1
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Bhasin BJ, Raymond JL, Goldman MS. Synaptic weight dynamics underlying memory consolidation: Implications for learning rules, circuit organization, and circuit function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2406010121. [PMID: 39365821 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2406010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Systems consolidation is a common feature of learning and memory systems, in which a long-term memory initially stored in one brain region becomes persistently stored in another region. We studied the dynamics of systems consolidation in simple circuit architectures with two sites of plasticity, one in an early-learning and one in a late-learning brain area. We show that the synaptic dynamics of the circuit during consolidation of an analog memory can be understood as a temporal integration process, by which transient changes in activity driven by plasticity in the early-learning area are accumulated into persistent synaptic changes at the late-learning site. This simple principle naturally leads to a speed-accuracy tradeoff in systems consolidation and provides insight into how the circuit mitigates the stability-plasticity dilemma of storing new memories while preserving core features of older ones. Furthermore, it imposes two constraints on the circuit. First, the plasticity rule at the late-learning site must stably support a continuum of possible outputs for a given input. We show that this is readily achieved by heterosynaptic but not standard Hebbian rules. Second, to turn off the consolidation process and prevent erroneous changes at the late-learning site, neural activity in the early-learning area must be reset to its baseline activity. We provide two biologically plausible implementations for this reset that propose functional roles in stabilizing consolidation for core elements of the cerebellar circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Bhasin
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Jennifer L Raymond
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Mark S Goldman
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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2
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Economo MN, Komiyama T, Kubota Y, Schiller J. Learning and Control in Motor Cortex across Cell Types and Scales. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1233242024. [PMID: 39358022 PMCID: PMC11459264 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1233-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The motor cortex is essential for controlling the flexible movements underlying complex behaviors. Behavioral flexibility involves the ability to integrate and refine new movements, thereby expanding an animal's repertoire. This review discusses recent strides in motor learning mechanisms across spatial and temporal scales, describing how neural networks are remodeled at the level of synapses, cell types, and circuits and across time as animals' learn new skills. It highlights how changes at each scale contribute to the evolving structure and function of neural circuits that accompanies the expansion and refinement of motor skills. We review new findings highlighted by advanced imaging techniques that have opened new vistas in optical physiology and neuroanatomy, revealing the complexity and adaptability of motor cortical circuits, crucial for learning and control. At the structural level, we explore the dynamic regulation of dendritic spines mediating corticocortical and thalamocortical inputs to the motor cortex. We delve into the role of perisynaptic astrocyte processes in maintaining synaptic stability during learning. We also examine the functional diversity among pyramidal neuron subtypes, their dendritic computations and unique contributions to single cell and network function. Further, we highlight how cortical activation is characterized by increased consistency and reduced strength as new movements are learned and how external inputs contribute to these changes. Finally, we consider the motor cortex's necessity as movements unfold over long time scales. These insights will continue to drive new research directions, enhancing our understanding of motor cortical circuit transformations that underpin behavioral changes expressed throughout an animal's life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Economo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Takaki Komiyama
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
- Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 920937
| | - Yoshiyuki Kubota
- Section of Electron Microscopy, Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Support Unit for Electron Microscopy Techniques, Research Resources Division, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan
| | - Jackie Schiller
- Department of Physiology, Technion Medical School, Haifa 31096, Israel
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3
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Dai J, Sun QQ. Modulation of cortical representations of sensory and contextual information underlies aversive associative learning. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114672. [PMID: 39196779 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Cortical neurons encode both sensory and contextual information, yet it remains unclear how experiences modulate these cortical representations. Here, we demonstrate that trace eyeblink conditioning (TEC), an aversive associative-learning paradigm linking conditioned (CS) with unconditioned stimuli (US), finely tunes cortical coding at both population and single-neuron levels. Initially, we show that the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is necessary for TEC acquisition, as evidenced by local muscimol administration. At the population level, TEC enhances activity in a small subset (∼20%) of CS- or US-responsive primary neurons (rPNs) while diminishing activity in non-rPNs, including locomotion-tuned or unresponsive PNs. Crucially, TEC learning modulates the encoding of sensory versus contextual information in single rPNs: CS-responsive neurons become less responsive, while US-responsive neurons gain responses to CS. Moreover, we find that the cholinergic pathway, via nicotinic receptors, underlies TEC-induced modulations. These findings suggest that experiences dynamically tune cortical representations through cholinergic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaman Dai
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; Wyoming Sensory Biology Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Qian-Quan Sun
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; Wyoming Sensory Biology Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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4
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Ramamurthy DL, Rodriguez L, Cen C, Li S, Chen A, Feldman DE. Reward history guides focal attention in whisker somatosensory cortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.17.603927. [PMID: 39131281 PMCID: PMC11312476 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.17.603927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Prior reward is a potent cue for attentional capture, but the underlying neurobiology is largely unknown. In a novel whisker touch detection task, we show that mice flexibly shift attention between specific whiskers on a trial-by-trial timescale, guided by the recent history of stimulus-reward association. Two-photon calcium imaging and spike recordings revealed a robust neurobiological correlate of attention in the somatosensory cortex (S1), boosting sensory responses to the attended whisker in L2/3 and L5, but not L4. Attentional boosting in L2/3 pyramidal cells was topographically precise and whisker-specific, and shifted receptive fields toward the attended whisker. L2/3 VIP interneurons were broadly activated by whisker stimuli, motion, and arousal but did not carry a whisker-specific attentional signal, and thus did not mediate spatially focused tactile attention. Together, these findings establish a new model of focal attention in the mouse whisker tactile system, showing that the history of stimuli and rewards in the recent past can dynamically engage local modulation in cortical sensory maps to guide flexible shifts in ongoing behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa L Ramamurthy
- Department of Neuroscience and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, UC Berkeley
| | - Lucia Rodriguez
- Department of Neuroscience and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, UC Berkeley
- Neuroscience PhD Program, UC Berkeley
| | - Celine Cen
- Department of Neuroscience and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, UC Berkeley
| | - Siqian Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, UC Berkeley
| | - Andrew Chen
- Department of Neuroscience and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, UC Berkeley
| | - Daniel E Feldman
- Department of Neuroscience and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, UC Berkeley
- Lead Contact
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5
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Hu J, Cherkkil A, Surinach DA, Oladepo I, Hossain RF, Fausner S, Saxena K, Ko E, Peters R, Feldkamp M, Konda PC, Pathak V, Horstmeyer R, Kodandaramaiah SB. Pan-cortical cellular imaging in freely behaving mice using a miniaturized micro-camera array microscope (mini-MCAM). BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.04.601964. [PMID: 39005454 PMCID: PMC11245122 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.04.601964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how circuits in the brain simultaneously coordinate their activity to mediate complex ethnologically relevant behaviors requires recording neural activities from distributed populations of neurons in freely behaving animals. Current miniaturized imaging microscopes are typically limited to imaging a relatively small field of view, precluding the measurement of neural activities across multiple brain regions. Here we present a miniaturized micro-camera array microscope (mini-MCAM) that consists of four fluorescence imaging micro-cameras, each capable of capturing neural activity across a 4.5 mm x 2.55 mm field of view (FOV). Cumulatively, the mini-MCAM images over 30 mm 2 area of sparsely expressed GCaMP6s neurons distributed throughout the dorsal cortex, in regions including the primary and secondary motor, somatosensory, visual, retrosplenial, and association cortices across both hemispheres. We demonstrate cortex-wide cellular resolution in vivo Calcium (Ca 2+ ) imaging using the mini-MCAM in both head-fixed and freely behaving mice.
