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Lin K, Sunko D, Wang J, Yang J, Parsey RV, DeLorenzo C. Investigating the relationship between hippocampus/dentate gyrus volume and hypothalamus metabolism in participants with major depressive disorder. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10622. [PMID: 38724691 PMCID: PMC11082185 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61519-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Reduced hippocampal volume occurs in major depressive disorder (MDD), potentially due to elevated glucocorticoids from an overactivated hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. To examine this in humans, hippocampal volume and hypothalamus (HPA axis) metabolism was quantified in participants with MDD before and after antidepressant treatment. 65 participants (n = 24 males, n = 41 females) with MDD were treated in a double-blind, randomized clinical trial of escitalopram. Participants received simultaneous positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before and after treatment. Linear mixed models examined the relationship between hippocampus/dentate gyrus volume and hypothalamus metabolism. Chi-squared tests and multivariable logistic regression examined the association between hippocampus/dentate gyrus volume change direction and hypothalamus activity change direction with treatment. Multiple linear regression compared these changes between remitter and non-remitter groups. Covariates included age, sex, and treatment type. No significant linear association was found between hippocampus/dentate gyrus volume and hypothalamus metabolism. 62% (38 of 61) of participants experienced a decrease in hypothalamus metabolism, 43% (27 of 63) of participants demonstrated an increase in hippocampus size (51% [32 of 63] for the dentate gyrus) following treatment. No significant association was found between change in hypothalamus activity and change in hippocampus/dentate gyrus volume, and this association did not vary by sex, medication, or remission status. As this multimodal study, in a cohort of participants on standardized treatment, did not find an association between hypothalamus metabolism and hippocampal volume, it supports a more complex pathway between hippocampus neurogenesis and hypothalamus metabolism changes in response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Junying Wang
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Family, Population & Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ramin V Parsey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Christine DeLorenzo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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2
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Kroll T, Miranda A, Drechsel A, Beer S, Lang M, Drzezga A, Rosa-Neto P, Verhaeghe J, Elmenhorst D, Bauer A. Dynamic neuroreceptor positron emission tomography in non-anesthetized rats using point source based motion correction: A feasibility study with [ 11C]ABP688. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024:271678X241239133. [PMID: 38684219 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x241239133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
To prevent motion artifacts in small animal positron emission tomography (PET), animals are routinely scanned under anesthesia or physical restraint. Both may potentially alter metabolism and neurochemistry. This study investigates the feasibility of fully awake acquisition and subsequent absolute quantification of dynamic brain PET data via pharmacokinetic modelling in moving rats using the glutamate 5 receptor radioligand [11C]ABP688 and point source based motion correction. Five male rats underwent three dynamic [11C]ABP688 PET scans: two test-retest awake PET scans and one scan under anesthesia for comparison. Specific radioligand binding was determined via the simplified reference tissue model (reference: cerebellum) and outcome parameters BPND and R1 were evaluated in terms of stability and reproducibility. Test-retest measurements in awake animals gave reliable results with high correlations of BPND (y = 1.08 × -0.2, r = 0.99, p < 0.01) and an acceptable variability (mean over all investigated regions 15.7 ± 2.4%). Regional [11C]ABP688 BPNDs under awake and anesthetized conditions were comparable although in awake scans, absolute radioactive peak uptakes were lower and relative blood flow in terms of R1 was higher. Awake small animal PET with absolute quantification of neuroreceptor availability is technically feasible and reproducible thereby providing a suitable alternative whenever effects of anesthesia are undesirable, e.g. in sleep research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kroll
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany
| | - Alan Miranda
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Drechsel
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany
| | - Simone Beer
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany
| | - Markus Lang
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM-5), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jeroen Verhaeghe
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - David Elmenhorst
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany
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3
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Tiefenbach J, Shannon L, Lobosky M, Johnson S, Chan HH, Byram N, Machado AG, Androjna C, Baker KB. A novel restrainer device for acquistion of brain images in awake rats. Neuroimage 2024; 289:120556. [PMID: 38423263 PMCID: PMC10935597 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging methods like fMRI and PET are vital in neuroscience research, but require that subjects remain still throughout the scan. In animal research, anesthetic agents are typically applied to facilitate the acquisition of high-quality data with minimal motion artifact. However, anesthesia can have profound effects on brain metabolism, selectively altering dynamic neural networks and confounding the acquired data. To overcome the challenge, we have developed a novel head fixation device designed to support awake rat brain imaging. A validation experiment demonstrated that the device effectively minimizes animal motion throughout the scan, with mean absolute displacement and mean relative displacement of 0.0256 (SD: 0.001) and 0.009 (SD: 0.002), across eight evaluated subjects throughout fMRI image acquisition (total scanning time per subject: 31 min, 12 s). Furthermore, the awake scans did not induce discernable stress to the animals, with stable physiological parameters throughout the scan (Mean HR: 344, Mean RR: 56, Mean SpO2: 94 %) and unaltered serum corticosterone levels (p = 0.159). In conclusion, the device presented in this paper offers an effective and safe method of acquiring functional brain images in rats, allowing researchers to minimize the confounding effects of anesthetic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakov Tiefenbach
- Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Logan Shannon
- Engineering Core, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH 44195, USA
| | - Mark Lobosky
- Small Animal Imaging Core, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH 44195, USA
| | - Sadie Johnson
- Engineering Core, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH 44195, USA
| | - Hugh H Chan
- Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH 44195, USA
| | - Nicole Byram
- Cleveland Clinic Innovations, Cleveland Clinic, OH 44195, USA
| | - Andre G Machado
- Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH 44195, USA
| | - Charlie Androjna
- Engineering Core, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH 44195, USA
| | - Kenneth B Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH 44195, USA
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4
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FDG PET Imaging of the Pain Matrix in Neuropathic Pain Model Rats. Biomedicines 2022; 11:biomedicines11010063. [PMID: 36672571 PMCID: PMC9855331 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is an unpleasant subjective experience that is usually modified by complex multidimensional neuropsychological processes. Increasing numbers of neuroimaging studies in humans have characterized the hierarchical brain areas forming a pain matrix, which is involved in the different dimensions of pain components. Although mechanistic investigations have been performed extensively in rodents, the homologous brain regions involved in the multidimensional pain components have not been fully understood in the rodent brain. Herein, we successfully identified several brain regions activated in response to mechanical allodynia in neuropathic pain rat models using an alternative neuroimaging method based on 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) scanning. Regions such as the medial prefrontal cortex, primary somatosensory cortex hindlimb region, and the centrolateral thalamic nucleus were identified. Moreover, brain activity in these regions was positively correlated with mechanical allodynia-related behavioral changes. These results suggest that FDG PET imaging in neuropathic pain model rats enables the evaluation of regional brain activity encoding the multidimensional pain aspect. It could thus be a fascinating tool to bridge the gap between preclinical and clinical investigations.
