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Hung CF, Chiu WC, Chen JC, Chuang WC, Wang SJ. NRICM101 prevents kainic acid-induced seizures in rats by modulating neuroinflammation and the glutamatergic system. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 140:112842. [PMID: 39094361 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Taiwan Chingguan Yihau (NRICM101) is a Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula used to treat coronavirus disease 2019; however, its impact on epilepsy has not been revealed. Therefore, the present study evaluated the anti-epileptogenic effect of orally administered NRICM101 on kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures in rats and investigated its possible mechanisms of action. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered NRICM101 (300 mg/kg) by oral gavage for 7 consecutive days before receiving an intraperitoneal injection of KA (15 mg/kg). NRICM101 considerably reduced the seizure behavior and electroencephalographic seizures induced by KA in rats. NRICM101 also significantly decreased the neuronal loss and glutamate increase and increased GLAST, GLT-1, GAD67, GDH and GS levels in the cortex and hippocampus of KA-treated rats. In addition, NRICM101 significantly suppressed astrogliosis (as determined by decreased GFAP expression); neuroinflammatory signaling (as determined by reduced HMGB1, TLR-4, IL-1β, IL-1R, IL-6, p-JAK2, p-STAT3, TNF-α, TNFR1 and p-IκB levels, and increased cytosolic p65-NFκB levels); and necroptosis (as determined by decreased p-RIPK3 and p-MLKL levels) in the cortex and hippocampus of KA-treated rats. The effects of NRICM101 were similar to those of carbamazepine, a well-recognized antiseizure drug. Furthermore, no toxic effects of NRICM101 on the liver and kidney were observed in NRICM101-treated rats. The results indicate that NRICM101 has antiepileptogenic and neuroprotective effects through the suppression of the inflammatory cues (HMGB1/TLR4, Il-1β/IL-1R1, IL-6/p-JAK2/p-STAT3, and TNF-α/TNFR1/NF-κB) and necroptosis signaling pathways (TNF-α/TNFR1/RIP3/MLKL) associated with glutamate level regulation in the brain and is innocuous. Our findings highlight the promising role of NRICM101 in the management of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Feng Hung
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Che Chiu
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106438, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Cih Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | | | - Su-Jane Wang
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City 33303, Taiwan.
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2
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Spagnoli G, Parrella E, Ghazanfar Tehrani S, Mengoni F, Salari V, Nistreanu C, Scambi I, Sbarbati A, Bertini G, Fabene PF. Glial Response and Neuronal Modulation Induced by Epidural Electrode Implant in the Pilocarpine Mouse Model of Epilepsy. Biomolecules 2024; 14:834. [PMID: 39062548 PMCID: PMC11274793 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In animal models of epilepsy, cranial surgery is often required to implant electrodes for electroencephalography (EEG) recording. However, electrode implants can lead to the activation of glial cells and interfere with physiological neuronal activity. In this study, we evaluated the impact of epidural electrode implants in the pilocarpine mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain neuroinflammation was assessed 1 and 3 weeks after surgery by cytokines quantification, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting. Moreover, we investigated the effect of pilocarpine, administered two weeks after surgery, on mice mortality rate. The reported results indicate that implanted mice suffer from neuroinflammation, characterized by an early release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, microglia activation, and subsequent astrogliosis, which persists after three weeks. Notably, mice subjected to electrode implants displayed a higher mortality rate following pilocarpine injection 2 weeks after the surgery. Moreover, the analysis of EEGs recorded from implanted mice revealed a high number of single spikes, indicating a possible increased susceptibility to seizures. In conclusion, epidural electrode implant in mice promotes neuroinflammation that could lower the seizure thresholds to pilocarpine and increase the death rate. An improved protocol considering the persistent neuroinflammation induced by electrode implants will address refinement and reduction, two of the 3Rs principles for the ethical use of animals in scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Spagnoli
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy; (G.S.); (E.P.); (S.G.T.); (F.M.); (C.N.); (I.S.); (A.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Edoardo Parrella
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy; (G.S.); (E.P.); (S.G.T.); (F.M.); (C.N.); (I.S.); (A.S.); (G.B.)
- Section of Innovation Biomedicine, Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Sara Ghazanfar Tehrani
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy; (G.S.); (E.P.); (S.G.T.); (F.M.); (C.N.); (I.S.); (A.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Francesca Mengoni
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy; (G.S.); (E.P.); (S.G.T.); (F.M.); (C.N.); (I.S.); (A.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Valentina Salari
- Section of Innovation Biomedicine, Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Cristina Nistreanu
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy; (G.S.); (E.P.); (S.G.T.); (F.M.); (C.N.); (I.S.); (A.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Ilaria Scambi
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy; (G.S.); (E.P.); (S.G.T.); (F.M.); (C.N.); (I.S.); (A.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Andrea Sbarbati
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy; (G.S.); (E.P.); (S.G.T.); (F.M.); (C.N.); (I.S.); (A.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Bertini
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy; (G.S.); (E.P.); (S.G.T.); (F.M.); (C.N.); (I.S.); (A.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Paolo Francesco Fabene
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy; (G.S.); (E.P.); (S.G.T.); (F.M.); (C.N.); (I.S.); (A.S.); (G.B.)
- Section of Innovation Biomedicine, Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
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3
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Danis AB, Gallagher AA, Anderson AN, Isakharov A, Beeson KA, Schnell E. Altered Hippocampal Activation in Seizure-Prone CACNA2D2 Knock-out Mice. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0486-23.2024. [PMID: 38749701 PMCID: PMC11097259 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0486-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The voltage-gated calcium channel subunit α2δ-2 controls calcium-dependent signaling in neurons, and loss of this subunit causes epilepsy in both mice and humans. To determine whether mice without α2δ-2 demonstrate hippocampal activation or histopathological changes associated with seizure activity, we measured expression of the activity-dependent gene c-fos and various histopathological correlates of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in hippocampal tissue from wild-type (WT) and α2δ-2 knock-out (CACNA2D2 KO) mice using immunohistochemical staining and confocal microscopy. Both genotypes demonstrated similarly sparse c-fos and ΔFosB expressions within the hippocampal dentate granule cell layer (GCL) at baseline, consistent with no difference in basal activity of granule cells between genotypes. Surprisingly, when mice were assayed 1 h after handling-associated convulsions, KO mice had fewer c-fos-positive cells but dramatically increased ΔFosB expression in the dentate gyrus compared with WT mice. After administration of a subthreshold pentylenetetrazol dose, however, KO mice dentate had significantly more c-fos expression compared with WT mice. Other histopathological markers of TLE in these mice, including markers of neurogenesis, glial activation, and mossy fiber sprouting, were similar between WT and KO mice, apart from a small but statistically significant increase in hilar mossy cell density, opposite to what is typically found in mice with TLE. This suggests that the differences in seizure-associated dentate gyrus function in the absence of α2δ-2 protein are likely due to altered functional properties of the network without associated structural changes in the hippocampus at the typical age of seizure onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa B Danis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Research and Development Service, Portland VA Health Care System, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Ashlynn A Gallagher
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Research and Development Service, Portland VA Health Care System, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Ashley N Anderson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Research and Development Service, Portland VA Health Care System, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Arielle Isakharov
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Kathleen A Beeson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Eric Schnell
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Research and Development Service, Portland VA Health Care System, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
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Li J, Qi H, Chen Y, Zhu X. Epilepsy and demyelination: Towards a bidirectional relationship. Prog Neurobiol 2024; 234:102588. [PMID: 38378072 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2024.102588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Demyelination stands out as a prominent feature in individuals with specific types of epilepsy. Concurrently, individuals with demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) are at a greater risk of developing epilepsy compared to non-MS individuals. These bidirectional connections raise the question of whether both pathological conditions share common pathogenic mechanisms. This review focuses on the reciprocal relationship between epilepsy and demyelination diseases. We commence with an overview of the neurological basis of epilepsy and demyelination diseases, followed by an exploration of how our comprehension of these two disorders has evolved in tandem. Additionally, we discuss the potential pathogenic mechanisms contributing to the interactive relationship between these two diseases. A more nuanced understanding of the interplay between epilepsy and demyelination diseases has the potential to unveiling the molecular intricacies of their pathological relationships, paving the way for innovative directions in future clinical management and treatment strategies for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Honggang Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuzhou Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinjian Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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5
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Vaglio-Garro A, Kozlov AV, Smirnova YD, Weidinger A. Pathological Interplay between Inflammation and Mitochondria Aggravates Glutamate Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2276. [PMID: 38396952 PMCID: PMC10889519 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and glutamate toxicity are associated with neural disorders, including brain trauma. A review of the literature suggests that toxic and transmission actions of neuronal glutamate are spatially and functionally separated. The transmission pathway utilizes synaptic GluN2A receptors, rapidly released pool of glutamate, evoked release of glutamate mediated by Synaptotagmin 1 and the amount of extracellular glutamate regulated by astrocytes. The toxic pathway utilizes extrasynaptic GluN2B receptors and a cytoplasmic pool of glutamate, which results from the spontaneous release of glutamate mediated by Synaptotagmin 7 and the neuronal 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDHC), a tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzyme. Additionally, the inhibition of OGDHC observed upon neuro-inflammation is due to an excessive release of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species by immune cells. The loss of OGDHC inhibits uptake of glutamate by mitochondria, thus facilitating its extracellular accumulation and stimulating toxic glutamate pathway without affecting transmission. High levels of extracellular glutamate lead to dysregulation of intracellular redox homeostasis and cause ferroptosis, excitotoxicity, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The latter affects the transmission pathway demanding high-energy supply and leading to cell death. Mitochondria aggravate glutamate toxicity due to impairments in the TCA cycle and become a victim of glutamate toxicity, which disrupts oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, therapies targeting the TCA cycle in neurological disorders may be more efficient than attempting to preserve mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Vaglio-Garro
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (A.V.-G.); (Y.D.S.); (A.W.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrey V. Kozlov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (A.V.-G.); (Y.D.S.); (A.W.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yuliya D. Smirnova
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (A.V.-G.); (Y.D.S.); (A.W.)
