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Zeng Q, Xia X, Jiang L, Chen J, Liu Y, Hu Y. Efficacy and safety of adjunctive perampanel treatment in pediatric patients with epilepsy aged 4-12 years: a real-world study. J Neurol 2024; 271:4566-4576. [PMID: 38717610 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12416-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy and safety of perampanel (PER) as an adjunctive therapy in children aged 4-12 years with epilepsy. METHODS We performed a non-randomized, open-label, placebo-uncontrolled, real-world self-controlled study that included 216 young children (aged 4-12 years) with epilepsy who received PER as adjunctive therapy at the children's hospital affiliated with Chongqing Medical University from July 4, 2020, to September 20, 2023. RESULTS (1) The efficacy rates of adjunctive PER therapy at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months were 62.8%, 67.8%, 65.3%, and 61.2%, respectively. PER showed efficacy in alleviating focal seizures, generalized tonic-clonic seizures, myoclonic seizures, and absence seizures. The efficacy rates for variants of self-limited epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (SeLECTS) and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) were 89.5% and 66.7%, respectively. (2) Focal non-motor onset seizures with or without impaired awareness, focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures (FBTCS), LGS, variants of SeLECTS, the number of concomitant antiseizure medications (ASMs), a family history of epilepsy, and focal lesions on cranial magnetic resonance imaging were independent factors affecting efficacy. The order of PER addition did not affect efficacy. The retention rates at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months were 90.7%, 84.7%, 74.7%, 64.9%, respectively. (3) Adverse reactions occurred in 45 patients (45/216, 20.8%), with irritability/aggressive behavior (18/216, 8.3%) and somnolence (14/216, 6.5%) being the most common. Twelve patients (12/216, 5.6%) withdrew from the study because of adverse reactions. CONCLUSION In young Chinese children with epilepsy, PER is effective, safe, and well-tolerated as an adjunctive therapy, making it a viable option for use with broad-spectrum ASMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 136 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Big Data Engineering Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xueqian Xia
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 136 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 136 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 136 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuhang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 136 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 136 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), Chongqing, China.
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Chongqing, China.
- Big Data Engineering Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Qneibi M, Hawash M, Gümüş M, Çapan İ, Sert Y, Bdir S, Koca İ, Bdair M. Deciphering the Biophysical Properties of Ion Channel Gating Pores by Coumarin-Benzodiazepine Hybrid Derivatives: Selective AMPA Receptor Antagonists. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:4565-4576. [PMID: 38105408 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03871-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
In the 1980s, the identification of specific pharmacological antagonists played a crucial role in enhancing our comprehension of the physiological mechanisms associated with α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors (AMPARs). The primary objective of this investigation was to identify specific AMPA receptor antagonists, namely 2,3-benzodiazepines, that function as negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) at distinct locations apart from the glutamate recognition site. These compounds have exhibited a diverse array of anticonvulsant properties. In order to conduct a more comprehensive investigation, the study utilized whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology to analyze the inhibitory effect and selectivity of benzodiazepine derivatives that incorporate coumarin rings in relation to AMPA receptors. The study's main objective was to acquire knowledge about the relationship between the structure and activity of the compound and comprehend the potential effects of altering the side chains on negative allosteric modulation. The investigation provided crucial insights into the interaction between eight CD compounds and AMPA receptor subunits. Although all compounds demonstrated effective blockade, CD8 demonstrated the greatest potency and selectivity towards AMPA receptor subunits. The deactivation and desensitization rates were significantly influenced by CD8, CD6, and CD5, distinguishing them from the remaining five chemicals. The differences in binding and inhibition of AMPA receptor subunits can be attributed to structural discrepancies among the compounds. The carboxyl group of CD8, situated at the para position of the phenyl ring, substantially influenced the augmentation of AMPA receptor affinity. The findings of this study highlight the potential of pharmaceutical compounds that specifically target AMPA receptors to facilitate negative allosteric modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Qneibi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
| | - Mohammed Hawash
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Mehmet Gümüş
- Akdagmadeni Health College, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - İrfan Çapan
- Technical Sciences Vocational College, Department of Material and Material Processing Technologies, Gazi University, 06560, Ankara, Turkey
- Basic and Engineering Sciences Central Laboratory Application and Research Center (GUTMAM), Gazi University, 06500, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Sert
- Sorgun Vocational School, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Sosana Bdir
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - İrfan Koca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art & Sciences, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Mohammad Bdair
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
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3
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Hale WD, Montaño Romero A, Gonzalez CU, Jayaraman V, Lau AY, Huganir RL, Twomey EC. Allosteric competition and inhibition in AMPA receptors. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024:10.1038/s41594-024-01328-0. [PMID: 38834914 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01328-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Excitatory neurotransmission is principally mediated by α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-subtype ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPARs). Negative allosteric modulators are therapeutic candidates that inhibit AMPAR activation and can compete with positive modulators to control AMPAR function through unresolved mechanisms. Here we show that allosteric inhibition pushes AMPARs into a distinct state that prevents both activation and positive allosteric modulation. We used cryo-electron microscopy to capture AMPARs bound to glutamate, while a negative allosteric modulator, GYKI-52466, and positive allosteric modulator, cyclothiazide, compete for control of the AMPARs. GYKI-52466 binds in the ion channel collar and inhibits AMPARs by decoupling the ligand-binding domains from the ion channel. The rearrangement of the ligand-binding domains ruptures the cyclothiazide site, preventing positive modulation. Our data provide a framework for understanding allostery of AMPARs and for rational design of therapeutics targeting AMPARs in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Dylan Hale
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alejandra Montaño Romero
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cuauhtemoc U Gonzalez
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vasanthi Jayaraman
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Albert Y Lau
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Richard L Huganir
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Edward C Twomey
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- The Beckman Center for Cryo-EM at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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4
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Qneibi M, Bdir S, Bdair M, Aldwaik SA, Sandouka D, Heeh M, Idais TI. AMPA receptor neurotransmission and therapeutic applications: A comprehensive review of their multifaceted modulation. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 266:116151. [PMID: 38237342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The neuropharmacological community has shown a strong interest in AMPA receptors as critical components of excitatory synaptic transmission during the last fifteen years. AMPA receptors, members of the ionotropic glutamate receptor family, allow rapid excitatory neurotransmission in the brain. AMPA receptors, which are permeable to sodium and potassium ions, manage the bulk of the brain's rapid synaptic communications. This study thoroughly examines the recent developments in AMPA receptor regulation, focusing on a shift from single chemical illustrations to a more extensive investigation of underlying processes. The complex interplay of these modulators in modifying the function and structure of AMPA receptors is the main focus, providing insight into their influence on the speed of excitatory neurotransmission. This research emphasizes the potential of AMPA receptor modulation as a therapy for various neurological disorders such as epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease. Analyzing these regulators' sophisticated molecular details enhances our comprehension of neuropharmacology, representing a significant advancement in using AMPA receptors for treating intricate neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Qneibi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
| | - Sosana Bdir
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Mohammad Bdair
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Samia Ammar Aldwaik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Dana Sandouka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | | | - Tala Iyad Idais
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
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5
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Hale WD, Romero AM, Gonzalez CU, Jayaraman V, Lau AY, Huganir RL, Twomey EC. Allosteric Competition and Inhibition in AMPA Receptors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.28.569057. [PMID: 38076818 PMCID: PMC10705377 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.28.569057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Excitatory neurotransmission is principally mediated by AMPA-subtype ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPARs). Dysregulation of AMPARs is the cause of many neurological disorders and how therapeutic candidates such as negative allosteric modulators inhibit AMPARs is unclear. Here, we show that non-competitive inhibition desensitizes AMPARs to activation and prevents positive allosteric modulation. We dissected the noncompetitive inhibition mechanism of action by capturing AMPARs bound to glutamate and the prototypical negative allosteric modulator, GYKI-52466, with cryo-electron microscopy. Noncompetitive inhibition by GYKI-52466, which binds in the transmembrane collar region surrounding the ion channel, negatively modulates AMPARs by decoupling glutamate binding in the ligand binding domain from the ion channel. Furthermore, during allosteric competition between negative and positive modulators, negative allosteric modulation by GKYI-52466 outcompetes positive allosteric modulators to control AMPAR function. Our data provide a new framework for understanding allostery of AMPARs and foundations for rational design of therapeutics targeting AMPARs in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Dylan Hale
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Alejandra Montaño Romero
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Cuauhtemoc U. Gonzalez
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vasanthi Jayaraman
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Albert Y. Lau
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Richard L. Huganir
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Edward C. Twomey
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- The Beckman Center for Cryo-EM at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA USA
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6
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Vasilenko DA, Temnyakova NS, Dronov SE, Radchenko EV, Grishin YK, Gabrel’yan AV, Zamoyski VL, Grigoriev VV, Averina EB, Palyulin VA. 5-Nitroisoxazoles in SNAr Reactions: A Novel Chemo- and Regioselective Approach to Isoxazole-Based Bivalent Ligands of AMPA Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16135. [PMID: 38003327 PMCID: PMC10671298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient regioselective approach to novel functionalized bis(isoxazoles) with a variety of aromatic and aliphatic linkers was elaborated, based on the heterocyclization reaction of electrophilic alkenes under the treatment with tetranitromethane-triethylamine complex affording 3-EWG-5-nitroisoxazoles. The subsequent SNAr reactions of 5-nitroisoxazoles with various O,O-, N,N- and S,S-bis(nucleophiles) provide a wide range of bis(isoxazole) derivatives in good isolated yields. Employing an elaborated method, a series of novel bis(3-EWG-isoxazoles) as the promising allosteric modulators of AMPA receptors were designed and synthesized. The effect of the compounds on the kainate-induced currents was studied in the patch clamp experiments, revealing modulator properties for several of them. The best positive modulator potency was found for dimethyl 5,5'-(ethane-1,2-diylbis(sulfanediyl))bis(isoxazole-3-carboxylate), which potentiated the kainate-induced currents in a wide concentration range (10-12-10-6 M) with maximum potentiation of 77% at 10-10 M. The results were rationalized using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations of modulator complexes with the dimeric ligand-binding domain of the GluA2 AMPA receptor. The predicted physicochemical, ADMET, and PAINS properties confirmed that the AMPA receptor modulators based on the bis(isoxazole) scaffold may serve as potential lead compounds for the development of neuroprotective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A. Vasilenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.V.); (N.S.T.); (S.E.D.); (E.V.R.); (Y.K.G.); (V.V.G.)
| | - Nadezhda S. Temnyakova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.V.); (N.S.T.); (S.E.D.); (E.V.R.); (Y.K.G.); (V.V.G.)
| | - Sevastian E. Dronov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.V.); (N.S.T.); (S.E.D.); (E.V.R.); (Y.K.G.); (V.V.G.)
| | - Eugene V. Radchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.V.); (N.S.T.); (S.E.D.); (E.V.R.); (Y.K.G.); (V.V.G.)
| | - Yuri K. Grishin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.V.); (N.S.T.); (S.E.D.); (E.V.R.); (Y.K.G.); (V.V.G.)
| | - Alexey V. Gabrel’yan
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Severny proezd 1, 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.V.G.); (V.L.Z.)
| | - Vladimir L. Zamoyski
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Severny proezd 1, 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.V.G.); (V.L.Z.)
| | - Vladimir V. Grigoriev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.V.); (N.S.T.); (S.E.D.); (E.V.R.); (Y.K.G.); (V.V.G.)
