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Wei X, Shao J, Wang H, Wang X, Xue L, Yan R, Wang X, Lu Q, Yao Z. Individual suicide risk factors with resting-state brain functional connectivity patterns in bipolar disorder patients based on latent Dirichlet allocation model. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024:111117. [PMID: 39127182 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The widespread problem of suicide and its severe burden in bipolar disorder (BD) necessitate the development of objective risk markers, aiming to enhance individual suicide risk prediction in BD. METHODS This study recruited 123 BD patients (61 patients with prior suicide attempted history (PSAs), 62 without (NSAs)) and 68 healthy controls (HEs). The Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model was used to decompose the resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) into multiple hyper/hypo-RSFC patterns. Thereafter, according to the quantitative results of individual heterogeneity over latent factor dimensions, the correlations were analyzed to test prediction ability. RESULTS Model constructed without introducing suicide-related labels yielded three latent factors with dissociable hyper/hypo-RSFC patterns. In the subsequent analysis, significant differences in the factor distributions of PSAs and NSAs showed biases on the default-mode network (DMN) hyper-RSFC factor (factor 3) and the salience network (SN) and central executive network (CEN) hyper-RSFC factor (factor 1), indicating predictive value. Correlation analysis of the individuals' expressions with their Nurses' Global Assessment of Suicide Risk (NGASR) revealed factor 3 positively correlated (r = 0.4180, p < 0.0001) and factor 1 negatively correlated (r = - 0.2492, p = 0.0055) with suicide risk. Therefore, it could be speculated that patterns more associated with suicide reflected hyper-connectivity in DMN and hypo-connectivity in SN, CEN. CONCLUSIONS This study provided individual suicide-associated risk factors that could reflect the abnormal RSFC patterns, and explored the suicide related brain mechanisms, which is expected to provide supports for clinical decision-making and timely screening and intervention for individuals at high risks of suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinruo Wei
- School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Child Development and Learning Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, China
| | - Junneng Shao
- School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Child Development and Learning Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, China
| | - Huan Wang
- School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Child Development and Learning Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Child Development and Learning Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, China
| | - Li Xue
- School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Child Development and Learning Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, China
| | - Rui Yan
- Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Nanjing Brain Hospital, Clinical Teaching Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Nanjing Brain Hospital, Clinical Teaching Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qing Lu
- School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Child Development and Learning Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, China.
| | - Zhijian Yao
- Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Nanjing Brain Hospital, Clinical Teaching Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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Mahgoub R, Bayram AK, Spencer DD, Alkawadri R. Functional parcellation of the cingulate gyrus by electrical cortical stimulation: a synthetic literature review and future directions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2024; 95:704-721. [PMID: 38242679 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2023-332246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cingulate gyrus (CG), a brain structure above the corpus callosum, is recognised as part of the limbic system and plays numerous vital roles. However, its full functional capacity is yet to be understood. In recent years, emerging evidence from imaging modalities, supported by electrical cortical stimulation (ECS) findings, has improved our understanding. To our knowledge, there is a limited number of systematic reviews of the cingulate function studied by ECS. We aim to parcellate the CG by reviewing ECS studies. DESIGN/METHODS We searched PubMed and Embase for studies investigating CG using ECS. A total of 30 studies met the inclusion criteria. We evaluated the ECS responses across the cingulate subregions and summarised the reported findings. RESULTS We included 30 studies (totalling 887 patients, with a mean age of 31.8±9.8 years). The total number of electrodes implanted within the cingulate was 3028 electrode contacts; positive responses were obtained in 941 (31.1%, median percentages, 32.3%, IQR 22.2%-64.3%). The responses elicited from the CG were as follows. Simple motor (8 studies, 26.7 %), complex motor (10 studies, 33.3%), gelastic with and without mirth (7 studies, 23.3%), somatosensory (9 studies, 30%), autonomic (11 studies, 36.7 %), psychic (8 studies, 26.7%) and vestibular (3 studies, 10%). Visual and speech responses were also reported. Despite some overlap, the results indicate that the anterior cingulate cortex is responsible for most emotional, laughter and autonomic responses, while the middle cingulate cortex controls most complex motor behaviours, and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) regulates visual, among various other responses. Consistent null responses have been observed across different regions, emphasising PCC. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a segmental mapping of the functional properties of CG, helping to improve precision in the surgical planning of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Mahgoub
- Department of Neurology, The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ayse Kacar Bayram
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Health Sciences, Kayseri City Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Dennis D Spencer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rafeed Alkawadri
- Department of Neurology, The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Xiao J, Adkinson JA, Myers J, Allawala AB, Mathura RK, Pirtle V, Najera R, Provenza NR, Bartoli E, Watrous AJ, Oswalt D, Gadot R, Anand A, Shofty B, Mathew SJ, Goodman WK, Pouratian N, Pitkow X, Bijanki KR, Hayden B, Sheth SA. Beta activity in human anterior cingulate cortex mediates reward biases. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5528. [PMID: 39009561 PMCID: PMC11250824 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49600-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The rewards that we get from our choices and actions can have a major influence on our future behavior. Understanding how reward biasing of behavior is implemented in the brain is important for many reasons, including the fact that diminution in reward biasing is a hallmark of clinical depression. We hypothesized that reward biasing is mediated by the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a cortical hub region associated with the integration of reward and executive control and with the etiology of depression. To test this hypothesis, we recorded neural activity during a biased judgment task in patients undergoing intracranial monitoring for either epilepsy or major depressive disorder. We found that beta (12-30 Hz) oscillations in the ACC predicted both associated reward and the size of the choice bias, and also tracked reward receipt, thereby predicting bias on future trials. We found reduced magnitude of bias in depressed patients, in whom the beta-specific effects were correspondingly reduced. Our findings suggest that ACC beta oscillations may orchestrate the learning of reward information to guide adaptive choice, and, more broadly, suggest a potential biomarker for anhedonia and point to future development of interventions to enhance reward impact for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayang Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Joshua A Adkinson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - John Myers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Raissa K Mathura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Victoria Pirtle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ricardo Najera
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nicole R Provenza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Eleonora Bartoli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Andrew J Watrous
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Denise Oswalt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ron Gadot
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Adrish Anand
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ben Shofty
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Sanjay J Mathew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wayne K Goodman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nader Pouratian
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Xaq Pitkow
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kelly R Bijanki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Benjamin Hayden
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sameer A Sheth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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Hird EJ, Slanina-Davies A, Lewis G, Hamer M, Roiser JP. From movement to motivation: a proposed framework to understand the antidepressant effect of exercise. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:273. [PMID: 38961071 PMCID: PMC11222551 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02922-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, exerting a profound negative impact on quality of life in those who experience it. Depression is associated with disruptions to several closely related neural and cognitive processes, including dopamine transmission, fronto-striatal brain activity and connectivity, reward processing and motivation. Physical activity, especially aerobic exercise, reduces depressive symptoms, but the mechanisms driving its antidepressant effects are poorly understood. Here we propose a novel hypothesis for understanding the antidepressant effects of exercise, centred on motivation, across different levels of explanation. There is robust evidence that aerobic exercise decreases systemic inflammation. Inflammation is known to reduce dopamine transmission, which in turn is strongly implicated in effort-based decision making for reward. Drawing on a broad range of research in humans and animals, we propose that by reducing inflammation and boosting dopamine transmission, with consequent effects on effort-based decision making for reward, exercise initially specifically improves 'interest-activity' symptoms of depression-namely anhedonia, fatigue and subjective cognitive impairment - by increasing propensity to exert effort. Extending this framework to the topic of cognitive control, we explain how cognitive impairment in depression may also be conceptualised through an effort-based decision-making framework, which may help to explain the impact of exercise on cognitive impairment. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of exercise could inform the development of novel intervention strategies, in particular personalised interventions and boost social prescribing.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Hird
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.
| | - A Slanina-Davies
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - G Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - M Hamer
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - J P Roiser
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
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5
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Mofakham S, Robertson J, Lubin N, Cleri NA, Mikell CB. An Unpredictable Brain Is a Conscious, Responsive Brain. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:1643-1652. [PMID: 38579270 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Severe traumatic brain injuries typically result in loss of consciousness or coma. In deeply comatose patients with traumatic brain injury, cortical dynamics become simple, repetitive, and predictable. We review evidence that this low-complexity, high-predictability state results from a passive cortical state, represented by a stable repetitive attractor, that hinders the flexible formation of neuronal ensembles necessary for conscious experience. Our data and those from other groups support the hypothesis that this cortical passive state is because of the loss of thalamocortical input. We identify the unpredictability and complexity of cortical dynamics captured by local field potential as a sign of recovery from this passive coma attractor. In this Perspective article, we discuss how these electrophysiological biomarkers of the recovery of consciousness could inform the design of closed-loop stimulation paradigms to treat disorders of consciousness.