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Bhasin BJ, Raymond JL, Goldman MS. Synaptic weight dynamics underlying memory consolidation: implications for learning rules, circuit organization, and circuit function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.20.586036. [PMID: 38585936 PMCID: PMC10996481 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.20.586036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Systems consolidation is a common feature of learning and memory systems, in which a long-term memory initially stored in one brain region becomes persistently stored in another region. We studied the dynamics of systems consolidation in simple circuit architectures with two sites of plasticity, one in an early-learning and one in a late-learning brain area. We show that the synaptic dynamics of the circuit during consolidation of an analog memory can be understood as a temporal integration process, by which transient changes in activity driven by plasticity in the early-learning area are accumulated into persistent synaptic changes at the late-learning site. This simple principle naturally leads to a speed-accuracy tradeoff in systems consolidation and provides insight into how the circuit mitigates the stability-plasticity dilemma of storing new memories while preserving core features of older ones. Furthermore, it imposes two constraints on the circuit. First, the plasticity rule at the late-learning site must stably support a continuum of possible outputs for a given input. We show that this is readily achieved by heterosynaptic but not standard Hebbian rules. Second, to turn off the consolidation process and prevent erroneous changes at the late-learning site, neural activity in the early-learning area must be reset to its baseline activity. We propose two biologically plausible implementations for this reset that suggest novel roles for core elements of the cerebellar circuit. Significance Statement How are memories transformed over time? We propose a simple organizing principle for how long term memories are moved from an initial to a final site of storage. We show that successful transfer occurs when the late site of memory storage is endowed with synaptic plasticity rules that stably accumulate changes in activity occurring at the early site of memory storage. We instantiate this principle in a simple computational model that is representative of brain circuits underlying a variety of behaviors. The model suggests how a neural circuit can store new memories while preserving core features of older ones, and suggests novel roles for core elements of the cerebellar circuit.
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7
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Sheng M, Lu D, Sheng K, Ding JB. Activity-Dependent Remodeling of Corticostriatal Axonal Boutons During Motor Learning. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.10.598366. [PMID: 38915677 PMCID: PMC11195117 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.10.598366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Motor skill learning induces long-lasting synaptic plasticity at not only the inputs, such as dendritic spines1-4, but also at the outputs to the striatum of motor cortical neurons5,6. However, very little is known about the activity and structural plasticity of corticostriatal axons during learning in the adult brain. Here, we used longitudinal in vivo two-photon imaging to monitor the activity and structure of thousands of corticostriatal axonal boutons in the dorsolateral striatum in awake mice. We found that learning a new motor skill induces dynamic regulation of axonal boutons. The activities of motor corticostriatal axonal boutons exhibited selectivity for rewarded movements (RM) and un-rewarded movements (UM). Strikingly, boutons on the same axonal branches showed diverse responses during behavior. Motor learning significantly increased the fraction of RM boutons and reduced the heterogeneity of bouton activities. Moreover, motor learning-induced profound structural dynamism in boutons. By combining structural and functional imaging, we identified that newly formed axonal boutons are more likely to exhibit selectivity for RM and are stabilized during motor learning, while UM boutons are selectively eliminated. Our results highlight a novel form of plasticity at corticostriatal axons induced by motor learning, indicating that motor corticostriatal axonal boutons undergo dynamic reorganization that facilitates the acquisition and execution of motor skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Sheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Di Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Kaiwen Sheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine
- Stanford Bioengineering PhD program, Stanford University
| | - Jun B Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- The Phil & Penny Knight Initiative for Brain Resilience at the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University
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8
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Urbin MA. Adaptation in the spinal cord after stroke: Implications for restoring cortical control over the final common pathway. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38787922 DOI: 10.1113/jp285563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Control of voluntary movement is predicated on integration between circuits in the brain and spinal cord. Although damage is often restricted to supraspinal or spinal circuits in cases of neurological injury, both spinal motor neurons and axons linking these cells to the cortical origins of descending motor commands begin showing changes soon after the brain is injured by stroke. The concept of 'transneuronal degeneration' is not new and has been documented in histological, imaging and electrophysiological studies dating back over a century. Taken together, evidence from these studies agrees more with a system attempting to survive rather than one passively surrendering to degeneration. There tends to be at least some preservation of fibres at the brainstem origin and along the spinal course of the descending white matter tracts, even in severe cases. Myelin-associated proteins are observed in the spinal cord years after stroke onset. Spinal motor neurons remain morphometrically unaltered. Skeletal muscle fibres once innervated by neurons that lose their source of trophic input receive collaterals from adjacent neurons, causing spinal motor units to consolidate and increase in size. Although some level of excitability within the distributed brain network mediating voluntary movement is needed to facilitate recovery, minimal structural connectivity between cortical and spinal motor neurons can support meaningful distal limb function. Restoring access to the final common pathway via the descending input that remains in the spinal cord therefore represents a viable target for directed plasticity, particularly in light of recent advances in rehabilitation medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Urbin