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Severny proezd 1, 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.V.G.); (V.L.Z.)
| | - Elena B. Averina
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.V.); (N.S.T.); (S.E.D.); (E.V.R.); (Y.K.G.); (V.V.G.)
| | - Vladimir A. Palyulin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.V.); (N.S.T.); (S.E.D.); (E.V.R.); (Y.K.G.); (V.V.G.)
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7
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Vukolova MN, Yen LY, Khmyz MI, Sobolevsky AI, Yelshanskaya MV. Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-emerging role of AMPA and kainate subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1252953. [PMID: 38033869 PMCID: PMC10683763 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1252953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) mediate the majority of excitatory neurotransmission and are implicated in various neurological disorders. In this review, we discuss the role of the two fastest iGluRs subtypes, namely, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and kainate receptors, in the pathogenesis and treatment of Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although both AMPA and kainate receptors represent promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of these diseases, many of their antagonists show adverse side effects. Further studies of factors affecting the selective subunit expression and trafficking of AMPA and kainate receptors, and a reasonable approach to their regulation by the recently identified novel compounds remain promising directions for pharmacological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina N. Vukolova
- Department of Pathophysiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Laura Y. Yen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Graduate Program, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Margarita I. Khmyz
- N. V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander I. Sobolevsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria V. Yelshanskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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8
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Gangwar SP, Yen LY, Yelshanskaya MV, Korman A, Jones DR, Sobolevsky AI. Modulation of GluA2-γ5 synaptic complex desensitization, polyamine block and antiepileptic perampanel inhibition by auxiliary subunit cornichon-2. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:1481-1494. [PMID: 37653241 PMCID: PMC10584687 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic complexes of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors (AMPARs) with auxiliary subunits mediate most excitatory neurotransmission and can be targeted to treat neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders, including epilepsy. Here we present cryogenic-electron microscopy structures of rat GluA2 AMPAR complexes with inhibitory mouse γ5 and potentiating human cornichon-2 (CNIH2) auxiliary subunits. CNIH2 appears to destabilize the desensitized state of the complex by reducing the separation of the upper lobes in ligand-binding domain dimers. At the same time, CNIH2 stabilizes binding of polyamine spermidine to the selectivity filter of the closed ion channel. Nevertheless, CNIH2, and to a lesser extent γ5, attenuate polyamine block of the open channel and reduce the potency of the antiepileptic drug perampanel that inhibits the synaptic complex allosterically by binding to sites in the ion channel extracellular collar. These findings illustrate the fine-tuning of synaptic complex structure and function in an auxiliary subunit-dependent manner, which is critical for the study of brain region-specific neurotransmission and design of therapeutics for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Pal Gangwar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura Y Yen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Graduate Program, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria V Yelshanskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aryeh Korman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Drew R Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander I Sobolevsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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9
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Gomez GM, D’Arrigo G, Sanchez CP, Berger F, Wade RC, Lanzer M. PfCRT mutations conferring piperaquine resistance in falciparum malaria shape the kinetics of quinoline drug binding and transport. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011436. [PMID: 37285379 PMCID: PMC10281575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT) confers resistance to a wide range of quinoline and quinoline-like antimalarial drugs in Plasmodium falciparum, with local drug histories driving its evolution and, hence, the drug transport specificities. For example, the change in prescription practice from chloroquine (CQ) to piperaquine (PPQ) in Southeast Asia has resulted in PfCRT variants that carry an additional mutation, leading to PPQ resistance and, concomitantly, to CQ re-sensitization. How this additional amino acid substitution guides such opposing changes in drug susceptibility is largely unclear. Here, we show by detailed kinetic analyses that both the CQ- and the PPQ-resistance conferring PfCRT variants can bind and transport both drugs. Surprisingly, the kinetic profiles revealed subtle yet significant differences, defining a threshold for in vivo CQ and PPQ resistance. Competition kinetics, together with docking and molecular dynamics simulations, show that the PfCRT variant from the Southeast Asian P. falciparum strain Dd2 can accept simultaneously both CQ and PPQ at distinct but allosterically interacting sites. Furthermore, combining existing mutations associated with PPQ resistance created a PfCRT isoform with unprecedented non-Michaelis-Menten kinetics and superior transport efficiency for both CQ and PPQ. Our study provides additional insights into the organization of the substrate binding cavity of PfCRT and, in addition, reveals perspectives for PfCRT variants with equal transport efficiencies for both PPQ and CQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo M. Gomez
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Giulia D’Arrigo
- Molecular and Cellular Modelling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cecilia P. Sanchez
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fiona Berger
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebecca C. Wade
- Molecular and Cellular Modelling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Lanzer
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Zhang D, Lape R, Shaikh SA, Kohegyi BK, Watson JF, Cais O, Nakagawa T, Greger IH. Modulatory mechanisms of TARP γ8-selective AMPA receptor therapeutics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1659. [PMID: 36966141 PMCID: PMC10039940 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
AMPA glutamate receptors (AMPARs) mediate excitatory neurotransmission throughout the brain. Their signalling is uniquely diversified by brain region-specific auxiliary subunits, providing an opportunity for the development of selective therapeutics. AMPARs associated with TARP γ8 are enriched in the hippocampus, and are targets of emerging anti-epileptic drugs. To understand their therapeutic activity, we determined cryo-EM structures of the GluA1/2-γ8 receptor associated with three potent, chemically diverse ligands. We find that despite sharing a lipid-exposed and water-accessible binding pocket, drug action is differentially affected by binding-site mutants. Together with patch-clamp recordings and MD simulations we also demonstrate that ligand-triggered reorganisation of the AMPAR-TARP interface contributes to modulation. Unexpectedly, one ligand (JNJ-61432059) acts bifunctionally, negatively affecting GluA1 but exerting positive modulatory action on GluA2-containing AMPARs, in a TARP stoichiometry-dependent manner. These results further illuminate the action of TARPs, demonstrate the sensitive balance between positive and negative modulatory action, and provide a mechanistic platform for development of both positive and negative selective AMPAR modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Zhang
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Remigijus Lape
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Saher A Shaikh
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bianka K Kohegyi
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jake F Watson
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- IST Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Ondrej Cais
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Terunaga Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
| | - Ingo H Greger
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
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11
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Gangwar SP, Yen LY, Yelshanskaya MV, Sobolevsky AI. Positive and negative allosteric modulation of GluK2 kainate receptors by BPAM344 and antiepileptic perampanel. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112124. [PMID: 36857176 PMCID: PMC10440371 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Kainate receptors (KARs) are a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors that control synaptic transmission in the central nervous system and are implicated in neurological, psychiatric, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Understanding the regulation of KAR function by small molecules is essential for exploring these receptors as drug targets. Here, we present cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of KAR GluK2 in complex with the positive allosteric modulator BPAM344, competitive antagonist DNQX, and negative allosteric modulator, antiepileptic drug perampanel. Our structures show that two BPAM344 molecules bind per ligand-binding domain dimer interface. In the absence of an agonist or in the presence of DNQX, BPAM344 stabilizes GluK2 in the closed state. The closed state is also stabilized by perampanel, which binds to the ion channel extracellular collar sites located in two out of four GluK2 subunits. The molecular mechanisms of positive and negative allosteric modulation of KAR provide a guide for developing new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Pal Gangwar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 650 West 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Laura Y Yen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 650 West 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Graduate Program, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Maria V Yelshanskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 650 West 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alexander I Sobolevsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 650 West 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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12
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Golubeva EA, Lavrov MI, Radchenko EV, Palyulin VA. Diversity of AMPA Receptor Ligands: Chemotypes, Binding Modes, Mechanisms of Action, and Therapeutic Effects. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010056. [PMID: 36671441 PMCID: PMC9856200 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Glutamic acid is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). Its associated receptors localized on neuronal and non-neuronal cells mediate rapid excitatory synaptic transmission in the CNS and regulate a wide range of processes in the brain, spinal cord, retina, and peripheral nervous system. In particular, the glutamate receptors selective to α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) also play an important role in numerous neurological disorders and attract close attention as targets for the creation of new classes of drugs for the treatment or substantial correction of a number of serious neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. For this reason, the search for various types of AMPA receptor ligands and studies of their properties are attracting considerable attention both in academic institutions and in pharmaceutical companies around the world. This review focuses mainly on the advances in this area published since 2017. Particular attention is paid to the structural diversity of new chemotypes of agonists, competitive AMPA receptor antagonists, positive and negative allosteric modulators, transmembrane AMPA regulatory protein (TARP) dependent allosteric modulators, ion channel blockers as well as their binding sites. This review also presents the studies of the mechanisms of action of AMPA receptor ligands that mediate their therapeutic effects.