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Yang XF, Hilliard K, Gotlieb R, Immordino-Yang MH. Transcendent thinking counteracts longitudinal effects of mid-adolescent exposure to community violence in the anterior cingulate cortex. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2024. [PMID: 38923619 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Adolescence involves extensive brain maturation, characterized by social sensitivity and emotional lability, that co-occurs with increased independence. Mid-adolescence is also a hallmark developmental stage when youths become motivated to reflect on the broader personal, ethical, and systems-level implications of happenings, a process we term transcendent thinking. Here, we examine the confluence of these developmental processes to ask, from a transdisciplinary perspective, how might community violence exposure (CVE) impact brain development during mid-adolescence, and how might youths' dispositions for transcendent thinking be protective? Fifty-five low-SES urban youth with no history of delinquency (32 female; 27 Latinx, 28 East Asian) reported their CVE and underwent structural MRI first at age 14-18, and again 2 years later. At the study's start, participants also discussed their feelings about 40 minidocumentaries featuring other teens' compelling situations in a 2-h private interview that was transcribed and coded for transcendent thinking. Controlling for CVE and brain structure at the start: (1) New CVE during the 2-year inter-scan interval was associated with greater gray matter volume (GMV) reduction over that interval in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a central network hub whose reduced volume has been associated with posttraumatic stress disorder, and across multiple additional cortical and subcortical regions; (2) participants' transcendent thinking in the interview independently predicted greater GMV increase during the 2-year inter-scan interval in the ACC. Findings highlight the continued vulnerability of mid-adolescents to community violence and the importance of supporting teens' dispositions to reflect on the complex personal and systems-level implications and affordances of their civic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Yang
- Center for Affective Neuroscience, Development, Learning and Education, Brain and Creativity Institute, Rossier School of Education, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Katrina Hilliard
- Center for Affective Neuroscience, Development, Learning and Education, Brain and Creativity Institute, Rossier School of Education, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rebecca Gotlieb
- Center for Dyslexia, Diverse Learners, and Social Justice, School of Education and Information Studies, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mary Helen Immordino-Yang
- Center for Affective Neuroscience, Development, Learning and Education, Brain and Creativity Institute, Rossier School of Education, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Psychology Department, Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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7
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Grohn J, Khalighinejad N, Jahn CI, Bongioanni A, Schüffelgen U, Sallet J, Rushworth MFS, Kolling N. General mechanisms of task engagement in the primate frontal cortex. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4802. [PMID: 38839745 PMCID: PMC11153620 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49128-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Staying engaged is necessary to maintain goal-directed behaviors. Despite this, engagement exhibits continuous, intrinsic fluctuations. Even in experimental settings, animals, unlike most humans, repeatedly and spontaneously move between periods of complete task engagement and disengagement. We, therefore, looked at behavior in male macaques (macaca mulatta) in four tasks while recording fMRI signals. We identified consistent autocorrelation in task disengagement. This made it possible to build models capturing task-independent engagement. We identified task general patterns of neural activity linked to impending sudden task disengagement in mid-cingulate gyrus. By contrast, activity centered in perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC) was associated with maintenance of performance across tasks. Importantly, we carefully controlled for task-specific factors such as the reward history and other motivational effects, such as response vigor, in our analyses. Moreover, we showed pgACC activity had a causal link to task engagement: transcranial ultrasound stimulation of pgACC changed task engagement patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Grohn
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Nima Khalighinejad
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Caroline I Jahn
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Alessandro Bongioanni
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, 91191, Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Urs Schüffelgen
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jerome Sallet
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 18 Avenue Doyen Lepine, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Matthew F S Rushworth
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nils Kolling
- Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 18 Avenue Doyen Lepine, 69500, Bron, France
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Pôle EST, Bron, France
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8
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Li J, Cheng J, Yang L, Niu Q, Zhang Y, Palaniyappan L. Association of cortical gyrification, white matter microstructure, and phenotypic profile in medication-naïve obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Med 2024; 54:1573-1579. [PMID: 37994452 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723003422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is thought to arise from dysconnectivity among interlinked brain regions resulting in a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. Cortical gyrification, a key morphological feature of human cerebral cortex, has been considered associated with developmental connectivity in early life. Monitoring cortical gyrification alterations may provide new insights into the developmental pathogenesis of OCD. METHODS Sixty-two medication-naive patients with OCD and 59 healthy controls (HCs) were included in this study. Local gyrification index (LGI) was extracted from T1-weighted MRI data to identify the gyrification changes in OCD. Total distortion (splay, bend, or twist of fibers) was calculated using diffusion-weighted MRI data to examine the changes in white matter microstructure in patients with OCD. RESULTS Compared with HCs, patients with OCD showed significantly increased LGI in bilateral medial frontal gyrus and the right precuneus, where the mean LGI was positively correlated with anxiety score. Patients with OCD also showed significantly decreased total distortion in the body, genu, and splenium of the corpus callosum (CC), where the average distortion was negatively correlated with anxiety scores. Intriguingly, the mean LGI of the affected cortical regions was significantly correlated with the mean distortion of the affected white matter tracts in patients with OCD. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated associations among increased LGI, aberrant white matter geometry, and higher anxiety in patients with OCD. Our findings indicate that developmental dysconnectivity-driven alterations in cortical folding are one of the neural substrates underlying the clinical manifestations of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qihui Niu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuanchao Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lena Palaniyappan
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Wang G, Jiang N, Ma Y, Suo D, Liu T, Funahashi S, Yan T. Using a deep generation network reveals neuroanatomical specificity in hemispheres. PATTERNS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 5:100930. [PMID: 38645770 PMCID: PMC11026975 DOI: 10.1016/j.patter.2024.100930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Asymmetry is an important property of brain organization, but its nature is still poorly understood. Capturing the neuroanatomical components specific to each hemisphere facilitates the understanding of the establishment of brain asymmetry. Since deep generative networks (DGNs) have powerful inference and recovery capabilities, we use one hemisphere to predict the opposite hemisphere by training the DGNs, which automatically fit the built-in dependencies between the left and right hemispheres. After training, the reconstructed images approximate the homologous components in the hemisphere. We use the difference between the actual and reconstructed hemispheres to measure hemisphere-specific components due to asymmetric expression of environmental and genetic factors. The results show that our model is biologically plausible and that our proposed metric of hemispheric specialization is reliable, representing a wide range of individual variation. Together, this work provides promising tools for exploring brain asymmetry and new insights into self-supervised DGNs for representing the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongshu Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yunxiao Ma
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dingjie Suo
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tiantian Liu
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shintaro Funahashi
- Advanced Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tianyi Yan
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Strohman A, Payne B, In A, Stebbins K, Legon W. Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound to the Human Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Attenuates Acute Pain Perception and Autonomic Responses. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1011232023. [PMID: 38182418 PMCID: PMC10883612 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1011-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) is a critical brain area for pain and autonomic processing, making it a promising noninvasive therapeutic target. We leverage the high spatial resolution and deep focal lengths of low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) to noninvasively modulate the dACC for effects on behavioral and cardiac autonomic responses using transient heat pain stimuli. A N = 16 healthy human volunteers (6 M/10 F) received transient contact heat pain during either LIFU to the dACC or Sham stimulation. Continuous electroencephalogram (EEG), electrocardiogram (ECG), and electrodermal response (EDR) were recorded. Outcome measures included pain ratings, heart rate variability, EDR response, blood pressure, and the amplitude of the contact heat-evoked potential (CHEP).LIFU reduced pain ratings by 1.09 ± 0.20 points relative to Sham. LIFU increased heart rate variability indexed by the standard deviation of normal sinus beats (SDNN), low-frequency (LF) power, and the low-frequency/high-frequency (LF/HF) ratio. There were no effects on the blood pressure or EDR. LIFU resulted in a 38.1% reduction in the P2 CHEP amplitude. Results demonstrate LIFU to the dACC reduces pain and alters autonomic responses to acute heat pain stimuli. This has implications for the causal understanding of human pain and autonomic processing in the dACC and potential future therapeutic options for pain relief and modulation of homeostatic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Strohman
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA 24016
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016
| | - Brighton Payne
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016
| | - Alexander In
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016
| | - Katelyn Stebbins
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA 24016
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016
| | - Wynn Legon
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA 24016
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016
- Center for Human Neuroscience Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016
- Center for Health Behaviors Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016
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11
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Costello H, Husain M, Roiser JP. Apathy and Motivation: Biological Basis and Drug Treatment. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 64:313-338. [PMID: 37585659 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-022423-014645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Apathy is a disabling syndrome associated with poor functional outcomes that is common across a broad range of neurological and psychiatric conditions. Currently, there are no established therapies specifically for the condition, and safe and effective treatments are urgently needed. Advances in the understanding of motivation and goal-directed behavior in humans and animals have shed light on the cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms contributing to apathy, providing an important foundation for the development of new treatments. Here, we review the cognitive components, neural circuitry, and pharmacology of apathy and motivation, highlighting converging evidence of shared transdiagnostic mechanisms. Though no pharmacological treatments have yet been licensed, we summarize trials of existing and novel compounds to date, identifying several promising candidates for clinical use and avenues of future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Costello
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom;
| | - Masud Husain
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Roiser
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom;
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12
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Clairis N, Lopez-Persem A. Debates on the dorsomedial prefrontal/dorsal anterior cingulate cortex: insights for future research. Brain 2023; 146:4826-4844. [PMID: 37530487 PMCID: PMC10690029 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex/dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dmPFC/dACC) is a brain area subject to many theories and debates over its function(s). Even its precise anatomical borders are subject to much controversy. In the past decades, the dmPFC/dACC has been associated with more than 15 different cognitive processes, which sometimes appear quite unrelated (e.g. body perception, cognitive conflict). As a result, understanding what the dmPFC/dACC does has become a real challenge for many neuroscientists. Several theories of this brain area's function(s) have been developed, leading to successive and competitive publications bearing different models, which sometimes contradict each other. During the last two decades, the lively scientific exchanges around the dmPFC/dACC have promoted fruitful research in cognitive neuroscience. In this review, we provide an overview of the anatomy of the dmPFC/dACC, summarize the state of the art of functions that have been associated with this brain area and present the main theories aiming at explaining the dmPFC/dACC function(s). We explore the commonalities and the arguments between the different theories. Finally, we explain what can be learned from these debates for future investigations of the dmPFC/dACC and other brain regions' functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Clairis
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics (LGC)- Brain Mind Institute (BMI)- Sciences de la Vie (SV), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alizée Lopez-Persem
- FrontLab, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne University, AP HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
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13
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Sun Y, Shi Q, Ye M, Miao A. Topological properties and connectivity patterns in brain networks of patients with refractory epilepsy combined with intracranial electrical stimulation. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1282232. [PMID: 38075280 PMCID: PMC10701286 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1282232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Although intracranial electrical stimulation has emerged as a treatment option for various diseases, its impact on the properties of brain networks remains challenging due to its invasive nature. The combination of intracranial electrical stimulation and whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in patients with refractory epilepsy (RE) makes it possible to study the network properties associated with electrical stimulation. Thus, our study aimed to investigate the brain network characteristics of RE patients with concurrent electrical stimulation and obtain possible clinical biomarkers. Methods Our study used the GRETNA toolbox, a graph theoretical network analysis toolbox for imaging connectomics, to calculate and analyze the network topological attributes including global measures (small-world parameters and network efficiency) and nodal characteristics. The resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) and the fMRI concurrent electrical stimulation (es-fMRI) of RE patients were utilized to make group comparisons with healthy controls to identify the differences in network topology properties. Network properties comparisons before and after electrode implantation in the same patient were used to further analyze stimulus-related changes in network properties. Modular analysis was used to examine connectivity and distribution characteristics in the brain networks of all participants in study. Results Compared to healthy controls, the rs-fMRI and the es-fMRI of RE patients exhibited impaired small-world property and reduced network efficiency. Nodal properties, such as nodal clustering coefficient (NCp), betweenness centrality (Bc), and degree centrality (Dc), exhibited differences between RE patients (including rs-fMRI and es-fMRI) and healthy controls. The network connectivity of RE patients (including rs-fMRI and es-fMRI) showed reduced intra-modular connections in subcortical areas and the occipital lobe, as well as decreased inter-modular connections between frontal and subcortical regions, and parieto-occipital regions compared to healthy controls. The brain networks of es-fMRI showed a relatively weaker small-world structure compared to rs-fMRI. Conclusion The brain networks of RE patients exhibited a reduced small-world property, with a tendency toward random networks. The network connectivity patterns in RE patients exhibited reduced connections between cortical and subcortical regions and enhanced connections among parieto-occipital regions. Electrical stimulation can modulate brain network activity, leading to changes in network connectivity patterns and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Sun
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Shi
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Ye
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ailiang Miao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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14
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Kunz M, Chen JI, Lautenbacher S, Rainville P. Brain mechanisms associated with facial encoding of affective states. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 23:1281-1290. [PMID: 37349604 PMCID: PMC10545577 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-023-01114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Affective states are typically accompanied by facial expressions, but these behavioral manifestations are highly variable. Even highly arousing and negative valent experiences, such as pain, show great instability in facial affect encoding. The present study investigated which neural mechanisms are associated with variations in facial affect encoding by focusing on facial encoding of sustained pain experiences. Facial expressions, pain ratings, and brain activity (BOLD-fMRI) during tonic heat pain were recorded in 27 healthy participants. We analyzed facial expressions by using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) and examined brain activations during epochs of painful stimulation that were accompanied by facial expressions of pain. Epochs of facial expressions of pain were coupled with activity increase in motor areas (M1, premotor and SMA) as well as in areas involved in nociceptive processing, including primary and secondary somatosensory cortex, posterior and anterior insula, and the anterior part of the mid-cingulate cortex. In contrast, prefrontal structures (ventrolateral and medial prefrontal) were less activated during incidences of facial expressions, consistent with a role in down-regulating facial displays. These results indicate that incidences of facial encoding of pain reflect activity within nociceptive pathways interacting or possibly competing with prefrontal inhibitory systems that gate the level of expressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kunz
- Department of Medical Psychology and Sociology, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.