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Adelheid Weidinger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (A.V.-G.); (Y.D.S.); (A.W.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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6
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Danis A, Gallagher AA, Anderson AN, Isakharov A, Beeson KA, Schnell E. Altered hippocampal activation in seizure-prone CACNA2D2 knockout mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.08.565511. [PMID: 37986872 PMCID: PMC10659305 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.08.565511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The voltage-gated calcium channel subunit α2δ-2 controls calcium-dependent signaling in neurons, and loss of this subunit causes epilepsy in both mice and humans. To determine whether mice without α2δ-2 demonstrate hippocampal activation or histopathological changes associated with seizure activity, we measured expression of the activity-dependent gene c-fos and various histopathological correlates of temporal lobe epilepsy in hippocampal tissue from wildtype (WT) and α2δ-2 knockout (CACNA2D2 KO) mice using immunohistochemical staining and confocal microscopy. Both genotypes demonstrated similarly sparse c-fos expression within the hippocampal dentate granule cell layer (GCL) at baseline, consistent with no difference in basal activity of granule cells between genotypes. Surprisingly, when mice were assayed 1 hour after handling-associated convulsions, KO mice had fewer c-fos-positive cells in the dentate gyrus, indicating that activity in the dentate gyrus actually decreased. However, the dentate was significantly more active in KO mice compared to WT after administration of a subthreshold pentylenetetrazole dose, consistent with increased susceptibility to proconvulsant stimuli. Other histopathological markers of temporal lobe epilepsy in these mice, including markers of neurogenesis, glial activation, and mossy fiber sprouting, were similar in WT and KO mice, apart from a small but significant increase in hilar mossy cell density, opposite to what is typically found in mice with temporal lobe epilepsy. This suggests that the differences in seizure-associated hippocampal function in the absence of α2δ-2 protein are likely due to altered functional properties of the network without associated structural changes in the hippocampus at the typical age of seizure onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Danis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239
- Research and Development Service, Portland VA Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, Portland, OR, 97239
| | - Ashlynn A. Gallagher
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239
- Research and Development Service, Portland VA Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, Portland, OR, 97239
| | - Ashley N. Anderson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239
- Research and Development Service, Portland VA Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, Portland, OR, 97239
| | - Arielle Isakharov
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239
| | - Kathleen A. Beeson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239
| | - Eric Schnell
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239
- Research and Development Service, Portland VA Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, Portland, OR, 97239
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239
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7
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Abstract
Rett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the methyl-CpG binding protein-2 (MeCP2) gene that is characterized by epilepsy, intellectual disability, autistic features, speech deficits, and sleep and breathing abnormalities. Neurologically, patients with all three disorders display microcephaly, aberrant dendritic morphology, reduced spine density, and an imbalance of excitatory/inhibitory signaling. Loss-of-function mutations in the cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) and FOXG1 genes also cause similar behavioral and neurobiological defects and were referred to as congenital or variant Rett syndrome. The relatively recent realization that CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD), FOXG1 syndrome, and Rett syndrome are distinct neurodevelopmental disorders with some distinctive features have resulted in separate focus being placed on each disorder with the assumption that distinct molecular mechanisms underlie their pathogenesis. However, given that many of the core symptoms and neurological features are shared, it is likely that the disorders share some critical molecular underpinnings. This review discusses the possibility that deregulation of common molecules in neurons and astrocytes plays a central role in key behavioral and neurological abnormalities in all three disorders. These include KCC2, a chloride transporter, vGlut1, a vesicular glutamate transporter, GluD1, an orphan-glutamate receptor subunit, and PSD-95, a postsynaptic scaffolding protein. We propose that reduced expression or activity of KCC2, vGlut1, PSD-95, and AKT, along with increased expression of GluD1, is involved in the excitatory/inhibitory that represents a key aspect in all three disorders. In addition, astrocyte-derived brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and inflammatory cytokines likely affect the expression and functioning of these molecules resulting in disease-associated abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh R D’Mello
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71104, USA
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Çarçak N, Onat F, Sitnikova E. Astrocytes as a target for therapeutic strategies in epilepsy: current insights. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1183775. [PMID: 37583518 PMCID: PMC10423940 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1183775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are specialized non-neuronal glial cells of the central nervous system, contributing to neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission (gliotransmission). Astrocytes play a key roles in epileptogenesis and seizure generation. Epilepsy, as a chronic disorder characterized by neuronal hyperexcitation and hypersynchronization, is accompanied by substantial disturbances of glial cells and impairment of astrocytic functions and neuronal signaling. Anti-seizure drugs that provide symptomatic control of seizures primarily target neural activity. In epileptic patients with inadequate control of seizures with available anti-seizure drugs, novel therapeutic candidates are needed. These candidates should treat epilepsy with anti-epileptogenic and disease-modifying effects. Evidence from human and animal studies shows that astrocytes have value for developing new anti-seizure and anti-epileptogenic drugs. In this review, we present the key functions of astrocytes contributing to neuronal hyperexcitability and synaptic activity following an etiology-based approach. We analyze the role of astrocytes in both development (epileptogenesis) and generation of seizures (ictogenesis). Several promising new strategies that attempted to modify astroglial functions for treating epilepsy are being developed: (1) selective targeting of glia-related molecular mechanisms of glutamate transport; (2) modulation of tonic GABA release from astrocytes; (3) gliotransmission; (4) targeting the astrocytic Kir4.1-BDNF system; (5) astrocytic Na+/K+/ATPase activity; (6) targeting DNA hypo- or hypermethylation of candidate genes in astrocytes; (7) targeting astrocytic gap junction regulators; (8) targeting astrocytic adenosine kinase (the major adenosine-metabolizing enzyme); and (9) targeting microglia-astrocyte communication and inflammatory pathways. Novel disease-modifying therapeutic strategies have now been developed, such as astroglia-targeted gene therapy with a broad spectrum of genetic constructs to target astroglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihan Çarçak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Filiz Onat
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Evgenia Sitnikova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Filimonova EA, Pashkov AA, Moysak GI, Tropynina AY, Zhanaeva SY, Shvaikovskaya AA, Akopyan AA, Danilenko KV, Aftanas LI, Tikhonova MA, Rzaev JA. Brain but not serum BDNF levels are associated with structural alterations in the hippocampal regions in patients with drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1217702. [PMID: 37539386 PMCID: PMC10395949 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1217702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common type of focal epilepsy, imposing a significant burden on the health care system worldwide. Approximately one-third of patients with this disease who do not adequately respond to pharmacotherapy are considered drug-resistant subjects. Despite having some clues of how such epileptic activity and resistance to therapy emerge, coming mainly from preclinical models, we still witness a scarcity of human data. To narrow this gap, in this study, we aimed to estimate the relationship between hippocampal and serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), one of the main and most widely studied neurotrophins, and hippocampal subfield volumes in patients with drug-resistant mesial temporal epilepsy undergoing neurosurgical treatment. We found that hippocampal (but not serum) BDNF levels were negatively correlated with the contralateral volumes of the CA1 and CA4 subfields, presubiculum, subiculum, dentate gyrus, and molecular layer of the hippocampus. Taken together, these findings are generally in accordance with existing data, arguing for a proepileptic nature of BDNF effects in the hippocampus and related brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Filimonova
- FSBI "Federal Center of Neurosurgery", Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anton A. Pashkov
- FSBI "Federal Center of Neurosurgery", Novosibirsk, Russia
- Biomedical School, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Galina I. Moysak
- FSBI "Federal Center of Neurosurgery", Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia Y. Tropynina
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana Y. Zhanaeva
- Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Anna A. Akopyan
- Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Lyubomir I. Aftanas
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Maria A. Tikhonova
- Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Jamil A. Rzaev
- FSBI "Federal Center of Neurosurgery", Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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10
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Woo AM, Sontheimer H. Interactions between astrocytes and extracellular matrix structures contribute to neuroinflammation-associated epilepsy pathology. FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2023; 3:1198021. [PMID: 39086689 PMCID: PMC11285605 DOI: 10.3389/fmmed.2023.1198021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Often considered the "housekeeping" cells of the brain, astrocytes have of late been rising to the forefront of neurodegenerative disorder research. Identified as crucial components of a healthy brain, it is undeniable that when astrocytes are dysfunctional, the entire brain is thrown into disarray. We offer epilepsy as a well-studied neurological disorder in which there is clear evidence of astrocyte contribution to diseases as evidenced across several different disease models, including mouse models of hippocampal sclerosis, trauma associated epilepsy, glioma-associated epilepsy, and beta-1 integrin knockout astrogliosis. In this review we suggest that astrocyte-driven neuroinflammation, which plays a large role in the pathology of epilepsy, is at least partially modulated by interactions with perineuronal nets (PNNs), highly structured formations of the extracellular matrix (ECM). These matrix structures affect synaptic placement, but also intrinsic neuronal properties such as membrane capacitance, as well as ion buffering in their immediate milieu all of which alters neuronal excitability. We propose that the interactions between PNNs and astrocytes contribute to the disease progression of epilepsy vis a vis neuroinflammation. Further investigation and alteration of these interactions to reduce the resultant neuroinflammation may serve as a potential therapeutic target that provides an alternative to the standard anti-seizure medications from which patients are so frequently unable to benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- AnnaLin M. Woo
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Neuroscience Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Harald Sontheimer
- Neuroscience Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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Banerjee R, Raj A, Potdar C, Kumar Pal P, Yadav R, Kamble N, Holla V, Datta I. Astrocytes Differentiated from LRRK2-I1371V Parkinson's-Disease-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Exhibit Similar Yield but Cell-Intrinsic Dysfunction in Glutamate Uptake and Metabolism, ATP Generation, and Nrf2-Mediated Glutathione Machinery. Cells 2023; 12:1592. [PMID: 37371062 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to the presence of multiple enzymatic domains, LRRK2 has been associated with a diverse set of cellular functions and signaling pathways. It also has several pathological mutant-variants, and their incidences show ethnicity biases and drug-response differences with expression in dopaminergic-neurons and astrocytes. Here, we aimed to assess the cell-intrinsic effect of the LRRK2-I1371V mutant variant, prevalent in East Asian populations, on astrocyte yield and biology, involving Nrf2-mediated glutathione machinery, glutamate uptake and metabolism, and ATP generation in astrocytes derived from LRRK2-I1371V PD patient iPSCs and independently confirmed in LRRK2-I1371V-overexpressed U87 cells. Astrocyte yield (GFAP-immunopositive) was comparable between LRRK2-I1371V and healthy control (HC) populations; however, the astrocytic capability to mitigate oxidative stress in terms of glutathione content was significantly reduced in the mutant astrocytes, along with a reduction in the gene expression of the enzymes involved in glutathione machinery and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression. Simultaneously, a significant decrease in glutamate uptake was observed in LRRK2-I1371V astrocytes, with lower gene expression of glutamate transporters SLC1A2 and SLC1A3. The reduction in the protein expression of SLC1A2 was also directly confirmed. Enzymes catalyzing the generation of γ glutamyl cysteine (precursor of glutathione) from glutamate and the metabolism of glutamate to enter the Krebs cycle (α-ketoglutaric acid) were impaired, with significantly lower ATP generation in LRRK2-I1371V astrocytes. De novo glutamine synthesis via the conversion of glutamate to glutamine was also affected, indicating glutamate metabolism disorder. Our data demonstrate for the first time that the mutation in the LRRK2-I1371V allele causes significant astrocytic dysfunction with respect to Nrf2-mediated antioxidant machinery, AT -generation, and glutamate metabolism, even with comparable astrocyte yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roon Banerjee
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Aishwarya Raj
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandrakanta Potdar
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Nitish Kamble