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13
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Coombs ID, Ziobro J, Krotov V, Surtees T, Cull‐Candy SG, Farrant M. A gain-of-function GRIA2 variant associated with neurodevelopmental delay and seizures: Functional characterization and targeted treatment. Epilepsia 2022; 63:e156-e163. [PMID: 36161652 PMCID: PMC10092096 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) are ligand-gated cationic channels formed from combinations of GluA1-4 subunits. Pathogenic variants of GRIA1-4 have been described in patients with developmental delay, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, and seizures, with GRIA2 variants typically causing AMPAR loss of function. Here, we identify a novel, heterozygous de novo pathogenic missense mutation in GRIA2 (c.1928 C>T, p.A643V, NM_001083619.1) in a 1-year-old boy with epilepsy, developmental delay, and failure to thrive. We made patch-clamp recordings to compare the functional and pharmacological properties of variant and wild-type receptors expressed in HEK293 cells, with and without the transmembrane AMPAR regulatory protein γ2. This showed GluA2 A643V-containing AMPARs to exhibit a novel gain of function, with greatly slowed deactivation, markedly reduced desensitization, and increased glutamate sensitivity. Perampanel, an antiseizure AMPAR negative allosteric modulator, was able to fully block GluA2 A643V/γ2 currents, suggesting potential therapeutic efficacy. The subsequent introduction of perampanel to the patient's treatment regimen was associated with a marked reduction in seizure burden, a resolution of failure to thrive, and clear developmental gains. Our study reveals that GRIA2 disorder can be caused by a gain-of-function variant, and both predicts and suggests the therapeutic efficacy of perampanel. Perampanel may prove beneficial for patients with other gain-of-function GRIA variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D. Coombs
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Julie Ziobro
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Volodymyr Krotov
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Taryn‐Leigh Surtees
- Department of NeurologyWashington University in St Louis School of MedicineSt LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Stuart G. Cull‐Candy
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Mark Farrant
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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14
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Chipman PH, Fetter RD, Panzera LC, Bergerson SJ, Karmelic D, Yokoyama S, Hoppa MB, Davis GW. NMDAR-dependent presynaptic homeostasis in adult hippocampus: Synapse growth and cross-modal inhibitory plasticity. Neuron 2022; 110:3302-3317.e7. [PMID: 36070750 PMCID: PMC9588671 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Homeostatic plasticity (HP) encompasses a suite of compensatory physiological processes that counteract neuronal perturbations, enabling brain resilience. Currently, we lack a complete description of the homeostatic processes that operate within the mammalian brain. Here, we demonstrate that acute, partial AMPAR-specific antagonism induces potentiation of presynaptic neurotransmitter release in adult hippocampus, a form of compensatory plasticity that is consistent with the expression of presynaptic homeostatic plasticity (PHP) documented at peripheral synapses. We show that this compensatory plasticity can be induced within minutes, requires postsynaptic NMDARs, and is expressed via correlated increases in dendritic spine volume, active zone area, and docked vesicle number. Further, simultaneous postsynaptic genetic reduction of GluA1, GluA2, and GluA3 in triple heterozygous knockouts induces potentiation of presynaptic release. Finally, induction of compensatory plasticity at excitatory synapses induces a parallel, NMDAR-dependent potentiation of inhibitory transmission, a cross-modal effect consistent with the anti-epileptic activity of AMPAR-specific antagonists used in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Chipman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94941, USA
| | - Richard D Fetter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94941, USA
| | - Lauren C Panzera
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Samuel J Bergerson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Daniel Karmelic
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94941, USA
| | - Sae Yokoyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94941, USA
| | - Michael B Hoppa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Graeme W Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94941, USA.
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15
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Jaradat N, Hawash M, Qneibi M, Shtayeh T, Sobuh S, Arar M, Bdir S. The effect of novel negative allosteric 2,3-benzodiazepine on glutamate AMPA receptor and their cytotoxicity. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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16
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Li D, Huang S, Wang X, Yang L, Song T. Efficacy and adverse reactions of perampanel in the treatment of epilepsy in children. Front Neurol 2022; 13:924057. [PMID: 35968281 PMCID: PMC9363754 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.924057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To observe the clinical effect and adverse reactions of perampanel in the treatment of epilepsy in children. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 83 children with epilepsy who were treated with perampanel in the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from April to August 2021. The treatment status, prognosis and adverse reactions were followed up. The effective rates of different age groups, different seizure types and epilepsy syndromes, and different treatment methods were statistically analyzed. The effective rate and adverse reactions of all patients were statistically analyzed. Results The overall effective rate of perampanel in the treatment of epilepsy was 62.03%, and there was no significant difference in the effective rate of perampanel in the treatment of epilepsy in patients of different ages (P > 0.05). The effective rates of perampanel in the treatment of focal seizures and generalized seizures were 60.38% and 65.38%, and the effective rates of benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECT), BECT combined with electrical status epilepticus during sleep (ESES) and frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) were 88.89, 72.73, and 66.67%. The effective rates of monotherapy and combination therapy were 88.88 and 58.57%, respectively. The above statistical differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). In addition, the adverse reaction rate of perampanel treatment was 16.45%, including irritability, drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting and abnormal liver function. Conclusion Perampanel has a high efficiency and controllable adverse reactions in the treatment of childhood epilepsy. This drug can be used as a reliable choice for long-term use in the treatment of epilepsy in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shaoping Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tingting Song
- Fifth Department of Pediatrics, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
- *Correspondence: Tingting Song
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17
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Taniguchi S, Stolz JR, Swanson GT. The Antiseizure Drug Perampanel Is a Subunit-Selective Negative Allosteric Modulator of Kainate Receptors. J Neurosci 2022; 42:5499-5509. [PMID: 35654603 PMCID: PMC9295835 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2397-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Perampanel (PMP) is a third-generation antiseizure drug reported to be a potent and selective noncompetitive negative allosteric modulator of one subfamily of ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR), the α-amino-3-hydroxy-S-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors (AMPARs). However, the recent structural resolution of AMPARs in complex with PMP revealed that its binding pocket is formed from residues that are largely conserved in two members of another family of iGluRs, the GluK4 and GluK5 kainate receptor (KAR) subunits. We show here that PMP inhibits both recombinant and neuronal KARs, contrary to the previous reports, and that the negative allosteric modulator (NAM) activity requires GluK5 subunits to be channel constituents. PMP inhibited heteromeric GluK1/GluK5 and GluK2/GluK5 KARs at IC50 values comparable to that for AMPA receptors but was much less potent on homomeric GluK1 or GluK2 KARs. The auxiliary subunits Neto1 or Neto2 also made GluK2-containing KARs more sensitive to inhibition. Finally, PMP inhibited mouse neuronal KARs containing GluK5 subunits and Neto proteins in nociceptive dorsal root ganglia neurons and hippocampal mossy fiber-CA3 pyramidal neuron synapses. These data suggest that clinical actions of PMP could arise from differential inhibition of AMPAR or KAR signaling and that more selective drugs might maintain antiseizure efficacy while reducing adverse effects.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT PMP is a regulatory approved antiseizure drug used for refractory partial-onset and generalized tonic-clonic seizures that acts as a selective negative allosteric modulator of AMPARs. Here, we demonstrate that PMP inhibits KARs, a second family of ionotropic glutamate receptors, in addition to AMPARs. NAM activity on KARs required GluK5 subunits or Neto auxiliary subunits as channel constituents. KAR inhibition, therefore, could contribute to PMP antiseizure action or the adverse effects that are significant with this drug. Drug discovery aimed at more selective allosteric modulators that discriminate between AMPARs and KARs could yield next-generation drugs with improved therapeutic profiles for treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakiko Taniguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Jacob R Stolz
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Geoffrey T Swanson
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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18
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Yelshanskaya MV, Singh AK, Narangoda C, Williams RSB, Kurnikova MG, Sobolevsky AI. Structural basis of AMPA receptor inhibition by trans-4-butylcyclohexane carboxylic acid. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:3628-3644. [PMID: 32959886 PMCID: PMC10693435 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE AMPA receptors, which shape excitatory postsynaptic currents and are directly involved in overactivation of synaptic function during seizures, represent a well-accepted target for anti-epileptic drugs. Trans-4-butylcyclohexane carboxylic acid (4-BCCA) has emerged as a new promising anti-epileptic drug in several in vitro and in vivo seizure models, but the mechanism of its action remained unknown. The purpose of this study is to characterize structure and dynamics of 4-BCCA interaction with AMPA receptors. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We studied the molecular mechanism of AMPA receptor inhibition by 4-BCCA using a combination of X-ray crystallography, mutagenesis, electrophysiological assays, and molecular dynamics simulations. KEY RESULTS We identified 4-BCCA binding sites in the transmembrane domain (TMD) of AMPA receptor, at the lateral portals formed by transmembrane segments M1-M4. At this binding site, 4-BCCA is very dynamic, assumes multiple poses, and can enter the ion channel pore. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS 4-BCCA represents a low-affinity inhibitor of AMPA receptors that acts at the TMD sites distinct from non-competitive inhibitors, such as the anti-epileptic drug perampanel and the ion channel blockers. Further studies might examine the possibsility of synergistic use of these inhibitors in treatment of epilepsy and a wide range of neurological disorders and gliomas. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Structure Guided Pharmacology of Membrane Proteins (BJP 75th Anniversary). To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v179.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Yelshanskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Appu K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - Chamali Narangoda
- Chemistry Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robin S B Williams
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Maria G Kurnikova
- Chemistry Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alexander I Sobolevsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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19
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Baranovic J, Braunbeck S, Zaki N, Minniberger S, Chebli M, Plested AJR. The action of Con-ikot-ikot toxin on single AMPA-type glutamate receptors. J Gen Physiol 2022; 154:213109. [PMID: 35377397 PMCID: PMC9195068 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202112912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Conotoxins are a large group of naturally occurring toxic peptides produced by the predatory sea snails of the genus Conus. Many of these toxins target ion channels, often with high specificity and affinity. As such, they have proven to be invaluable for basic research, as well as acting as leads for therapeutic strategies. Con-ikot-ikot is the only conotoxin so far identified that targets AMPA-type glutamate receptors, the main mediators of excitatory neurotransmission in the vertebrate brain. Here, we describe how the toxin modifies the activity of AMPA receptors at the single-channel level. The toxin binds to the AMPA receptor with EC50 of 5 nM, and once bound takes minutes to wash out. As shown previously, it effectively blocks desensitization of AMPA receptors; however, compared to other desensitization blockers, it is a poor stabilizer of the open channel because toxin-bound AMPA receptors undergo frequent brief closures. We propose that this is a direct consequence of the toxin's unique binding mode to the ligand-binding domains (LBDs). Unlike other blockers of desensitization, which stabilize individual dimers within an AMPA receptor tetramer, the toxin immobilizes all four LBDs of the tetramer. This result further emphasizes that quaternary reorganization of independent LBD dimers is essential for the full activity of AMPA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Baranovic
- Leibniz Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Cellular Biophysics, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,University of Edinburgh, School of Biological Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sebastian Braunbeck
- Leibniz Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Cellular Biophysics, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolai Zaki
- Leibniz Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Cellular Biophysics, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonja Minniberger
- Leibniz Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Cellular Biophysics, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam Chebli
- Leibniz Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew J R Plested