- Bamberger Living Lab Dementia (BamLiD), University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.
| | - Jen-I Chen
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Department de stomatologie, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Stefan Lautenbacher
- Bamberger Living Lab Dementia (BamLiD), University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Pierre Rainville
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Department de stomatologie, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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15
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Pelliccia V, Del Vecchio M, Avanzini P, Revay M, Sartori I, Caruana F. 70 Years of Human Cingulate Cortex Stimulation. Functions and Dysfunctions Through the Lens of Electrical Stimulation. J Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 40:491-500. [PMID: 36007014 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY In this review, we retrace the results of 70 years of human cingulate cortex (CC) intracerebral electrical stimulation and discuss its contribution to our understanding of the anatomofunctional and clinical aspects of this wide cortical region. The review is divided into three main sections. In the first section, we report the results obtained by the stimulation of the anterior, middle, and posterior CC, in 30 studies conducted on approximately 1,000 patients from the 1950s to the present day. These studies show that specific manifestations can be reliably associated with specific cingulate subfields, with autonomic, interoceptive, and emotional manifestations clustered in the anterior cingulate, goal-oriented motor behaviors elicited from the anterior midcingulate and a variety of sensory symptoms characterizing the posterior cingulate regions. In the second section, we compare the effect of CC intracerebral electrical stimulation with signs and manifestations characterizing cingulate epilepsy, showing that the stimulation mapping of CC subfields provides precious information for understanding cingulate epileptic manifestations. The last section tackles the issue of the discrepancy emerging when comparing the results of clinical (electrical stimulation, epilepsy) studies-revealing the quintessential affective and motor nature of the CC-with that reported by neuroimaging studies-which focus on high-level cognitive functions. Particular attention will be paid to the hypothesis that CC hosts a "Pain Matrix" specifically involved in pain perception, which we will discuss in the light of the fact that the stimulation of CC (as well as cingulate epileptic seizures) does not induce nociceptive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Pelliccia
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Center, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milano, Italy; and
| | - Maria Del Vecchio
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Parma, Italy
| | - Pietro Avanzini
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Parma, Italy
| | - Martina Revay
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Center, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milano, Italy; and
| | - Ivana Sartori
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Center, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milano, Italy; and
| | - Fausto Caruana
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Parma, Italy
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16
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Balewski ZZ, Elston TW, Knudsen EB, Wallis JD. Value dynamics affect choice preparation during decision-making. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:1575-1583. [PMID: 37563295 PMCID: PMC10576429 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01407-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
During decision-making, neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) sequentially represent the value of each option in turn, but it is unclear how these dynamics are translated into a choice response. One brain region that may be implicated in this process is the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which strongly connects with OFC and contains many neurons that encode the choice response. We investigated how OFC value signals interacted with ACC neurons encoding the choice response by performing simultaneous high-channel count recordings from the two areas in nonhuman primates. ACC neurons encoding the choice response steadily increased their firing rate throughout the decision-making process, peaking shortly before the time of the choice response. Furthermore, the value dynamics in OFC affected ACC ramping-when OFC represented the more valuable option, ACC ramping accelerated. Because OFC tended to represent the more valuable option more frequently and for a longer duration, this interaction could explain how ACC selects the more valuable response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Z Balewski
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Thomas W Elston
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Eric B Knudsen
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Joni D Wallis
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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17
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Lyu D, Stieger JR, Xin C, Ma E, Lusk Z, Aparicio MK, Werbaneth K, Perry CM, Deisseroth K, Buch V, Parvizi J. Causal evidence for the processing of bodily self in the anterior precuneus. Neuron 2023; 111:2502-2512.e4. [PMID: 37295420 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To probe the causal importance of the human posteromedial cortex (PMC) in processing the sense of self, we studied a rare cohort of nine patients with electrodes implanted bilaterally in the precuneus, posterior cingulate, and retrosplenial regions with a combination of neuroimaging, intracranial recordings, and direct cortical stimulations. In all participants, the stimulation of specific sites within the anterior precuneus (aPCu) caused dissociative changes in physical and spatial domains. Using single-pulse electrical stimulations and neuroimaging, we present effective and resting-state connectivity of aPCu hot zone with the rest of the brain and show that they are located outside the boundaries of the default mode network (DMN) but connected reciprocally with it. We propose that the function of this subregion of the PMC is integral to a range of cognitive processes that require the self's physical point of reference, given its location within a spatial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Lyu
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - James Robert Stieger
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cindy Xin
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eileen Ma
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zoe Lusk
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mariel Kalkach Aparicio
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Werbaneth
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Claire Megan Perry
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Departments of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vivek Buch
- Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Departments of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Josef Parvizi
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Departments of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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18
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Cushnie AK, Tang W, Heilbronner SR. Connecting Circuits with Networks in Addiction Neuroscience: A Salience Network Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9083. [PMID: 37240428 PMCID: PMC10219092 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neuroimaging has demonstrated the existence of large-scale functional networks in the cerebral cortex consisting of topographically distant brain regions with functionally correlated activity. The salience network (SN), which is involved in detecting salient stimuli and mediating inter-network communication, is a crucial functional network that is disrupted in addiction. Individuals with addiction display dysfunctional structural and functional connectivity of the SN. Furthermore, while there is a growing body of evidence regarding the SN, addiction, and the relationship between the two, there are still many unknowns, and there are fundamental limitations to human neuroimaging studies. At the same time, advances in molecular and systems neuroscience techniques allow researchers to manipulate neural circuits in nonhuman animals with increasing precision. Here, we describe attempts to translate human functional networks to nonhuman animals to uncover circuit-level mechanisms. To do this, we review the structural and functional connections of the salience network and its homology across species. We then describe the existing literature in which circuit-specific perturbation of the SN sheds light on how functional cortical networks operate, both within and outside the context of addiction. Finally, we highlight key outstanding opportunities for mechanistic studies of the SN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana K. Cushnie
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 2-164 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Computer Science, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA
| | - Sarah R. Heilbronner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 2-164 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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19
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Zugman A, Alliende L, Medel V, Bethlehem RA, Seidlitz J, Ringlein G, Arango C, Arnatkevičiūtė A, Asmal L, Bellgrove M, Benegal V, Bernardo M, Billeke P, Bosch-Bayard J, Bressan R, Busatto G, Castro M, Chaim-Avancini T, Compte A, Costanzi M, Czepielewski L, Dazzan P, de la Fuente-Sandoval C, Di Forti M, Díaz-Caneja C, María Díaz-Zuluaga A, Du Plessis S, Duran F, Fittipaldi S, Fornito A, Freimer N, Gadelha A, Gama C, Garani R, Garcia-Rizo C, Gonzalez Campo C, Gonzalez-Valderrama A, Guinjoan S, Holla B, Ibañez A, Ivanovic D, Jackowski A, Leon-Ortiz P, Lochner C, López-Jaramillo C, Luckhoff H, Massuda R, McGuire P, Miyata J, Mizrahi R, Murray R, Ozerdem A, Pan P, Parellada M, Phahladira L, Ramirez-Mahaluf J, Reckziegel R, Reis Marques T, Reyes-Madrigal F, Roos A, Rosa P, Salum G, Scheffler F, Schumann G, Serpa M, Stein D, Tepper A, Tiego J, Ueno T, Undurraga J, Undurraga E, Valdes-Sosa P, Valli I, Villarreal M, Winton-Brown T, Yalin N, Zamorano F, Zanetti M, Winkler A, Pine D, Evans-Lacko S, Crossley N. Country-level gender inequality is associated with structural differences in the brains of women and men. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2218782120. [PMID: 37155867 PMCID: PMC10193926 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218782120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Gender inequality across the world has been associated with a higher risk to mental health problems and lower academic achievement in women compared to men. We also know that the brain is shaped by nurturing and adverse socio-environmental experiences. Therefore, unequal exposure to harsher conditions for women compared to men in gender-unequal countries might be reflected in differences in their brain structure, and this could be the neural mechanism partly explaining women's worse outcomes in gender-unequal countries. We examined this through a random-effects meta-analysis on cortical thickness and surface area differences between adult healthy men and women, including a meta-regression in which country-level gender inequality acted as an explanatory variable for the observed differences. A total of 139 samples from 29 different countries, totaling 7,876 MRI scans, were included. Thickness of the right hemisphere, and particularly the right caudal anterior cingulate, right medial orbitofrontal, and left lateral occipital cortex, presented no differences or even thicker regional cortices in women compared to men in gender-equal countries, reversing to thinner cortices in countries with greater gender inequality. These results point to the potentially hazardous effect of gender inequality on women's brains and provide initial evidence for neuroscience-informed policies for gender equality.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Zugman
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience (SDAN), Emotion and Development Branch (E & D), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, BethesdaMD20894
| | - Luz María Alliende
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago8330077, Chile
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
| | - Vicente Medel
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago7941169, Chile
| | - Richard A.I. Bethlehem
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 8AH, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Jakob Seidlitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Penn-Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Grace Ringlein
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience (SDAN), Emotion and Development Branch (E & D), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, BethesdaMD20894
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid28009, Spain
| | - Aurina Arnatkevičiūtė
- The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC3168, Australia
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC3168, Australia
| | - Laila Asmal
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town7602, South Africa
| | - Mark Bellgrove
- The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC3168, Australia
| | - Vivek Benegal
- Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka560029, India
| | - Miquel Bernardo
- Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Departament de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències (UBNeuro), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques, August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona08036, Spain
| | - Pablo Billeke
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Social y Neuromodulación, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social (neuroCICS), Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago7610658, Chile
| | - Jorge Bosch-Bayard
- McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QCH3A 2B4, Canada
- McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Bressan
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo04039-032, Brazil
| | - Geraldo F. Busatto
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo05403-903, Brazil
| | - Mariana N. Castro
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias Aplicadas a las Alteraciones de la Conducta (INAAC), Fleni-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Neurosciences Institute (INEU), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresC1428, Argentina
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresC1114AAD, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresC1033AAJ, Argentina
| | - Tiffany Chaim-Avancini
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo, São PauloSP05403-903, Brazil
| | - Albert Compte
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona08036, Spain
| | - Monise Costanzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto AlegreRS90035-007, Brazil
| | - Leticia Czepielewski
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto AlegreRS90035-007, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Instituto Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto AlegreRS90040-060, Brazil
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, LondonSE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Camilo de la Fuente-Sandoval