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, VA RR&D Center of Excellence, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Yang Y, Zhu F, Zhang X, Chen P, Wang Y, Zhu J, Ding Y, Cheng L, Li C, Jiang H, Wang Z, Lin P, Shi T, Wang M, Liu Q, Xu N, Liu M. Firing feature-driven neural circuits with scalable memristive neurons for robotic obstacle avoidance. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4318. [PMID: 38773067 PMCID: PMC11109161 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48399-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Neural circuits with specific structures and diverse neuronal firing features are the foundation for supporting intelligent tasks in biology and are regarded as the driver for catalyzing next-generation artificial intelligence. Emulating neural circuits in hardware underpins engineering highly efficient neuromorphic chips, however, implementing a firing features-driven functional neural circuit is still an open question. In this work, inspired by avoidance neural circuits of crickets, we construct a spiking feature-driven sensorimotor control neural circuit consisting of three memristive Hodgkin-Huxley neurons. The ascending neurons exhibit mixed tonic spiking and bursting features, which are used for encoding sensing input. Additionally, we innovatively introduce a selective communication scheme in biology to decode mixed firing features using two descending neurons. We proceed to integrate such a neural circuit with a robot for avoidance control and achieve lower latency than conventional platforms. These results provide a foundation for implementing real brain-like systems driven by firing features with memristive neurons and put constructing high-order intelligent machines on the agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Device & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fangduo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xumeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Pei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yongzhou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Device & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jiaxue Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Device & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yanting Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lingli Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Device & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Device & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhongrui Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Peng Lin
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Tuo Shi
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Device & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Device & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Ningsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Device & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
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10
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Raghavan P. Top-Down and Bottom-Up Mechanisms of Motor Recovery Poststroke. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2024; 35:235-257. [PMID: 38514216 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Stroke remains a leading cause of disability. Motor recovery requires the interaction of top-down and bottom-up mechanisms, which reinforce each other. Injury to the brain initiates a biphasic neuroimmune process, which opens a window for spontaneous recovery during which the brain is particularly sensitive to activity. Physical activity during this sensitive period can lead to rapid recovery by potentiating anti-inflammatory and neuroplastic processes. On the other hand, lack of physical activity can lead to early closure of the sensitive period and downstream changes in muscles, such as sarcopenia, muscle stiffness, and reduced cardiovascular capacity, and blood flow that impede recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Raghavan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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11
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Ocklenburg S, Guo ZV. Cross-hemispheric communication: Insights on lateralized brain functions. Neuron 2024; 112:1222-1234. [PMID: 38458199 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
On the surface, the two hemispheres of vertebrate brains look almost perfectly symmetrical, but several motor, sensory, and cognitive systems show a deeply lateralized organization. Importantly, the two hemispheres are connected by various commissures, white matter tracts that cross the brain's midline and enable cross-hemispheric communication. Cross-hemispheric communication has been suggested to play an important role in the emergence of lateralized brain functions. Here, we review current advances in understanding cross-hemispheric communication that have been made using modern neuroscientific tools in rodents and other model species, such as genetic labeling, large-scale recordings of neuronal activity, spatiotemporally precise perturbation, and quantitative behavior analyses. These findings suggest that the emergence of lateralized brain functions cannot be fully explained by largely static factors such as genetic variation and differences in structural brain asymmetries. In addition, learning-dependent asymmetric interactions between the left and right hemispheres shape lateralized brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ocklenburg
- Department of Psychology, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; ICAN Institute for Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Zengcai V Guo
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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12
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Franch M, Yellapantula S, Parajuli A, Kharas N, Wright A, Aazhang B, Dragoi V. Visuo-frontal interactions during social learning in freely moving macaques. Nature 2024; 627:174-181. [PMID: 38355804 PMCID: PMC10959748 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Social interactions represent a ubiquitous aspect of our everyday life that we acquire by interpreting and responding to visual cues from conspecifics1. However, despite the general acceptance of this view, how visual information is used to guide the decision to cooperate is unknown. Here, we wirelessly recorded the spiking activity of populations of neurons in the visual and prefrontal cortex in conjunction with wireless recordings of oculomotor events while freely moving macaques engaged in social cooperation. As animals learned to cooperate, visual and executive areas refined the representation of social variables, such as the conspecific or reward, by distributing socially relevant information among neurons in each area. Decoding population activity showed that viewing social cues influences the decision to cooperate. Learning social events increased coordinated spiking between visual and prefrontal cortical neurons, which was associated with improved accuracy of neural populations to encode social cues and the decision to cooperate. These results indicate that the visual-frontal cortical network prioritizes relevant sensory information to facilitate learning social interactions while freely moving macaques interact in a naturalistic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Franch
- Deparment of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sudha Yellapantula
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arun Parajuli
- Deparment of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Natasha Kharas
- Deparment of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anthony Wright
- Deparment of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Behnaam Aazhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Valentin Dragoi
- Deparment of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Neuroengineering Initiative, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