- Leibniz Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Cellular Biophysics, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Lavrov MI, Veremeeva PN, Golubeva EA, Radchenko EV, Zamoyski VL, Grigoriev VV, Palyulin VA. Positive and negative AMPA receptor modulators based on tricyclic bispidine derivative: Minor structural change inverts the type of activity. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2022.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Coombs ID, Sexton CA, Cull-Candy SG, Farrant M. Influence of the TARP γ8-Selective Negative Allosteric Modulator JNJ-55511118 on AMPA Receptor Gating and Channel Conductance. Mol Pharmacol 2022; 101:343-356. [PMID: 35246481 PMCID: PMC7615793 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AMPA-type gultamate receptors (AMPARs) mediate excitatory signaling in the brain and are therapeutic targets for the treatment of diverse neurological disorders. The receptors interact with a variety of auxiliary subunits, including the transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs). The TARPs influence AMPAR biosynthesis and trafficking and enhance receptor responses by slowing desensitization and deactivation and increasing single-channel conductance. TARP γ8 has an expression pattern that is distinct from that of other TARPs, being enriched in the hippocampus. Recently, several compounds have been identified that selectivity inhibit γ8-containing AMPARs. One such inhibitor, JNJ-55511118, has shown considerable promise for the treatment of epilepsy. However, key details of its mechanism of action are still lacking. Here, using patch-clamp electrophysiological recording from heterologously expressed AMPARs, we show that JNJ-55511118 inhibits peak currents of γ8-containing AMPARs by decreasing their single-channel conductance. The drug also modifies hallmark features of AMPAR pharmacology, including the TARP-dependent actions of intracellular polyamines and the partial agonist kainate. Moreover, we find that JNJ-55511118 reduces the influence of γ8 on all biophysical measures, aside from its effect on the recovery from desensitization. The drug is also effective when applied intracellularly, suggesting it may access its binding site from within the membrane. Additionally, we find that AMPARs incorporating TARP γ2 mutated to contain the JNJ-55511118 binding site, exhibit greater block than seen with AMPARs containing γ8, potentially reflecting differences in TARP stoichiometry. Taken together, our data provide new insight into the mechanism by which γ8-selective drugs inhibit AMPARs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although modulation of AMPA-type glutamate receptors shows promise for the treatment various neurological conditions, the absence of subtype-selective drugs has hindered adoption of this therapeutic strategy. We made patch-clamp recordings to characterize the actions of the γ8-selective AMPAR inhibitor JNJ-55511118 on GluA2(Q) receptors expressed in HEK cells. We report that JNJ-55511118 inhibits AMPAR-mediated currents by reducing single-channel conductance, providing clear insight into the mechanism of action of this important class of AMPAR modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Coombs
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Craig A Sexton
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart G Cull-Candy
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Farrant
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Herguedas B, Kohegyi BK, Dohrke JN, Watson JF, Zhang D, Ho H, Shaikh SA, Lape R, Krieger JM, Greger IH. Mechanisms underlying TARP modulation of the GluA1/2-γ8 AMPA receptor. Nat Commun 2022; 13:734. [PMID: 35136046 PMCID: PMC8826358 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28404-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) mediate rapid signal transmission at excitatory synapses in the brain. Glutamate binding to the receptor’s ligand-binding domains (LBDs) leads to ion channel activation and desensitization. Gating kinetics shape synaptic transmission and are strongly modulated by transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs) through currently incompletely resolved mechanisms. Here, electron cryo-microscopy structures of the GluA1/2 TARP-γ8 complex, in both open and desensitized states (at 3.5 Å), reveal state-selective engagement of the LBDs by the large TARP-γ8 loop (‘β1’), elucidating how this TARP stabilizes specific gating states. We further show how TARPs alter channel rectification, by interacting with the pore helix of the selectivity filter. Lastly, we reveal that the Q/R-editing site couples the channel constriction at the filter entrance to the gate, and forms the major cation binding site in the conduction path. Our results provide a mechanistic framework of how TARPs modulate AMPAR gating and conductance. AMPA glutamate receptors, mediate the majority of excitatory signaling in the brain. Here the authors show how the auxiliary subunit TARP-γ8 shapes gating kinetics, ion conductance and rectification properties of the heteromeric GluA1/2 AMPA receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Herguedas
- Neurobiology Division MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.,Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI) and Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), University of Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Bianka K Kohegyi
- Neurobiology Division MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jan-Niklas Dohrke
- Neurobiology Division MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.,Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jake F Watson
- Neurobiology Division MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.,Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Danyang Zhang
- Neurobiology Division MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hinze Ho
- Neurobiology Division MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Saher A Shaikh
- Neurobiology Division MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Remigijus Lape
- Neurobiology Division MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - James M Krieger
- Neurobiology Division MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ingo H Greger
- Neurobiology Division MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
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23
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Dron MY, Zhigulin AS, Tikhonov DB, Barygin OI. Screening for Activity Against AMPA Receptors Among Anticonvulsants-Focus on Phenytoin. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:775040. [PMID: 34950035 PMCID: PMC8688955 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.775040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in AMPA receptors as a target for epilepsy treatment increased substantially after the approval of perampanel, a negative AMPA receptor allosteric antagonist, for the treatment of partial-onset seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Here we performed a screening for activity against native calcium-permeable AMPA receptors (CP-AMPARs) and calcium-impermeable AMPA receptors (CI-AMPARs) among different anticonvulsants using the whole-cell patch-clamp method on isolated Wistar rat brain neurons. Lamotrigine, topiramate, levetiracetam, felbamate, carbamazepine, tiagabin, vigabatrin, zonisamide, and gabapentin in 100-µM concentration were practically inactive against both major subtypes of AMPARs, while phenytoin reversibly inhibited them with IC50 of 30 ± 4 μM and 250 ± 60 µM for CI-AMPARs and CP-AMPARs, respectively. The action of phenytoin on CI-AMPARs was attenuated in experiments with high agonist concentrations, in the presence of cyclothiazide and at pH 9.0. Features of phenytoin action matched those of the CI-AMPARs pore blocker pentobarbital, being different from classical competitive inhibitors, negative allosteric inhibitors, and CP-AMPARs selective channel blockers. Close 3D similarity between phenytoin and pentobarbital also suggests a common binding site in the pore and mechanism of inhibition. The main target for phenytoin in the brain, which is believed to underlie its anticonvulsant properties, are voltage-gated sodium channels. Here we have shown for the first time that phenytoin inhibits CI-AMPARs with similar potency. Thus, AMPAR inhibition by phenytoin may contribute to its anticonvulsant properties as well as its side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Dron
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - A S Zhigulin
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - D B Tikhonov
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - O I Barygin
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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24
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Nair AG, Muttathukunnel P, Müller M. Distinct molecular pathways govern presynaptic homeostatic plasticity. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110105. [PMID: 34910905 PMCID: PMC8692748 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Presynaptic homeostatic plasticity (PHP) stabilizes synaptic transmission by counteracting impaired neurotransmitter receptor function through neurotransmitter release potentiation. PHP is thought to be triggered by impaired receptor function and to involve a stereotypic signaling pathway. However, here we demonstrate that different receptor perturbations that similarly reduce synaptic transmission result in different responses at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. While receptor inhibition by the glutamate receptor (GluR) antagonist γ-D-glutamylglycine (γDGG) is not compensated by PHP, the GluR inhibitors Philanthotoxin-433 (PhTx) and Gyki-53655 (Gyki) induce compensatory PHP. Intriguingly, PHP triggered by PhTx and Gyki involve separable signaling pathways, including inhibition of distinct GluR subtypes, differential modulation of the active-zone scaffold Bruchpilot, and short-term plasticity. Moreover, while PHP upon Gyki treatment does not require genes promoting PhTx-induced PHP, it involves presynaptic protein kinase D. Thus, synapses not only respond differentially to similar activity impairments, but achieve homeostatic compensation via distinct mechanisms, highlighting the diversity of homeostatic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu G Nair
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paola Muttathukunnel
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Müller
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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25
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Rečnik LM, Thatcher RJ, Mallah S, Butts CP, Collingridge GL, Molnár E, Jane DE, Willis CL. Synthesis and pharmacological characterisation of arctigenin analogues as antagonists of AMPA and kainate receptors. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9154-9162. [PMID: 34642722 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01653a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
(-)-Arctigenin and a series of new analogues have been synthesised and then tested for their potential as AMPA and kainate receptor antagonists of human homomeric GluA1 and GluK2 receptors expressed in HEK293 cells using a Ca2+ influx assay. In general, these compounds showed antagonist activity at both receptors with greater activity evident at AMPARs. Schild analysis indicates that a spirocyclic analogue 6c acts as a non-competitive antagonist. Molecular docking studies in which 6c was docked into the X-ray crystal structure of the GluA2 tetramer suggest that (-)-arctigenin and its analogues bind in the transmembrane domain in a similar manner to the known AMPA receptor non-competitive antagonists GYKI53655 and the antiepileptic drug perampanel. The arctigenin derivatives described herein may serve as novel leads for the development of drugs for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Maria Rečnik
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Robert J Thatcher
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Shahida Mallah
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Craig P Butts
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Graham L Collingridge
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Elek Molnár
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - David E Jane
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Christine L Willis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
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26
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Wang X, Wang Y, Li X, Yu Z, Song C, Du Y. Nitrile-containing pharmaceuticals: target, mechanism of action, and their SAR studies. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1650-1671. [PMID: 34778767 PMCID: PMC8528211 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00131k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nitrile group is an important functional group widely found in both pharmaceutical agents and natural products. More than 30 nitrile-containing pharmaceuticals have been approved by the FDA for the management of a broad range of clinical conditions in the last few decades. Incorporation of a nitrile group into lead compounds has gradually become a promising strategy in rational drug design as it can bring additional benefits including enhanced binding affinity to the target, improved pharmacokinetic profile of parent drugs, and reduced drug resistance. This paper reviews the existing drugs with a nitrile moiety that have been approved or in clinical trials, involving their targets, molecular mechanism of pharmacology and SAR studies, and classifies them into different categories based on their clinical usages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yuanxun Wang
- National Institution of Biological Sciences, Beijing No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park Beijing 102206 China
| | - Xuemin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Zhenyang Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Chun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University Qingdao City Shandong Province 266237 China
| | - Yunfei Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
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27
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Coombs ID, Cull-Candy SG. Single-channel mechanisms underlying the function, diversity and plasticity of AMPA receptors. Neuropharmacology 2021; 198:108781. [PMID: 34480912 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The functional properties of AMPA receptors shape many of the essential features of excitatory synaptic signalling in the brain, including high-fidelity point-to-point transmission and long-term plasticity. Understanding the behaviour and regulation of single AMPAR channels is fundamental in unravelling how central synapses carry, process and store information. There is now an abundance of data on the importance of alternative splicing, RNA editing, and phosphorylation of AMPAR subunits in determining central synaptic diversity. Furthermore, auxiliary subunits have emerged as pivotal players that regulate AMPAR channel properties and add further diversity. Single-channel studies have helped reveal a fascinating picture of the unique behaviour of AMPAR channels - their concentration-dependent single-channel conductance, the basis of their multiple-conductance states, and the influence of auxiliary proteins in controlling many of their gating and conductance properties. Here we summarize basic hallmarks of AMPAR single-channels, in relation to function, diversity and plasticity. We also present data that reveal an unexpected feature of AMPAR sublevel behaviour. This article is part of the special Issue on 'Glutamate Receptors - AMPA receptors'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Coombs
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Stuart G Cull-Candy
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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28
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Structure and desensitization of AMPA receptor complexes with type II TARP γ5 and GSG1L. Mol Cell 2021; 81:4771-4783.e7. [PMID: 34678168 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AMPA receptors (AMPARs) mediate the majority of excitatory neurotransmission. Their surface expression, trafficking, gating, and pharmacology are regulated by auxiliary subunits. Of the two types of TARP auxiliary subunits, type I TARPs assume activating roles, while type II TARPs serve suppressive functions. We present cryo-EM structures of GluA2 AMPAR in complex with type II TARP γ5, which reduces steady-state currents, increases single-channel conductance, and slows recovery from desensitization. Regulation of AMPAR function depends on its ligand-binding domain (LBD) interaction with the γ5 head domain. GluA2-γ5 complex shows maximum stoichiometry of two TARPs per AMPAR tetramer, being different from type I TARPs but reminiscent of the auxiliary subunit GSG1L. Desensitization of both GluA2-GSG1L and GluA2-γ5 complexes is accompanied by rupture of LBD dimer interface, while GluA2-γ5 but not GluA2-GSG1L LBD dimers remain two-fold symmetric. Different structural architectures and desensitization mechanisms of complexes with auxiliary subunits endow AMPARs with broad functional capabilities.