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Rodríguez-Sevilla P, Marin R, Ximendes E, del Rosal B, Benayas A, Jaque D. Luminescence Thermometry for Brain Activity Monitoring: A Perspective. Front Chem 2022; 10:941861. [PMID: 35903194 PMCID: PMC9315374 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.941861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimally invasive monitoring of brain activity is essential not only to gain understanding on the working principles of the brain, but also for the development of new diagnostic tools. In this perspective we describe how brain thermometry could be an alternative to conventional methods (e.g., magnetic resonance or nuclear medicine) for the acquisition of thermal images of the brain with enough spatial and temperature resolution to track brain activity in minimally perturbed animals. We focus on the latest advances in transcranial luminescence thermometry introducing a critical discussion on its advantages and shortcomings. We also anticipate the main challenges that the application of luminescent nanoparticles for brain thermometry will face in next years. With this work we aim to promote the development of near infrared luminescence for brain activity monitoring, which could also benefit other research areas dealing with the brain and its illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Rodríguez-Sevilla
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Riccardo Marin
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Erving Ximendes
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Benayas
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Jaque
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Daniel Jaque,
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6
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Miranda A, Bertoglio D, Stroobants S, Staelens S, Verhaeghe J. Translation of Preclinical PET Imaging Findings: Challenges and Motion Correction to Overcome the Confounding Effect of Anesthetics. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:753977. [PMID: 34746189 PMCID: PMC8569248 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.753977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical brain positron emission tomography (PET) in animals is performed using anesthesia to avoid movement during the PET scan. In contrast, brain PET scans in humans are typically performed in the awake subject. Anesthesia is therefore one of the principal limitations in the translation of preclinical brain PET to the clinic. This review summarizes the available literature supporting the confounding effect of anesthesia on several PET tracers for neuroscience in preclinical small animal scans. In a second part, we present the state-of-the-art methodologies to circumvent this limitation to increase the translational significance of preclinical research, with an emphasis on motion correction methods. Several motion tracking systems compatible with preclinical scanners have been developed, each one with its advantages and limitations. These systems and the novel experimental setups they can bring to preclinical brain PET research are reviewed here. While technical advances have been made in this field, and practical implementations have been demonstrated, the technique should become more readily available to research centers to allow for a wider adoption of the motion correction technique for brain research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Miranda
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Daniele Bertoglio
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sigrid Stroobants
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Staelens
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Verhaeghe
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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7
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Mouly AM, Bouillot C, Costes N, Zimmer L, Ravel N, Litaudon P. PET Metabolic Imaging of Time-Dependent Reorganization of Olfactory Cued Fear Memory Networks in Rats. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:2717-2728. [PMID: 34668524 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory consolidation involves reorganization at both the synaptic and system levels. The latter involves gradual reorganization of the brain regions that support memory and has been mostly highlighted using hippocampal-dependent tasks. The standard memory consolidation model posits that the hippocampus becomes gradually less important over time in favor of neocortical regions. In contrast, this reorganization of circuits in amygdala-dependent tasks has been less investigated. Moreover, this question has been addressed using primarily lesion or cellular imaging approaches thus precluding the comparison of recent and remote memory networks in the same animals. To overcome this limitation, we used microPET imaging to characterize, in the same animals, the networks activated during the recall of a recent versus remote memory in an olfactory cued fear conditioning paradigm. The data highlighted the drastic difference between the extents of the two networks. Indeed, although the recall of a recent odor fear memory activates a large network of structures spanning from the prefrontal cortex to the cerebellum, significant activations during remote memory retrieval are limited to the piriform cortex. These results strongly support the view that amygdala-dependent memories also undergo system-level reorganization, and that sensory cortical areas might participate in the long-term storage of emotional memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Mouly
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron Cedex 69675, France
| | | | | | - Luc Zimmer
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron Cedex 69675, France.,CERMEP-Life Imaging, Bron Cedex 69677, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69002, France
| | - Nadine Ravel
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron Cedex 69675, France
| | - Philippe Litaudon
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron Cedex 69675, France
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Buchecker V, Waldron AM, van Dijk RM, Koska I, Brendel M, von Ungern-Sternberg B, Lindner S, Gildehaus FJ, Ziegler S, Bartenstein P, Potschka H. [ 18F]MPPF and [ 18F]FDG μPET imaging in rats: impact of transport and restraint stress. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:112. [PMID: 32990819 PMCID: PMC7524912 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-00693-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stress exposure can significantly affect serotonergic signaling with a particular impact on 5-HT1A receptor expression. Positron emission tomography (PET) provides opportunities for molecular imaging of alterations in 5-HT1A receptor binding following stress exposure. Considering the possible role of 5-HT1A receptors in stress coping mechanisms, respective imaging approaches are of particular interest. Material and methods For twelve consecutive days, Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to daily transport with a 1 h stay in a laboratory or daily transport plus 1 h restraint in a narrow tube. Following, animals were subjected to μPET imaging with 2′-methoxyphenyl-(N-2′-pyridinyl)-p-[18F]fluoro-benzamidoethylpiperazine ([18F]MPPF) and 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG). Behavioral and biochemical parameters were analyzed to obtain additional information. Results In rats with repeated transport, hippocampal [18F]MPPF binding exceeded that in the naive group, while no difference in [18F]FDG uptake was detected between the groups. A transient decline in body weight was observed in rats with transport or combined transport and restraint. Thereby, body weight development correlated with [18F]MPPF binding. Conclusions Mild-to-moderate stress associated with daily transport and exposure to a laboratory environment can trigger significant alterations in hippocampal binding of the 5-HT1A receptor ligand [18F]MPPF. This finding indicates that utmost care is necessary to control and report transport and associated handling procedures for animals used in μPET studies analyzing the serotonergic system in order to enhance the robustness of conclusions and allow replicability of findings. In view of earlier studies indicating that an increase in hippocampal 5-HT1A receptor expression may be associated with a resilience to stress, it would be of interest to further evaluate 5-HT1A receptor imaging approaches as a candidate biomarker for the vulnerability to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Buchecker
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Königinstr. 16, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Ann-Marie Waldron
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Königinstr. 16, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - R Maarten van Dijk
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Königinstr. 16, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Ines Koska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Königinstr. 16, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Simon Lindner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Josef Gildehaus
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sibylle Ziegler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Königinstr. 16, 80539, Munich, Germany.
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9
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McGregor M, Richer K, Ananth M, Thanos PK. The functional networks of a novel environment: Neural activity mapping in awake unrestrained rats using positron emission tomography. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01646. [PMID: 32562468 PMCID: PMC7428510 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Novel environment stimulation is thought to have an important role in cognitive development and has been shown to encourage exploratory behavior in rats. However, psychopathology or perceived danger or stress can impede this exploratory drive. The balance between brain circuits controlling the exploratory drive elicited by a novel environment, and the avoidance response to stressors, is not well understood. METHODS Using positron emission tomography (PET) and the glucose analog [18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), we assessed awake brain glucose metabolism (BGluM) in rats while in a novel environment (cage of an unfamiliar male rat) and non-novel environment (the animal's home cage). RESULTS Exposure to the novel environment increased BGluM in regions associated with vision (visual cortex), motor function and motivated behavior (striatum and motor cortex), and anxiety (stria terminalis), and decreased BGluM in regions associated with auditory processing (auditory cortex, insular cortex, inferior colliculus), locomotor activity (globus pallidus, striatum, motor cortex, ventral thalamic nucleus), spatial navigation (retrosplenial cortex), and working memory (hippocampus, cingulate cortex, prelimbic cortex, orbitofrontal cortex). CONCLUSION These results suggest that the novel cage is a stressful environment that inhibits activity in brain regions associated with exploratory behavior. Patterns of inhibition in the novel cage also support the proposed rat default mode network, indicating that animals are more cognitively engaged in this environment. Additionally, these data support the unique capability of combining FDG-PET with psychopharmacology experiments to examine novelty seeking and brain activation in the context of decision making, risk taking, and cognitive function more generally, along with response to environmental or stress challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew McGregor
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kaleigh Richer
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Mala Ananth
- Department of Neurobiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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10
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Freeman AR, Hare JF, Caldwell HK. Call-specific patterns of neural activation in auditory processing of Richardson's ground squirrel alarm calls. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01629. [PMID: 32307882 PMCID: PMC7313678 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Richardson's ground squirrels use alarm calls to warn conspecifics about potential predatory threats. Chirp calls typically indicate high levels of threat from airborne predators, while whistle calls are associated with lower levels of threat from terrestrial predators. These types of calls primarily elicit escape behaviors and increased vigilance in receivers, respectively. While much is known about the neural mechanisms involved in the production of vocalizations, less is known about the mechanisms important for the perception of alarm calls by receivers, and whether changes in perceived risk are associated with unique patterns of neuronal activation. Thus, to determine whether alarm calls associated with different levels of predation risk result in differential neuronal activation, we used immunohistochemistry to identify and quantify c-Fos immunopositive cells in brain regions important in stress, fear, danger, and reward, following alarm call reception. METHODS We exposed 29 female Richardson's ground squirrels (10 control, 10 whistle receivers, and 9 chirp receivers) to playbacks of whistles, chirps, or a no-vocalization control. We then assessed neuronal activation via c-Fos immunohistochemistry in 12 brain regions. RESULTS Ground squirrels receiving high-threat "chirp" vocalizations had reduced neuronal activation in the medial amygdala and superior colliculus compared with controls. It is likely that changes in activity in these brain regions serve to alter the balance between approach and avoidance in turn promoting escape behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Thus, we conclude that in Richardson's ground squirrels, these brain regions are important for the perception of risk resulting from receiving alarm calls and allow for appropriate behavioral responses by receivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Freeman
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Behavior, Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - James F Hare
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Heather K Caldwell
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Behavior, Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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11
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Enhanced odor sensitivity, particularly toward threat-related cues, may be adaptive during periods of danger. Research also suggests that chronic psychological distress may lead to functional changes in the olfactory system that cause heightened sensitivity to odors. Yet, the association between self-reported odor sensitivity, objective odor detection, and affective psychopathology is currently unclear, and research suggests that persons with affective problems may only be sensitive to specific, threat-related odors. METHODS The current study compared adults with self-reported odor sensitivity that was described as functionally impairing (OSI; n = 32) to those who reported odor sensitivity that was non-impairing (OS; n = 17) on affective variables as well as quantitative odor detection. RESULTS Increased anxiety sensitivity, trait anxiety, depression, and life stress, even while controlling for comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders, was found for OSI compared to OS. While OSI, compared to OS, demonstrated only a trend increase in objective odor detection of a smoke-like, but not rose-like, odor, further analysis revealed that increased detection of that smoke-like odor was positively correlated with anxiety sensitivity. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that persons with various forms of psychological distress may find themselves significantly impaired by an intolerance of odors, but that self-reported odor sensitivity does not necessarily relate to enhanced odor detection ability. However, increased sensitivity to a smoke-like odor appears to be associated with sensitivity to aversive anxiogenic stimuli. Implications for the pathophysiology of fear- and anxiety-related disorders are discussed.