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13
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Hirano M, Furuya S. Active perceptual learning involves motor exploration and adaptation of predictive sensory integration. iScience 2024; 27:108604. [PMID: 38155781 PMCID: PMC10753069 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Our ability to perceive both externally generated and self-generated sensory stimuli can be enhanced through training, known as passive and active perceptual learning (APL). Here, we sought to explore the mechanisms underlying APL by using active haptic training (AHT), which has been demonstrated to enhance the somatosensory perception of a finger in a trained motor skill. In total 120 pianists participated in this study. First, AHT reorganized the muscular coordination during the piano keystroke. Second, AHT increased the relative reliance on afferent sensory information relative to predicted one, in contrast to no increment of overall perceptual sensitivity. Finally, AHT improved feedback movement control of keystrokes. These results suggest that APL involves active exploration and adaptation of predictive sensory integration, which underlies the co-enhancement of active perception and feedback control of movements of well-trained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Hirano
- Sony Computer Science Laboratories, Inc Tokyo, Japan
- NeuroPiano Institute, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinichi Furuya
- Sony Computer Science Laboratories, Inc Tokyo, Japan
- NeuroPiano Institute, Kyoto, Japan
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14
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Sanabria BD, Baskar SS, Yonk AJ, Linares-Garcia I, Abraira VE, Lee CR, Margolis DJ. Cell-Type Specific Connectivity of Whisker-Related Sensory and Motor Cortical Input to Dorsal Striatum. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0503-23.2023. [PMID: 38164611 PMCID: PMC10849041 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0503-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The anterior dorsolateral striatum (DLS) is heavily innervated by convergent excitatory projections from the primary motor (M1) and sensory cortex (S1) and considered an important site of sensorimotor integration. M1 and S1 corticostriatal synapses have functional differences in their connection strength with striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs) and fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) in the DLS and, as a result, exert distinct influences on sensory-guided behaviors. In the present study, we tested whether M1 and S1 inputs exhibit differences in the subcellular anatomical distribution of striatal neurons. We injected adeno-associated viral vectors encoding spaghetti monster fluorescent proteins (sm.FPs) into M1 and S1 in male and female mice and used confocal microscopy to generate 3D reconstructions of corticostriatal inputs to single identified SPNs and FSIs obtained through ex vivo patch clamp electrophysiology. We found that M1 and S1 dually innervate SPNs and FSIs; however, there is a consistent bias towards the M1 input in SPNs that is not found in FSIs. In addition, M1 and S1 inputs were distributed similarly across the proximal, medial, and distal regions of SPN and FSI dendrites. Notably, closely localized M1 and S1 clusters of inputs were more prevalent in SPNs than FSIs, suggesting that cortical inputs are integrated through cell-type specific mechanisms. Our results suggest that the stronger functional connectivity from M1 to SPNs compared to S1, as previously observed, is due to a higher quantity of synaptic inputs. Our results have implications for how sensorimotor integration is performed in the striatum through cell-specific differences in corticostriatal connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branden D Sanabria
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08854, New Jersey
| | - Sindhuja S Baskar
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08854, New Jersey
| | - Alex J Yonk
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08854, New Jersey
| | - Iván Linares-Garcia
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08854, New Jersey
| | - Victoria E Abraira
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08854, New Jersey
| | - Christian R Lee
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08854, New Jersey
| | - David J Margolis
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08854, New Jersey
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15
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Agnelli M, Libeccio B, Frisoni MC, Bolzoni F, Temporiti F, Gatti R. Action observation plus motor imagery and somatosensory discrimination training are effective non-motor approaches to improve manual dexterity. J Hand Ther 2024; 37:94-100. [PMID: 37580196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Action observation plus motor imagery (AOMI) and somatosensory discrimination training (SSDT) represent sensory input-based approaches to train the motor system without necessarily asking subjects to perform active movements. PURPOSE To investigate AOMI and SSDT effects compared to no intervention on manual dexterity in healthy subjects. STUDY DESIGN Randomized controlled study. METHODS Sixty healthy right-handed participants were randomized into AOMI, SSDT or Control (CTRL) groups. AOMI observed video-clips including right-hand dexterity tasks and concurrently performed motor imagery, SSDT performed surfaces recognition and 2-point distance discrimination tasks with the right hand, whereas CTRL underwent no intervention. A blinded physiotherapist assessed participants for manual dexterity using the Purdue Pegboard Test (Right hand-R, Left hand-L, Both hands-B, R+L+B and assembly tasks) at baseline (T0) and training end (T1). A mixed-design Analysis of Variance with Time as within-subject factor and Group as between-subject factor was used to investigate between-group differences over time. RESULTS A Time by Group interaction and Time effect were found for R task, which increased from T0 to T1 in all groups with very large effect sizes for SSDT (d = 1.8, CI95 2.4-1.0, P < .001) and AOMI (d = 1.7, CI95 2.5-1.0, P < .001) and medium effect size for CTRL (d = 0.6, CI95 1.2-0.2, P < .001). Between-group post-hoc comparison for deltas (T1-T0) showed large effect size (d = 1.0, CI95 1.6-0.3, P = .003) in favor of SSDT and medium effect size (d = 0.7, CI95 1.4-0.1, P = .026) in favor of AOMI compared to CTRL. Time effects were found for L, B, R + L + B and assembly tasks (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AOMI and SSDT induced greater manual dexterity improvements than no intervention. These findings supported the role of visual and somatosensory stimuli in building a motor plan and enhancing the accuracy of hand movements. These non-motor approaches may enhance motor performance in job or hobbies requiring marked manual dexterity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriana Agnelli
- Physiotherapy Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Benedetta Libeccio
- Physiotherapy Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Frisoni
- Physiotherapy Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bolzoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Temporiti
- Physiotherapy Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Gatti
- Physiotherapy Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.