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29
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Qneibi M, Hamed O, Jaradat N, Hawash M, Al-Kerm R, Al-Kerm R, Sobuh S, Tarazi S. The AMPA receptor biophysical gating properties and binding site: Focus on novel curcumin-based diazepines as non-competitive antagonists. Bioorg Chem 2021; 116:105406. [PMID: 34628227 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Investigating the binding site of six novel curcumin-based diazepine compounds as a non-competitive antagonist on ionotropic, AMPA-type glutamate receptors, including homomeric and heteromeric subunits. These receptors play a pivotal role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and epilepsy due to excitotoxicity. Furthermore, it appears that AMPAR signaling plays a significant role in disease development outside the nervous system, as a potential relationship between AMPAR activation and cancer development may exist. OBJECTIVES Study the biophysical gating effects of the curcumin-based diazepine on AMPAR variants and identify CBD binding sites on AMPARs with the hopes of discovering more potent drug candidates with less undesirable side effects. METHODS Our current study uses patch-clamp electrophysiology technology to estimate whole-cell amplitudes changes when exposing HEK293T cells expressing AMPAR subunits to different curcumin-based diazepines. RESULTS The non-competitive antagonist curcumin-based compounds successfully reduced AMPAR activation currents and increased the rate of desensitization and deactivation. CBD-4 and CBD-5 show the most significant impact on AMPARs, reducing the current by 7-fold. The results contrast with those obtained by the halogenated benzodiazepine-fused curcumins reported previously and lake pyrimidine and pyrazine moieties. This indicates that the N's presence in the effused rings plays a significant role in binding to receptors. CBD-4 showed the highest effect on GluA2 subunits in receptors, while CBD-5 most dramatically impacting GluA1 homomeric receptors, demonstrating that the compounds are more selective towards AMPA-type glutamate receptors. The compounds also showed significant cytotoxic activities against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), with CBD-4 having the most significant impact. CONCLUSION Curcumin-based compounds (i.e., CBD-4 and CBD-5) yield significant neurodegenerative drug potential, and it creates a novel structure with significant activities in reducing AMPAR excitation compared to traditional benzodiazepine analogs, yet their binding mechanisms are still not fully understood. Moreover, AMPARs appear to have a potential influence on cancer development, and the curcumin-based compounds might provide insight into the nature of this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Qneibi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
| | - Othman Hamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Nidal Jaradat
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Mohammed Hawash
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Rana Al-Kerm
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Rola Al-Kerm
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Shorooq Sobuh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Sama Tarazi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
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30
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Hansen KB, Wollmuth LP, Bowie D, Furukawa H, Menniti FS, Sobolevsky AI, Swanson GT, Swanger SA, Greger IH, Nakagawa T, McBain CJ, Jayaraman V, Low CM, Dell'Acqua ML, Diamond JS, Camp CR, Perszyk RE, Yuan H, Traynelis SF. Structure, Function, and Pharmacology of Glutamate Receptor Ion Channels. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:298-487. [PMID: 34753794 PMCID: PMC8626789 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many physiologic effects of l-glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, are mediated via signaling by ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). These ligand-gated ion channels are critical to brain function and are centrally implicated in numerous psychiatric and neurologic disorders. There are different classes of iGluRs with a variety of receptor subtypes in each class that play distinct roles in neuronal functions. The diversity in iGluR subtypes, with their unique functional properties and physiologic roles, has motivated a large number of studies. Our understanding of receptor subtypes has advanced considerably since the first iGluR subunit gene was cloned in 1989, and the research focus has expanded to encompass facets of biology that have been recently discovered and to exploit experimental paradigms made possible by technological advances. Here, we review insights from more than 3 decades of iGluR studies with an emphasis on the progress that has occurred in the past decade. We cover structure, function, pharmacology, roles in neurophysiology, and therapeutic implications for all classes of receptors assembled from the subunits encoded by the 18 ionotropic glutamate receptor genes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Glutamate receptors play important roles in virtually all aspects of brain function and are either involved in mediating some clinical features of neurological disease or represent a therapeutic target for treatment. Therefore, understanding the structure, function, and pharmacology of this class of receptors will advance our understanding of many aspects of brain function at molecular, cellular, and system levels and provide new opportunities to treat patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper B Hansen
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Lonnie P Wollmuth
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Derek Bowie
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Hiro Furukawa
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Frank S Menniti
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Alexander I Sobolevsky
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Geoffrey T Swanson
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Sharon A Swanger
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Ingo H Greger
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Terunaga Nakagawa
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chris J McBain
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Vasanthi Jayaraman
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chian-Ming Low
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Mark L Dell'Acqua
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Jeffrey S Diamond
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chad R Camp
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
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31
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Pampaloni NP, Plested AJR. Slow excitatory synaptic currents generated by AMPA receptors. J Physiol 2021; 600:217-232. [PMID: 34587649 DOI: 10.1113/jp280877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of literature indicate that the AMPA-type glutamate receptor is among the fastest acting of all neurotransmitter receptors. These receptors are located at excitatory synapses, and conventional wisdom says that they activate in hundreds of microseconds, deactivate in milliseconds due to their low affinity for glutamate and also desensitize profoundly. These properties circumscribe AMPA receptor activation in both space and time. However, accumulating evidence shows that AMPA receptors can also activate with slow, indefatigable responses. They do so through interactions with auxiliary subunits that are able promote a switch to a high open probability, high-conductance 'superactive' mode. In this review, we show that any assumption that this phenomenon is limited to heterologous expression is false and rather that slow AMPA currents have been widely and repeatedly observed throughout the nervous system. Hallmarks of the superactive mode are a lack of desensitization, resistance to competitive antagonists and a current decay that outlives free glutamate by hundreds of milliseconds. Because the switch to the superactive mode is triggered by activation, AMPA receptors can generate accumulating 'pedestal' currents in response to repetitive stimulation, constituting a postsynaptic mechanism for short-term potentiation in the range 5-100 Hz. Further, slow AMPA currents span 'cognitive' time intervals in the 100 ms range (theta rhythms), of particular interest for hippocampal function, where slow AMPA currents are widely expressed in a synapse-specific manner. Here, we outline the implications that slow AMPA receptors have for excitatory synaptic transmission and computation in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò P Pampaloni
- Institute of Biology, Cellular Biophysics, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew J R Plested
- Institute of Biology, Cellular Biophysics, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
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32
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Lou S, Cui S. Drug treatment of epilepsy: From serendipitous discovery to evolutionary mechanisms. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:3366-3391. [PMID: 34514980 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210910124727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder caused by abnormal firing of neurons. Up to now, using antiepileptic drugs is the main method of epilepsy treatment. The development of antiepileptic drugs lasted for centuries. In general, most agents entering clinical practice act on the balance mechanisms of brain "excitability-inhibition". More specifically, they target voltage-gated ion channels, GABAergic transmission and glutamatergic transmission. In recent years, some novel drugs representing new mechanisms of action have been discovered. Although there are about 30 available drugs in the market, it is still in urgent need of discovering more effective and safer drugs. The development of new antiepileptic drugs is into a new era: from serendipitous discovery to evolutionary mechanism-based design. This article presents an overview of drug treatment of epilepsy, including a series of traditional and novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengying Lou
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou. China
| | - Sunliang Cui
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou. China
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33
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Valipour M, Naderi N, Heidarli E, Shaki F, Motafeghi F, Talebpour Amiri F, Emami S, Irannejad H. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of naphthalene-derived (arylalkyl)azoles containing heterocyclic linkers as new anticonvulsants: A comprehensive in silico, in vitro, and in vivo study. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 166:105974. [PMID: 34390829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In continuation of our research to find strong and safe anticonvulsant agents, a number of (arylalkyl)azoles (AAAs) containing naphthylthiazole and naphthyloxazole scaffolds were designed and synthesized. The in vivo anticonvulsant evaluations in BALB/c mice revealed that some of them had significant anticonvulsant activity in both maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) models of epilepsy. The best profile of activity was observed with compounds containing imidazole and triazole rings (C1, C6, G1, and G6). In particular, imidazolylmethyl-thiazole C1 with median effective dose (ED50)= 7.9 mg/kg in the MES test, ED50= 27.9 mg/kg in PTZ test, and without any sign of neurotoxicity (in the rotarod test, 100 mg/kg) was the most promising compound. The patch-clamp recording was performed to study the mechanism of action of the representative compound C1 on hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) cells. The results did not confirm any modulatory effect of C1 on the voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs) or GABAA agonism, but suggested a significant reduction of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) frequency on hippocampal DG neurons. Sub-acute toxicity studies revealed that administration of the most active compounds (C1, C6, G1, and G6) at 100 mg/kg bw/day for two weeks did not result in any mortality or significant toxicity as evaluated by assessment of biochemical markers such as lipid peroxidation, intracellular glutathione, total antioxidant capacity, histopathological changes, and mitochondrial functions. Other pharmacological aspects of compounds including mechanistic and ADME properties were investigated computationally and/or experimentally. Molecular docking on the NMDA and AMPA targets suggested that the introduction of the heterocyclic ring in the middle of AAAs significantly affects the affinity of the compounds. The obtained results totally demonstrated that the prototype compound C1 can be considered as a new lead for the development of anticonvulsant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Valipour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Nima Naderi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elmira Heidarli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shaki