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12
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Sex differences in the effects of acute stress on cerebral glucose metabolism: A microPET study. Brain Res 2019; 1722:146355. [PMID: 31356782 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stress has been considered as a risk factor for the development and aggravation of several diseases. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) is one of the main actors for the stress response and homeostasis maintenance. Positron emission tomography (PET) has been used to evaluate neuronal activity and to study brain regions that may be related to the HPA axis response. Since neuroimaging is an important tool in detecting neuroendocrine-related changes, we used fluorodeoxyglucose-18 (18F-FDG) and positron emission microtomography (microPET) to evaluate sexual differences in the glucose brain metabolism after 10, 30 and 40 min of acute stress in Balb/c mice. We also investigated the effects of restraint stress in blood, liver and adrenal gland 18F-FDG biodistribution using a gamma counter. A decreased glucose uptake in the whole brain in both females and males was found. Additionally, there were time and sex-dependent alterations in the 18F-FDG uptake after restraint stress in specific brain regions, indicating that males could be more vulnerable to the short-term effects of acute stress. According to the gamma counter biodistribution, only females showed a significant decreased glucose uptake in the blood, liver and right adrenal after restraint stress. In addition, in comparisons between the sexes, males showed a decreased glucose uptake in the whole brain and in several brain regions compared to females. In conclusion, exposure to acute restraint stress resulted in significant decreased glucose metabolism in the brain, with particular effects in different regions and organs in a sex-specific manner.
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Moreno-Rius J. The cerebellum under stress. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 54:100774. [PMID: 31348932 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stress-related psychiatric conditions are one of the main causes of disability in developed countries. They account for a large portion of resource investment in stress-related disorders, become chronic, and remain difficult to treat. Research on the neurobehavioral effects of stress reveals how changes in certain brain areas, mediated by a number of neurochemical messengers, markedly alter behavior. The cerebellum is connected with stress-related brain areas and expresses the machinery required to process stress-related neurochemical mediators. Surprisingly, it is not regarded as a substrate of stress-related behavioral alterations, despite numerous studies that show cerebellar responsivity to stress. Therefore, this review compiles those studies and proposes a hypothesis for cerebellar function in stressful conditions, relating it to stress-induced psychopathologies. It aims to provide a clearer picture of stress-related neural circuitry and stimulate cerebellum-stress research. Consequently, it might contribute to the development of improved treatment strategies for stress-related disorders.
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14
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Musazzi L, Sala N, Tornese P, Gallivanone F, Belloli S, Conte A, Di Grigoli G, Chen F, Ikinci A, Treccani G, Bazzini C, Castiglioni I, Nyengaard JR, Wegener G, Moresco RM, Popoli M. Acute Inescapable Stress Rapidly Increases Synaptic Energy Metabolism in Prefrontal Cortex and Alters Working Memory Performance. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:4948-4957. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Brain energy metabolism actively regulates synaptic transmission and activity. We have previously shown that acute footshock (FS)-stress induces fast and long-lasting functional and morphological changes at excitatory synapses in prefrontal cortex (PFC). Here, we asked whether FS-stress increased energy metabolism in PFC, and modified related cognitive functions. Using positron emission tomography (PET), we found that FS-stress induced a redistribution of glucose metabolism in the brain, with relative decrease of [18F]FDG uptake in ventro-caudal regions and increase in dorso-rostral ones. Absolute [18F]FDG uptake was inversely correlated with serum corticosterone. Increased specific hexokinase activity was also measured in purified PFC synaptosomes (but not in total extract) of FS-stressed rats, which positively correlated with 2-Deoxy [3H] glucose uptake by synaptosomes. In line with increased synaptic energy demand, using an electron microscopy-based stereological approach, we found that acute stress induced a redistribution of mitochondria at excitatory synapses, together with an increase in their volume. The fast functional and metabolic activation of PFC induced by acute stress, was accompanied by rapid and sustained alterations of working memory performance in delayed response to T-maze test. Taken together, the present data suggest that acute stress increases energy consumption at PFC synaptic terminals and alters working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Musazzi
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and CEND, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Nathalie Sala
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and CEND, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Tornese
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and CEND, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Gallivanone
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMi) CNR, Segrate, Italy
| | - Sara Belloli
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMi) CNR, Segrate, Italy
| | - Alessandra Conte
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and CEND, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Grigoli
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMi) CNR, Segrate, Italy
| | - Fengua Chen
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Ayşe Ikinci
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Giulia Treccani
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Chiara Bazzini
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and CEND, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Isabella Castiglioni
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMi) CNR, Segrate, Italy
| | - Jens R Nyengaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Rosa M Moresco
- Nuclear Medicine Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Maurizio Popoli
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and CEND, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Miranda A, Glorie D, Bertoglio D, Vleugels J, De Bruyne G, Stroobants S, Staelens S, Verhaeghe J. Awake 18F-FDG PET Imaging of Memantine-Induced Brain Activation and Test-Retest in Freely Running Mice. J Nucl Med 2018; 60:844-850. [PMID: 30442754 PMCID: PMC6581220 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.218669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PET scans of the mouse brain are usually performed with anesthesia to immobilize the animal. However, it is desirable to avoid the confounding factor of anesthesia in mouse-brain response. Methods: We developed and validated brain PET imaging of awake, freely moving mice. Head-motion tracking was performed using radioactive point-source markers, and we used the tracking information for PET-image motion correction. Regional 18F-FDG brain uptake in a test, retest, and memantine-challenge study was measured in awake (n = 8) and anesthetized (n = 8) C57BL/6 mice. An awake uptake period was considered for the anesthesia scans. Results: Awake (motion-corrected) PET images showed an 18F-FDG uptake pattern comparable to the pattern of anesthetized mice. The test–retest variability (represented by the intraclass correlation coefficient) of the regional SUV quantification in the awake animals (0.424–0.555) was marginally lower than that in the anesthetized animals (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.491–0.629) over the different regions. The increased memantine-induced 18F-FDG uptake was more pronounced in awake (+63.6%) than in anesthetized (+24.2%) animals. Additional behavioral information, acquired for awake animals, showed increased motor activity on a memantine challenge (total distance traveled, 18.2 ± 5.28 m) compared with test–retest (6.49 ± 2.21 m). Conclusion: The present method enables brain PET imaging on awake mice, thereby avoiding the confounding effects of anesthesia on the PET reading. It allows the simultaneous measurement of behavioral information during PET acquisitions. The method does not require any additional hardware, and it can be deployed in typical high-throughput scan protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Miranda
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dorien Glorie
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Daniele Bertoglio
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jochen Vleugels
- Product Development, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; and
| | - Guido De Bruyne
- Product Development, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; and
| | - Sigrid Stroobants
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Staelens
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Verhaeghe
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Imaging correlates of behavioral impairments: An experimental PET study in the rat pilocarpine epilepsy model. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 118:9-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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17
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Zeng Y, Hu D, Yang W, Hayashinaka E, Wada Y, Watanabe Y, Zeng Q, Cui Y. A voxel-based analysis of neurobiological mechanisms in placebo analgesia in rats. Neuroimage 2018; 178:602-612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Changes of the brain activities after chronic restraint stress in rats: A study based on 18F-FDG PET. Neurosci Lett 2017; 665:104-109. [PMID: 29175030 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
As a prevalent disease all over the world, changed functional activities and/or structures in many brain regions have been found in depression. In this study, 5-week chronic restraint stress (CRS) was performed to establish depression rat models, and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) was used to detect brain functional activities. Our study found that CRS induced depressive behaviors and increased the expression of serum IL-6. After exposure to CRS, rats showed decreased glucose metabolism in the whole-brain and brain regions including left medial prefrontal and auditory cortices; right amygdala, cingulate cortex, olfactory and AcbCore/Shell; bilateral caudate putamen, dorsal hippocampi, insular and entorhinal cortices. Expression of serum IL-6 and glucose metabolism in most of the above brain regions were significantly correlated with the severity of some CRS-induced depressive behaviors. In conclusion, the increased peripheral inflammatory response and decreased brain functional activities might be the important pathogenesis of experimental depression induced by CRS, and could reflect the severity of depression to some extent.