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16
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Bufacchi RJ, Battaglia-Mayer A, Iannetti GD, Caminiti R. Cortico-spinal modularity in the parieto-frontal system: A new perspective on action control. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 231:102537. [PMID: 37832714 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Classical neurophysiology suggests that the motor cortex (MI) has a unique role in action control. In contrast, this review presents evidence for multiple parieto-frontal spinal command modules that can bypass MI. Five observations support this modular perspective: (i) the statistics of cortical connectivity demonstrate functionally-related clusters of cortical areas, defining functional modules in the premotor, cingulate, and parietal cortices; (ii) different corticospinal pathways originate from the above areas, each with a distinct range of conduction velocities; (iii) the activation time of each module varies depending on task, and different modules can be activated simultaneously; (iv) a modular architecture with direct motor output is faster and less metabolically expensive than an architecture that relies on MI, given the slow connections between MI and other cortical areas; (v) lesions of the areas composing parieto-frontal modules have different effects from lesions of MI. Here we provide examples of six cortico-spinal modules and functions they subserve: module 1) arm reaching, tool use and object construction; module 2) spatial navigation and locomotion; module 3) grasping and observation of hand and mouth actions; module 4) action initiation, motor sequences, time encoding; module 5) conditional motor association and learning, action plan switching and action inhibition; module 6) planning defensive actions. These modules can serve as a library of tools to be recombined when faced with novel tasks, and MI might serve as a recombinatory hub. In conclusion, the availability of locally-stored information and multiple outflow paths supports the physiological plausibility of the proposed modular perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Bufacchi
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy; International Center for Primate Brain Research (ICPBR), Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - A Battaglia-Mayer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome, Sapienza, Italy
| | - G D Iannetti
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - R Caminiti
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy.
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17
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Domingues AV, Rodrigues AJ, Soares-Cunha C. A novel perspective on the role of nucleus accumbens neurons in encoding associative learning. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:2601-2610. [PMID: 37643893 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) has been considered a key brain region for encoding reward/aversion and cue-outcome associations. These processes are encoded by medium spiny neurons that express either dopamine receptor D1 (D1-MSNs) or D2 (D2-MSNs). Despite the well-established role of NAc neurons in encoding reward/aversion, the underlying processing by D1-/D2-MSNs remains largely unknown. Recent electrophysiological, optogenetic and calcium imaging studies provided insight on the complex role of D1- and D2-MSNs in these behaviours and helped to clarify their involvement in associative learning. Here, we critically discuss findings supporting an intricate and complementary role of NAc D1- and D2-MSNs in associative learning, emphasizing the need for additional studies in order to fully understand the role of these neurons in behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Verónica Domingues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana João Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carina Soares-Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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18
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Song Y, Pi Y, Tan X, Xia X, Liu Y, Zhang J. Approach-avoidance behavior and motor-specific modulation towards smoking-related cues in smokers. Addiction 2023; 118:1895-1907. [PMID: 37400937 DOI: 10.1111/add.16285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS By performing three transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) experiments, we measured the motor-specific modulatory mechanisms in the primary motor cortex (M1) at both the intercortical and intracortical levels when smokers actively approach or avoid smoking-related cues. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS For all experiments, the design was group (smokers versus non-smokers) × action (approach versus avoidance) × image type (neutral versus smoking-related). The study was conducted at the Shanghai University of Sport, CHN, TMS Laboratory. For experiment 1, 30 non-smokers and 30 smokers; for experiment 2, 16 non-smokers and 16 smokers; for experiment 3, 16 non-smokers and 16 smokers. MEASUREMENTS For all experiments, the reaction times were measured using the smoking stimulus-response compatibility task. While performing the task, single-pulse TMS was applied to the M1 in experiment 1 to measure the excitability of the corticospinal pathways, and paired-pulse TMS was applied to the M1 in experiments 2 and 3 to measure the activity of intracortical facilitation (ICF) and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) circuits, respectively. FINDINGS Smokers had faster responses when approaching smoking-related cues (F1,58 = 36.660, P < 0.001, η p 2 = 0.387), accompanied by higher excitability of the corticospinal pathways (F1,58 = 10.980, P = 0.002, η p 2 = 0.159) and ICF circuits (F1,30 = 22.187, P < 0.001, η p 2 = 0.425), while stronger SICI effects were observed when they avoided these cues (F1,30 = 10.672, P = 0.003, η p 2 = 0.262). CONCLUSIONS Smokers appear to have shorter reaction times, higher motor-evoked potentials and stronger intracortical facilitation effects when performing approach responses to smoking-related cues and longer reaction times, a lower primary motor cortex descending pathway excitability and a stronger short-interval intracortical inhibition effect when avoiding them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Song
- Center for Exercise and Brain Science, School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanling Pi
- Shanghai Punan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Tan
- School of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
| | - Xue Xia
- Center for Exercise and Brain Science, School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- School of Social Development and Health Management, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Center for Exercise and Brain Science, School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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19
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Dai J, Sun QQ. Learning induced neuronal identity switch in the superficial layers of the primary somatosensory cortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.30.555603. [PMID: 37693620 PMCID: PMC10491147 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.30.555603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
During learning, multi-dimensional inputs are integrated within the sensory cortices. However, the strategies by which the sensory cortex employs to achieve learning remains poorly understood. We studied the sensory cortical neuronal coding of trace eyeblink conditioning (TEC) in head-fixed, freely running mice, where whisker deflection was used as a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an air puff to the cornea delivered after an interval was used as unconditioned stimulus (US). After training, mice learned the task with a set of stereotypical behavioral changes, most prominent ones include prolonged closure of eyelids, and increased reverse running between CS and US onset. The local blockade of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) activities with muscimol abolished the behavior learning suggesting that S1 is required for the TEC. In naive animals, based on the response properties to the CS and US, identities of the small proportion (~20%) of responsive primary neurons (PNs) were divided into two subtypes: CR (i.e. CS-responsive) and UR neurons (i.e. US-responsive). After animals learned the task, identity of CR and UR neurons changed: while the CR neurons are less responsive to CS, UR neurons gain responsiveness to CS, a new phenomenon we defined as 'learning induced neuronal identity switch (LINIS)'. To explore the potential mechanisms underlying LINIS, we found that systemic and local (i.e. in S1) administration of the nicotinic receptor antagonist during TEC training blocked the LINIS, and concomitantly disrupted the behavior learning. Additionally, we monitored responses of two types of cortical interneurons (INs) and observed that the responses of the somatostatin-expressing (SST), but not parvalbumin-expressing (PV) INs are negatively correlated with the learning performance, suggesting that SST-INs contribute to the LINIS. Thus, we conclude that L2/3 PNs in S1 encode perceptual learning by LINIS like mechanisms, and cholinergic pathways and cortical SST interneurons are involved in the formation of LINIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaman Dai
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY82071, USA
- Wyoming Sensory Biology Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY82071, USA
| | - Qian-Quan Sun