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Direction of Research, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City14269, Mexico
| | - Marta Di Forti
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, LondonSE5 8AF, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, King’s College London, LondonSE5 8AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Covadonga M. Díaz-Caneja
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid28009, Spain
| | - Ana María Díaz-Zuluaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín050011, Colombia
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior Los Angeles, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA90024
| | - Stefan Du Plessis
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town7602, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council (SA MRC), Genomics of Brain Disorders Unit, Cape Town7505, South Africa
| | - Fabio L. S. Duran
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo, São PauloSP05403-903, Brazil
| | - Sol Fittipaldi
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago7941169, Chile
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andres, Victoria, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresB1644BID, Argentina
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin (TCD), DublinDO2 PN40, Ireland
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA94158
| | - Alex Fornito
- The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC3168, Australia
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC3168, Australia
| | - Nelson B. Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior Los Angeles, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA90024
| | - Ary Gadelha
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo04039-032, Brazil
| | - Clarissa S. Gama
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto AlegreRS90035-007, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS90035903, Brazil
| | - Ranjini Garani
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QuebecH3A 1A12B4Canada
| | - Clemente Garcia-Rizo
- Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Departament de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències (UBNeuro), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques, August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona08036, Spain
| | - Cecilia Gonzalez Campo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresC1033AAJ, Argentina
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andres, Victoria, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresB1644BID, Argentina
| | - Alfonso Gonzalez-Valderrama
- Early Intervention Program, Instituto Psiquiátrico Dr. J. Horwitz Barak, Santiago8431621, Chile
- School of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago7501015, Chile
| | - Salvador Guinjoan
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresC1033AAJ, Argentina
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK74136
| | - Bharath Holla
- Department of Integrative Medicine, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka560029, India
- Accelerator Program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells, Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka560029, India
| | - Agustín Ibañez
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago7941169, Chile
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresC1033AAJ, Argentina
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andres, Victoria, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresB1644BID, Argentina
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin (TCD), DublinDO2 PN40, Ireland
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA94158
| | - Daniza Ivanovic
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Social y Neuromodulación, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social (neuroCICS), Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago7610658, Chile
| | - Andrea Jackowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo04038-000, Brazil
- Department of Education, Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden1757, Norway
| | - Pablo Leon-Ortiz
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Direction of Research, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City14269, Mexico
| | - Christine Lochner
- South African Medical Research Council (SA MRC) Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch7505, South Africa
| | - Carlos López-Jaramillo
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín050011, Colombia
| | - Hilmar Luckhoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town7602, South Africa
| | - Raffael Massuda
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CuritibaPR 80060-000, Brazil
| | - Philip McGuire
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, OxfordOX3 7JX, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), University of Oxford, OxfordOX3 9DU, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, OxfordOX3 7JX, United Kingdom
- Oxford HealthNational Health Service (NHS), Foundation Trust, OxfordOX4 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Miyata
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
| | - Romina Mizrahi
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QuebecH3A 1A12B4Canada
- Clinical and Translational Sciences Lab, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QCH4A 1R3, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University,Montreal, QCH3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Robin Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, LondonSE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Aysegul Ozerdem
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MinnesotaMN55905
| | - Pedro M. Pan
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo04039-032, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo04038-000, Brazil
| | - Mara Parellada
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid28009, Spain
| | - Lebogan Phahladira
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town7602, South Africa
| | - Juan P. Ramirez-Mahaluf
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago8330077, Chile
| | - Ramiro Reckziegel
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto AlegreRS90035-007, Brazil
| | - Tiago Reis Marques
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, LondonSE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco Reyes-Madrigal
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Direction of Research, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City14269, Mexico
| | - Annerine Roos
- South African Medical Research Council (SA MRC) Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town7925, South Africa
| | - Pedro Rosa
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo, São PauloSP05403-903, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Salum
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS90035903, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo04038-000, Brazil
| | - Freda Scheffler
- South African Medical Research Council (SA MRC) Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town7925, South Africa
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Institute for Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
- PONS-Centre, Charité Mental Health, Dept of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin10117, Germany
| | - Mauricio Serpa
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo05403-903, Brazil
| | - Dan J. Stein
- South African Medical Research Council (SA MRC) Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town7925, South Africa
| | - Angeles Tepper
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago8330077, Chile
| | - Jeggan Tiego
- The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC3168, Australia
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC3168, Australia
| | - Tsukasa Ueno
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
- Integrated Clinical Education Center, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto606-8397, Japan
| | - Juan Undurraga
- Early Intervention Program, Instituto Psiquiátrico Dr. J. Horwitz Barak, Santiago8431621, Chile
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Clínica Alemana Universidad del DesarrolloVitacura, Santiago7650568, Chile
| | - Eduardo A. Undurraga
- Escuela de Gobierno, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago7820436, Chile
- Research Center for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (CIGIDEN), Santiago7820436, Chile
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Azrieli Global Scholars Program, CIFAR, Toronto, ONM5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Pedro Valdes-Sosa
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu610054, China
- Centro de Neurociencias de Cuba, La Habana11600, Cuba
| | - Isabel Valli
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona08036, Spain
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, LondonSE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Mirta Villarreal
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias Aplicadas a las Alteraciones de la Conducta (INAAC), Fleni-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Neurosciences Institute (INEU), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresC1428, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresC1033AAJ, Argentina
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma deBuenos AiresC1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Toby T. Winton-Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC3004, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC3004, Australia
| | - Nefize Yalin
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, LondonSE5 8AF, United Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS), Foundation Trust, LondonSE5 8AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco Zamorano
- Unidad de Imágenes Cuantitativas Avanzadas, Departamento de Imágenes, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago7650568, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago7510602, Chile
| | - Marcus V. Zanetti
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo, São PauloSP05403-903, Brazil
- Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo01308-050, Brazil
| | | | - Anderson M. Winkler
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas TX78520
| | - Daniel S. Pine
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience (SDAN), Emotion and Development Branch (E & D), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, BethesdaMD20894
| | - Sara Evans-Lacko
- Care Policy and Evaluation Centre, School of Economics and Political Science, LondonWC2A 2AE, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas A. Crossley
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago8330077, Chile
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, OxfordOX3 7JX, United Kingdom
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20
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Trapp NT, Bruss JE, Manzel K, Grafman J, Tranel D, Boes AD. Large-scale lesion symptom mapping of depression identifies brain regions for risk and resilience. Brain 2023; 146:1672-1685. [PMID: 36181425 PMCID: PMC10319784 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding neural circuits that support mood is a central goal of affective neuroscience, and improved understanding of the anatomy could inform more targeted interventions in mood disorders. Lesion studies provide a method of inferring the anatomical sites causally related to specific functions, including mood. Here, we performed a large-scale study evaluating the location of acquired, focal brain lesions in relation to symptoms of depression. Five hundred and twenty-six individuals participated in the study across two sites (356 male, average age 52.4 ± 14.5 years). Each subject had a focal brain lesion identified on structural imaging and an assessment of depression using the Beck Depression Inventory-II, both obtained in the chronic period post-lesion (>3 months). Multivariate lesion-symptom mapping was performed to identify lesion sites associated with higher or lower depression symptom burden, which we refer to as 'risk' versus 'resilience' regions. The brain networks and white matter tracts associated with peak regional findings were identified using functional and structural lesion network mapping, respectively. Lesion-symptom mapping identified brain regions significantly associated with both higher and lower depression severity (r = 0.11; P = 0.01). Peak 'risk' regions include the bilateral anterior insula, bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Functional lesion network mapping demonstrated that these 'risk' regions localized to nodes of the salience network. Peak 'resilience' regions include the right orbitofrontal cortex, right medial prefrontal cortex and right inferolateral temporal cortex, nodes of the default mode network. Structural lesion network mapping implicated dorsal prefrontal white matter tracts as 'risk' tracts and ventral prefrontal white matter tracts as 'resilience' tracts, although the structural lesion network mapping findings did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. Taken together, these results demonstrate that lesions to specific nodes of the salience network and default mode network are associated with greater risk versus resiliency for depression symptoms in the setting of focal brain lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T Trapp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Joel E Bruss
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kenneth Manzel
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jordan Grafman
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel Tranel
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Aaron D Boes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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21
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Potegal M, Nordman JC. Non-angry aggressive arousal and angriffsberietschaft: A narrative review of the phenomenology and physiology of proactive/offensive aggression motivation and escalation in people and other animals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 147:105110. [PMID: 36822384 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Human aggression typologies largely correspond with those for other animals. While there may be no non-human equivalent of angry reactive aggression, we propose that human proactive aggression is similar to offense in other animals' dominance contests for territory or social status. Like predation/hunting, but unlike defense, offense and proactive aggression are positively reinforcing, involving dopamine release in accumbens. The drive these motivational states provide must suffice to overcome fear associated with initiating risky fights. We term the neural activity motivating proactive aggression "non-angry aggressive arousal", but use "angriffsberietschaft" for offense motivation in other animals to acknowledge possible differences. Temporal variation in angriffsberietschaft partitions fights into bouts; engendering reduced anti-predator vigilance, redirected aggression and motivational over-ride. Increased aggressive arousal drives threat-to-attack transitions, as in verbal-to-physical escalation and beyond that, into hyper-aggression. Proactive aggression and offense involve related neural activity states. Cingulate, insular and prefrontal cortices energize/modulate aggression through a subcortical core containing subnuclei for each aggression type. These proposals will deepen understanding of aggression across taxa, guiding prevention/intervention for human violence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob C Nordman
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.