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Miranda A, Staelens S, Stroobants S, Verhaeghe J. Fast and Accurate Rat Head Motion Tracking With Point Sources for Awake Brain PET. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2017; 36:1573-1582. [PMID: 28207390 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2017.2667889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To avoid the confounding effects of anesthesia and immobilization stress in rat brain positron emission tomography (PET), motion tracking-based unrestrained awake rat brain imaging is being developed. In this paper, we propose a fast and accurate rat headmotion tracking method based on small PET point sources. PET point sources (3-4) attached to the rat's head are tracked in image space using 15-32-ms time frames. Our point source tracking (PST) method was validated using a manually moved microDerenzo phantom that was simultaneously tracked with an optical tracker (OT) for comparison. The PST method was further validated in three awake [18F]FDG rat brain scans. Compared with the OT, the PST-based correction at the same frame rate (31.2 Hz) reduced the reconstructed FWHM by 0.39-0.66 mm for the different tested rod sizes of the microDerenzo phantom. The FWHM could be further reduced by another 0.07-0.13 mm when increasing the PST frame rate (66.7 Hz). Regional brain [18F]FDG uptake in the motion corrected scan was strongly correlated ( ) with that of the anesthetized reference scan for all three cases ( ). The proposed PST method allowed excellent and reproducible motion correction in awake in vivo experiments. In addition, there is no need of specialized tracking equipment or additional calibrations to be performed, the point sources are practically imperceptible to the rat, and PST is ideally suitable for small bore scanners, where optical tracking might be challenging.
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Miranda A, Staelens S, Stroobants S, Verhaeghe J. Markerless rat head motion tracking using structured light for brain PET imaging of unrestrained awake small animals. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:1744-1758. [PMID: 28102175 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa5a46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in small animals is generally performed under anesthesia to immobilize the animal during scanning. More recently, for rat brain PET studies, methods to perform scans of unrestrained awake rats are being developed in order to avoid the unwanted effects of anesthesia on the brain response. Here, we investigate the use of a projected structure stereo camera to track the motion of the rat head during the PET scan. The motion information is then used to correct the PET data. The stereo camera calculates a 3D point cloud representation of the scene and the tracking is performed by point cloud matching using the iterative closest point algorithm. The main advantage of the proposed motion tracking is that no intervention, e.g. for marker attachment, is needed. A manually moved microDerenzo phantom experiment and 3 awake rat [18F]FDG experiments were performed to evaluate the proposed tracking method. The tracking accuracy was 0.33 mm rms. After motion correction image reconstruction, the microDerenzo phantom was recovered albeit with some loss of resolution. The reconstructed FWHM of the 2.5 and 3 mm rods increased with 0.94 and 0.51 mm respectively in comparison with the motion-free case. In the rat experiments, the average tracking success rate was 64.7%. The correlation of relative brain regional [18F]FDG uptake between the anesthesia and awake scan reconstructions was increased from on average 0.291 (not significant) before correction to 0.909 (p < 0.0001) after motion correction. Markerless motion tracking using structured light can be successfully used for tracking of the rat head for motion correction in awake rat PET scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Miranda
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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21
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Cannella N, Cosa-Linan A, Roscher M, Takahashi TT, Vogler N, Wängler B, Spanagel R. [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography in Rats with Prolonged Cocaine Self-Administration Suggests Potential Brain Biomarkers for Addictive Behavior. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:218. [PMID: 29163237 PMCID: PMC5671955 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The DSM5-based dimensional diagnostic approach defines substance use disorders on a continuum from recreational drug use to habitual and ultimately addicted behavior. Biomarkers that are indicative of recreational drug use and addicted behavior are lacking. We performed a translational [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) study in the multi-dimensional 0/3crit model of cocaine addiction. Addict-like (3crit) and non-addict-like (0crit) rats, which shared identical life conditions and levels of cocaine self-administration, were acquired for FDG-PET under baseline conditions and following cocaine and yohimbine challenges. Compared to cocaine-naïve control rats, 0crit animals showed higher glucose uptake in the caudate putamen (CPu) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) respect to naïve controls. 3crit animals did not show this adaptive higher glucose utilization, but had lower uptake in several cortical areas. Both cocaine and yohimbine challenges affected glucose uptake in control rats in several brain sites, but not in 0crit and 3crit rats, indicating that impaired glucose mobilization in response to these challenges is not specifically associated with addictive behavior. Compared to 0crit, 3crit rats showed higher reinstatement responses, which were negatively associated with glucose uptake in the ventral tegmental area. Data indicate that cocaine non-addict- and addict-like phenotypes are associated with several potential biomarkers. Specifically, we propose that increased glucose uptake in the CPu and mPFC is a function of controlled drug use, whereas a loss of striatal and prefrontal metabolic activity and reduced uptake in cortical areas are indicative of addictive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazzareno Cannella
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alejandro Cosa-Linan
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mareike Roscher
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tatiane T Takahashi
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nils Vogler
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Björn Wängler
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Activity in the rat olfactory cortex is correlated with behavioral response to odor: a microPET study. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:577-586. [PMID: 27194619 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
How olfactory cortical areas interpret odor maps evoked in the olfactory bulb and translate odor information into behavioral responses is still largely unknown. Indeed, rat olfactory cortices encompass an extensive network located in the ventral part of the brain, thus complicating the use of invasive functional methods. In vivo imaging techniques that were previously developed for brain activation studies in humans have been adapted for use in rodents and facilitate the non-invasive mapping of the whole brain. In this study, we report an initial series of experiments designed to demonstrate that microPET is a powerful tool to investigate the neural processes underlying odor-induced behavioral response in a large-scale olfactory neuronal network. After the intravenous injection of [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG), awake rats were placed in a ventilated Plexiglas cage for 50 min, where odorants were delivered every 3 min for a 10-s duration in a random order. Individual behavioral responses to odor were classified into categories ranging from 1 (head movements associated with a short sniffing period in response to a few stimulations) to 4 (a strong reaction, including rearing, exploring and sustained sniffing activity, to several stimulations). After [18F]FDG uptake, rats were anesthetized to perform a PET scan. This experimental session was repeated 2 weeks later using the same animals without odor stimulation to assess the baseline level of activation in each individual. Two voxel-based statistical analyses (SPM 8) were performed: (1) a two-sample paired t test analysis contrasting baseline versus odor scan and (2) a correlation analysis between voxel FDG activity and behavioral score. As expected, the contrast analysis between baseline and odor session revealed activations in various olfactory cortical areas. Significant increases in glucose metabolism were also observed in other sensory cortical areas involved in whisker movement and in several modules of the cerebellum involved in motor and sensory function. Correlation analysis provided new insight into these results. [18F]FDG uptake was correlated with behavioral response in a large part of the anterior piriform cortex and in some lobules of the cerebellum, in agreement with the previous data showing that both piriform cortex and cerebellar activity in humans can be driven by sniffing activity, which was closely related to the high behavioral scores observed in our experiment. The present data demonstrate that microPET imaging offers an original perspective for rat behavioral neuroimaging.