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY82071, USA
- Wyoming Sensory Biology Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY82071, USA
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20
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Arroyo S, Barati S, Kim K, Aparicio F, Ganguly K. Emergence of preparatory dynamics in VIP interneurons during motor learning. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112834. [PMID: 37467107 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine what actions to perform in each context, animals must learn how to execute motor programs in response to sensory cues. In rodents, the interface between sensory processing and motor planning occurs in the secondary motor cortex (M2). Here, we investigate dynamics in vasointestinal peptide (VIP) and somatostatin (SST) interneurons in M2 during acquisition of a cue-based, reach-to-grasp (RTG) task in mice. We observe the emergence of preparatory activity consisting of sensory responses and ramping activation in a subset of VIP interneurons during motor learning. We show that preparatory and movement activities in VIP neurons exhibit compartmentalized dynamics, with principal component 1 (PC1) and PC2 reflecting primarily movement and preparatory activity, respectively. In contrast, we observe later and more synchronous activation of SST neurons during the movement epoch with learning. Our results reveal how VIP population dynamics might support sensorimotor learning and compartmentalization of sensory processing and movement execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Arroyo
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sapeeda Barati
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kyungsoo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Francisco Aparicio
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Karunesh Ganguly
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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21
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Iwane F, Dash D, Salamanca-Giron RF, Hayward W, Bönstrup M, Buch ER, Cohen LG. Combined low-frequency brain oscillatory activity and behavior predict future errors in human motor skill. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3145-3154.e5. [PMID: 37442139 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Human skills are composed of sequences of individual actions performed with utmost precision. When occasional errors occur, they may have serious consequences, for example, when pilots are manually landing a plane. In such cases, the ability to predict an error before it occurs would clearly be advantageous. Here, we asked whether it is possible to predict future errors in a keyboard procedural human motor skill. We report that prolonged keypress transition times (KTTs), reflecting slower speed, and anomalous delta-band oscillatory activity in cingulate-entorhinal-precuneus brain regions precede upcoming errors in skill. Combined anomalous low-frequency activity and prolonged KTTs predicted up to 70% of future errors. Decoding strength (posterior probability of error) increased progressively approaching the errors. We conclude that it is possible to predict future individual errors in skill sequential performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Iwane
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Debadatta Dash
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - William Hayward
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marlene Bönstrup
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ethan R Buch
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Leonardo G Cohen
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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22
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Qiao QC, Wen SY, Jiang YB, Feng H, Xu R, Huang YJ, Chen BY, Chen WH, Niu JH, Hu R, Yang N, Zhang J. Orexin recruits non-selective cationic conductance and endocannabinoid to dynamically modulate firing of caudal pontine reticular nuclear neurones. J Physiol 2023; 601:3585-3604. [PMID: 37421377 DOI: 10.1113/jp284602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide orexin is involved in motor circuit function. However, its modulation on neuronal activities of motor structures, integrating orexin's diverse downstream molecular cascades, remains elusive. By combining whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and neuropharmacological methods, we revealed that both non-selective cationic conductance (NSCC) and endocannabinoids (eCBs) are recruited by orexin signalling on reticulospinal neurones in the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (PnC). The orexin-NSCC cascade provides a depolarizing force that proportionally enhances the firing-responsive gain of these neurones. Meanwhile, the orexin-eCB cascade selectively attenuates excitatory synaptic strength in these neurones by activating presynaptic cannabinoid receptor type 1. This cascade restrains the firing response of the PnC reticulospinal neurones to excitatory inputs. Intriguingly, non-linear or linear interactions between orexin postsynaptic excitation and presynaptic inhibition can influence the firing responses of PnC reticulospinal neurones in different directions. When presynaptic inhibition is in the lead, non-linear interactions can prominently downregulate or even gate the firing response. Conversely, linear interactions occur to promote the firing response, and these linear interactions can be considered a proportional reduction in the contribution of depolarization to firing by presynaptic inhibition. Through the dynamic employment of these interactions, adaptive modulation may be achieved by orexin to restrain or even gate the firing output of the PnC to weak/irrelevant input signals and facilitate those to salient signals. KEY POINTS: This study investigated the effects of orexin on the firing activity of PnC reticulospinal neurones, a key element of central motor control. We found that orexin recruited both the non-selective cationic conductances (NSCCs) and endocannabinoid (eCB)-cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) system to pontine reticular nucleus (PnC) reticulospinal neurones. The orexin-NSCC cascade exerts a postsynaptic excitation that enhances the firing response, whereas the orexin-eCB-CB1R cascade selectively attenuates excitatory synaptic strength that restrains the firing response. The postsynaptic and presynaptic actions of orexins occur in an overlapping time window and interact to dynamically modulate firings in PnC reticulospinal neurones. Non-linear interactions occur when presynaptic inhibition of orexin is in the lead, and these interactions can prominently downregulate or even gate firing responses in PnC reticulospinal neurones. Linear interactions occur when postsynaptic excitation of orexin is in the lead, and these interactions can promote the firing response. These linear interactions can be considered a proportional reduction of the contribution of depolarization to firing by presynaptic inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Cheng Qiao
- Department of Physiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Si-Yi Wen
- Department of Physiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi-Bin Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Physiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan-Jia Huang
- Department of Physiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bang-Yun Chen
- Department of Physiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Hao Chen
- Department of Physiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia-Hui Niu
- Department of Physiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nian Yang
- Department of Physiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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23
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Hernandez A, Delgado-González E, Varman Durairaj R, Reyes-Haro D, Martínez-Torres A, Espinosa F. Striatal Synaptic Changes and Behavior in Adult mouse Upon Prenatal Exposure to Valproic Acid. Brain Res 2023:148461. [PMID: 37308047 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction. Altered synaptogenesis and aberrant connectivity responsible for social behavior and communication have been reported in autism pathogenesis. Autism has a strong genetic and heritable component; however, environmental factors including toxins, pesticides, infection and in utero exposure to drugs such as VPA have also been implicated in ASD. Administration of VPA during pregnancy has been used as a rodent model to study pathophysiological mechanisms involved in ASD, and in this study, we used the mouse model of prenatal exposure to VPA to assess the effects on striatal and dorsal hippocampus function in adult mice. Alterations in repetitive behaviors and shift habits were observed in mice prenatally exposed to VPA. In particular, such mice presented a better performance in learned motor skills and cognitive deficits in Y-maze learning frequently associated with striatal and hippocampal function. These behavioral changes were associated with a decreased level of proteins involved in the formation and maintenance of excitatory synapses, such as Nlgn-1 and PSD-95. In conclusion, motor skill abilities, repetitive behaviors, and impaired flexibility to shift habits are associated with reduced striatal excitatory synaptic function in the adult mouse prenatally exposed to VPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adan Hernandez
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, 76230 Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, México.