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Vikram Holla
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Indrani Datta
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru 560029, Karnataka, India
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12
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Kruk PK, Nader K, Skupien-Jaroszek A, Wójtowicz T, Buszka A, Olech-Kochańczyk G, Wilczynski GM, Worch R, Kalita K, Włodarczyk J, Dzwonek J. Astrocytic CD44 Deficiency Reduces the Severity of Kainate-Induced Epilepsy. Cells 2023; 12:1483. [PMID: 37296604 PMCID: PMC10252631 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy affects millions of people worldwide, yet we still lack a successful treatment for all epileptic patients. Most of the available drugs modulate neuronal activity. Astrocytes, the most abundant cells in the brain, may constitute alternative drug targets. A robust expansion of astrocytic cell bodies and processes occurs after seizures. Highly expressed in astrocytes, CD44 adhesion protein is upregulated during injury and is suggested to be one of the most important proteins associated with epilepsy. It connects the astrocytic cytoskeleton to hyaluronan in the extracellular matrix, influencing both structural and functional aspects of brain plasticity. METHODS Herein, we used transgenic mice with an astrocyte CD44 knockout to evaluate the impact of the hippocampal CD44 absence on the development of epileptogenesis and ultrastructural changes at the tripartite synapse. RESULTS We demonstrated that local, virally-induced CD44 deficiency in hippocampal astrocytes reduces reactive astrogliosis and decreases the progression of kainic acid-induced epileptogenesis. We also observed that CD44 deficiency resulted in structural changes evident in a higher dendritic spine number along with a lower percentage of astrocyte-synapse contacts, and decreased post-synaptic density size in the hippocampal molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our study indicates that CD44 signaling may be important for astrocytic coverage of synapses in the hippocampus and that alterations of astrocytes translate to functional changes in the pathology of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja K. Kruk
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteura St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Nader
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki-EMBL Partnership for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders-Braincity, 3 Pasteura St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Skupien-Jaroszek
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteura St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wójtowicz
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteura St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Buszka
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteura St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gabriela Olech-Kochańczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Neuromorphology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteura St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz M. Wilczynski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Neuromorphology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteura St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Remigiusz Worch
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteura St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kalita
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki-EMBL Partnership for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders-Braincity, 3 Pasteura St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Włodarczyk
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteura St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Dzwonek
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteura St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Nazarinia D, Karimpour S, Hashemi P, Dolatshahi M. Neuroprotective effects of Royal Jelly (RJ) against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in rats by targeting inflammation and oxidative stress. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 129:102255. [PMID: 36878412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition in which inflammation and oxidative stress play a key role in the pathogenesis. Recently, several studies have suggested that Royal Jelly (RJ) has antioxidant effects. Nevertheless, there is no evidence of its effectiveness against epilepsy. Here, we evaluated its neuroprotective effects at different doses (100 and 200 mg/kg) against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures. Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, PTZ, RJ100 + PTZ, RJ200 + PTZ and RJ100. In order to establish epilepsy model, 45 mg/kg of PTZ was injected intraperitoneally for 10 consecutive days. Seizure parameters were graded based on Racine's 7-point classification. Elevated-plus maze, Y maze and shuttle box tests were carried out to assess anxiety-like behavior, short-term memory, and passive avoidance memory, respectively. We used ELISA technique to measure the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress factors. Also, neuronal loss in the hippocampal CA3 region was determined using Nissl staining. Our findings showed that PTZ-treated rats had more seizure intensity, anxiety-like behavior, memory dysfunction, higher levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and oxidative markers. RJ could allay seizure severity and duration. It also improved memory function as well as anxiety level. In terms of biochemical assessment, RJ gave rise to a significant decrease in the level of IL-1β, TNF-α and MDA and it restored the activities of GPX and SOD enzymes. Hence, our study shows that RJ contains anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects which contribute to less neuronal damage in the PTZ-induced epilepsy model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donya Nazarinia
- Department of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran.
| | - Sepideh Karimpour
- Department of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Paria Hashemi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Dolatshahi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
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14
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Mulkey DK, Milla BM. Perspectives on the basis of seizure-induced respiratory dysfunction. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:1033756. [PMID: 36605420 PMCID: PMC9807672 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.1033756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is an umbrella term used to define a wide variety of seizure disorders and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the leading cause of death in epilepsy. Although some SUDEP risk factors have been identified, it remains largely unpredictable, and underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Most seizures start in the cortex, but the high mortality rate associated with certain types of epilepsy indicates brainstem involvement. Therefore, to help understand SUDEP we discuss mechanisms by which seizure activity propagates to the brainstem. Specifically, we highlight clinical and pre-clinical evidence suggesting how seizure activation of: (i) descending inhibitory drive or (ii) spreading depolarization might contribute to brainstem dysfunction. Furthermore, since epilepsy is a highly heterogenous disorder, we also considered factors expected to favor or oppose mechanisms of seizure propagation. We also consider whether epilepsy-associated genetic variants directly impact brainstem function. Because respiratory failure is a leading cause of SUDEP, our discussion of brainstem dysfunction focuses on respiratory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Mulkey
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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15
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Implications of fractalkine on glial function, ablation and glial proteins/receptors/markers—understanding its therapeutic usefulness in neurological settings: a narrative review. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-022-00446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Fractalkine (CX3CL1) is a chemokine predominantly released by neurons. As a signaling molecule, CX3CL1 facilitates talk between neurons and glia. CX3CL1 is considered as a potential target which could alleviate neuroinflammation. However, certain controversial results and ambiguous role of CX3CL1 make it inexorable to decipher the overall effects of CX3CL1 on the physiopathology of glial cells.
Main body of the abstract
Implications of cross-talk between CX3CL1 and different glial proteins/receptors/markers will give a bird eye view of the therapeutic significance of CX3CL1. Keeping with the need, this review identifies the effects of CX3CL1 on glial physiopathology, glial ablation, and gives a wide coverage on the effects of CX3CL1 on certain glial proteins/receptors/markers.
Short conclusion
Pinpoint prediction of the therapeutic effect of CX3CL1 on neuroinflammation needs further research. This is owing to certain obscure roles and implications of CX3CL1 on different glial proteins/receptors/markers, which are crucial under neurological settings. Further challenges are imposed due to the dichotomous roles played by CX3CL1. The age-old chemokine shows many newer scopes of research in near future. Thus, overall assessment of the effect of CX3CL1 becomes crucial prior to its administration in neuroinflammation.
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16
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Chen Y, Liu TT, Niu M, Li X, Wang X, Liu T, Li Y. Epilepsy gene prickle ensures neuropil glial ensheathment through regulating cell adhesion molecules. iScience 2022; 26:105731. [PMID: 36582832 PMCID: PMC9792895 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human PRICKLE1 gene has been associated with epilepsy. However, the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms remain elusive. Here we report a Drosophila prickle mutant pk IG1-1 exhibiting strong epileptic seizures and, intriguingly, abnormal glial wrapping. We found that pk is required in both neurons and glia, particularly neuropil ensheathing glia (EGN), the fly analog of oligodendrocyte, for protecting the animal from seizures. We further revealed that Pk directly binds to the membrane skeleton binding protein Ankyrin 2 (Ank2), thereby regulating the cell adhesion molecule Neuroglian (Nrg). Such protein interactions also apply to their human homologues. Moreover, nrg and ank2 mutant flies also display seizure phenotypes, and expression of either Nrg or Ank2 rescues the seizures of pk IG1-1 flies. Therefore, our findings indicate that Prickle ensures neuron-glial interaction within neuropils through regulating cell adhesion between neurons and ensheathing glia. Dysregulation of this process may represent a conserved pathogenic mechanism underlying PRICKLE1-associated epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Chen
- Institute of Biophysics, State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,Corresponding author
| | - Tong-Tong Liu
- Institute of Biophysics, State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengxia Niu
- Institute of Biophysics, State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Institute of Biophysics, State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- Institute of Biophysics, State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tong Liu
- International Academic Center of Complex Systems, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Biophysics, State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,Corresponding author
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17
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Zhao J, Sun J, Zheng Y, Zheng Y, Shao Y, Li Y, Fei F, Xu C, Liu X, Wang S, Ruan Y, Liu J, Duan S, Chen Z, Wang Y. Activated astrocytes attenuate neocortical seizures in rodent models through driving Na +-K +-ATPase. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7136. [PMID: 36414629 PMCID: PMC9681834 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epileptic seizures are widely regarded to occur as a result of the excitation-inhibition imbalance from a neuro-centric view. Although astrocyte-neuron interactions are increasingly recognized in seizure, elementary questions about the causal role of astrocytes in seizure remain unanswered. Here we show that optogenetic activation of channelrhodopsin-2-expressing astrocytes effectively attenuates neocortical seizures in rodent models. This anti-seizure effect is independent from classical calcium signaling, and instead related to astrocytic Na+-K+-ATPase-mediated buffering K+, which activity-dependently inhibits firing in highly active pyramidal neurons during seizure. Compared with inhibition of pyramidal neurons, astrocyte stimulation exhibits anti-seizure effects with several advantages, including a wider therapeutic window, large-space efficacy, and minimal side effects. Finally, optogenetic-driven astrocytic Na+-K+-ATPase shows promising therapeutic effects in a chronic focal cortical dysplasia epilepsy model. Together, we uncover a promising anti-seizure strategy with optogenetic control of astrocytic Na+-K+-ATPase activity, providing alternative ideas and a potential target for the treatment of intractable epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinyi Sun
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanrong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuying Shao
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yulan Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Fei
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cenglin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuxiu Liu
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yeping Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinggen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shumin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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18
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Walch E, Fiacco TA. Honey, I shrunk the extracellular space: Measurements and mechanisms of astrocyte swelling. Glia 2022; 70:2013-2031. [PMID: 35635369 PMCID: PMC9474570 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Astrocyte volume fluctuation is a physiological phenomenon tied closely to the activation of neural circuits. Identification of underlying mechanisms has been challenging due in part to use of a wide range of experimental approaches that vary between research groups. Here, we first review the many methods that have been used to measure astrocyte volume changes directly or indirectly. While the field has recently shifted towards volume analysis using fluorescence microscopy to record cell volume changes directly, established metrics corresponding to extracellular space dynamics have also yielded valuable insights. We then turn to analysis of mechanisms of astrocyte swelling derived from many studies, with a focus on volume changes tied to increases in extracellular potassium concentration ([K+ ]o ). The diverse methods that have been utilized to generate the external [K+ ]o environment highlight multiple scenarios of astrocyte swelling mediated by different mechanisms. Classical potassium buffering theories are tempered by many recent studies that point to different swelling pathways optimized at particular [K+ ]o and that depend on local/transient versus more sustained increases in [K+ ]o .