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Urban DJ, Zhu H, Marcinkiewcz CA, Michaelides M, Oshibuchi H, Rhea D, Aryal DK, Farrell MS, Lowery-Gionta E, Olsen RHJ, Wetsel WC, Kash TL, Hurd YL, Tecott LH, Roth BL. Elucidation of The Behavioral Program and Neuronal Network Encoded by Dorsal Raphe Serotonergic Neurons. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:1404-15. [PMID: 26383016 PMCID: PMC4793125 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating how the brain's serotonergic network mediates diverse behavioral actions over both relatively short (minutes-hours) and long period of time (days-weeks) remains a major challenge for neuroscience. Our relative ignorance is largely due to the lack of technologies with robustness, reversibility, and spatio-temporal control. Recently, we have demonstrated that our chemogenetic approach (eg, Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs)) provides a reliable and robust tool for controlling genetically defined neural populations. Here we show how short- and long-term activation of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) serotonergic neurons induces robust behavioral responses. We found that both short- and long-term activation of DRN serotonergic neurons induce antidepressant-like behavioral responses. However, only short-term activation induces anxiogenic-like behaviors. In parallel, these behavioral phenotypes were associated with a metabolic map of whole brain network activity via a recently developed non-invasive imaging technology DREAMM (DREADD Associated Metabolic Mapping). Our findings reveal a previously unappreciated brain network elicited by selective activation of DRN serotonin neurons and illuminate potential therapeutic and adverse effects of drugs targeting DRN neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Urban
- Department of Pharmacology and National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hu Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Catherine A Marcinkiewcz
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael Michaelides
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hidehiro Oshibuchi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Darren Rhea
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dipendra K Aryal
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Cell Biology, and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Martilias S Farrell
- Department of Pharmacology and National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Emily Lowery-Gionta
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Reid H J Olsen
- Department of Pharmacology and National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - William C Wetsel
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Cell Biology, and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Thomas L Kash
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yasmin L Hurd
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laurence H Tecott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA, Tel: 415 576 7858, Fax: 415 476 7838, E-mail:
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Department of Pharmacology, UNC Chapel Hill Medical School, NIMH Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA, Tel: +1 919 966 7535, Fax: +1 919 843 5788, E-mail:
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Comment on "Comparison of Electroacupuncture in Restrained and Unrestrained Rat Models". EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:2157158. [PMID: 26933441 PMCID: PMC4736904 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2157158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Šarić A, Sobočanec S, Mačak Šafranko Ž, Popović Hadžija M, Bagarić R, Farkaš V, Švarc A, Marotti T, Balog T. Diminished Resistance to Hyperoxia in Brains of Reproductively Senescent Female CBA/H Mice. Med Sci Monit Basic Res 2015; 21:191-9. [PMID: 26373431 PMCID: PMC4588673 DOI: 10.12659/msmbr.895356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have explored sex differences in ability to maintain redox balance during acute oxidative stress in brains of mice. We aimed to determine if there were differences in oxidative/antioxidative status upon hyperoxia in brains of reproductively senescent CBA/H mice in order to elucidate some of the possible mechanisms of lifespan regulation. Material/Methods The brains of 12-month-old male and female CBA/H mice (n=9 per sex and treatment) subjected to 18-h hyperoxia were evaluated for lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidative enzyme expression and activity - superoxide dismutase 1 and 2 (Sod-1, Sod-2), catalase (Cat), glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx-1), heme-oxygenase 1 (Ho-1), nad NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and for 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro-D-glucose (18FDG) uptake. Results No increase in LPO was observed after hyperoxia, regardless of sex. Expression of Nrf-2 showed significant downregulation in hyperoxia-treated males (p=0.001), and upregulation in hyperoxia-treated females (p=0.023). Also, in females hyperoxia upregulated Sod-1 (p=0.046), and Ho-1 (p=0.014) genes. SOD1 protein was upregulated in both sexes after hyperoxia (p=0.009 for males and p=0.011 for females). SOD2 protein was upregulated only in females (p=0.008) while CAT (p=0.026) and HO-1 (p=0.042) proteins were increased after hyperoxia only in males. Uptake of 18FDG was decreased after hyperoxia in the back brain of females. Conclusions We found that females at their reproductive senescence are more susceptible to hyperoxia, compared to males. We propose this model of hyperoxia as a useful tool to assess sex differences in adaptive response to acute stress conditions, which may be partially responsible for observed sex differences in longevity of CBA/H mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Šarić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sandra Sobočanec
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Robert Bagarić
- Division of Experimental Physics, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Farkaš
- Division of Experimental Physics, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alfred Švarc
- Division of Experimental Physics, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Marotti
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tihomir Balog
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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Cui Y, Toyoda H, Sako T, Onoe K, Hayashinaka E, Wada Y, Yokoyama C, Onoe H, Kataoka Y, Watanabe Y. A voxel-based analysis of brain activity in high-order trigeminal pathway in the rat induced by cortical spreading depression. Neuroimage 2015; 108:17-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Zimmer ER, Parent MJ, Cuello AC, Gauthier S, Rosa-Neto P. MicroPET imaging and transgenic models: a blueprint for Alzheimer's disease clinical research. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:629-41. [PMID: 25151336 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, developments in neuroimaging have significantly contributed to the understanding of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. Specifically, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents targeting amyloid deposition have provided unprecedented opportunities for refining in vivo diagnosis, monitoring disease propagation, and advancing AD clinical trials. Furthermore, the use of a miniaturized version of PET (microPET) in transgenic (Tg) animals has been a successful strategy for accelerating the development of novel radiopharmaceuticals. However, advanced applications of microPET focusing on the longitudinal propagation of AD pathophysiology or therapeutic strategies remain in their infancy. This review highlights what we have learned from microPET imaging in Tg models displaying amyloid and tau pathology, and anticipates cutting-edge applications with high translational value to clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Zimmer
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; PET unit, Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maxime J Parent
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; PET unit, Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - A Claudio Cuello
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Serge Gauthier