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Motafeghi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Talebpour Amiri
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Saeed Emami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Hamid Irannejad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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34
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Geoffroy C, Paoletti P, Mony L. Positive allosteric modulation of NMDA receptors: mechanisms, physiological impact and therapeutic potential. J Physiol 2021; 600:233-259. [PMID: 34339523 DOI: 10.1113/jp280875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are glutamate-gated ion channels that play key roles in synaptic transmission and plasticity. Both hyper- and hypo-activation of NMDARs are deleterious to neuronal function. In particular, NMDAR hypofunction is involved in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric conditions like schizophrenia, intellectual disability, age-dependent cognitive decline, or Alzheimer's disease. While early medicinal chemistry efforts were mostly focused on the development of NMDAR antagonists, the last 10 years have seen a boom in the development of NMDAR positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). Here we review the currently developed NMDAR PAMs, their pharmacological profiles and mechanisms of action, as well as their physiological effects in healthy animals and animal models of NMDAR hypofunction. In light of the complexity of physiological outcomes of NMDAR PAMs in vivo, we discuss the remaining challenges and questions that need to be addressed to better grasp and predict the therapeutic potential of NMDAR positive allosteric modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Geoffroy
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Mony
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
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35
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Green MN, Gangwar SP, Michard E, Simon AA, Portes MT, Barbosa-Caro J, Wudick MM, Lizzio MA, Klykov O, Yelshanskaya MV, Feijó JA, Sobolevsky AI. Structure of the Arabidopsis thaliana glutamate receptor-like channel GLR3.4. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3216-3226.e8. [PMID: 34161757 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs) play vital roles in various physiological processes in plants, such as wound response, stomatal aperture control, seed germination, root development, innate immune response, pollen tube growth, and morphogenesis. Despite the importance of GLRs, knowledge about their molecular organization is limited. Here we use X-ray crystallography and single-particle cryo-EM to solve structures of the Arabidopsis thaliana GLR3.4. Our structures reveal the tetrameric assembly of GLR3.4 subunits into a three-layer domain architecture, reminiscent of animal ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). However, the non-swapped arrangement between layers of GLR3.4 domains, binding of glutathione through S-glutathionylation of cysteine C205 inside the amino-terminal domain clamshell, unique symmetry, inter-domain interfaces, and ligand specificity distinguish GLR3.4 from representatives of the iGluR family and suggest distinct features of the GLR gating mechanism. Our work elaborates on the principles of GLR architecture and symmetry and provides a molecular template for deciphering GLR-dependent signaling mechanisms in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marriah N Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; Training Program in Nutritional and Metabolic Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Shanti Pal Gangwar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Erwan Michard
- University of Maryland, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, 0118 BioScience Research Building, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA; Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, 2 Norte 685, Universidad de Talca, 3460000 Talca, Chile
| | - Alexander A Simon
- University of Maryland, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, 0118 BioScience Research Building, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA
| | - Maria Teresa Portes
- University of Maryland, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, 0118 BioScience Research Building, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA
| | - Juan Barbosa-Caro
- University of Maryland, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, 0118 BioScience Research Building, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA
| | - Michael M Wudick
- University of Maryland, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, 0118 BioScience Research Building, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA; Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine Universität, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael A Lizzio
- University of Maryland, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, 0118 BioScience Research Building, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA
| | - Oleg Klykov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Maria V Yelshanskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - José A Feijó
- University of Maryland, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, 0118 BioScience Research Building, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA
| | - Alexander I Sobolevsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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36
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Radchenko EV, Tarakanova AS, Karlov DS, Lavrov MI, Palyulin VA. [Ligands of the AMPA-subtype glutamate receptors: mechanisms of action and novel chemotypes]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2021; 67:187-200. [PMID: 34142526 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20216703187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) subtype play a key role in synaptic plasticity representing one of the mechanisms for learning and memory formation. They can also serve as targets for the development of novel classes of pharmaceuticals for the treatment or substantive correction of many serious neurodegenerative and psychoneurological disorders. The search and studies of various types of AMPA receptor ligands attract considerable attention from academic organizations and pharmaceutical companies all over the world. This review mainly focuses on recent advances in this field. The architecture and operational mechanism of the receptor as well as its major binding sites and ligand types are considered. Special attention is paid to the studies of mechanisms of action and novel chemotypes of AMPA receptor agonists and competitive antagonists, positive and negative allosteric modulators, auxiliary protein-dependent allosteric modulators, and ion channel blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D S Karlov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - M I Lavrov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - V A Palyulin
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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37
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McDaniel MJ, Ogden KK, Kell SA, Burger PB, Liotta DC, Traynelis SF. NMDA receptor channel gating control by the pre-M1 helix. J Gen Physiol 2021; 152:151592. [PMID: 32221541 PMCID: PMC7141592 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201912362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The NMDA receptor (NMDAR) is an ionotropic glutamate receptor formed from the tetrameric assembly of GluN1 and GluN2 subunits. Within the flexible linker between the agonist binding domain (ABD) and the M1 helix of the pore-forming transmembrane helical bundle lies a two-turn, extracellular pre-M1 helix positioned parallel to the plasma membrane and in van der Waals contact with the M3 helix thought to constitute the channel gate. The pre-M1 helix is tethered to the bilobed ABD, where agonist-induced conformational changes initiate activation. Additionally, it is a locus for de novo mutations associated with neurological disorders, is near other disease-associated de novo sites within the transmembrane domain, and is a structural determinant of subunit-selective modulators. To investigate the role of the pre-M1 helix in channel gating, we performed scanning mutagenesis across the GluN2A pre-M1 helix and recorded whole-cell macroscopic and single channel currents from HEK293 cell-attached patches. We identified two residues at which mutations perturb channel open probability, the mean open time, and the glutamate deactivation time course. We identified a subunit-specific network of aromatic amino acids located in and around the GluN2A pre-M1 helix to be important for gating. Based on these results, we are able to hypothesize about the role of the pre-M1 helix in other NMDAR subunits based on sequence and structure homology. Our results emphasize the role of the pre-M1 helix in channel gating, implicate the surrounding amino acid environment in this mechanism, and suggest unique subunit-specific contributions of pre-M1 helices to GluN1 and GluN2 gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J McDaniel
- Department of Pharmacology, Rollins Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kevin K Ogden
- Department of Pharmacology, Rollins Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Steven A Kell
- Department of Pharmacology, Rollins Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.,Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | | | | | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology, Rollins Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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38
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Current Pharmacologic Strategies for Treatment of Intractable Epilepsy in Children. Int Neurourol J 2021; 25:S8-18. [PMID: 34053206 PMCID: PMC8171244 DOI: 10.5213/inj.2142166.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epileptic encephalopathy (EE) is a devastating pediatric disease that features medically resistant seizures, which can contribute to global developmental delays. Despite technological advancements in genetics, the neurobiological mechanisms of EEs are not fully understood, leaving few therapeutic options for affected patients. In this review, we introduce the most common EEs in pediatrics (i.e., Ohtahara syndrome, Dravet syndrome, and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome) and their molecular mechanisms that cause excitation/inhibition imbalances. We then discuss some of the essential molecules that are frequently dysregulated in EEs. Specifically, we explore voltage-gated ion channels, synaptic transmission-related proteins, and ligand-gated ion channels in association with the pathophysiology of Ohtahara syndrome, Dravet syndrome, and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Finally, we review currently available antiepileptic drugs used to treat seizures in patients with EEs. Since these patients often fail to achieve seizure relief even with the combination therapy, further extensive research efforts to explore the involved molecular mechanisms will be required to develop new drugs for patients with intractable epilepsy.