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Walch
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of MedicineUniversity of California, RiversideRiversideCaliforniaUSA
| | - Todd A. Fiacco
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems BiologyUniversity of California, RiversideRiversideCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Glial‐Neuronal InteractionsUniversity of California, RiversideRiversideCaliforniaUSA
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19
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Savya SP, Li F, Lam S, Wellman SM, Stieger KC, Chen K, Eles JR, Kozai TDY. In vivo spatiotemporal dynamics of astrocyte reactivity following neural electrode implantation. Biomaterials 2022; 289:121784. [PMID: 36103781 PMCID: PMC10231871 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Brain computer interfaces (BCIs), including penetrating microelectrode arrays, enable both recording and stimulation of neural cells. However, device implantation inevitably causes injury to brain tissue and induces a foreign body response, leading to reduced recording performance and stimulation efficacy. Astrocytes in the healthy brain play multiple roles including regulating energy metabolism, homeostatic balance, transmission of neural signals, and neurovascular coupling. Following an insult to the brain, they are activated and gather around the site of injury. These reactive astrocytes have been regarded as one of the main contributors to the formation of a glial scar which affects the performance of microelectrode arrays. This study investigates the dynamics of astrocytes within the first 2 weeks after implantation of an intracortical microelectrode into the mouse brain using two-photon microscopy. From our observation astrocytes are highly dynamic during this period, exhibiting patterns of process extension, soma migration, morphological activation, and device encapsulation that are spatiotemporally distinct from other glial cells, such as microglia or oligodendrocyte precursor cells. This detailed characterization of astrocyte reactivity will help to better understand the tissue response to intracortical devices and lead to the development of more effective intervention strategies to improve the functional performance of neural interfacing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajishnu P Savya
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Northwestern University, USA
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Computational Modeling & Simulation PhD Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie Lam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven M Wellman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kevin C Stieger
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Keying Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James R Eles
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Takashi D Y Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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20
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Wang X, Yang C, Yang L, Zhang Y. Modulating the gut microbiota ameliorates spontaneous seizures and cognitive deficits in rats with kainic acid-induced status epilepticus by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress. Front Nutr 2022; 9:985841. [PMID: 36105577 PMCID: PMC9465080 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.985841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Epilepsy is a highly prevalent neurological disease whose treatment has always been challenging. Hence, it is crucial to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying epilepsy inhibition. Inflammation and oxidative stress are important pathophysiological changes in epilepsy that contribute to the development of spontaneous seizures and cognitive deficits. In recent years, altered gut microbiota composition was found to be involved in epilepsy, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Modulation of the gut microbiota showed a positive impact on the brain by regulating oxidative stress and inflammation. Hence, this study evaluated the effect of modulating gut dysbiosis by treating epileptic rats with prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics and investigated the underlying molecular mechanism. Materials and methods Epileptic rat models were established by injecting 1 μl of kainic acid (KA, 0.4 μg/μl) into the right amygdalae. The rats were divided into Sham, KA, KA+prebiotic [inulin:1 g/kg body weight (bw)/day], KA+probiotics (10 × 109cfu of each bacteria/kg, bw/day), and KA+synbiotic groups (1:1 mixture of prebiotics and probiotics). Seizures were monitored, and cognitive function was assessed in all rats. Biochemical indicators, namely, oxidative stress, DNA damage, glutamate levels, and inflammation markers, were also determined. Results The KA-induced status epilepticus (SE) rats exhibited spontaneous seizures and cognitive deficits. This was accompanied by the activation of glial cells, the inflammatory response (IL-1 β, IL-6, and TNF-α), lipid peroxidation (MDA), DNA damage (8-OHdG), the release of glutamate, and a decline in total antioxidant ability (GSH). These changes were alleviated by partial treatment with prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics. Conclusion Modulating gut dysbiosis ameliorates spontaneous seizures and cognitive deficits in rats with KA-induced status epilepticus. The underlying mechanism may potentially involve the inhibition of inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Dehui People's Hospital, Jilin, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongbo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yongbo Zhang
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Hayatdavoudi P, Hosseini M, Hajali V, Hosseini A, Rajabian A. The role of astrocytes in epileptic disorders. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15239. [PMID: 35343625 PMCID: PMC8958496 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy affects about 1% of the population and approximately 30% of epileptic patients are resistant to current antiepileptic drugs. As a hallmark in epileptic tissue, many of the epileptic patients show changes in glia morphology and function. There are characteristic changes in different types of glia in different epilepsy models. Some of these changes such as astrogliosis are enough to provoke epileptic seizures. Astrogliosis is well known in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE), the most common form of refractory epilepsy. A better understanding of astrocytes alterations could lead to novel and efficient pharmacological approaches for epilepsy. In this review, we present the alterations of astrocyte morphology and function and present some instances of targeting astrocytes in seizure and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parichehr Hayatdavoudi
- Applied Biomedical Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Vahid Hajali
- Department of NeuroscienceFaculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Azar Hosseini
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal PlantsMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Department of PharmacologyFaculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Arezoo Rajabian
- Department of Internal MedicineFaculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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22
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Zeng ML, Cheng JJ, Kong S, Yang XL, Jia XL, Cheng XL, Chen L, He FG, Liu YM, Fan YT, Gongga L, Chen TX, Liu WH, He XH, Peng BW. Inhibition of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) Mitigates Seizures. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:660-681. [PMID: 35182379 PMCID: PMC9226259 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are critical regulators of the immune/inflammatory response in several human central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that dysfunctional astrocytes are crucial players in seizures. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) in 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-induced seizures and the underlying mechanism. We also provide evidence for the role of Yes-associated protein (YAP) in seizures. 4-AP was administered to mice or primary cultured astrocytes. YAP-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) was administered to primary cultured astrocytes. Mouse brain tissue and surgical specimens from epileptic patient brains were examined, and the results showed that TRPV4 was upregulated, while astrocytes were activated and polarized to the A1 phenotype. The levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), cytokine production, YAP, signal transducer activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i) and the third component of complement (C3) were increased in 4-AP-induced mice and astrocytes. Perturbations in the immune microenvironment in the brain were balanced by TRPV4 inhibition or the manipulation of [Ca2+]i in astrocytes. Knocking down YAP with siRNA significantly inhibited 4-AP-induced pathological changes in astrocytes. Our study demonstrated that astrocytic TRPV4 activation promoted neuroinflammation through the TRPV4/Ca2+/YAP/STAT3 signaling pathway in mice with seizures. Astrocyte TRPV4 inhibition attenuated neuroinflammation, reduced neuronal injury, and improved neurobehavioral function. Targeting astrocytic TRPV4 activation may provide a promising therapeutic approach for managing epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-liu Zeng
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Rd185#, 430071 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Jing-jing Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Rd185#, 430071 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Shuo Kong
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Rd185#, 430071 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Xing-liang Yang
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Rd185#, 430071 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Xiang-lei Jia
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Rd185#, 430071 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Xue-lei Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Rd185#, 430071 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Ling Chen
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Fang-gang He
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Yu-min Liu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169#, 430071 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Yuan-teng Fan
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169#, 430071 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Lanzi Gongga
- Tibet University Medical College, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet China
| | - Tao-xiang Chen
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Rd185#, 430071 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Wan-hong Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Xiao-hua He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Bi-wen Peng
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Rd185#, 430071 Wuhan, Hubei China
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23
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Marcoli M, Cervetto C, Amato S, Fiorucci C, Maura G, Mariottini P, Cervelli M. Transgenic Mouse Overexpressing Spermine Oxidase in Cerebrocortical Neurons: Astrocyte Dysfunction and Susceptibility to Epileptic Seizures. Biomolecules 2022; 12:204. [PMID: 35204705 PMCID: PMC8961639 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are organic polycations ubiquitously present in living cells. Polyamines are involved in many cellular processes, and their content in mammalian cells is tightly controlled. Among their function, these molecules modulate the activity of several ion channels. Spermine oxidase, specifically oxidized spermine, is a neuromodulator of several types of ion channel and ionotropic glutamate receptors, and its deregulated activity has been linked to several brain pathologies, including epilepsy. The Dach-SMOX mouse line was generated using a Cre/loxP-based recombination approach to study the complex and critical functions carried out by spermine oxidase and spermine in the mammalian brain. This mouse genetic model overexpresses spermine oxidase in the neocortex and is a chronic model of excitotoxic/oxidative injury and neuron vulnerability to oxidative stress and excitotoxic, since its phenotype revealed to be more susceptible to different acute oxidative insults. In this review, the molecular mechanisms underlined the Dach-SMOX phenotype, linked to reactive astrocytosis, neuron loss, chronic oxidative and excitotoxic stress, and susceptibility to seizures have been discussed in detail. The Dach-SMOX mouse model overexpressing SMOX may help in shedding lights on the susceptibility to epileptic seizures, possibly helping to understand the mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis in vulnerable individuals and contributing to provide new molecular mechanism targets to search for novel antiepileptic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (S.A.); (G.M.)
- Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Cervetto
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (S.A.); (G.M.)
- Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sarah Amato
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (S.A.); (G.M.)
| | - Cristian Fiorucci
- Department of Science, University of Rome “Roma Tre”, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (P.M.)
| | - Guido Maura
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (S.A.); (G.M.)
| | - Paolo Mariottini
- Department of Science, University of Rome “Roma Tre”, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (P.M.)
| | - Manuela Cervelli
- Department of Science, University of Rome “Roma Tre”, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (P.M.)