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; PET unit, Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; PET unit, Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Hu H, Xu Y, Liu C, Zhao H, Zhang H, Wang L. Changes in behavior and in brain glucose metabolism in rats after nine weeks on a high fat diet: a randomized controlled trial. SHANGHAI ARCHIVES OF PSYCHIATRY 2014; 26:129-37. [PMID: 25114487 PMCID: PMC4118009 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background A high-fat diet (HFD) is a well-known risk factor for cardio-cerebrovascular disease but the relationship between a HFD and depressive symptoms remains unknown. Objective Compare changes in behavioral and measures of brain glucose metabolism in rats fed a HFD to those of rats fed a standard diet. Methods Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a study group (n=10) that received a high fat diet for 9 weeks or a control group (n=10) that received a standard diet for 9 weeks. At baseline and at the end of the 9-week trial assessments included body weight, serum lipids (total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), the sucrose preference test, and the open field test. The rate of brain glucose metabolism in different brain regions (assessed using micro-positron emission tomography) at the end of the trial was also compared between the two groups of rats. Results Nine weeks of a HFD in rats resulted in the expected increase in weight and changes in serum lipid levels, but it was also associated with a decreased preference for sucrose (which may be due to a loss of interest in pleasurable activities), increased weight-adjusted water intake, and a significant deactivation of the right thalamus and right striatum (based on decreased rates of glucose metabolism). In the HFD group the magnitude of the drop in the sucrose preference was strongly correlated to the magnitude of the deactivation of the right thalamus (r=0.78) and the right striatum (r=0.81). Conclusions These findings support hypotheses about the role of a HFD in the causal pathway for depressive symptoms. Further work is needed to clarify the underling mechanism, but it appears that the interaction between the content of the diet and the limbic system-striatum-thalamus circuit plays a role in both eating behavior and depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China ; Department of Psychiatry, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yeqing Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Heqing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Deleye S, Verhaeghe J, wyffels L, Dedeurwaerdere S, Stroobants S, Staelens S. Towards a reproducible protocol for repetitive and semi-quantitative rat brain imaging with (18) F-FDG: exemplified in a memantine pharmacological challenge. Neuroimage 2014; 96:276-87. [PMID: 24736171 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The standard uptake value (SUV), commonly used to quantify (18)F-FluoroDeoxyGlucose (FDG) uptake in small animal brain PET imaging, is affected by many factors. In this study the influence of fasting times, inter-scan duration and repetitive scanning on the variability of different SUV measures is investigated. Additionally it is demonstrated that these variables could adversely influence the outcome of a pharmacological challenge when not accounted for. Naive Sprague-Dawley rats (n=20) were randomly divided into five different fasting groups (no fasting up to 24h of fasting). SUV brain uptake values were reproducible in naive animals when a fasting period of at least 12h is used and for shorter fasting periods SUV values need to be corrected for the glucose level. Additionally, a separate animal group (n=6) was sufficiently fasted for 16h and in a longitudinal setting being scanned six times in three weeks. Especially with short inter-scan durations, increasing glucose levels were found over time which was attributed to increased stress due to repeated food deprivation, altered food intake or scan manipulations. As a result, even with controlled and sufficient fasting, blood glucose levels should be taken into account for data quantification. Strikingly, even the brain activation effects of an NMDA-antagonist challenge with memantine could not be detected in experiments with a short inter-scan duration if glucose levels were not taken into account. Correcting for glucose levels decreases the inter- and intra-animal variability for rat brain imaging. SUV corrected for glucose levels yields the lowest inter-animal variation. However, if the body weight changes significantly, as in a long experiment, quantification based on the glucose corrected percentage injected dose (and not SUV) is recommendable as this yields the lowest intra-animal variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Deleye
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Jeroen Verhaeghe
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Leonie wyffels
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Stefanie Dedeurwaerdere
- Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Sigrid Stroobants
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Steven Staelens
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Mirrione MM, Schulz D, Lapidus KAB, Zhang S, Goodman W, Henn FA. Increased metabolic activity in the septum and habenula during stress is linked to subsequent expression of learned helplessness behavior. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:29. [PMID: 24550809 PMCID: PMC3909949 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrollable stress can have a profound effect on an organism's ability to respond effectively to future stressful situations. Behavior subsequent to uncontrollable stress can vary greatly between individuals, falling on a spectrum between healthy resilience and maladaptive learned helplessness. It is unclear whether dysfunctional brain activity during uncontrollable stress is associated with vulnerability to learned helplessness; therefore, we measured metabolic activity during uncontrollable stress that correlated with ensuing inability to escape future stressors. We took advantage of small animal positron emission tomography (PET) and 2-deoxy-2[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose ((18)FDG) to probe in vivo metabolic activity in wild type Sprague Dawley rats during uncontrollable, inescapable, unpredictable foot-shock stress, and subsequently tested the animals response to controllable, escapable, predictable foot-shock stress. When we correlated metabolic activity during the uncontrollable stress with consequent behavioral outcomes, we found that the degree to which animals failed to escape the foot-shock correlated with increased metabolic activity in the lateral septum and habenula. When used a seed region, metabolic activity in the habenula correlated with activity in the lateral septum, hypothalamus, medial thalamus, mammillary nuclei, ventral tegmental area, central gray, interpeduncular nuclei, periaqueductal gray, dorsal raphe, and rostromedial tegmental nucleus, caudal linear raphe, and subiculum transition area. Furthermore, the lateral septum correlated with metabolic activity in the preoptic area, medial thalamus, habenula, interpeduncular nuclei, periaqueductal gray, dorsal raphe, and caudal linear raphe. Together, our data suggest a group of brain regions involved in sensitivity to uncontrollable stress involving the lateral septum and habenula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine M. Mirrione
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Quinnipiac UniversityHamden, CT, USA
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NeuroscienceCold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Medical DepartmentUpton, NY, USA
| | - Daniela Schulz
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Medical DepartmentUpton, NY, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook UniversityStony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Samuel Zhang
- Psychiatry Department, Icahn School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Wayne Goodman
- Psychiatry Department, Icahn School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Fritz A. Henn
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NeuroscienceCold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Medical DepartmentUpton, NY, USA
- Psychiatry Department, Icahn School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
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Lin Z, Shi L, Lu J, Li J, Hu H, Zuo C, Tang W, Lu Y, Bao A, Xu L. Effects of curcumin on glucose metabolism in the brains of rats subjected to chronic unpredictable stress: a 18 F-FDG micro-PET study. Altern Ther Health Med 2013; 14:202. [PMID: 23914948 PMCID: PMC3751057 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) can cause behavioral and physiological abnormalities that are important to the prediction of symptoms of depression that may be associated with cerebral glucose metabolic abnormalities. Curcumin showed potential antidepressant effects, but whether or not it can reverse cerebral functional abnormalities and so ameliorate depression remains unknown. Methods To investigate the effects of curcumin on brain activity in CUS rats, rats were subjected to 3 weeks of CUS and then treated with curcumin orally at a dose of 40 mg/kg/day for one month. 18 F fluorodeoxyglucose (18 F-FDG)-micro positron emission tomography (micro-PET) neuroimaging was used to detect changes in cerebral metabolism. Body weight, sucrose preference, and open field tests were used to record depressive behaviors during CUS and after curcumin treatment. Results Three weeks of CUS significantly decreased body weight, sucrose preference, sucrose consumption, total distance travelling, and the number of rearing events. It also induced metabolic alterations in several parts of the brain, showing increased glucose metabolism in the right hemisphere. After curcumin treatment for one month, sucrose preference, sucrose consumption, total distance travelling, and the number of rearing events returned to normal levels. Curcumin treatment also induced strong deactivation of the left primary auditory cortex and activation of amygdalohippocampal cortex. Conclusion Curcumin was found to ameliorate the abnormalities in the behavior and brain glucose metabolism caused by CUS, which may account for its antidepressive effects.