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39
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Abulkhair HS, Elmeligie S, Ghiaty A, El-Morsy A, Bayoumi AH, Ahmed HEA, El-Adl K, Zayed MF, Hassan MH, Akl EN, El-Zoghbi MS. In vivo- and in silico-driven identification of novel synthetic quinoxalines as anticonvulsants and AMPA inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2000449. [PMID: 33559320 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The lack of effective therapies for epileptic patients and the potentially harmful consequences of untreated seizure incidents have made epileptic disorders in humans a major health concern. Therefore, new and more potent anticonvulsant drugs are continually sought after, to combat epilepsy. On the basis of the pharmacophoric structural specifications of effective α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) antagonists with an efficient anticonvulsant activity, the present work reports the design and synthesis of two novel sets of quinoxaline derivatives. The anticonvulsant activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated in vivo according to the pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure protocol, and the results were compared with those of perampanel as a reference drug. Among the synthesized compounds, 24, 28, 32, and 33 showed promising activities with ED50 values of 37.50, 23.02, 29.16, and 23.86 mg/kg, respectively. Docking studies of these compounds suggested that AMPA binding could be the mechanism of action of these derivatives. Overall, the pharmacophore-based structural optimization, in vivo and in silico docking, and druglikeness studies indicated that the designed compounds could serve as promising candidates for the development of effective anticonvulsant agents with good pharmacokinetic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamada S Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.,Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University - Egypt, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Salwa Elmeligie
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Adel Ghiaty
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El-Morsy
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.,Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Ashraf H Bayoumi
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hany E A Ahmed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.,Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmacy College, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled El-Adl
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.,Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F Zayed
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Memy H Hassan
- Pharmacy Department, College of Health Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia.,Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman N Akl
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University - Egypt, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Mona S El-Zoghbi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Koum, Egypt
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40
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Adenosine Signaling and Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of Glutamate AMPA Receptors in Delayed Hypoxic Injury in Rat Hippocampus: Role of Casein Kinase 2. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:1932-1951. [PMID: 33415682 PMCID: PMC8018935 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic adenosine A1R stimulation in hypoxia leads to persistent hippocampal synaptic depression, while unopposed adenosine A2AR receptor stimulation during hypoxia/reperfusion triggers adenosine-induced post-hypoxia synaptic potentiation (APSP) and increased neuronal death. Still, the mechanisms responsible for this adenosine-mediated neuronal damage following hypoxia need to be fully elucidated. We tested the hypothesis that A1R and A2AR regulation by protein kinase casein kinase 2 (CK2) and clathrin-dependent endocytosis of AMPARs both contribute to APSPs and neuronal damage. The APSPs following a 20-min hypoxia recorded from CA1 layer of rat hippocampal slices were abolished by A1R and A2AR antagonists and by broad-spectrum AMPAR antagonists. The inhibitor of GluA2 clathrin-mediated endocytosis Tat-GluA2-3Y peptide and the dynamin-dependent endocytosis inhibitor dynasore both significantly inhibited APSPs. The CK2 antagonist DRB also inhibited APSPs and, like hypoxic treatment, caused opposite regulation of A1R and A2AR surface expression. APSPs were abolished when calcium-permeable AMPAR (CP-AMPAR) antagonist (IEM or philanthotoxin) or non-competitive AMPAR antagonist perampanel was applied 5 min after hypoxia. In contrast, perampanel, but not CP-AMPAR antagonists, abolished APSPs when applied during hypoxia/reperfusion. To test for neuronal viability after hypoxia, propidium iodide staining revealed significant neuroprotection of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons when pretreated with Tat-GluA2-3Y peptide, CK2 inhibitors, dynamin inhibitor, CP-AMPAR antagonists (applied 5 min after hypoxia), and perampanel (either at 5 min hypoxia onset or during APSP). These results suggest that the A1R-CK2-A2AR signaling pathway in hypoxia/reperfusion injury model mediates increased hippocampal synaptic transmission and neuronal damage via calcium-permeable AMPARs that can be targeted by perampanel for neuroprotective stroke therapy.
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41
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Strong KL, Epplin MP, Ogden KK, Burger PB, Kaiser TM, Wilding TJ, Kusumoto H, Camp CR, Shaulsky G, Bhattacharya S, Perszyk RE, Menaldino DS, McDaniel MJ, Zhang J, Le P, Banke TG, Hansen KB, Huettner JE, Liotta DC, Traynelis SF. Distinct GluN1 and GluN2 Structural Determinants for Subunit-Selective Positive Allosteric Modulation of N-Methyl-d-aspartate Receptors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:79-98. [PMID: 33326224 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ionotropic ligand-gated glutamate receptors that mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS). Several neurological disorders may involve NMDAR hypofunction, which has driven therapeutic interest in positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of NMDAR function. Here we describe modest changes to the tetrahydroisoquinoline scaffold of GluN2C/GluN2D-selective PAMs that expands activity to include GluN2A- and GluN2B-containing recombinant and synaptic NMDARs. These new analogues are distinct from GluN2C/GluN2D-selective compounds like (+)-(3-chlorophenyl)(6,7-dimethoxy-1-((4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)methanone (CIQ) by virtue of their subunit selectivity, molecular determinants of action, and allosteric regulation of agonist potency. The (S)-enantiomers of two analogues (EU1180-55, EU1180-154) showed activity at NMDARs containing all subunits (GluN2A, GluN2B, GluN2C, GluN2D), whereas the (R)-enantiomers were primarily active at GluN2C- and GluN2D-containing NMDARs. Determination of the actions of enantiomers on triheteromeric receptors confirms their unique pharmacology, with greater activity of (S) enantiomers at GluN2A/GluN2D and GluN2B/GluN2D subunit combinations than (R) enantiomers. Evaluation of the (S)-EU1180-55 and EU1180-154 response of chimeric kainate/NMDA receptors revealed structural determinants of action within the pore-forming region and associated linkers. Scanning mutagenesis identified structural determinants within the GluN1 pre-M1 and M1 regions that alter the activity of (S)-EU1180-55 but not (R)-EU1180-55. By contrast, mutations in pre-M1 and M1 regions of GluN2D perturb the actions of only the (R)-EU1180-55 but not the (S) enantiomer. Molecular modeling supports the idea that the (S) and (R) enantiomers interact distinctly with GluN1 and GluN2 pre-M1 regions, suggesting that two distinct sites exist for these NMDAR PAMs, each of which has different functional effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L. Strong
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Matthew P. Epplin
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Kevin K. Ogden
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Pieter B. Burger
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Thomas M. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Timothy J. Wilding
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Hiro Kusumoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Chad R. Camp
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Gil Shaulsky
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Subhrajit Bhattacharya
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Riley E. Perszyk
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - David S. Menaldino
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Miranda J. McDaniel
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Phuong Le
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Tue G. Banke
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Kasper B. Hansen
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Division for Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - James E. Huettner
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Dennis C. Liotta
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Stephen F. Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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42
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Zhang Y, Wang K, Yu Z. Drug Development in Channelopathies: Allosteric Modulation of Ligand-Gated and Voltage-Gated Ion Channels. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15258-15278. [PMID: 33253554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels have been characterized as promising drug targets for treatment of numerous human diseases. Functions of ion channels can be fine-tuned by allosteric modulators, which interact with channels and modulate their activities by binding to sites spatially discrete from those of orthosteric ligands. Positive and negative allosteric modulators have presented a plethora of potential therapeutic advantages over traditionally orthosteric agonists and antagonists in terms of selectivity and safety. This thematic review highlights the discovery of representative allosteric modulators for ligand-gated and voltage-gated ion channels, discussing in particular their identifications, locations, and therapeutic uses in the treatment of a range of channelopathies. Additionally, structures and functions of selected ion channels are briefly described to aid in the rational design of channel modulators. Overall, allosteric modulation represents an innovative targeting approach, and the corresponding modulators provide an abundant but challenging landscape for novel therapeutics targeting ligand-gated and voltage-gated ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zhiyi Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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43
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Tikhonov DB, Zhorov BS. The pore domain in glutamate-gated ion channels: Structure, drug binding and similarity with potassium channels. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183401. [PMID: 32562696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors in the CNS excitatory synapses of vertebrates are involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Decades of intensive studies greatly advanced our understanding of molecular organization of these transmembrane proteins. Here we focus on the channel pore domain, its selectivity filter and the activation gate, and the pore block by organic ligands. We compare findings from indirect experimental approaches, including site-directed mutagenesis, with recent crystal and cryo-EM structures of different channels in different functional states and complexed with different ligands. We summarize remaining uncertainties and unresolved problems related to the channel structure, function and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis B Tikhonov
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez Prospect, St. Petersburg 194223, Russia.
| | - Boris S Zhorov
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez Prospect, St. Petersburg 194223, Russia; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4K1, Canada
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44
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Dohrke JN, Watson JF, Birchall K, Greger IH. Characterizing the binding and function of TARP γ8-selective AMPA receptor modulators. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14565-14577. [PMID: 32747446 PMCID: PMC7586208 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid(AMPA)-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) are the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the brain, where they mediate synaptic transmission and plasticity. Excessive AMPAR activation leads to diseases such as epilepsy. AMPAR properties are modulated by auxiliary proteins and foremost by the transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs). These distribute in unique expression patterns across the brain, rendering AMPAR/TARP complexes promising targets for region-specific therapeutic intervention. TARP γ8 is predominantly expressed in the forebrain and is enriched in the hippocampus, a region associated with temporal lobe epilepsy. Recent high-throughput medicinal chemistry screens have identified multiple promising compounds that selectively target AMPARs associated with γ8 and hold promise for epilepsy treatment. However, how these modulators target the receptor complex is currently unknown. Here, we use a combination of ligand docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and electrophysiology to address this question. We identify a conserved oxindole isostere, shared between three structurally diverse modulators (LY-3130481, JNJ-55511118, and JNJ-61432059) as the major module engaging γ8 by an H-bond to Asn-172 (γ8). The remaining variable region of each molecule likely targets the receptor complex in ligand-selective modes. Functional data reveal parallels in the underlying modulatory action of two prominent compounds. This work will aid development of refined AMPAR epilepsy therapeutics and facilitate to uncover the mechanisms by which TARPs modulate the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Niklas Dohrke
- Neurobiology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jake F Watson
- Neurobiology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ingo H Greger
- Neurobiology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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45
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Fu Y, Liu D, Guo J, Long H, Xiao W, Xiao W, Feng L, Luo Z, Xiao B. Dynamic Change of Shanks Gene mRNA Expression and DNA Methylation in Epileptic Rat Model and Human Patients. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3712-3726. [PMID: 32564287 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01968-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic protein shanks (SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein, Shank) have emerged as an important mediator of synaptic remodeling. Synaptic remodeling is a common pathogenic process in various neurological disorders including epilepsy. However, the expression and function of shanks gene in epileptogenesis has not been investigated to date. Herein, we investigated the expression of shanks (shank1/2/3) mRNA expression in both epileptic rats and epilepsy patients. Furthermore, methyl target sequencing was applied to explore the relationship between shank mRNA expression and DNA methylation in both rats and human patients. In general rat model, shank1/2/3 mRNA was downregulated at acute stage, upregulated at latent stage, and returned to the basal level at chronic stage. Ten CpG sites of shank1 was found differentially methylated, out of which 6 were hypermethylated. Seventeen CpG sites of shank3 were differentially methylated, out of which 8 were hypermethylated. In human epilepsy patients, decreased shank2 mRNA was detected from the brain tissue, with DNA hypermethylation dominant from both brain (18 out of 30) and blood tissue (58 out of 80), indicating the regulation role of DNA methylation on shank2 expression. In conclusion, our finding suggests the participation of the shanks gene in the pathophysiology of seizure, out of which 2 shank3 CpG sites (Chr7: 130473419, and Chr7: 130473405) may play an important role in shank3 expression at both the acute and latent stages in the SE rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Fu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Neurology Institute of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Du Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Neurology Institute of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Taikang Tongji (Wuhan) Hospital, Wuhan, 430050, Hubei, China
| | - Jialing Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Neurology Institute of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Long
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Neurology Institute of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbiao Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Neurology Institute of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Neurology Institute of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Feng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Neurology Institute of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Luo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China. .,Neurology Institute of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China. .,Neurology Institute of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.