- Neurodevelopment, Neurogenetics and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
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24
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Pardo B, Herrada-Soler E, Satrústegui J, Contreras L, del Arco A. AGC1 Deficiency: Pathology and Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of the Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:528. [PMID: 35008954 PMCID: PMC8745132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AGC1/Aralar/Slc25a12 is the mitochondrial carrier of aspartate-glutamate, the regulatory component of the NADH malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) that transfers cytosolic redox power to neuronal mitochondria. The deficiency in AGC1/Aralar leads to the human rare disease named "early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 39" (EIEE 39, OMIM # 612949) characterized by epilepsy, hypotonia, arrested psychomotor neurodevelopment, hypo myelination and a drastic drop in brain aspartate (Asp) and N-acetylaspartate (NAA). Current evidence suggest that neurons are the main brain cell type expressing Aralar. However, paradoxically, glial functions such as myelin and Glutamine (Gln) synthesis are markedly impaired in AGC1 deficiency. Herein, we discuss the role of the AGC1/Aralar-MAS pathway in neuronal functions such as Asp and NAA synthesis, lactate use, respiration on glucose, glutamate (Glu) oxidation and other neurometabolic aspects. The possible mechanism triggering the pathophysiological findings in AGC1 deficiency, such as epilepsy and postnatal hypomyelination observed in humans and mice, are also included. Many of these mechanisms arise from findings in the aralar-KO mice model that extensively recapitulate the human disease including the astroglial failure to synthesize Gln and the dopamine (DA) mishandling in the nigrostriatal system. Epilepsy and DA mishandling are a direct consequence of the metabolic defect in neurons due to AGC1/Aralar deficiency. However, the deficits in myelin and Gln synthesis may be a consequence of neuronal affectation or a direct effect of AGC1/Aralar deficiency in glial cells. Further research is needed to clarify this question and delineate the transcellular metabolic fluxes that control brain functions. Finally, we discuss therapeutic approaches successfully used in AGC1-deficient patients and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Pardo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.H.-S.); (J.S.); (L.C.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Herrada-Soler
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.H.-S.); (J.S.); (L.C.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorgina Satrústegui
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.H.-S.); (J.S.); (L.C.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Contreras
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.H.-S.); (J.S.); (L.C.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Araceli del Arco
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
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25
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Aquino P, Siqueira ED, Paes L, Magalhães E, Barbosa T, Carvalho MD, Azul FS, Lustosa IR, Mottin M, Sampaio T, Martins A, Silveira E, Viana G. N-Methyl-(2S, 4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline, the major bioactive compound from Sideroxylon obtusifolium, attenuates pilocarpine-induced injury in cultured astrocytes. Braz J Med Biol Res 2022; 55:e12381. [DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2022e12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - M. Mottin
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brasil
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26
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de Oliveira MCVA, Viana DCF, Silva AA, Pereira MC, Duarte FS, Pitta MGR, Pitta IR, Pitta MGR. Synthesis of novel thiazolidinic-phthalimide derivatives evaluated as new multi-target antiepileptic agents. Bioorg Chem 2021; 119:105548. [PMID: 34959174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a disease that affects millions of people around the globe and has a multifactorial cause. Inflammation is a process that can be involved in the development of seizures. Thus, the present study proposed the design and synthesis of new candidates for antiepileptic drugs that would also control the inflammatory process. Nine new derivatives of the substituted thiazophthalimide hybrid core were obtained with satisfactory purity ≥99% and yields between 27% and 87%. All compounds showed cell viability values greater than 90% in the culture of PBMC cells from healthy volunteers and, therefore, were not considered cytotoxic. These compounds modulated proinflammatory cytokines IFN-y and IL-17A and can mitigate inflammation. Acute toxicity studies of compound 7i in an animal model indicated that the compound has low toxicity and an LD50 greater than 2 g/kg in healthy adult rats. The same compound did not show positive results for anticonvulsant activity through the PTZ test. However, 7i demonstrates the interaction with the target GABA-A receptor in silico, indicating a possible activity as an agonist of that receptor. Thus, further studies are needed to investigate the anticonvulsant activity, in particular, using models in which the inflammatory process triggers epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecilia V A de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Design and Drug Synthesis (LPSF), Nucleus of Research in Therapeutical Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT SG), Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Douglas C F Viana
- Laboratory of Design and Drug Synthesis (LPSF), Nucleus of Research in Therapeutical Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT SG), Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Anderson A Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Michelly C Pereira
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Nucleus of Research in Therapeutical Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT SG), Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Filipe S Duarte
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Maira G R Pitta
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Nucleus of Research in Therapeutical Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT SG), Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Ivan R Pitta
- Laboratory of Design and Drug Synthesis (LPSF), Nucleus of Research in Therapeutical Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT SG), Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Nucleus of Research in Therapeutical Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT SG), Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Marina G R Pitta
- Laboratory of Design and Drug Synthesis (LPSF), Nucleus of Research in Therapeutical Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT SG), Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
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27
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Taspinar N, Hacimuftuoglu A, Butuner S, Togar B, Arslan G, Taghizadehghalehjoughi A, Okkay U, Agar E, Stephens R, Turkez H, Abd El-Aty AM. Differential effects of inhibitors of PTZ-induced kindling on glutamate transporters and enzyme expression. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:1662-1673. [PMID: 34409650 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder resulting from abnormal neuronal firing in the brain. Glutamate transporters and the glutamate-glutamine cycle play crucial roles in the development of seizures. In the present study, the correlation of epilepsy with glutamate transporters and enzymes was investigated. Herein, male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups (six animals/group); 35 mg/kg pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) was used to induce a kindling model of epilepsy. Once the kindling model was established, animals were treated for 15 days with either valproic acid (VPA, 350 mg/kg) or ceftriaxone (CEF, 200 mg/kg) in addition to the control group receiving saline. After treatment, electrocorticography (ECoG) was performed to record the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex. The glutamate reuptake time (T80 ) was also determined in situ using an in vivo voltammetry. The expression levels of glutamate transporters and enzymes in the M1 and CA3 areas of the brain were determined using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). ECoG measurements showed that the mean spike number of the PTZ + VPA and PTZ + CEF groups was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than that of the PTZ group. Compared with the PTZ group, VPA or CEF treatment decreased the glutamate reuptake time (T80 ). The expression levels of EAAC1, GLT-1, GLAST, glutamine synthetase (GS), and glutaminase were increased in the PTZ group. Treatment with VPA or CEF enhanced the expression levels of GLT-1, GLAST, EAAC1, and GS, whereas the glutaminase expression level was reduced. The current results suggest that VPA or CEF decreases seizure activity by increasing glutamate reuptake by upregulating GLT-1 and GLAST expression, implying a possible mechanism for treating epilepsy. Also, we have suggested a novel mechanism for the antiepileptic activity of VPA via decreasing glutaminase expression levels. To our knowledge, this is the first study to measure the glutamate reuptake time in situ during the seizure (i.e., real-time measurement).
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Affiliation(s)
- Numan Taspinar
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Uşak University, Uşak, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Hacimuftuoglu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Butuner
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Basak Togar
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Bayburt University, Bayburt, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Arslan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ali Taghizadehghalehjoughi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Okkay
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Erdal Agar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Robert Stephens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hasan Turkez
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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28
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Bonilla-Jaime H, Zeleke H, Rojas A, Espinosa-Garcia C. Sleep Disruption Worsens Seizures: Neuroinflammation as a Potential Mechanistic Link. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12531. [PMID: 34830412 PMCID: PMC8617844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep disturbances, such as insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and daytime sleepiness, are common in people diagnosed with epilepsy. These disturbances can be attributed to nocturnal seizures, psychosocial factors, and/or the use of anti-epileptic drugs with sleep-modifying side effects. Epilepsy patients with poor sleep quality have intensified seizure frequency and disease progression compared to their well-rested counterparts. A better understanding of the complex relationship between sleep and epilepsy is needed, since approximately 20% of seizures and more than 90% of sudden unexpected deaths in epilepsy occur during sleep. Emerging studies suggest that neuroinflammation, (e.g., the CNS immune response characterized by the change in expression of inflammatory mediators and glial activation) may be a potential link between sleep deprivation and seizures. Here, we review the mechanisms by which sleep deprivation induces neuroinflammation and propose that neuroinflammation synergizes with seizure activity to worsen neurodegeneration in the epileptic brain. Additionally, we highlight the relevance of sleep interventions, often overlooked by physicians, to manage seizures, prevent epilepsy-related mortality, and improve quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herlinda Bonilla-Jaime
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Área de Biología Conductual y Reproductiva, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de Mexico CP 09340, Mexico;
| | - Helena Zeleke
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Biology Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Asheebo Rojas
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Claudia Espinosa-Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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29
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Green JL, Dos Santos WF, Fontana ACK. Role of glutamate excitotoxicity and glutamate transporter EAAT2 in epilepsy: Opportunities for novel therapeutics development. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114786. [PMID: 34571003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a complex neurological syndrome characterized by seizures resulting from neuronal hyperexcitability and sudden and synchronized bursts of electrical discharges. Impaired astrocyte function that results in glutamate excitotoxicity has been recognized to play a key role in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. While there are 26 drugs marketed as anti-epileptic drugs no current treatments are disease modifying as they only suppress seizures rather than the development and progression of epilepsy. Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) are critical for maintaining low extracellular glutamate concentrations and preventing excitotoxicity. When extracellular glutamate concentrations rise to abnormal levels, glutamate receptor overactivation and the subsequent excessive influx of calcium into the post-synaptic neuron can trigger cell death pathways. In this review we discuss targeting EAAT2, the predominant glutamate transporter in the CNS, as a promising approach for developing therapies for epilepsy. EAAT2 upregulation via transcriptional and translational regulation has proven successful in vivo in reducing spontaneous recurrent seizures and offering neuroprotective effects. Another approach to regulate EAAT2 activity is through positive allosteric modulation (PAM). Novel PAMs of EAAT2 have recently been identified and are under development, representing a promising approach for the advance of novel therapeutics for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Leigh Green
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, United States
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30
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Potential of Multiscale Astrocyte Imaging for Revealing Mechanisms Underlying Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910312. [PMID: 34638653 PMCID: PMC8508625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes provide trophic and metabolic support to neurons and modulate circuit formation during development. In addition, astrocytes help maintain neuronal homeostasis through neurovascular coupling, blood-brain barrier maintenance, clearance of metabolites and nonfunctional proteins via the glymphatic system, extracellular potassium buffering, and regulation of synaptic activity. Thus, astrocyte dysfunction may contribute to a myriad of neurological disorders. Indeed, astrocyte dysfunction during development has been implicated in Rett disease, Alexander's disease, epilepsy, and autism, among other disorders. Numerous disease model mice have been established to investigate these diseases, but important preclinical findings on etiology and pathophysiology have not translated into clinical interventions. A multidisciplinary approach is required to elucidate the mechanism of these diseases because astrocyte dysfunction can result in altered neuronal connectivity, morphology, and activity. Recent progress in neuroimaging techniques has enabled noninvasive investigations of brain structure and function at multiple spatiotemporal scales, and these technologies are expected to facilitate the translation of preclinical findings to clinical studies and ultimately to clinical trials. Here, we review recent progress on astrocyte contributions to neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders revealed using novel imaging techniques, from microscopy scale to mesoscopic scale.