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Kim HS, An YS, Paik MJ, Lee YS, Choi HD, Kim BC, Pack JK, Kim N, Ahn YH. The effects of exposure to 915 MHz radiofrequency identification on cerebral glucose metabolism in rat: a [F-18] FDG micro-PET study. Int J Radiat Biol 2013; 89:750-5. [PMID: 23581879 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.791756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the effect of whole-body exposure to 915-MHz radiofrequency identification (RFID) on rat cortical glucose metabolism by using (18)F-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: Cage-control, sham-exposed and RFID-exposed groups. Rats were exposed to the 915-MHz RFID for 8 h daily, 5 days per week, for 2 or 16 weeks. The whole-body average specific absorption rate (SAR) was 4 W/kg for the field of the 915 MHz RFID signal. FDG-PET images were obtained the day after RFID exposure, using micro-PET with a FDG tracer. With a Xeleris functional imaging workstation, absolute values in regions of interest (ROI) in the frontal, temporal and parietal cortexes and cerebellum were measured. Cortical ROI values were normalized to the cerebellar value and compared. RESULTS The data showed that the relative cerebral glucose metabolic rate was unchanged in the frontal, temporal and parietal cortexes of the 915 MHz RFID-exposed rats, compared with rats in cage-control and sham-exposed groups. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that 915 MHz RFID radiation exposure did not cause a significant long lasting effect on glucose metabolism in the rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Sun Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
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Willette AA, Coe CL, Colman RJ, Bendlin BB, Kastman EK, Field AS, Alexander AL, Allison DB, Weindruch RH, Johnson SC. Calorie restriction reduces psychological stress reactivity and its association with brain volume and microstructure in aged rhesus monkeys. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:903-16. [PMID: 22119476 PMCID: PMC3311744 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heightened stress reactivity is associated with hippocampal atrophy, age-related cognitive deficits, and increased risk for Alzheimer's disease. This temperament predisposition may aggravate age-associated brain pathology or be reflective of it. This association may be mediated through repeated activation of the stress hormone axis over time. Dietary interventions, such as calorie restriction (CR), affect stress biology and may moderate the pathogenic relationship between stress reactivity and brain in limbic and prefrontal regions. METHODS Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) aged 19-31 years consumed either a standard diet (N=18) or were maintained on 30% CR relative to baseline intake (N=26) for 13-19 years. Behavior was rated in both normative and aversive contexts. Urinary cortisol was collected. Animals underwent magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to acquire volumetric and tissue microstructure data respectively. Voxel-wise statistics regressed a global stress reactivity factor, cortisol, and their interaction on brain indices across and between dietary groups. RESULTS CR significantly reduced stress reactivity during aversive contexts without affecting activity, orientation, or attention behavior. Stress reactivity was associated with less volume and tissue density in areas important for emotional regulation and the endocrine axis including prefrontal cortices, hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. CR reduced these relationships. A Cortisol by Stress Reactivity voxel-wise interaction indicated that only monkeys with high stress reactivity and high basal cortisol demonstrated lower brain volume and tissue density in prefrontal cortices, hippocampus, and amygdala. CONCLUSIONS High stress reactivity predicted lower volume and microstructural tissue density in regions involved in emotional processing and modulation. A CR diet reduced stress reactivity and regional associations with neural modalities. High levels of cortisol appear to mediate some of these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auriel A. Willette
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA,Wisconsin Alheimer s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705 USA,Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705 USA
| | - Christopher L. Coe
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705 USA,Harlow Primate Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Ricki J. Colman
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, 53715 USA
| | - Barbara B Bendlin
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA,Wisconsin Alheimer s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705 USA
| | - Erik K Kastman
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA,Wisconsin Alheimer s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705 USA
| | - Aaron S. Field
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53792 USA
| | - Andrew L. Alexander
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705 USA
| | - David B. Allison
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Richard H. Weindruch
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA,Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, 53715 USA
| | - Sterling C. Johnson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA,Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, 53715 USA,Wisconsin Alheimer s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705 USA,Send Correspondence to: Sterling C. Johnson, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, D-4225 Veterans Administration Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705, USA, Telephone Number: (608) 256-1901, Facsimile Number: (608) 265-3091
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Ono Y, Lin HC, Tzen KY, Chen HH, Yang PF, Lai WS, Chen JH, Onozuka M, Yen CT. Active coping with stress suppresses glucose metabolism in the rat hypothalamus. Stress 2012; 15:207-17. [PMID: 21936685 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2011.614296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We used 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose small-animal positron-emission tomography to determine whether different styles of coping with stress are associated with different patterns of neuronal activity in the hypothalamus. Adult rats were subjected to immobilization (IMO)-stress or to a non-immobilized condition for 30 min, in random order on separate days, each of which was followed by brain-scanning. Some rats in the immobilized condition were allowed to actively cope with the stress by chewing a wooden stick during IMO, while the other immobilized rats were given nothing to chew on. Voxel-based statistical analysis of the brain imaging data shows that chewing counteracted the stress-induced increased glucose uptake in the hypothalamus to the level of the non-immobilized condition. Region-of-interest analysis of the glucose uptake values further showed that chewing significantly suppressed stress-induced increased glucose uptake in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and the anterior hypothalamic area but not in the lateral hypothalamus. Together with the finding that the mean plasma corticosterone concentration at the termination of the IMO was also significantly suppressed when rats had an opportunity to chew a wooden stick, our results showed that active coping by chewing inhibited the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to reduce the endocrine stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumie Ono
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Kanagawa Dental College, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
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Jang DP, Min HK, Lee SY, Kim IY, Park HW, Im YH, Lee S, Sim J, Kim YB, Paek SH, Cho ZH. Functional neuroimaging of the 6-OHDA lesion rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2012; 513:187-92. [PMID: 22387063 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We characterized the unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rat, a well-known acute model of Parkinson's disease (PD), with [(18)F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) small-animal positron emission tomography (PET), which we compared with a drug-induced rotation behavioral test. In the 6-OHDA model, significant glucose hypometabolism was present in the primary motor cortex, substantia nigra, and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus on the ipsilateral side. In contrast, neuronal activations were observed in the primary somatosensory cortex and ventral caudate-putamen area after lesioning. Correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between the behavioral results and the degree of glucose metabolism impairment in the primary motor cortex, substantia nigra, and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. In addition, the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus correlated significantly with the primary somatosensory cortex, the ventral caudate-putamen, the substantia nigra, and the primary motor cortex. Furthermore, the primary motor cortex also showed significant correlations with the substantia nigra. In conclusion, In vivo cerebral mapping of the 6-OHDA-lesioned rats using [(18)F]-FDG PET showed correspondence at the functional levels to the cortico-subcortical network impairment observed in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Pyo Jang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kim SY, Jang EJ, Hong KS, Lee C, Lee DW, Choi CB, Lee H, Choe BY. Acute restraint-mediated increases in glutamate levels in the rat brain: an in vivo ¹H-MRS study at 4.7 T. Neurochem Res 2011; 37:740-8. [PMID: 22187117 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0668-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that a variety of stressors induces a significant alteration in various putative neurotransmitters in the mammalian CNS. However, relatively little attention has been paid on the alteration of central glutamate neurotransmission, which is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. The present study aimed to determine whether acute restraint stress induces the changes in neurotransmitter level, especially glutamate, in rat brain and to examine whether 1-h recovery time after the termination of stress can revert to its pre-stress state. In vivo ¹H-NMR spectra were acquired from the cerebral cortex and hippocampus (control: N = 10, stress: N = 10, stress + 1 h rest: N = 10) immediately or after 1 h rest from restraint stress. All in vivo proton spectra were automatically analyzed using LCModel. We found that acute restraint stress induced significant increase in glutamate concentrations in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus of rat. However, the level could not revert to its pre-stress state by the end of 1-h recovery period in cerebral cortex of rats. In addition, glutamine/glutamate ratio, which may function as an index of the glutamatergic neurotransmission, was significantly lower in the cerebral cortex of both stress and 1 h stress + 1 h recovery groups, as compared to control. Our finding may provide important evidence for altered glutamatergic activity after the stress and suggest a potential biochemical marker for eventual diagnosis and/or therapy monitoring in mood disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seocho-Gu, Seoul 137-040, Republic of Korea
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Valdés-Hernández PA, Sumiyoshi A, Nonaka H, Haga R, Aubert-Vásquez E, Ogawa T, Iturria-Medina Y, Riera JJ, Kawashima R. An in vivo MRI Template Set for Morphometry, Tissue Segmentation, and fMRI Localization in Rats. Front Neuroinform 2011; 5:26. [PMID: 22275894 PMCID: PMC3254174 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2011.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, several papers have focused on the construction of highly detailed mouse high field magnetic resonance image (MRI) templates via non-linear registration to unbiased reference spaces, allowing for a variety of neuroimaging applications such as robust morphometric analyses. However, work in rats has only provided medium field MRI averages based on linear registration to biased spaces with the sole purpose of approximate functional MRI (fMRI) localization. This precludes any morphometric analysis in spite of the need of exploring in detail the neuroanatomical substrates of diseases in a recent advent of rat models. In this paper we present a new in vivo rat T2 MRI template set, comprising average images of both intensity and shape, obtained via non-linear registration. Also, unlike previous rat template sets, we include white and gray matter probabilistic segmentations, expanding its use to those applications demanding prior-based tissue segmentation, e.g., statistical parametric mapping (SPM) voxel-based morphometry. We also provide a preliminary digitalization of latest Paxinos and Watson atlas for anatomical and functional interpretations within the cerebral cortex. We confirmed that, like with previous templates, forepaw and hindpaw fMRI activations can be correctly localized in the expected atlas structure. To exemplify the use of our new MRI template set, were reported the volumes of brain tissues and cortical structures and probed their relationships with ontogenetic development. Other in vivo applications in the near future can be tensor-, deformation-, or voxel-based morphometry, morphological connectivity, and diffusion tensor-based anatomical connectivity. Our template set, freely available through the SPM extension website, could be an important tool for future longitudinal and/or functional extensive preclinical studies.
