and recommendations for future research. In animals, exposure of the immature brain to some AEDs can produce widespread neuronal apoptosis and behavioral deficits. The risks of AEDs in humans are less clear, but recent studies raise concerns, especially for valproate. There is a critical need for well-designed systematic research to improve our understanding of AED effects on the fetal brain.
Collapse
|
48
|
Lee PS, Foss-Feig J, Henderson JG, Kenworthy LE, Gilotty L, Gaillard WD, Vaidya CJ. Atypical neural substrates of Embedded Figures Task performance in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Neuroimage 2007; 38:184-93. [PMID: 17707658 PMCID: PMC2084060 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Revised: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Superior performance on the Embedded Figures Task (EFT) has been attributed to weak central coherence in perceptual processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the neural basis of EFT performance in 7- to 12-year-old ASD children and age- and IQ-matched controls. ASD children activated only a subset of the distributed network of regions activated in controls. In frontal cortex, control children activated left dorsolateral, medial and dorsal premotor regions whereas ASD children only activated the dorsal premotor region. In parietal and occipital cortices, activation was bilateral in control children but unilateral (left superior parietal and right occipital) in ASD children. Further, extensive bilateral ventral temporal activation was observed in control, but not ASD children. ASD children performed the EFT at the same level as controls but with reduced cortical involvement, suggesting that disembedded visual processing is accomplished parsimoniously by ASD relative to typically developing brains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip S Lee
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ciesielski KT, Lesnik PG, Savoy RL, Grant EP, Ahlfors SP. Developmental neural networks in children performing a Categorical N-Back Task. Neuroimage 2006; 33:980-90. [PMID: 16997580 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2005] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal and temporal networks subserving object working memory tasks in adults have been reported as immature in young children; yet children are adequately capable of performing such tasks. We investigated the basis of this apparent contradiction using a complex object working memory task, a Categorical n-back (CN-BT). We examined whether the neural networks engaged by the CN-BT in children consist of the same brain regions as those in adults, but with a different magnitude of activation, or whether the networks are qualitatively different. Event-related fMRI was used to study differences in brain activation between healthy children ages 6 and 10 years, and young adults (20-28 years). Performance accuracy and RTs in 10-year-olds and adults were comparable, but the performance in 6-year-olds was lower. In adults, the CN-BT was highly effective in engaging the bilateral (L>R) ventral prefrontal cortex, the bilateral fusiform gyrus, posterior cingulate and precuneus, thus suggesting an involvement of the ventral visual stream, with related feature extraction and semantic labeling strategies. In children, the brain networks were distinctly different. They involved the premotor and parietal cortex, anterior insula, caudate/putamen, and the cerebellum, thus suggesting a predominant involvement of the visual dorsal and sensory-motor pathways, with related visual-spatial and action cognitive strategies. The findings indicate engagement of developmental networks in children reflecting task-effective brain activation. The age-related pattern of fMRI activation suggests a working hypothesis of a developmental shift from reliance on the dorsal visual stream and premotor/striatal/cerebellar networks in young children to reliance on the ventral prefrontal and inferior temporal networks in adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina T Ciesielski
- MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kucian K, Loenneker T, Dietrich T, Dosch M, Martin E, von Aster M. Impaired neural networks for approximate calculation in dyscalculic children: a functional MRI study. Behav Brain Funct 2006; 2:31. [PMID: 16953876 PMCID: PMC1574332 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-2-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental dyscalculia (DD) is a specific learning disability affecting the acquisition of mathematical skills in children with otherwise normal general intelligence. The goal of the present study was to examine cerebral mechanisms underlying DD. METHODS Eighteen children with DD aged 11.2 +/- 1.3 years and twenty age-matched typically achieving schoolchildren were investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during trials testing approximate and exact mathematical calculation, as well as magnitude comparison. RESULTS Children with DD showed greater inter-individual variability and had weaker activation in almost the entire neuronal network for approximate calculation including the intraparietal sulcus, and the middle and inferior frontal gyrus of both hemispheres. In particular, the left intraparietal sulcus, the left inferior frontal gyrus and the right middle frontal gyrus seem to play crucial roles in correct approximate calculation, since brain activation correlated with accuracy rate in these regions. In contrast, no differences between groups could be found for exact calculation and magnitude comparison. In general, fMRI revealed similar parietal and prefrontal activation patterns in DD children compared to controls for all conditions. CONCLUSION In conclusion, there is evidence for a deficient recruitment of neural resources in children with DD when processing analog magnitudes of numbers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Kucian
- MR-Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Loenneker
- MR-Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Dietrich
- MR-Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mengia Dosch
- MR-Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Martin
- MR-Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael von Aster
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, DRK-Hospital Westend Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|