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22
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Caston RM, Smith EH, Davis TS, Singh H, Rahimpour S, Rolston JD. Psychophysical pain encoding in the cingulate cortex predicts responsiveness of electrical stimulation. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.03.18.23287266. [PMID: 36993429 PMCID: PMC10055607 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.18.23287266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Background The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays an important role in the cognitive and emotional processing of pain. Prior studies have used deep brain stimulation (DBS) to treat chronic pain, but results have been inconsistent. This may be due to network adaptation over time and variable causes of chronic pain. Identifying patient-specific pain network features may be necessary to determine patient candidacy for DBS. Hypothesis Cingulate stimulation would increase patients' hot pain thresholds if non-stimulation 70-150 Hz activity encoded psychophysical pain responses. Methods In this study, four patients who underwent intracranial monitoring for epilepsy monitoring participated in a pain task. They placed their hand on a device capable of eliciting thermal pain for five seconds and rated their pain. We used these results to determine the individual's thermal pain threshold with and without electrical stimulation. Two different types of generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLME) were employed to assess the neural representations underlying binary and graded pain psychophysics. Results The pain threshold for each patient was determined from the psychometric probability density function. Two patients had a higher pain threshold with stimulation than without, while the other two patients had no difference. We also evaluated the relationship between neural activity and pain responses. We found that patients who responded to stimulation had specific time windows where high-frequency activity was associated with increased pain ratings. Conclusion Stimulation of cingulate regions with increased pain-related neural activity was more effective at modulating pain perception than stimulating non-responsive areas. Personalized evaluation of neural activity biomarkers could help identify the best target for stimulation and predict its effectiveness in future studies evaluating DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose M Caston
- University of Utah Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Utah Department of Neurosurgery
| | - Elliot H Smith
- University of Utah Department of Neurosurgery
- University of Utah Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience
| | | | - Hargunbir Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Shervin Rahimpour
- University of Utah Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Utah Department of Neurosurgery
| | - John D Rolston
- University of Utah Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
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23
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Umemoto A, Lin H, Holroyd CB. Electrophysiological measures of conflict and reward processing are associated with decisions to engage in physical effort. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14176. [PMID: 36097887 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a key brain region involved in cognitive control and decision making, is suggested to mediate effort- and value-based decision making, but the specific role of ACC in this process remains debated. Here we used frontal midline theta (FMT) and the reward positivity (RewP) to examine ACC function in a value-based decision making task requiring physical effort. We investigated whether (1) FMT power is sensitive to the difficulty of the decision or to selecting effortful actions, and (2) RewP is sensitive to the subjective value of reward outcomes as a function of effort investment. On each trial, participants chose to execute a low-effort or a high-effort behavior (that required squeezing a hand-dynamometer) to obtain smaller or larger rewards, respectively, while their brainwaves were recorded. We replicated prior findings that tonic FMT increased over the course of the hour-long task, which suggests increased application of control in the face of growing fatigue. RewP amplitude also increased following execution of high-effort compared to low-effort behavior, consistent with increased valuation of reward outcomes by ACC. Although neither phasic nor tonic FMT were associated with decision difficulty or effort selection per se, an exploratory analysis revealed that the interaction of phasic FMT and expected value of choice predicted effort choice. This interaction suggests that phasic FMT increases specifically under situations of decision difficulty when participants ultimately select a high-effort choice. These results point to a unique role for ACC in motivating and persisting at effortful behavior when decision conflict is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akina Umemoto
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hause Lin
- Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Hill/Levene Schools of Business, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Clay B Holroyd
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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24
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Webler RD, Oathes DJ, van Rooij SJH, Gewirtz JC, Nahas Z, Lissek SM, Widge AS. Causally mapping human threat extinction relevant circuits with depolarizing brain stimulation methods. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 144:105005. [PMID: 36549377 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.105005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory threat extinction paradigms and exposure-based therapy both involve repeated, safe confrontation with stimuli previously experienced as threatening. This fundamental procedural overlap supports laboratory threat extinction as a compelling analogue of exposure-based therapy. Threat extinction impairments have been detected in clinical anxiety and may contribute to exposure-based therapy non-response and relapse. However, efforts to improve exposure outcomes using techniques that boost extinction - primarily rodent extinction - have largely failed to date, potentially due to fundamental differences between rodent and human neurobiology. In this review, we articulate a comprehensive pre-clinical human research agenda designed to overcome these failures. We describe how connectivity guided depolarizing brain stimulation methods (i.e., TMS and DBS) can be applied concurrently with threat extinction and dual threat reconsolidation-extinction paradigms to causally map human extinction relevant circuits and inform the optimal integration of these methods with exposure-based therapy. We highlight candidate targets including the amygdala, hippocampus, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and mesolimbic structures, and propose hypotheses about how stimulation delivered at specific learning phases could strengthen threat extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Webler
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Desmond J Oathes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sanne J H van Rooij
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jonathan C Gewirtz
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, AZ, USA
| | - Ziad Nahas
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, AZ, USA
| | - Shmuel M Lissek
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alik S Widge
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Discovery Team on Addictions, University of Minnesota Medical School, MN, USA
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25
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Chen L, Chang H, Rudoler J, Arnardottir E, Zhang Y, de Los Angeles C, Menon V. Cognitive training enhances growth mindset in children through plasticity of cortico-striatal circuits. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2022; 7:30. [PMID: 36371438 PMCID: PMC9653476 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-022-00146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Growth mindset, the belief that one's abilities can improve through cognitive effort, is an important psychological construct with broad implications for enabling children to reach their highest potential. However, surprisingly little is known about malleability of growth mindset in response to cognitive interventions in children and its neurobiological underpinnings. Here we address critical gaps in our knowledge by investigating behavioral and brain changes in growth mindset associated with a four-week training program designed to enhance foundational, academically relevant, cognitive skills in 7-10-year-old children. Cognitive training significantly enhanced children's growth mindset. Cross-lagged panel analysis of longitudinal pre- and post-training data revealed that growth mindset prior to training predicted cognitive abilities after training, providing support for the positive role of growth mindset in fostering academic achievement. We then examined training-induced changes in brain response and connectivity associated with problem solving in relation to changes in growth mindset. Children's gains in growth mindset were associated with increased neural response and functional connectivity of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, striatum, and hippocampus, brain regions crucial for cognitive control, motivation, and memory. Plasticity of cortico-striatal circuitry emerged as the strongest predictor of growth mindset gains. Taken together, our study demonstrates that children's growth mindset can be enhanced by cognitive training, and elucidates the potential neurobiological mechanisms underlying its malleability. Findings provide important insights into effective interventions that simultaneously promote growth mindset and learning during the early stages of cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Chen
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Hyesang Chang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Jeremy Rudoler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Eydis Arnardottir
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Carlo de Los Angeles
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Stanford Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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26
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Woo JH, Azab H, Jahn A, Hayden B, Brown JW. The PRO model accounts for the anterior cingulate cortex role in risky decision-making and monitoring. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 22:952-968. [PMID: 35332510 PMCID: PMC11059203 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-022-00992-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been implicated in a number of functions, including performance monitoring and decision-making involving effort. The prediction of responses and outcomes (PRO) model has provided a unified account of much human and monkey ACC data involving anatomy, neurophysiology, EEG, fMRI, and behavior. We explored the computational nature of ACC with the PRO model, extending it to account specifically for both human and macaque monkey decision-making under risk, including both behavioral and neural data. We show that the PRO model can account for a number of additional effects related to outcome prediction, decision-making under risk, gambling behavior. In particular, we show that the ACC represents the variance of uncertain outcomes, suggesting a link between ACC function and mean-variance theories of decision making. The PRO model provides a unified account of a large set of data regarding the ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyung Woo
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Habiba Azab
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew Jahn
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- fMRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Benjamin Hayden
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Joshua W Brown
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
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27
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Banaie Boroujeni K, Watson M, Womelsdorf T. Gains and Losses Affect Learning Differentially at Low and High Attentional Load. J Cogn Neurosci 2022; 34:1952-1971. [PMID: 35802604 PMCID: PMC9830784 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Prospective gains and losses influence cognitive processing, but it is unresolved how they modulate flexible learning in changing environments. The prospect of gains might enhance flexible learning through prioritized processing of reward-predicting stimuli, but it is unclear how far this learning benefit extends when task demands increase. Similarly, experiencing losses might facilitate learning when they trigger attentional reorienting away from loss-inducing stimuli, but losses may also impair learning by increasing motivational costs or when negative outcomes are overgeneralized. To clarify these divergent views, we tested how varying magnitudes of gains and losses affect the flexible learning of feature values in environments that varied attentional load by increasing the number of interfering object features. With this task design, we found that larger prospective gains improved learning efficacy and learning speed, but only when attentional load was low. In contrast, expecting losses impaired learning efficacy, and this impairment was larger at higher attentional load. These findings functionally dissociate the contributions of gains and losses on flexible learning, suggesting they operate via separate control mechanisms. One mechanism is triggered by experiencing loss and reduces the ability to reduce distractor interference, impairs assigning credit to specific loss-inducing features, and decreases efficient exploration during learning. The second mechanism is triggered by experiencing gains, which enhances prioritizing reward-predicting stimulus features as long as the interference of distracting features is limited. Taken together, these results support a rational theory of cognitive control during learning, suggesting that experiencing losses and experiencing distractor interference impose costs for learning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Watson
- Department of Biology, Centre for Vision Research, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M6J 1P3, Canada
| | - Thilo Womelsdorf
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240
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28
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Klein-Flügge MC, Bongioanni A, Rushworth MFS. Medial and orbital frontal cortex in decision-making and flexible behavior. Neuron 2022; 110:2743-2770. [PMID: 35705077 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The medial frontal cortex and adjacent orbitofrontal cortex have been the focus of investigations of decision-making, behavioral flexibility, and social behavior. We review studies conducted in humans, macaques, and rodents and argue that several regions with different functional roles can be identified in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, perigenual anterior cingulate cortex, anterior medial frontal cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and medial and lateral parts of the orbitofrontal cortex. There is increasing evidence that the manner in which these areas represent the value of the environment and specific choices is different from subcortical brain regions and more complex than previously thought. Although activity in some regions reflects distributions of reward and opportunities across the environment, in other cases, activity reflects the structural relationships between features of the environment that animals can use to infer what decision to take even if they have not encountered identical opportunities in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam C Klein-Flügge
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Tinsley Building, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Lane, Headington, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK.