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) involves structural damage to the brain regions causing death or disability in patients with lifelong sufferings. Accidental injuries to the brain, besides structural damage, if any, cause activation of various deleterious pathways leading to subsequent neuronal death and permanent dysfunction. However, immediate medical management/treatments could reduce the chances of disability and suffering to the patients. The objective of the current review is to review triggered molecular pathways following TBI and discuss possible targets that could restore brain functions. Understanding the pathologic process is always useful to device novel treatment strategies and may rescue the patient with TBI from death or associated co-morbidities. The current review significantly contributes to improve our understanding about the molecular pathways and neuronal death following TBI and helps us to provide possible targets that could be useful in the management/treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Bagri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, India
| | - Rahul Deshmukh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, India
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Zaitsev АV, Amakhin DV, Dyomina AV, Zakharova MV, Ergina JL, Postnikova TY, Diespirov GP, Magazanik LG. Synaptic Dysfunction in Epilepsy. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s002209302103008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Gobbo D, Scheller A, Kirchhoff F. From Physiology to Pathology of Cortico-Thalamo-Cortical Oscillations: Astroglia as a Target for Further Research. Front Neurol 2021; 12:661408. [PMID: 34177766 PMCID: PMC8219957 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.661408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrographic hallmark of childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) and other idiopathic forms of epilepsy are 2.5-4 Hz spike and wave discharges (SWDs) originating from abnormal electrical oscillations of the cortico-thalamo-cortical network. SWDs are generally associated with sudden and brief non-convulsive epileptic events mostly generating impairment of consciousness and correlating with attention and learning as well as cognitive deficits. To date, SWDs are known to arise from locally restricted imbalances of excitation and inhibition in the deep layers of the primary somatosensory cortex. SWDs propagate to the mostly GABAergic nucleus reticularis thalami (NRT) and the somatosensory thalamic nuclei that project back to the cortex, leading to the typical generalized spike and wave oscillations. Given their shared anatomical basis, SWDs have been originally considered the pathological transition of 11-16 Hz bursts of neural oscillatory activity (the so-called sleep spindles) occurring during Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep, but more recent research revealed fundamental functional differences between sleep spindles and SWDs, suggesting the latter could be more closely related to the slow (<1 Hz) oscillations alternating active (Up) and silent (Down) cortical activity and concomitantly occurring during NREM. Indeed, several lines of evidence support the fact that SWDs impair sleep architecture as well as sleep/wake cycles and sleep pressure, which, in turn, affect seizure circadian frequency and distribution. Given the accumulating evidence on the role of astroglia in the field of epilepsy in the modulation of excitation and inhibition in the brain as well as on the development of aberrant synchronous network activity, we aim at pointing at putative contributions of astrocytes to the physiology of slow-wave sleep and to the pathology of SWDs. Particularly, we will address the astroglial functions known to be involved in the control of network excitability and synchronicity and so far mainly addressed in the context of convulsive seizures, namely (i) interstitial fluid homeostasis, (ii) K+ clearance and neurotransmitter uptake from the extracellular space and the synaptic cleft, (iii) gap junction mechanical and functional coupling as well as hemichannel function, (iv) gliotransmission, (v) astroglial Ca2+ signaling and downstream effectors, (vi) reactive astrogliosis and cytokine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gobbo
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Anja Scheller
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
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Cenobamate, a Sodium Channel Inhibitor and Positive Allosteric Modulator of GABA A Ion Channels, for Partial Onset Seizures in Adults: A Comprehensive Review and Clinical Implications. Neurol Int 2021; 13:252-265. [PMID: 34207493 PMCID: PMC8293325 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint13020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical management of epilepsy seeks to eliminate or to reduce the frequency of seizures, help patients maintain a normal lifestyle, and maintain psychosocial and occupational activities, while avoiding the negative side effects of long-term treatment. Current FDA approved drugs have been shown to have similar efficacy; however, they all share a commonality of having side effects that have the potential to significantly reduce a patient’s quality of life. Cenobamate, a newly-FDA approved drug used to treat partial-onset seizures in adult patients, has demonstrated promise in that it works on two proposed mechanisms that are commonly associated with epilepsy. Cenobamate acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA ion channels and is effective in reducing repetitive neuronal firing by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels, although the complete mechanism of action is currently unknown. The efficacy of Cenobamate with its low toxicity and adverse drug reaction profile emphasizes the need to further evaluate antiepileptic therapies containing sulfamoylphenyl and/or carbamate moieties in their chemical structure. Recent studies have found more patients to be seizure free during the maintenance period when compared to placebo. The most common side effects reported in with Cenobamate are somnolence, dizziness, headache, nausea, and fatigue. There are currently ongoing phase III studies looking to further evaluate the long-term benefits of Cenobamate and investigate adverse events.
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Shi W, Dong P, Kuss MA, Gu L, Kievit F, Kim HJ, Duan B. Design and Evaluation of an In Vitro Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Modeling System Using 3D Printed Mini Impact Device on the 3D Cultured Human iPSC Derived Neural Progenitor Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100180. [PMID: 33890428 PMCID: PMC8222191 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant progress in understanding the disease mechanism of traumatic brain injury (TBI), promising preclinical therapeutics have seldom been translated into successful clinical outcomes, partially because the model animals have physiological and functional differences in the central nervous system (CNS) compared to humans. Human relevant models are thus urgently required. Here, an in vitro mild TBI (mTBI) modeling system is reported based on 3D cultured human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) derived neural progenitor cells (iPSC-NPCs) to evaluate consequences of single and repetitive mTBI using a 3D printed mini weight-drop impact device. Computational simulation is performed to understand the single/cumulative effects of weight-drop impact on the NPC differentiated neurospheres. Experimental results reveal that neurospheres show reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation after repetitive (10 hits) mild impacts, while no astrocyte activation is found after one or two mild impacts. A 3D co-culture model of human microglia cells with neurospheres is further developed. It is found that astrocyte response is promoted even after two mild impacts, possibly caused by the chronic neuroinflammation after microglia activation. The in vitro mTBI modeling system recapitulates several hallmarks of the brain impact injury and might serve as a good platform for future drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shi
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska, Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska, Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Pengfei Dong
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Science, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Mitchell A Kuss
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska, Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska, Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Linxia Gu
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Science, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Forrest Kievit
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Hyung Joon Kim
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska, Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Bin Duan
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska, Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska, Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
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Lu DC, Zador Z, Yao J, Fazlollahi F, Manley GT. Aquaporin-4 Reduces Post-Traumatic Seizure Susceptibility by Promoting Astrocytic Glial Scar Formation in Mice. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:1193-1201. [PMID: 21939392 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures are important neurological complications after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and are reported for up to 50% of patients with TBI. Despite several studies, no drug strategy has been able to alter the biological events leading to epileptogenesis. The glial water channel, aquaporin-4 (AQP4), was shown to facilitate cytotoxic cell swelling in ischemia and glial scar formation after stab wound injury. In this study, we examined post-traumatic seizure susceptibility of AQP4-deficient mice (AQP4-/-) after injection of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) 1 month after controlled cortical impact (CCI) and compared them to wild-type sham injury controls. After PTZ injection, AQP4-/- mice demonstrated dramatically shortened seizure latency (120 ± 40 vs. 300 ± 70 sec; p < 0.001) and increased seizure severity (grade 7.5 ± 0.4 vs. 5.8 ± 0.4; p < 0.001) compared to their wild-type counterparts. Morphometric analysis demonstrated a significant 2-fold reduction in astrocytosis, with a concomitant increase in microgliosis in injured AQP4-null mice compared to their injured wild-type counterparts (44 ± 2 vs. 24 ± 3 cells per high power field [cells/hpf], respectively; p < 0.0001). Minocycline, an inhibitor of microglia, reversed the post-TBI epilepsy phenotype of AQP4-null mice. After minocycline treatment, AQP4-/- mice demonstrated similar latency of seizures evoked by PTZ (723 ± 35 vs. 696 ± 38 sec; p > 0.05) and severity of seizures evoked by PTZ (grade 4.0 ± 0.5 vs. 3.81 ± 0.30; p > 0.05) compared to wild-type counterparts. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated decreased immunostaining of microglia to levels comparable to wild-type (12 ± 2 vs. 11 ± 4 cells/hpf, respectively; p > 0.05). Taken together, these results suggest a protective role of AQP4 in post-traumatic seizure susceptibility by promoting astrogliosis, formation of a glial scar, and preventing microgliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Lu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zsolt Zador
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jinghua Yao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Farbod Fazlollahi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Geoffrey T Manley
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Nwachukwu KN, Evans WA, Sides TR, Trevisani CP, Davis A, Marshall SA. Chemogenetic manipulation of astrocytic signaling in the basolateral amygdala reduces binge-like alcohol consumption in male mice. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:1957-1972. [PMID: 33844860 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Binge drinking is a common occurrence in the United States, but a high concentration of alcohol in the blood has been shown to have reinforcing and reciprocal effects on the neuroimmune system in both dependent and non-dependent scenarios. The first part of this study examined alcohol's effects on the astrocytic response in the central amygdala and basolateral amygdala (BLA) in a non-dependent model. C57BL/6J mice were given access to either ethanol, water, or sucrose during a "drinking in the dark" paradigm, and astrocyte number and astrogliosis were measured using immunohistochemistry. Results indicate that non-dependent consumption increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) density but not the number of GFAP+ cells, suggesting that non-dependent ethanol is sufficient to elicit astrocyte activation. The second part of this study examined how astrocytes impacted behaviors and the neurochemistry related to alcohol using the chemogenetic tool, DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs). Transgenic GFAP-hM3Dq mice were administered clozapine N-oxide both peripherally, affecting the entire central nervous system (CNS), or directly into the BLA. In both instances, GFAP-Gq-signaling activation significantly reduced ethanol consumption and correlating blood ethanol concentrations. However, GFAP-Gq-DREADD activation throughout the CNS had more broad effects resulting in decreased locomotor activity and sucrose consumption. More targeted GFAP-Gq-signaling activation in the BLA only impacted ethanol consumption. Finally, a glutamate assay revealed that after GFAP-Gq-signaling activation glutamate concentrations in the amygdala were partially normalized to control levels. Altogether, these studies support the theory that astrocytes represent a viable target for alcohol use disorder therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kala N Nwachukwu
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - William A Evans
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred P. Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Tori R Sides
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christopher P Trevisani
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred P. Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Ambryia Davis
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred P. Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - S Alex Marshall
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred P. Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA.,Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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38
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Suleymanova EM. Behavioral comorbidities of epilepsy and neuroinflammation: Evidence from experimental and clinical studies. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 117:107869. [PMID: 33684786 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.107869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Currently, a significant amount of data is accumulated showing that neuroinflammation is one of the key processes in the development of brain pathology in trauma, neurodegenerative diseases, and epilepsy. Various brain insults, such as prolonged seizure activity, trigger the activation of microglia and astrocytes in the brain. These cells, in turn, begin to synthesize pro-inflammatory cytokines. The inflammatory response to the insult causes a cascade of processes leading to a wide range of pathological effects, including changes in neuronal excitability, long-term plastic changes, astrocyte dysfunction, impaired blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and neurodegeneration. These effects may ultimately contribute to the development of chronic spontaneous seizures. On the other hand, neuroinflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. Therefore, neuroinflammation can be a link between epilepsy and its comorbidities, such as mood and anxiety disorders and memory impairment. The mechanisms behind these behavioral and cognitive impairments remain not fully understood. In this paper, clinical evidence of an important role of neuroinflammation in epilepsy and potentially comorbid neurological disorders is reviewed, as well as possible mechanisms of its involvement in the pathogenesis of these conditions obtained from experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Suleymanova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, 117485 Butlerova 5A, Moscow, Russia.