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Mapping patterns of depression-related brain regions with cytochrome oxidase histochemistry: Relevance of animal affective systems to human disorders, with a focus on resilience to adverse events. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 35:1876-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Statistical parametric maps of 18F-FDG PET and 3-D autoradiography in the rat brain: a cross-validation study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011; 38:2228-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-011-1905-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Shin IY, Joo HM, Chung YG, Kim MS, Park JW, Ahn RS. Abnormal diurnal pattern of cortisol secretion in patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stress 2011; 14:156-65. [PMID: 21034298 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2010.522630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence suggests that impairment of the hypothalamus?pituitary system can occur following an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Given that the diurnal cortisol rhythm is primarily controlled by the hypothalamus?pituitary system, this study examined whether changes in diurnal cortisol rhythm occurred after aSAH. Cortisol concentrations were measured in the saliva samples collected from patients after aSAH and other types of cerebral hemorrhage (non-aSAH) in the post-awakening period and at night (21:00?h), and the cortisol awakening response (CAR) and diurnal cortisol decline were determined. The area under the cortisol curve from immediately after to 45?min after awakening (CARauc) in the aSAH patient group was comparable to that in the non-aSAH or healthy control groups. However, an obvious cortisol peak was not found after the awakening period, and the morning/nighttime cortisol ratio in the aSAH patient group was significantly lower than that in other examined groups due to higher nighttime cortisol concentrations. In aSAH patients, the CARauc and nighttime cortisol concentrations were negatively correlated with the Fisher CT grade. These results indicate that the diurnal cortisol rhythm is not regulated normally after aSAH, and cortisol secretory activity decreases as the volume of subarachnoid bleeding increases. Our findings will be helpful to understand altered hypothalamus?pituitary?adrenal axis function after aSAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Y Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anam Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Xi W, Tian M, Zhang H. Molecular imaging in neuroscience research with small-animal PET in rodents. Neurosci Res 2011; 70:133-43. [PMID: 21241748 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive neuroscience, which studies the biological basis of mental processes, widely uses neuroimaging technologies like functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography (PET) to study the human brain. Small laboratory animals, like rodents, are commonly used in brain research and provide abundant models of human brain diseases. The development of high-resolution small-animal PET and various radiotracers together with sophisticated methods for analyzing functional brain imaging data have accelerated research on brain function and neurotransmitter release during behavioral tasks in rodents. In this review, we first summarize advances in the methodology of cognitive research brought about by the development of sophisticated methods for whole-brain imaging analysis and improvements in neuroimaging protocols. Then, we discuss basic mechanisms related to metabolic changes and the expression of neurotransmitters in various brain areas during task-induced neural activity. In particular, we discuss glucose metabolism imaging and brain receptor imaging for various receptor systems. Finally, we discuss the current status and future perspectives. Mechanisms of neurotransmitter expression will probably become an increasingly important field of study in the future, leading to more collaboration between investigators in fields such as computational and theoretical neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Hu H, Su L, Xu Y, Zhang H, Wang L. Behavioral and [F-18] fluorodeoxyglucose micro positron emission tomography imaging study in a rat chronic mild stress model of depression. Neuroscience 2010; 169:171-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Vorobyov V, Janać B, Pesić V, Prolić Z. Repeated exposure to low-level extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves affects cortex-hypothalamus interplay in freely moving rats: EEG study. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86:376-83. [PMID: 20397842 DOI: 10.3109/09553000903567938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effects of repeated exposure to extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves (ELF-MW) on cortical and hypothalamic electroencephalograms (EEG). MATERIALS AND METHODS In 10 freely moving rats with carbon electrodes implanted into the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus, averaged frequency spectra (0.5-30 Hz) of the EEG were studied for five consecutive days either under sham exposures (five rats) or under mixed sham/MW-exposures (five rats). The rats were exposed to ELF-MW (915 MHz, 20-ms pulse duration, approximately 0.3 mW/cm(2), 4 Hz) intermittently (1-min 'On', 1-min 'Off') for 10 min (specific absorption rate, SAR, approximately 0.7 mW/g on average) several times per day, with 10-min pre- and post-exposure periods. RESULTS In baseline EEG, the activities of 3.2-6.0 Hz and 17.8-30.5 Hz dominated in the cortex and of 6.0-17.8 Hz in the hypothalamus. This cortical-hypothalamic imbalance was relatively stable at sham-exposures and insensitive to ELF-MW in all frequency ranges but one. ELF-MW increased the beta(2) (17.8-30.5 Hz) level in the hypothalamus to a greater extent than in the cortex, causing significant diminishing of the initial EEG bias between them. Moreover, a cumulative phenomenon under repeated exposures to ELF-MW was revealed. CONCLUSIONS These results are in line with evidence that repeated low-level exposure to ELF-MW affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach when analysing underlying mechanisms.
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Neural responses of rats in the forced swimming test: [F-18]FDG micro PET study. Behav Brain Res 2009; 203:43-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2009] [Revised: 04/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Rex A, Bert B, Fink H, Voigt JP. Stimulus-dependent changes of extracellular glucose in the rat hippocampus determined by in vivo microdialysis. Physiol Behav 2009; 98:467-73. [PMID: 19660483 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal activity is tightly coupled with brain energy metabolism; and glucose is an important energy substrate for neurons. The present in vivo microdialysis study was aimed at investigating changes in extracellular glucose concentrations in the rat ventral hippocampus due to exposure to the elevated plus maze. Determination of basal hippocampal glucose and lactate/pyruvate ratio in male Wistar rats was conducted in the home cage using in vivo microdialysis. Rats were exposed to the elevated plus maze, a rodent model of anxiety-related behaviour, or to unspecific stress induced by white noise (95dB) as a control condition. Basal hippocampal levels of glucose, as determined by zero-net-flux, and the basal lactate/pyruvate ratio were 1.49+/-0.05mmol/l and 13.8+/-1.1, respectively. In rats without manipulation, glucose levels remained constant throughout the experiment (120min). By contrast, exposure to the elevated plus maze led to a temporary decline in hippocampal glucose (-33.2+/-4.4%) which returned to baseline level in the home cage. White noise caused only a non-significant decrease in extracellular glucose level (-9.3+/-3.5%). In all groups, the lactate/pyruvate ratio remained unchanged by the experimental procedures. Our microdialysis study demonstrates that exposure to the elevated plus maze induces a transient decrease in extracellular hippocampal glucose concentration. In contrast, an unspecific stimulus did not change hippocampal glucose. The latter suggests that only specific behavioural stimuli increase hippocampal glucose utilization in the ventral hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rex
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Koserstr. 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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