| | - Alessandro Bongioanni
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Tinsley Building, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Matthew F S Rushworth
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Tinsley Building, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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29
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Patel P, Khalighinejad B, Herrero JL, Bickel S, Mehta AD, Mesgarani N. Improved Speech Hearing in Noise with Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation. J Neurosci 2022; 42:3648-3658. [PMID: 35347046 PMCID: PMC9053855 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1468-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Speech perception in noise is a challenging everyday task with which many listeners have difficulty. Here, we report a case in which electrical brain stimulation of implanted intracranial electrodes in the left planum temporale (PT) of a neurosurgical patient significantly and reliably improved subjective quality (up to 50%) and objective intelligibility (up to 97%) of speech in noise perception. Stimulation resulted in a selective enhancement of speech sounds compared with the background noises. The receptive fields of the PT sites whose stimulation improved speech perception were tuned to spectrally broad and rapidly changing sounds. Corticocortical evoked potential analysis revealed that the PT sites were located between the sites in Heschl's gyrus and the superior temporal gyrus. Moreover, the discriminability of speech from nonspeech sounds increased in population neural responses from Heschl's gyrus to the PT to the superior temporal gyrus sites. These findings causally implicate the PT in background noise suppression and may point to a novel potential neuroprosthetic solution to assist in the challenging task of speech perception in noise.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Speech perception in noise remains a challenging task for many individuals. Here, we present a case in which the electrical brain stimulation of intracranially implanted electrodes in the planum temporale of a neurosurgical patient significantly improved both the subjective quality (up to 50%) and objective intelligibility (up to 97%) of speech perception in noise. Stimulation resulted in a selective enhancement of speech sounds compared with the background noises. Our local and network-level functional analyses placed the planum temporale sites in between the sites in the primary auditory areas in Heschl's gyrus and nonprimary auditory areas in the superior temporal gyrus. These findings causally implicate planum temporale in acoustic scene analysis and suggest potential neuroprosthetic applications to assist hearing in noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Patel
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Bahar Khalighinejad
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Jose L Herrero
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, New York, New York 11549
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, New York, New York 11030
| | - Stephan Bickel
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, New York, New York 11549
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, New York, New York 11030
| | - Ashesh D Mehta
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, New York, New York 11549
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, New York, New York 11030
| | - Nima Mesgarani
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
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30
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Abstract
Mapping human brain function is a long-standing goal of neuroscience that promises to inform the development of new treatments for brain disorders. Early maps of human brain function were based on locations of brain damage or brain stimulation that caused a functional change. Over time, this approach was largely replaced by technologies such as functional neuroimaging, which identify brain regions in which activity is correlated with behaviours or symptoms. Despite their advantages, these technologies reveal correlations, not causation. This creates challenges for interpreting the data generated from these tools and using them to develop treatments for brain disorders. A return to causal mapping of human brain function based on brain lesions and brain stimulation is underway. New approaches can combine these causal sources of information with modern neuroimaging and electrophysiology techniques to gain new insights into the functions of specific brain areas. In this Review, we provide a definition of causality for translational research, propose a continuum along which to assess the relative strength of causal information from human brain mapping studies and discuss recent advances in causal brain mapping and their relevance for developing treatments.
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31
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Ke M, Li H, Liu G. The Local Topological Reconfiguration in the Brain Network After Targeted Hub Dysfunction Attacks in Patients With Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:864040. [PMID: 35495041 PMCID: PMC9047017 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.864040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The central brain regions of brain networks have been extensively studied in terms of their roles in various diseases. This study provides a direct measure of the brain's responses to targeted attacks on central regions, revealing the critical role these regions play in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). The resting-state data of 37 patients with JME and 37 healthy subjects were collected, and brain functional networks were constructed for the two groups of data according to their Pearson correlation coefficients. The left middle cingulate gyrus was defined as the central brain region by the eigenvector centrality algorithm and was attacked by the CLM sequential failure model. The rich-club connection differences between the patients with JME and healthy controls before and after the attacks were compared according to graph theory indices and the number of rich-club connections. We found that the numbers of rich connections in the brain networks of the healthy control group and the group of patients with JME were significantly reduced [p < 0.05, false discovery rate (FDR) correction] before the CLM sequential failure attacks, and no significant differences were observed between the feeder connections and local connections. In the healthy control group, significant rich connection differences were obtained (p < 0.01, FDR correction), and no statistically significant differences were observed regarding the feeder connections and local connections in the brain network before and after CLM failure attacks on the central brain region. No significant differences were obtained between the rich connections, feeder connections, and local connections in patients with JME before and after CLM successive failure attacks on the central brain area. The rich connections, feeder connections, and local connections were not significantly different in the brain networks of the healthy control group and the group of patients with JME after CLM successive failure attacks on the central brain region. We concluded that the damage to the left middle cingulate gyrus is closely linked to various brain disorders, suggesting that this region is of great importance for understanding the pathophysiological basis of myoclonic seizures in patients with JME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ke
- School of Computer and Communication, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huimin Li
- School of Computer and Communication, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guangyao Liu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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32
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Parvizi J, Veit MJ, Barbosa DA, Kucyi A, Perry C, Parker JJ, Shivacharan RS, Chen F, Yih J, Gross JJ, Fisher R, McNab JA, Falco-Walter J, Halpern CH. Complex negative emotions induced by electrical stimulation of the human hypothalamus. Brain Stimul 2022; 15:615-623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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33
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Altered reward and effort processing in children with maltreatment experience: a potential indicator of mental health vulnerability. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:1063-1070. [PMID: 35149765 PMCID: PMC8832084 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01284-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this longitudinal study of children and adolescents with a documented history of maltreatment, we investigated the impact of maltreatment on behavioral and neural indices of effort-based decision making for reward and examined their associations with future internalizing symptoms. Thirty-seven children with a documented history of maltreatment (MT group) and a carefully matched group of 33 non-maltreated children (NMT group) aged 10-16, completed an effort-based decision-making task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Internalizing symptoms were assessed at baseline and again 18 months later. Computational models were implemented to extract individual estimates of reward and effort sensitivity, and neural signals during decision-making about different levels of reward and effort were analyzed. These were used to predict internalizing symptoms at follow-up. We identified lower effort-related activation in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a prespecified region-of-interest, in the MT relative to the NMT group. No group differences were observed in the striatum, or in behavioral indices of reward and effort processing. Lower effort-related ACC activation significantly predicted elevated internalizing symptoms at follow-up in the MT group. These findings suggest that disrupted effort-related activation may index latent vulnerability to mental illness in children who have experienced maltreatment.
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34
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Barrash J, Bruss J, Anderson SW, Kuceyeski A, Manzel K, Tranel D, Boes AD. Lesions in different prefrontal sectors are associated with different types of acquired personality disturbances. Cortex 2022; 147:169-184. [PMID: 35051710 PMCID: PMC8816872 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
"Frontal lobe syndrome" is a term often used to describe a diverse array of personality disturbances following frontal lobe damage. This study's guiding premise was that greater neuroanatomical specificity could be achieved by evaluating specific types of personality disturbances following acquired frontal lobe lesions. We hypothesized that three acquired personality disturbances would be associated with lesion involvement of distinct sectors of the prefrontal cortex (PFC): 1) emotional-social disturbance and ventromedial PFC, 2) hypoemotional disturbance and dorsomedial PFC, and 3) dysexecutive and dorsolateral PFC. In addition, we hypothesized that distressed personality disturbance would not be associated with focal PFC lesions in any sector. Each hypothesis was pre-registered and tested in 182 participants with adult-onset, chronic, focal brain lesions studied with an observational, cross-sectional design. Pre- and postmorbid personality was assessed by informant-rating with the Iowa Scales of Personality Change, completed by a spouse or family member. Two complementary analytic approaches were employed: 1) a hypothesis-driven region-of-interest (ROI) regression analysis examining the associations of lesions in specific PFC sectors with acquired personality disturbances; 2) a data-driven multivariate lesion-behavior mapping analysis, which was not limited to pre-specified regions. Each hypothesis received some support: (i) Emotional/social personality disturbance was most strongly associated with ventromedial PFC lesions in both statistical approaches. (ii) Hypoemotional disturbance was associated with dorsomedial PFC lesions in the ROI analyses, without any significant lesion-symptom mapping associations. (iii) Dysexecutive personality disturbance was associated with bilateral dorsolateral PFC lesions and ventromedial PFC lesions; lesion-symptom mapping showed maximal association of executive dysfunction with damage of the right middle frontal gyrus within the dorsolateral PFC. (iv) Distressed personality disturbance was not associated with lesions in any PFC sector. Altogether, the findings can be interpreted to indicate that damage to different prefrontal sectors may disrupt different anatomical-functional systems and result in distinct personality disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Barrash
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
| | - Joel Bruss
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Steven W Anderson
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Amy Kuceyeski
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kenneth Manzel
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Daniel Tranel
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Aaron D Boes
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
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35
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Abstract
Memory recollections and voluntary actions are often perceived as spontaneously generated irrespective of external stimuli. Although products of our neurons, they are only rarely accessible in humans at the neuronal level. Here I review insights gleaned from unique neurosurgical opportunities to record and stimulate single-neuron activity in people who can declare their thoughts, memories and wishes. I discuss evidence that the subjective experience of human recollection and that of voluntary action arise from the activity of two internal neuronal generators, the former from medial temporal lobe reactivation and the latter from frontoparietal preactivation. I characterize properties of these generators and their interaction, enabling flexible recruitment of memory-based choices for action as well as recruitment of action-based plans for the representation of conceptual knowledge in memories. Both internal generators operate on surprisingly explicit but different neuronal codes, which appear to arise with distinct single-neuron activity, often observed before participants' reports of conscious awareness. I discuss prediction of behaviour based on these codes, and the potential for their modulation. The prospects of editing human memories and volitions by enhancement, inception or deletion of specific, selected content raise therapeutic possibilities and ethical concerns.