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46
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Severina HI, Skupa OO, Voloshchuk NI, Saidov N, Bunyatyan VA, Kovalenko SM, Georgiyants VA. Molecular docking, ADMET study and in vivo pharmacological research of N-(3,4-dimetoxyphenyl)-2-{[2-methyl-6-(pyridine-2-yl)-pyrimidin-4-yl]thio}acetamide as a promising anticonvulsant. RESEARCH RESULTS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/rrpharmacology.6.53332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The search for new anticonvulsants for epilepsy treatment with higher efficacy and better tolerability remains important. The aim of the present research was an in silico and in vivo pharmacological study of N-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-((2-methyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)thio)acetamide (Epirimil) as a promising anticonvulsant.
Materials and methods: A 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, LS/MS, and an elemental analysis were used to determine Epirimil structure. An ADMET analysis, as well as a docking study using anticonvulsant biotargets, e.g.: GABAAR, GABAAT, CA II, NMDAR, and AMPAR, was carried out. Anticonvulsant activity was proved, using PTZ- and MES-induced seizures in rats and mice, and neurotoxicity was determined using a rotarod test. Influence of Epirimil on the psycho-emotional state of the laboratory animals was determined by an open field test.
Results and discussion: A synthesis method of a promising anticonvulsant Epirimil was modified. The calculated ADMET parameters and a molecular docking into the active sites of anticonvulsant biotargets allowed evaluating the research prospects and predicting possible mechanisms for implementing anticonvulsant activity. A prominent anticonvulsant activity of Epirimil was established using in vivo studies on the model of PTZ-induced seizures in rats and MES-induced seizures in mice. In terms of toxicity, Epirimil belongs to class IV – low toxic substances. The open field test showed that Epirimil had almost no effect on the animals’ behavioral responses: it neither changed their psycho-emotional activity, nor increased their anxiety level. ED50, TD50 and protective index of Epirimil according to its anticonvulsant activity were calculated.
Conclusion: The obtained experimental results substantiate the prospects of N-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-2-((2-methyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)thio)acetamide as a promising active pharmaceutical ingredient having a multifactor mechanism of anticonvulsant activity.
Graphical abstract
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47
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Krintel C, Dorosz J, Larsen AH, Thorsen TS, Venskutonytė R, Mirza O, Gajhede M, Boesen T, Kastrup JS. Binding of a negative allosteric modulator and competitive antagonist can occur simultaneously at the ionotropic glutamate receptor GluA2. FEBS J 2020; 288:995-1007. [PMID: 32543078 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors are ligand-gated ion channels governing neurotransmission in the central nervous system. Three major types of antagonists are known for the AMPA-type receptor GluA2: competitive, noncompetitive (i.e., negative allosteric modulators; NAMs) used for treatment of epilepsy, and uncompetitive antagonists. We here report a 4.65 Å resolution X-ray structure of GluA2, revealing that four molecules of the competitive antagonist ZK200775 and four molecules of the NAM GYKI53655 are capable of binding at the same time. Using negative stain electron microscopy, we show that GYKI53655 alone or ZK200775/GYKI53655 in combination predominantly results in compact receptor forms. The agonist AMPA provides a mixed population of compact and bulgy shapes of GluA2 not impacted by addition of GYKI53655. Taken together, this suggests that the two different mechanisms of antagonism that lead to channel closure are independent and that the distribution between bulgy and compact receptors primarily depends on the ligand bound in the glutamate binding site. DATABASE: The atomic coordinates and structure factors from the crystal structure determination have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank under accession code https://doi.org/10.2210/pdb6RUQ/pdb. The electron microscopy 3D reconstruction volumes have been deposited in EMDB (EMD-4875: Apo; EMD-4920: ZK200775/GYKI53655; EMD-4921: AMPA compact; EMD-4922: AMPA/GYKI53655 bulgy; EMD-4923: GYKI53655; EMD-4924: AMPA bulgy; EMD-4925: AMPA/GYKI53655 compact).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Krintel
- Research Cluster on Molecular Neuroprotection, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jerzy Dorosz
- Research Cluster on Molecular Neuroprotection, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Haahr Larsen
- Structural Biophysics, X-ray and Neutron Science, The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thor Seneca Thorsen
- Research Cluster on Molecular Neuroprotection, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raminta Venskutonytė
- Research Cluster on Molecular Neuroprotection, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, 221 00, Sweden
| | - Osman Mirza
- Research Cluster on Molecular Neuroprotection, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Gajhede
- Research Cluster on Molecular Neuroprotection, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Boesen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Jette Sandholm Kastrup
- Research Cluster on Molecular Neuroprotection, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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48
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Frydenvang K, Pickering DS, Kshirsagar GU, Chemi G, Gemma S, Sprogøe D, Kærn AM, Brogi S, Campiani G, Butini S, Kastrup JS. Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor GluA2 in Complex with Bicyclic Pyrimidinedione-Based Compounds: When Small Compound Modifications Have Distinct Effects on Binding Interactions. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1791-1800. [PMID: 32437601 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
(S)-2-Amino-3-(5-methyl-3-hydroxyisoxazol-4-yl)propanoic acid (AMPA) receptors comprise an important class of ionotropic glutamate receptors activated by glutamate in the central nervous system. These receptors have been shown to be involved in brain diseases, for example, Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy. To understand the functional role of AMPA receptors at the molecular level and their potential as targets for drugs, development of tool compounds is essential. We have previously reported the synthesis of six bicyclic pyrimidinedione-based analogues of willardiine with differences limited to the pyrimidinedione-fused five-membered rings. Despite minor molecular differences, we observed >500-fold difference in binding affinity of the compounds at full-length GluA2. Here, we report binding affinities and the binding mode of these compounds at the ligand-binding domain of GluA2 using X-ray crystallography. The structures revealed similar binding modes, with distinct differences in the interaction between GluA2 and the compounds. The methylene (2) and sulfur (3) containing compounds showed the greatest binding affinities. Changing the dihydrothiophene (3) into pyrrolidine (4), N-methyl pyrrolidine (5), or dihydrofuran (6) induced flexibility in the position of a binding-site water molecule and changes in the hydrogen-bonding network between compound, water, and GluA2. This might be essential for explaining the reduced binding affinity of these compounds. The weakest binding affinity was observed when the aliphatic oxygen containing dihydrofuran (6) was changed into an aromatic furan system (7). Molecular docking studies revealed two possible orientations of 7, whereas only one binding mode was observed for the other analogues. This could likely contribute to the weakest binding affinity of 7 at GluA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Frydenvang
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Darryl S. Pickering
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giridhar U. Kshirsagar
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (DoE 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Chemi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (DoE 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (DoE 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Desiree Sprogøe
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Mette Kærn
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simone Brogi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (DoE 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (DoE 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Jette Sandholm Kastrup
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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49
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Perszyk RE, Myers SJ, Yuan H, Gibb AJ, Furukawa H, Sobolevsky AI, Traynelis SF. Hodgkin-Huxley-Katz Prize Lecture: Genetic and pharmacological control of glutamate receptor channel through a highly conserved gating motif. J Physiol 2020; 598:3071-3083. [PMID: 32468591 DOI: 10.1113/jp278086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate receptors are essential ligand-gated ion channels in the central nervous system that mediate excitatory synaptic transmission in response to the release of glutamate from presynaptic terminals. The structural and biophysical basis underlying the function of these receptors has been studied for decades by a wide range of approaches. However recent structural, pharmacological and genetic studies have provided new insight into the regions of this protein that are critical determinants of receptor function. Lack of variation in specific areas of the protein amino acid sequences in the human population has defined three regions in each receptor subunit that are under selective pressure, which has focused research efforts and driven new hypotheses. In addition, these three closely positioned elements reside near a cavity that is shown by multiple studies to be a likely site of action for allosteric modulators, one of which is currently in use as an FDA-approved anticonvulsant. These structural elements are capable of controlling gating of the pore, and appear to permit some modulators bound within the cavity to also alter permeation properties. This creates a new precedent whereby features of the channel pore can be modulated by exogenous drugs that bind outside the pore. The convergence of structural, genetic, biophysical and pharmacological approaches is a powerful means to gain insight into the complex biological processes defined by neurotransmitter receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley E Perszyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Scott J Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Alasdair J Gibb
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hiro Furukawa
- WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Alexander I Sobolevsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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Zhu Z, Yi F, Epplin MP, Liu D, Summer SL, Mizu R, Shaulsky G, XiangWei W, Tang W, Burger PB, Menaldino DS, Myers SJ, Liotta DC, Hansen KB, Yuan H, Traynelis SF. Negative allosteric modulation of GluN1/GluN3 NMDA receptors. Neuropharmacology 2020; 176:108117. [PMID: 32389749 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
NMDA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate excitatory neurotransmission. Most native NMDA receptors are tetrameric assemblies of two glycine-binding GluN1 and two glutamate-binding GluN2 subunits. Co-assembly of the glycine-binding GluN1 with glycine-binding GluN3 subunits (GluN3A-B) creates glycine activated receptors that possess strikingly different functional and pharmacological properties compared to GluN1/GluN2 NMDA receptors. The role of GluN1/GluN3 receptors in neuronal function remains unknown, in part due to lack of pharmacological tools with which to explore their physiological roles. We have identified the negative allosteric modulator EU1180-438, which is selective for GluN1/GluN3 receptors over GluN1/GluN2 NMDA receptors, AMPA, and kainate receptors. EU1180-438 is also inactive at GABA, glycine, and P2X receptors, but displays inhibition of some nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Furthermore, we demonstrate that EU1180-438 produces robust inhibition of glycine-activated current responses mediated by native GluN1/GluN3A receptors in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. EU1180-438 is a non-competitive antagonist with activity that is independent of membrane potential (i.e. voltage-independent), glycine concentration, and extracellular pH. Non-stationary fluctuation analysis of neuronal current responses provided an estimated weighted mean unitary conductance of 6.1 pS for GluN1/GluN3A channels, and showed that EU1180-438 has no effect on conductance. Site-directed mutagenesis suggests that structural determinants of EU1180-438 activity reside near a short pre-M1 helix that lies parallel to the plane of the membrane below the agonist binding domain. These findings demonstrate that structural differences between GluN3 and other glutamate receptor subunits can be exploited to generate subunit-selective ligands with utility in exploring the roles GluN3 in neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongjian Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Department of Neonatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feng Yi
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Matthew P Epplin
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ding Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Ruth Mizu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Gil Shaulsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Wenshu XiangWei
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Weiting Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Pieter B Burger
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Scott J Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Dennis C Liotta
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kasper B Hansen
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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