| | - Evangelina Delgado-González
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, 76230 Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - Ragu Varman Durairaj
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, 76230 Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, México; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Daniel Reyes-Haro
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, 76230 Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - Ataúlfo Martínez-Torres
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, 76230 Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - Felipe Espinosa
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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24
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Abstract
Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) aim to treat sensorimotor neurological disorders by creating artificial motor and/or sensory pathways. Introducing artificial pathways creates new relationships between sensory input and motor output, which the brain must learn to gain dexterous control. This review highlights the role of learning in BMIs to restore movement and sensation, and discusses how BMI design may influence neural plasticity and performance. The close integration of plasticity in sensory and motor function influences the design of both artificial pathways and will be an essential consideration for bidirectional devices that restore both sensory and motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Dadarlat
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA;
| | - Ryan A Canfield
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Amy L Orsborn
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Whittier TT, Patrick CM, Fling BW. Somatosensory Information in Skilled Motor Performance: A Narrative Review. J Mot Behav 2023; 55:453-474. [PMID: 37245865 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2023.2213198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Historically, research aimed at improving motor performance has largely focused on the neural processes involved in motor execution due to their role in muscle activation. However, accompanying somatosensory and proprioceptive sensory information is also vitally involved in performing motor skills. Here we review research from interdisciplinary fields to provide a description for how somatosensation informs the successful performance of motor skills as well as emphasize the need for careful selection of study methods to isolate the neural processes involved in somatosensory perception. We also discuss upcoming strategies of intervention that have been used to improve performance via somatosensory targets. We believe that a greater appreciation for somatosensation's role in motor learning and control will enable researchers and practitioners to develop and apply methods for the enhancement of human performance that will benefit clinical, healthy, and elite populations alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler T Whittier
- Sensorimotor Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christopher M Patrick
- Sensorimotor Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Brett W Fling
- Sensorimotor Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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26
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Karumattu Manattu A, Borrell JA, Copeland C, Fraser K, Zuniga JM. Motor cortical functional connectivity changes due to short-term immobilization of upper limb: an fNIRS case report. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2023; 4:1156940. [PMID: 37266515 PMCID: PMC10229777 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2023.1156940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction A short-term immobilization of one hand affects musculoskeletal functions, and the associated brain network adapts to the alterations happening to the body due to injuries. It was hypothesized that the injury-associated temporary disuse of the upper limb would alter the functional interactions of the motor cortical processes and will produce long-term changes throughout the immobilization and post-immobilization period. Methods The case participant (male, 12 years old, right arm immobilized for clavicle fracture) was scanned using optical imaging technology of fNIRS over immobilization and post-immobilization. Pre-task data was collected for 3 min for RSFC analysis, processed, and analyzed using the Brain AnalyzIR toolbox. Connectivity was measured using Pearson correlation coefficients (R) from NIRS Toolbox's connectivity module. Results The non-affected hand task presented an increased ipsilateral response during the immobilization period, which then decreased over the follow-up visits. The right-hand task showed a bilateral activation pattern following immobilization, but the contralateral activation pattern was restored during the 1-year follow-up visit. Significant differences in the average connection strength over the study period were observed. The average Connection strength decreased from the third week of immobilization and continued to be lower than the baseline value. Global network efficiency decreased in weeks two and three, while the network settled into a higher efficient state during the follow-up periods after post-immobilization. Discussion Short-term immobilization of the upper limb is shown to have cortical changes in terms of activations of brain regions as well as connectivity. The short-term dis-use of the upper limb has shifted the unilateral activation pattern to the bilateral coactivation of the motor cortex from both hemispheres. Resting-state data reveals a disruption in the motor cortical network during the immobilization phase, and the network is reorganized into an efficient network over 1 year after the injury. Understanding such cortical reorganization could be informative for studying the recovery from neurological disorders affecting motor control in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan A. Borrell
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
- Center for Biomedical Rehabilitation and Manufacturing, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Christopher Copeland
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Kaitlin Fraser
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jorge M. Zuniga
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
- Center for Biomedical Rehabilitation and Manufacturing, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
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27
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Azzarito M, Emmenegger T, Ziegler G, Huber E, Grabher P, Callaghan MF, Thompson A, Friston K, Weiskopf N, Killeen T, Freund P. Coherent, time-shifted patterns of microstructural plasticity during motor-skill learning. Neuroimage 2023; 274:120128. [PMID: 37116765 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor skill learning relies on neural plasticity in the motor and limbic systems. However, the spatial and temporal characteristics of these changes-and their microstructural underpinnings-remain unclear. Eighteen healthy males received 1 hour of training in a computer-based motion game, 4 times a week, for 4 consecutive weeks, while 14 untrained participants underwent scanning only. Performance improvements were observed in all trained participants. Serial myelin- and iron-sensitive multiparametric mapping at 3T during this period of intensive motor skill acquisition revealed temporally and spatially distributed, performance-related microstructural changes in the grey and white matter across a corticospinal-cerebellar-hippocampal circuit. Analysis of the trajectory of these transient changes suggested time-shifted cascades of plasticity from the dominant sensorimotor system to the contralateral hippocampus. In the cranial corticospinal tracts, changes in myelin-sensitive metrics during training in the posterior limb of the internal capsule were of greater magnitude in those who trained their upper limbs vs. lower limb trainees. Motor skill learning is associated with waves of grey and white matter plasticity, across a broad sensorimotor network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Azzarito