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36
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Seamans JK, Floresco SB. Event-based control of autonomic and emotional states by the anterior cingulate cortex. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 133:104503. [PMID: 34922986 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite being an intensive area of research, the function of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) remains somewhat of a mystery. Human imaging studies implicate the ACC in various cognitive functions, yet surgical ACC lesions used to treat emotional disorders have minimal lasting effects on cognition. An alternative view is that ACC regulates autonomic states, consistent with its interconnectivity with autonomic control regions and that stimulation evokes changes in autonomic/emotional states. At the cellular level, ACC neurons are highly multi-modal and promiscuous, and can represent a staggering array of task events. These neurons nevertheless combine to produce highly event-specific ensemble patterns that likely alter activity in downstream regions controlling emotional and autonomic tone. Since neuromodulators regulate the strength of the ensemble activity patterns, they would regulate the impact these patterns have on downstream targets. Through these mechanisms, the ACC may determine how strongly to react to the very events its ensembles represent. Pathologies arise when specific event-related representations gain excessive control over autonomic/emotional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy K Seamans
- Depts. of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6B2T5, Canada.
| | - Stan B Floresco
- Depts. of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6B2T5, Canada
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37
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Prettyman GE, Kable JW, Didier P, Shankar S, Satterthwaite TD, Davatzikos C, Bilker WB, Elliott MA, Ruparel K, Wolf DH. Relationship of ventral striatum activation during effort discounting to clinical amotivation severity in schizophrenia. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2021; 7:48. [PMID: 34625567 PMCID: PMC8501117 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-021-00178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Motivational deficits play a central role in disability due to negative symptoms of schizophrenia (SZ), but limited pathophysiological understanding impedes critically needed therapeutic development. We applied an fMRI Effort Discounting Task (EDT) that quantifies motivation using a neuroeconomic decision-making approach, capturing the degree to which effort requirements produce reductions in the subjective value (SV) of monetary reward. An analyzed sample of 21 individuals with SZ and 23 group-matched controls performed the EDT during fMRI. We hypothesized that ventral striatum (VS) as well as extended brain motivation circuitry would encode SV, integrating reward and effort costs. We also hypothesized that VS hypoactivation during EDT decisions would demonstrate a dimensional relationship with clinical amotivation severity, reflecting greater suppression by effort costs. As hypothesized, VS as well as a broader cortico-limbic network were activated during the EDT and this activation correlated positively with SV. In SZ, activation to task decisions was reduced selectively in VS. Greater VS reductions correlated with more severe clinical amotivation in SZ and across all participants. However, these diagnosis and amotivation effects could not be explained by the response to parametric variation in reward, effort, or model-based SV. Our findings demonstrate that VS hypofunction in schizophrenia is manifested during effort-based decisions and reflects dimensional motivation impairment. Dysfunction of VS impacting effort-based decision-making can provide a target for biomarker development to guide novel efforts to assess and treat disabling amotivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greer E Prettyman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Joseph W Kable
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Paige Didier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sheila Shankar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Theodore D Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Warren B Bilker
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mark A Elliott
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Daniel H Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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38
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Müller T, Klein-Flügge MC, Manohar SG, Husain M, Apps MAJ. Neural and computational mechanisms of momentary fatigue and persistence in effort-based choice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4593. [PMID: 34321478 PMCID: PMC8319292 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24927-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
From a gym workout, to deciding whether to persevere at work, many activities require us to persist in deciding that rewards are ‘worth the effort’ even as we become fatigued. However, studies examining effort-based decisions typically assume that the willingness to work is static. Here, we use computational modelling on two effort-based tasks, one behavioural and one during fMRI. We show that two hidden states of fatigue fluctuate on a moment-to-moment basis on different timescales but both reduce the willingness to exert effort for reward. The value of one state increases after effort but is ‘recoverable’ by rests, whereas a second ‘unrecoverable’ state gradually increases with work. The BOLD response in separate medial and lateral frontal sub-regions covaried with these states when making effort-based decisions, while a distinct fronto-striatal system integrated fatigue with value. These results provide a computational framework for understanding the brain mechanisms of persistence and momentary fatigue. The willingness to exert effort into demanding tasks often declines over time through fatigue. Here the authors provide a computational account of the moment-to-moment dynamics of fatigue and its impact on effort-based choices, and reveal the neural mechanisms that underlie such computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Müller
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Miriam C Klein-Flügge
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sanjay G Manohar
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Masud Husain
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew A J Apps
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. .,Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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39
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Kurniawan IT, Grueschow M, Ruff CC. Anticipatory Energization Revealed by Pupil and Brain Activity Guides Human Effort-Based Decision Making. J Neurosci 2021; 41:6328-6342. [PMID: 34103359 PMCID: PMC8287989 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3027-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An organism's fitness is determined by how it chooses to adapt to effort in response to challenges. Exertion of effort correlates with activity in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and noradrenergic pupil dilation, but little is known about the role of these neurophysiological processes for decisions about future efforts, they may provide anticipatory energization to help us accept the challenge or a cost representation that is weighted against the expected rewards. Here, we provide evidence for the former, by measuring pupil and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain responses while 52 human participants (29 females) chose whether to exert efforts to obtain rewards. Both pupil-dilation rate and dmPFC fMRI activity increased with anticipated effort level, and these increases differ depending on the choice outcome: they were stronger when participants chose to accept the challenge compared with when the challenge was declined. Crucially, the choice-dependent modulation of pupil and brain-activity effort representations were stronger in participants whose behavioral choices were more sensitive to effort. Our results identify a process involving the peripheral and central human nervous system that simulates the required energization before overt response, suggesting a role in guiding effort-based decisions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The brain's arousal system tracks the effort we engage in during strenuous activity. But much less is known about what role this effort signaling may play when we decide whether to exert effort in the future. Here, we characterize pupil-linked arousal and brain signals that guide decisions whether to engage in effort to gain money. During such choices, increases in brain activity and pupil dilation correlated with the effort involved in the chosen option, and these increases were stronger when people decided to accept the effort compared with when they rejected it. These results suggest that the brain arousal system guides decisions by energizing the organism for the prospective challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma T Kurniawan
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zürich 8006, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Grueschow
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zürich 8006, Switzerland
| | - Christian C Ruff
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zürich 8006, Switzerland
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Michelet T, Badets A. The anterior midcingulate cortex might be a neuronal substrate for the ideomotor mechanism. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:2345-2355. [PMID: 34185100 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The way the brain controls voluntary movements for normal and pathological subject remains puzzling. In this selective review, we provide unreported harmonies between the anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC) activities and the ideomotor mechanism postulating that voluntary movements are controlled by the anticipation of the expected perceptual consequences of an action, critically involving bidirectional interplay of a given motor activity and corresponding sensory feedback. Among other evidence, we found that the required asymmetry in the bidirectional interplay between a given motor command and its expected sensory effect could rely on the specific activity of aMCC neurons when observing errors and successes. We confirm this hypothesis by presenting a pathological perspective, studying obsessive-compulsive and other related disorders in which hyperactivated and uniform aMCC activities should lead to a circular-reflex process that results in persistent ideas and repeated actions. By evaluating normal and pathological data, we propose considering the aMCC at a central position within the cerebral network involved in the ideomotor mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Michelet
- CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, University of Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - A Badets
- CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, University of Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France
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41
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Does the Prefrontal Cortex Play an Essential Role in Consciousness? Insights from Intracranial Electrical Stimulation of the Human Brain. J Neurosci 2021; 41:2076-2087. [PMID: 33692142 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1141-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A central debate in philosophy and neuroscience pertains to whether PFC activity plays an essential role in the neural basis of consciousness. Neuroimaging and electrophysiology studies have revealed that the contents of conscious perceptual experience can be successfully decoded from PFC activity, but these findings might be confounded by postperceptual cognitive processes, such as thinking, reasoning, and decision-making, that are not necessary for consciousness. To clarify the involvement of the PFC in consciousness, we present a synthesis of research that has used intracranial electrical stimulation (iES) for the causal modulation of neural activity in the human PFC. This research provides compelling evidence that iES of only certain prefrontal regions (i.e., orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex) reliably perturbs conscious experience. Conversely, stimulation of anterolateral prefrontal sites, often considered crucial in higher-order and global workspace theories of consciousness, seldom elicits any reportable alterations in consciousness. Furthermore, the wide variety of iES-elicited effects in the PFC (e.g., emotions, thoughts, and olfactory and visual hallucinations) exhibits no clear relation to the immediate environment. Therefore, there is no evidence for the kinds of alterations in ongoing perceptual experience that would be predicted by higher-order or global workspace theories. Nevertheless, effects in the orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortices suggest a specific role for these PFC subregions in supporting emotional aspects of conscious experience. Overall, this evidence presents a challenge for higher-order and global workspace theories, which commonly point to the PFC as the basis for conscious perception based on correlative and possibly confounded information.
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Purcell JR, Jahn A, Fine JM, Brown JW. Neural correlates of visual attention during risky decision evidence integration. Neuroimage 2021; 234:117979. [PMID: 33771695 PMCID: PMC8159858 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Value-based decision-making is presumed to involve a dynamic integration process that supports assessing the potential outcomes of different choice options. Decision frameworks assume the value of a decision rests on both the desirability and risk surrounding an outcome. Previous work has highlighted neural representations of risk in the human brain, and their relation to decision choice. Key neural regions including the insula and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) have been implicated in encoding the effects of risk on decision outcomes, including approach and avoidance. Yet, it remains unknown whether these regions are involved in the dynamic integration processes that precede and drive choice, and their relationship with ongoing attention. Here, we used concurrent fMRI and eye-tracking to discern neural activation related to visual attention preceding choice between sure-thing (i.e. safe) and risky gamble options. We found activation in both dorsal ACC (dACC) and posterior insula (PI) scaled in opposite directions with the difference in attention to risky rewards relative to risky losses. PI activation also differentiated foveations on both risky options (rewards and losses) relative to a sure-thing option. These findings point to ACC involvement in ongoing evaluation of risky but higher value options. The role of PI in risky outcomes points to a more general evaluative role in the decision-making that compares both safe and risky outcomes, irrespective of potential for gains or losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Purcell
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th St., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th St., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Andrew Jahn
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, East Hall, 530 Church St, #1265 Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Justin M Fine
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th St., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Joshua W Brown
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th St., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th St., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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Silva C, Porter BS, Hillman KL. Stimulation in the Rat Anterior Insula and Anterior Cingulate During an Effortful Weightlifting Task. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:643384. [PMID: 33716659 PMCID: PMC7952617 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.643384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
When performing tasks, animals must continually assess how much effort is being expended, and gage this against ever-changing physiological states. As effort costs mount, persisting in the task may be unwise. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the anterior insular cortex are implicated in this process of cost-benefit decision-making, yet their precise contributions toward driving effortful persistence are not well understood. Here we investigated whether electrical stimulation of the ACC or insular cortex would alter effortful persistence in a novel weightlifting task (WLT). In the WLT an animal is challenged to pull a rope 30 cm to trigger food reward dispensing. To make the action increasingly effortful, 45 g of weight is progressively added to the rope after every 10 successful pulls. The animal can quit the task at any point - with the rope weight at the time of quitting taken as the "break weight." Ten male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with stimulating electrodes in either the ACC [cingulate cortex area 1 (Cg1) in rodent] or anterior insula and then assessed in the WLT during stimulation. Low-frequency (10 Hz), high-frequency (130 Hz), and sham stimulations were performed. We predicted that low-frequency stimulation (LFS) of Cg1 in particular would increase persistence in the WLT. Contrary to our predictions, LFS of Cg1 resulted in shorter session duration, lower break weights, and fewer attempts on the break weight. High-frequency stimulation of Cg1 led to an increase in time spent off-task. LFS of the anterior insula was associated with a marginal increase in attempts on the break weight. Taken together our data suggest that stimulation of the rodent Cg1 during an effortful task alters certain aspects of effortful behavior, while insula stimulation has little effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristin L. Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Procyk E, Fontanier V, Sarazin M, Delord B, Goussi C, Wilson CRE. The midcingulate cortex and temporal integration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 158:395-419. [PMID: 33785153 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to integrate information across time at multiple timescales is a vital element of adaptive behavior, because it provides the capacity to link events separated in time, extract useful information from previous events and actions, and to construct plans for behavior over time. Here we make the argument that this information integration capacity is a central function of the midcingulate cortex (MCC), by reviewing the anatomical, intrinsic network, neurophysiological, and behavioral properties of MCC. The MCC is the region of the medial wall situated dorsal to the corpus callosum and sometimes referred to as dACC. It is positioned within the densely connected core network of the primate brain, with a rich diversity of cognitive, somatomotor and autonomic connections. Furthermore, the MCC shows strong local network inhibition which appears to control the metastability of the region-an established feature of many cortical networks in which the neural dynamics move through a series of quasi-stationary states. We propose that the strong local inhibition in MCC leads to particularly long dynamic state durations, and so less frequent transitions. Apparently as a result of these anatomical features and synaptic and ionic determinants, the MCC cells display the longest neuronal timescales among a range of recorded cortical areas. We conclude that the anatomical position, intrinsic properties, and local network interactions of MCC make it a uniquely positioned cortical area to perform the integration of diverse information over time that is necessary for behavioral adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Procyk
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France.