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Chatterjee A, Mundlamuri RC, Kenchaiah R, Asranna A, Nagappa M, Bindu PS, Seshagiri DV, Viswanathan LG, Shreedhar AS, Duble S, Rangarajan A, Khilari M, Bharath RD, Saini J, Thennarasu K, Taly AB, Sinha S. Role of pulse methylprednisolone in epileptic encephalopathy: A retrospective observational analysis. Epilepsy Res 2021; 173:106611. [PMID: 33740698 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the effect of monthly pulses of intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) on seizure and global outcomes in children with epileptic encephalopathy (EE). METHODS This retrospective study was undertaken in a tertiary care epilepsy center in India. Consecutive patients with EE who had received IVMP as adjunctive therapy for a minimum of 3 months and had at least one pre-and post-steroid EEG each, were identified and a structured questionnaire was used to collect information including outcomes at 3 months post-steroid course completion and beyond, as available. RESULTS Ninety-seven patients (M:F=71:26) fulfilling the inclusion criteria with a mean age at onset of seizures being 20.52 ± 25.69 months were included. Commonest seizure types were myoclonic (66%); Lennaux-Gastaut and West Syndromes accounted for 57 % and 24 % patients respectively. The etiology was unknown in 52 %. All children were on a combination of standard anti-seizure drugs. The duration of IVMP pulse therapy was 7.72 ± 6.25 months. One-fourth (26 %) patients experienced minor adverse events. Greater than 50 % seizure burden reduction was seen in 66 % patients at 3 months with seizure-freedom in 25 %. A total of 45 (46 %) patients became seizure-free in the cohort eventually with continuation of steroids beyond 3 months. Children with idiopathic EEs, normal neuroimaging, myoclonic jerks, and West syndrome showed the best response. The presence of burst-suppression and generalized paroxysmal fast activity (GPFA) predicted inadequate response. CONCLUSIONS Adjunct pulse doses of IVMP are safe, well-tolerated, and effective in reducing seizures and improving global outcomes in children with idiopathic EEs, West syndrome, normal neuroimaging, and myoclonic jerks. Seizure freedom might be delayed in a subset of these patients, hence duration of therapy beyond 3 months may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparajita Chatterjee
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560011, India
| | | | - Raghavendra Kenchaiah
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560011, India
| | - Ajay Asranna
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560011, India
| | - M Nagappa
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560011, India
| | - P S Bindu
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560011, India
| | - D V Seshagiri
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560011, India
| | | | - A S Shreedhar
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560011, India
| | - Sisir Duble
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560011, India
| | - Anush Rangarajan
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560011, India
| | - Madhuri Khilari
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560011, India
| | - Rose Dawn Bharath
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560011, India
| | - Jitender Saini
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560011, India
| | - K Thennarasu
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560011, India
| | - Arun B Taly
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560011, India
| | - Sanjib Sinha
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560011, India.
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Reschke CR, Silva LFA, Vangoor VR, Rosso M, David B, Cavanagh BL, Connolly NMC, Brennan GP, Sanz-Rodriguez A, Mooney C, Batool A, Greene C, Brennan M, Conroy RM, Rüber T, Prehn JHM, Campbell M, Pasterkamp RJ, Henshall DC. Systemic delivery of antagomirs during blood-brain barrier disruption is disease-modifying in experimental epilepsy. Mol Ther 2021; 29:2041-2052. [PMID: 33609732 PMCID: PMC8178478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotide therapies offer precision treatments for a variety of neurological diseases, including epilepsy, but their deployment is hampered by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Previous studies showed that intracerebroventricular injection of an antisense oligonucleotide (antagomir) targeting microRNA-134 (Ant-134) reduced evoked and spontaneous seizures in animal models of epilepsy. In this study, we used assays of serum protein and tracer extravasation to determine that BBB disruption occurring after status epilepticus in mice was sufficient to permit passage of systemically injected Ant-134 into the brain parenchyma. Intraperitoneal and intravenous injection of Ant-134 reached the hippocampus and blocked seizure-induced upregulation of miR-134. A single intraperitoneal injection of Ant-134 at 2 h after status epilepticus in mice resulted in potent suppression of spontaneous recurrent seizures, reaching a 99.5% reduction during recordings at 3 months. The duration of spontaneous seizures, when they occurred, was also reduced in Ant-134-treated mice. In vivo knockdown of LIM kinase-1 (Limk-1) increased seizure frequency in Ant-134-treated mice, implicating de-repression of Limk-1 in the antagomir mechanism. These studies indicate that systemic delivery of Ant-134 reaches the brain and produces long-lasting seizure-suppressive effects after systemic injection in mice when timed with BBB disruption and may be a clinically viable approach for this and other disease-modifying microRNA therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina R Reschke
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Luiz F A Silva
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Vamshidhar R Vangoor
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Massimo Rosso
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Bastian David
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Brenton L Cavanagh
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Core, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Niamh M C Connolly
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Gary P Brennan
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Amaya Sanz-Rodriguez
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Catherine Mooney
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Aasia Batool
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Chris Greene
- Department of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Marian Brennan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Ronan M Conroy
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Theodor Rüber
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Matthew Campbell
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; Department of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland.
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Vila Verde D, de Curtis M, Librizzi L. Seizure-Induced Acute Glial Activation in the in vitro Isolated Guinea Pig Brain. Front Neurol 2021; 12:607603. [PMID: 33574794 PMCID: PMC7870799 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.607603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: It has been proposed that seizures induce IL-1β biosynthesis in astrocytes and increase blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability, even without the presence of blood borne inflammatory molecules and leukocytes. In the present study we investigate if seizures induce morphological changes typically observed in activated glial cells. Moreover, we will test if serum albumin extravasation into the brain parenchyma exacerbates neuronal hyperexcitability by inducing astrocytic and microglial activation. Methods: Epileptiform seizure-like events (SLEs) were induced in limbic regions by arterial perfusion of bicuculline methiodide (BMI; 50 μM) in the in vitro isolated guinea pig brain preparation. Field potentials were recorded in both the hippocampal CA1 region and the medial entorhinal cortex. BBB permeability changes were assessed by analyzing extravasation of arterially perfused fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)–albumin. Morphological changes in astrocytes and microglia were evaluated with tridimensional reconstruction and Sholl analysis in the ventral CA1 area of the hippocampus following application of BMI with or without co-perfusion of human serum albumin. Results: BMI-induced SLE promoted morphological changes of both astrocytes and microglia cells into an activated phenotype, confirmed by the quantification of the number and length of their processes. Human-recombinant albumin extravasation, due to SLE-induced BBB impairment, worsened both SLE duration and the activated glia phenotype. Discussion: Our study provides the first direct evidence that SLE activity per se is able to promote the activation of astro- and microglial cells, as observed by their changes in phenotype, in brain regions involved in seizure generation; we also hypothesize that gliosis, significantly intensified by h-recombinant albumin extravasation from the bloodstream to the brain parenchyma due to SLE-induced BBB disruption, is responsible for seizure activity reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Vila Verde
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco de Curtis
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Librizzi
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
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42
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Yaksi E, Jamali A, Diaz Verdugo C, Jurisch-Yaksi N. Past, present and future of zebrafish in epilepsy research. FEBS J 2021; 288:7243-7255. [PMID: 33394550 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Animal models contribute greatly to our understanding of brain development and function as well as its dysfunction in neurological diseases. Epilepsy research is a very good example of how animal models can provide us with a mechanistic understanding of the genes, molecules, and pathophysiological processes involved in disease. Over the course of the last two decades, zebrafish came in as a new player in epilepsy research, with an expanding number of laboratories using this animal to understand epilepsy and to discover new strategies for preventing seizures. Yet, zebrafish as a model offers a lot more for epilepsy research. In this viewpoint, we aim to highlight some key contributions of zebrafish to epilepsy research, and we want to emphasize the great untapped potential of this animal model for expanding these contributions. We hope that our suggestions will trigger further discussions between clinicians and researchers with a common goal to understand and cure epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Yaksi
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ahmed Jamali
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Carmen Diaz Verdugo
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nathalie Jurisch-Yaksi
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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43
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Bojja SL, Medhi B, Anand S, Bhatia A, Joshi R, Minz RW. Metformin ameliorates the status epilepticus- induced hippocampal pathology through possible mTOR modulation. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:137-151. [PMID: 33386490 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00782-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The initial precipitating injury such as SE progresses to chronic epilepsy through multiple epileptogenic processes. Early epileptogenic events are generally characterized by neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and abnormal neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Metformin has exhibited anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties in numerous studies. The current study attempts to investigate the effect of metformin on seizure-induced inflammation and neuronal degeneration, and the involvement of the mTOR pathway. Status epilepticus (SE) was induced in male Wistar rats with systemic administration of Lithium (127 mg/kg) and Pilocarpine (30 mg/kg). In test rats, Metformin 100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg was administered orally for 7 days, followed by SE induction. Results indicate that metformin did not alter the SE profile significantly which was evident by the behavioural scoring and electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. However, metformin 200 mg/kg attenuated the SE-induced glial activation (p < 0.01), up regulated mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines (p < 0.001) and chemokines (p < 0.001) and enhanced BBB permeability (p < 0.05). In addition, metformin ameliorated the insult-induced region-specific neuronal damage (p < 0.01) and restored the hippocampal neuronal density. Metformin significantly inhibited phosphorylated S6 ribosomal protein (phospho-S6rp) (p < 0.05), thus demonstrating that the beneficial effects might be partly mediated by the mTOR pathway. The study thus reiterates that mTOR signalling is one of the mechanisms involved in inflammation and neurodegeneration in early epileptogenesis following SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sree Lalitha Bojja
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.,Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MAHE, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Shashi Anand
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Alka Bhatia
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Rupa Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Ranjana W Minz
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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Yeong KY, Berdigaliyev N, Chang Y. Sirtuins and Their Implications in Neurodegenerative Diseases from a Drug Discovery Perspective. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:4073-4091. [PMID: 33280374 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins are class III histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes that target both histone and non-histone substrates. They are linked to different brain functions and the regulation of different isoforms of these enzymes is touted to be an emerging therapy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The level of sirtuins affects brain health as many sirtuin-regulated pathways are responsible for the progression of NDs. Certain sirtuins are also implicated in aging, which is a risk factor for many NDs. In addition to SIRT1-3, it has been suggested that the less studied sirtuins (SIRT4-7) also play critical roles in brain health. This review delineates the role of each sirtuin isoform in NDs from a disease centric perspective and provides an up-to-date overview of sirtuin modulators and their potential use as therapeutics in these diseases. Furthermore, the future perspectives for sirtuin modulator development and their therapeutic application in neurodegeneration are outlined in detail, hence providing a research direction for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng Yoon Yeong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurken Berdigaliyev
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yuin Chang
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College (TARUC), Jalan Genting Kelang, 53300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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45