| | - Vincent Fontanier
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France
| | - Matthieu Sarazin
- Institute of Intelligent Systems and Robotics (ISIR), Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7222, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Delord
- Institute of Intelligent Systems and Robotics (ISIR), Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7222, Paris, France
| | - Clément Goussi
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France
| | - Charles R E Wilson
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France.
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45
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Seamans JK. The anterior cingulate cortex and event-based modulation of autonomic states. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 158:135-169. [PMID: 33785144 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In spite of being an intensive area of research focus, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) remains somewhat of an enigma. Many theories have focused on its role in various aspects of cognition yet surgically precise lesions of the ACC, used to treat severe emotional disorders in human patients, typically have no lasting effects on cognition. An alternative view is that the ACC has a prominent role in regulating autonomic states. This view is consistent with anatomical data showing that a main target of the ACC are regions involved in autonomic control and with the observation that stimulation of the ACC evokes changes in autonomic states in both animals and humans. From an electrophysiological perspective, ACC neurons appear able to represent virtually any event or internal state, even though there is not always a strong link between these representations and behavior. Ensembles of neurons form robust contextual representations that strongly influence how specific events are encoded. The activity patterns associated with these contextually-based event representations presumably impact activity in downstream regions that control autonomic state. As a result, the ACC may regulate the autonomic and perhaps emotional reactions to events it is representing. This event-based control of autonomic tone by the ACC would likely arise during all types of cognitive and affective processes, without necessarily being critical for any of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy K Seamans
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Modak P, Hutslar C, Polk R, Atkinson E, Fisher L, Macy J, Chassin L, Presson C, Finn PR, Brown JW. Neural bases of risky decisions involving nicotine vapor versus monetary reward. NEUROIMAGE: CLINICAL 2021; 32:102869. [PMID: 34768145 PMCID: PMC8591353 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
• Most studies of addiction with fMRI use only money reward. • Little is known about the neural basis of real-time drug use decisions. • Subjects gambled for either money or immediate nicotine vape reward in scanner. • The neural response to immediate drug reward is different from monetary reward. • Money reward has limitations as a proxy for studying addiction.
Substantial effort has gone into neuroimaging studies of neural mechanisms underlying addiction. Human studies of smoking typically either give monetary reward during an fMRI task or else allow subjects to smoke outside the scanner, after the session. This raises a fundamental issue of construct validity, as it is unclear whether the same neural mechanisms process decisions about nicotine that process decisions about money. To address this, we developed a novel MR-compatible nicotine vaping device, such that access to nicotine vapor could be controlled and monitored. We recruited heavy smokers (Money: 45 subjects, 13 females and 32 males; Nicotine: 21 subjects, 4 females and 17 males) to perform a gambling task with nicotine and monetary reward on separate days. We collected BOLD fMRI data while they performed the task inside the scanner and analyzed it using general linear modeling, with inference based on cluster-size correction. This allowed a direct comparison between the neural mechanisms of choosing and receiving immediate drug vs. monetary reward. We found substantial differences in the neural mechanisms that underlie risky choices about money vs. drug reward, including a reversal of the well-known error effects in the medial prefrontal cortex.
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Bormann NL, Trapp NT, Narayanan NS, Boes AD. Developing Precision Invasive Neuromodulation for Psychiatry. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 33:201-209. [PMID: 33985346 PMCID: PMC8576850 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric conditions are common and often disabling. Although great strides have been made in alleviating symptoms with pharmacotherapy and psychotherapeutic approaches, many patients continue to have severe disease burden despite the best therapies available. One of the pervasive challenges to improving treatment is that present diagnostic and therapeutic strategies lag behind our modern conceptualization of the pathophysiology of these disorders. Psychiatric symptoms manifest through activity in specific neural circuits; thus, therapies capable of modulating these circuits are attractive. The investigators reviewed recent advances that facilitate treating medically refractory psychiatric disorders with intracranial neuromodulation in a way that intervenes more directly with the underlying pathophysiology. Specifically, they reviewed the prospects for using intracranial multielectrode arrays to record brain activity with high spatiotemporal resolution and identify circuit-level electrophysiological correlates of symptoms. A causal relationship of circuit electrophysiology to symptoms could then be established by modulating the circuits to disrupt the symptoms. Personalized therapeutic neuromodulation strategies can then proceed in a rational manner with stimulation protocols informed by the underlying circuit-based pathophysiology of the most bothersome symptoms. This strategy would enhance current methods in neurotherapeutics by identifying individualized anatomical targets with symptom-specific precision, circumventing many of the limitations inherent in modern psychiatric nosology and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L. Bormann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City
| | - Nicholas T. Trapp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | | | - Aaron D. Boes
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Koch
- MindScope Program, Allen Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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49
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Johnson EL, Kam JWY, Tzovara A, Knight RT. Insights into human cognition from intracranial EEG: A review of audition, memory, internal cognition, and causality. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:051001. [PMID: 32916678 PMCID: PMC7731730 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abb7a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
By recording neural activity directly from the human brain, researchers gain unprecedented insight into how neurocognitive processes unfold in real time. We first briefly discuss how intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) recordings, performed for clinical practice, are used to study human cognition with the spatiotemporal and single-trial precision traditionally limited to non-human animal research. We then delineate how studies using iEEG have informed our understanding of issues fundamental to human cognition: auditory prediction, working and episodic memory, and internal cognition. We also discuss the potential of iEEG to infer causality through the manipulation or 'engineering' of neurocognitive processes via spatiotemporally precise electrical stimulation. We close by highlighting limitations of iEEG, potential of burgeoning techniques to further increase spatiotemporal precision, and implications for future research using intracranial approaches to understand, restore, and enhance human cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Johnson
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, United States of America
- Life-Span Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, United States of America
| | - Julia W Y Kam
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Athina Tzovara
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, United States of America
- Institute for Computer Science, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Sleep Wake Epilepsy Center | NeuroTec, Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert T Knight
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, United States of America
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50
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García AM, Hesse E, Birba A, Adolfi F, Mikulan E, Caro MM, Petroni A, Bekinschtein TA, del Carmen García M, Silva W, Ciraolo C, Vaucheret E, Sedeño L, Ibáñez A. Time to Face Language: Embodied Mechanisms Underpin the Inception of Face-Related Meanings in the Human Brain. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:6051-6068. [PMID: 32577713 PMCID: PMC7673477 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In construing meaning, the brain recruits multimodal (conceptual) systems and embodied (modality-specific) mechanisms. Yet, no consensus exists on how crucial the latter are for the inception of semantic distinctions. To address this issue, we combined electroencephalographic (EEG) and intracranial EEG (iEEG) to examine when nouns denoting facial body parts (FBPs) and nonFBPs are discriminated in face-processing and multimodal networks. First, FBP words increased N170 amplitude (a hallmark of early facial processing). Second, they triggered fast (~100 ms) activity boosts within the face-processing network, alongside later (~275 ms) effects in multimodal circuits. Third, iEEG recordings from face-processing hubs allowed decoding ~80% of items before 200 ms, while classification based on multimodal-network activity only surpassed ~70% after 250 ms. Finally, EEG and iEEG connectivity between both networks proved greater in early (0-200 ms) than later (200-400 ms) windows. Collectively, our findings indicate that, at least for some lexico-semantic categories, meaning is construed through fast reenactments of modality-specific experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo M García
- Universidad de San Andrés, B1644BID Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Faculty of Education, National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), MM5502GKA Mendoza, Argentina
- Departamento de Lingüística y Literatura, Facultad de Humanidades, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 9170020 Santiago, Chile
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, CA 94158 San Francisco, USA
| | - Eugenia Hesse
- Universidad de San Andrés, B1644BID Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Birba
- Universidad de San Andrés, B1644BID Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Adolfi
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Mikulan
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Miguel Martorell Caro
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín Petroni
- Instituto de Ingeniería Biomédica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1063ACV Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Inteligencia Artificial Aplicada, Departamento de Computación, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, ICC-CONICET, C1063ACV Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - María del Carmen García
- Programa de Cirugía de Epilepsia, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, C1181ACH, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Walter Silva
- Programa de Cirugía de Epilepsia, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, C1181ACH, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Ciraolo
- Programa de Cirugía de Epilepsia, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, C1181ACH, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban Vaucheret
- Programa de Cirugía de Epilepsia, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, C1181ACH, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas Sedeño
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín Ibáñez
- Universidad de San Andrés, B1644BID Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, CA 94158 San Francisco, USA
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, 8320000, Santiago, Chile
- Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, 080003, Barranquilla, Colombia
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