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Putra M, Puttachary S, Liu G, Lee G, Thippeswamy T. Fyn-tau Ablation Modifies PTZ-Induced Seizures and Post-seizure Hallmarks of Early Epileptogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:592374. [PMID: 33363455 PMCID: PMC7752812 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.592374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Both Fyn and tau have been associated with neuronal hyperexcitability and neurotoxicity in many tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Individual genetic ablation of fyn or tau appears to be protective against aberrant excitatory neuronal activities in AD and epilepsy models. It is, however, still unknown whether ablation of both Fyn and tau can likely elicit more profound anti-seizure and neuroprotective effects. Here, we show the effects of genetic deletion of Fyn and/or tau on seizure severity in response to pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure in mouse models and neurobiological changes 24 h post-seizures. We used Fyn KO (fyn -/-), tau KO (tau -/-), double knockout (DKO) (fyn -/- / tau -/-), and wild-type (WT) mice of the same genetic background. Both tau KO and DKO showed a significant increase in latency to convulsive seizures and significantly decreased the severity of seizures post-PTZ. Although Fyn KO did not differ significantly from WT, in response to PTZ, Fyn KO still had 36 ± 8% seizure reduction and a 30% increase in seizure latency compared to WT. Surprisingly, in contrast to WT, Fyn KO mice showed higher mortality in <20 min of seizure induction; these mice had severe hydrocephalous. None of the tau -/- and DKO died during the study. In response to PTZ, all KO groups showed a significant reduction in neurodegeneration and gliosis, in contrast to WT, which showed increased neurodegeneration [especially, parvalbumin (PV)-GABAergic interneurons] and gliosis. DKO mice had the most reduced gliosis. Immunohistochemically, phospho-tau (AT8, pS199/S202), Fyn expression, as well as Fyn-tau interaction as measured by PLA increased in WT post-PTZ. Moreover, hippocampal Western blots revealed increased levels of AT8, tyrosine phospho-tau (pY18), and phosphorylated Src tyrosine family kinases (pSFK) in PTZ-treated WT, but not in KO, compared to respective controls. Furthermore, PV interneurons were protected from PTZ-induced seizure effects in all KO mice. The levels of inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir 4.1) channels were also downregulated in astrocytes in the WT post-PTZ, while its levels did not change in KO groups. Overall, our results demonstrated the role of Fyn and tau in seizures and their impact on the mediators of early epileptogenesis in PTZ model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marson Putra
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Sreekanth Puttachary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Guanghao Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Gloria Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Verhoog QP, Holtman L, Aronica E, van Vliet EA. Astrocytes as Guardians of Neuronal Excitability: Mechanisms Underlying Epileptogenesis. Front Neurol 2020; 11:591690. [PMID: 33324329 PMCID: PMC7726323 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.591690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are key homeostatic regulators in the central nervous system and play important roles in physiology. After brain damage caused by e.g., status epilepticus, traumatic brain injury, or stroke, astrocytes may adopt a reactive phenotype. This process of reactive astrogliosis is important to restore brain homeostasis. However, persistent reactive astrogliosis can be detrimental for the brain and contributes to the development of epilepsy. In this review, we will focus on physiological functions of astrocytes in the normal brain as well as pathophysiological functions in the epileptogenic brain, with a focus on acquired epilepsy. We will discuss the role of astrocyte-related processes in epileptogenesis, including reactive astrogliosis, disturbances in energy supply and metabolism, gliotransmission, and extracellular ion concentrations, as well as blood-brain barrier dysfunction and dysregulation of blood flow. Since dysfunction of astrocytes can contribute to epilepsy, we will also discuss their role as potential targets for new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quirijn P. Verhoog
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Linda Holtman
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, Netherlands
| | - Erwin A. van Vliet
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Wang J, Wang F, Mai D, Qu S. Molecular Mechanisms of Glutamate Toxicity in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:585584. [PMID: 33324150 PMCID: PMC7725716 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.585584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, the pathological features of which include the presence of Lewy bodies and the neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. However, until recently, research on the pathogenesis and treatment of PD have progressed slowly. Glutamate and dopamine are both important central neurotransmitters in mammals. A lack of enzymatic decomposition of extracellular glutamate results in glutamate accumulating at synapses, which is mainly absorbed by excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs). Glutamate exerts its physiological effects by binding to and activating ligand-gated ion channels [ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs)] and a class of G-protein-coupled receptors [metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs)]. Timely clearance of glutamate from the synaptic cleft is necessary because high levels of extracellular glutamate overactivate glutamate receptors, resulting in excitotoxic effects in the central nervous system. Additionally, increased concentrations of extracellular glutamate inhibit cystine uptake, leading to glutathione depletion and oxidative glutamate toxicity. Studies have shown that oxidative glutamate toxicity in neurons lacking functional N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors may represent a component of the cellular death pathway induced by excitotoxicity. The association between inflammation and excitotoxicity (i.e., immunoexcitotoxicity) has received increased attention in recent years. Glial activation induces neuroinflammation and can stimulate excessive release of glutamate, which can induce excitotoxicity and, additionally, further exacerbate neuroinflammation. Glutamate, as an important central neurotransmitter, is closely related to the occurrence and development of PD. In this review, we discuss recent progress on elucidating glutamate as a relevant neurotransmitter in PD. Additionally, we summarize the relationship and commonality among glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative toxicity, and immunoexcitotoxicity in order to posit a holistic view and molecular mechanism of glutamate toxicity in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fushun Wang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Dongmei Mai
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaogang Qu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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48
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Vega-García A, Rocha L, Guevara-Guzmán R, Guerra-Araiza C, Feria-Romero I, Gallardo JM, Neri-Gomez T, Suárez-Santiago JE, Orozco-Suarez S. Magnolia officinalis Reduces Inflammation and Damage Induced by Recurrent Status Epilepticus in Immature Rats. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1388-1401. [PMID: 32196444 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200320121813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation induced in response to damage caused by status epilepticus (SE) activates the interleukin (IL)1-β pathway and proinflammatory proteins that increase vulnerability to the development of spontaneous seizure activity and/or epilepsy. OBJECTIVES The study aimed to assess the short-term anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of Magnolia officinalis (MO) on recurrent SE in immature rats. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats at PN day 10 were used; n = 60 rats were divided into two control groups, SHAM and KA, and two experimental groups, MO (KA-MO) and Celecoxib (KA-Clbx). The anti-inflammatory effect of a single dose of MO was evaluated at 6 and 24 hr by Western blotting and on day 30 PN via a subchronic administration of MO to assess neuronal preservation and hippocampal gliosis by immunohistochemistry for NeunN and GFAP, respectively. RESULTS KA-MO caused a decrease in the expression of IL1-β and Cox-2 at 6 and 24 h post-treatment, a reduction in iNOS synthase at 6 and 24 hr post-treatment and reduced neuronal loss and gliosis at postnatal day 30, similar to Clbx. CONCLUSION The results indicating that Magnolia officinalis is an alternative preventive treatment for early stages of epileptogenesis are encouraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Vega-García
- Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Hospital de Especialidades, "Dr. Bernardo Sepulveda", Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, IMSS, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.,Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Luisa Rocha
- Departamento de Farmacobiologia, Centro de Investigacion y Estudios Avanzados, Tlalpan, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Rosalinda Guevara-Guzmán
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Christian Guerra-Araiza
- Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Farmacologia, Hospital de Especialidades, "Dr. Bernardo Sepulveda", Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, IMSS, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Iris Feria-Romero
- Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Hospital de Especialidades, "Dr. Bernardo Sepulveda", Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, IMSS, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Juan M Gallardo
- Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Enfermedades Nefrologicas, Hospital de Especialidades, "Dr. Bernardo Sepulveda", Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, IMSS, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Teresa Neri-Gomez
- Unidad de Investigacion Biomolecular del Hospital de Cardiologia, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico DF, Mexico
| | | | - Sandra Orozco-Suarez
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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Wang Z, Du J, Lachance BB, Mascarenhas C, He J, Jia X. Intracerebroventricular Administration of hNSCs Improves Neurological Recovery after Cardiac Arrest in Rats. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 17:923-937. [PMID: 33140234 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10067-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Irreversible brain injury and neurological dysfunction induced by cardiac arrest (CA) have long been a clinical challenge due to lack of effective therapeutic interventions to reverse neuronal loss and prevent secondary reperfusion injury. The neuronal regenerative potential of neural stem cells (NSCs) provides a possible solution to this clinical deficit. We investigated the neuronal recovery potential of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) via intracerebroventricular (ICV) xenotransplantation after CA in rats and the effects of transplanted NSCs on the proliferation and migration of endogenous NSCs. Outcome measures included neurological functional recovery measured by neurological deficit score (NDS), electrophysiologic analysis of EEG, and assessment of proliferation and migration at the cellular level and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway at the molecular level. Neurological functional assessment based on aggregate neurological deficit score (NDS) showed better recovery of function after hNSCs therapy (P < 0.05). Tracking of stem cells' proliferation with Ki67 antibody suggested that the NSCs group had more prominent proliferation compared to control group (number of Ki67+ cells, Control VS. NSC: 89.0 ± 31.6 VS. 352.7 ± 97.3, P < 0.05). In addition, cell migration tracked by Dcx antibody showed more Dcx + cells migrated to the far distance zone from SVZ in the treatment group (P < 0.05). Further immunofluorescence staining confirmed that the expression of the Wnt signaling pathway protein (β-catenin) was upregulated in the NSC group (P < 0.05). ICV delivery of hNSCs promotes endogenous NSC proliferation and migration and ultimately enhances neuronal survival and neurological functional recovery. Wnt/β-catenin pathway may be involved in the initiation and maintenance of this enhancement.Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 43007, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Building 823, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jian Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Building 823, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Brittany Bolduc Lachance
- Program in Trauma, Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Conrad Mascarenhas
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Building 823, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Junyun He
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Building 823, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Building 823, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Orthopedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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50
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Cohen-Salmon M, Slaoui L, Mazaré N, Gilbert A, Oudart M, Alvear-Perez R, Elorza-Vidal X, Chever O, Boulay AC. Astrocytes in the regulation of cerebrovascular functions. Glia 2020; 69:817-841. [PMID: 33058289 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most numerous type of neuroglia in the brain and have a predominant influence on the cerebrovascular system; they control perivascular homeostasis, the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, the dialogue with the peripheral immune system, the transfer of metabolites from the blood, and blood vessel contractility in response to neuronal activity. These regulatory processes occur in a specialized interface composed of perivascular astrocyte extensions that almost completely cover the cerebral blood vessels. Scientists have only recently started to study how this interface is formed and how it influences cerebrovascular functions. Here, we review the literature on the astrocytes' role in the regulation of the cerebrovascular system. We cover the anatomy and development of the gliovascular interface, the known gliovascular functions, and molecular factors, the latter's implication in certain pathophysiological situations, and recent cutting-edge experimental tools developed to examine the astrocytes' role at the vascular interface. Finally, we highlight some open questions in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Cohen-Salmon
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Leila Slaoui
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Noémie Mazaré
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Alice Gilbert
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Marc Oudart
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Rodrigo Alvear-Perez
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Xabier Elorza-Vidal
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Oana Chever
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, DC2N, IRIB, Rouen, France
| | - Anne-Cécile Boulay
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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