- Spinal Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tim Emmenegger
- Spinal Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Ziegler
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Eveline Huber
- Spinal Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Grabher
- Spinal Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina F Callaghan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alan Thompson
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Karl Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nikolaus Weiskopf
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tim Killeen
- Spinal Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Freund
- Spinal Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
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28
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Sanabria BD, Baskar SS, Yonk AJ, Lee CR, Margolis DJ. Cell-Type Specific Connectivity of Whisker-Related Sensory and Motor Cortical Input to Dorsal Striatum. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.06.531405. [PMID: 36945420 PMCID: PMC10028946 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.06.531405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The anterior dorsolateral striatum (DLS) is heavily innervated by convergent excitatory projections from the primary motor (M1) and sensory cortex (S1) and is considered an important site of sensorimotor integration. M1 and S1 corticostriatal synapses have functional differences in the strength of their connections with striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs) and fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) in the DLS, and as a result exert an opposing influence on sensory-guided behaviors. In the present study, we tested whether M1 and S1 inputs exhibit differences in the subcellular anatomical distribution onto striatal neurons. We injected adeno-associated viral vectors encoding spaghetti monster fluorescent proteins (sm.FPs) into M1 and S1, and used confocal microscopy to generate 3D reconstructions of corticostriatal inputs to single identified SPNs and FSIs obtained through ex-vivo patch-clamp electrophysiology. We found that SPNs are less innervated by S1 compared to M1, but FSIs receive a similar number of inputs from both M1 and S1. In addition, M1 and S1 inputs were distributed similarly across the proximal, medial, and distal regions of SPNs and FSIs. Notably, clusters of inputs were prevalent in SPNs but not FSIs. Our results suggest that SPNs have stronger functional connectivity to M1 compared to S1 due to a higher density of synaptic inputs. The clustering of M1 and S1 inputs onto SPNs but not FSIs suggest that cortical inputs are integrated through cell-type specific mechanisms and more generally have implications for how sensorimotor integration is performed in the striatum. Significance Statement The dorsolateral striatum (DLS) is a key brain area involved in sensorimotor integration due to its dense innervation by the primary motor (M1) and sensory cortex (S1). However, the quantity and anatomical distribution of these inputs to the striatal cell population has not been well characterized. In this study we demonstrate that corticostriatal projections from M1 and S1 differentially innervate spiny projection neurons (SPNs) and fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) in the DLS. S1 inputs innervate SPNs less than M1 and are likely to form synaptic clusters in SPNs but not in FSIs. These findings suggest that sensorimotor integration is partly achieved by differences in the synaptic organization of corticostriatal inputs to local striatal microcircuits.
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29
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Pang J, Zhao S, Wang Y, Wang Q, Fang Q. Piano practice with emphasis on left hand for right handers: Developing pedagogical strategies based on motor control perspectives. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1124508. [PMID: 36865359 PMCID: PMC9971940 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1124508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jinrui Pang
- School of Music, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yilin Wang
- College of Arts, Beijing Language and Culture University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Music, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China,*Correspondence: Qian Wang ✉
| | - Qun Fang
- School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China,Qun Fang ✉
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30
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Kurtoğlu E, Payas A, Düz S, Arık M, Uçar İ, Tokmak TT, Erbay MF, Acer N, Unur E. Analysis of changes in brain morphological structure of taekwondo athletes by diffusion tensor imaging. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 129:102250. [PMID: 36791923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Taekwondo, which is the most preferred sport among the martial arts, is known to improve individuals physically, spiritually and mentally. The aim of this study is to reveal the effect of teakwondo sport on the brain and brain structures. DESIGN;: 30 taekwondo athletes and 15 control groups were included in this study. Diffusion tensor MR images of each participant were taken. The information was obtained by the self-declaration of the athletes, whether they were sports years, amateur or elite. METHOD Total brain volume and volumes of white matter, gray matter, frontal lobe, precentral gyrus, corticospinal tract, basal nuclei, postcentral gyrus, hippocampus and amigdala and the ratio of these volumes to total brain volume were evaluated statistically between the groups using MriCloud software and ROIEditor program. RESULTS An increase in total brain volume, gray matter, frontal lobe and precentral gyrus volume in athletes was associated with taekwondo training. When the ratio of brain parts to total brain volume was examined, it was determined that there was a difference in the ratio of gray matter, white matter volumes in amateur athletes, right frontal lobe, left corticospinal tract, right postcentral gyrus volumes in elite athletes, and left postcentral gyrus volumes of both athletes compared to sedentary individuals. CONCLUSIONS The increase in the volume of gray matter, frontal lobe, postcentral gyrus and corticospinal tract together with the brain volume shows that taekwondo exercise contributes to physical, spiritual and mental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Kurtoğlu
- Erciyes University, Department of Anatomy, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Payas
- Hitit University, Sungurlu Vocational School, Department of Therapy and Rehabilitation, Çorum, Turkey
| | - Serkan Düz
- İnönü University, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Coaching Education, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Arık
- Kayseri City and Education Hospital, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - İlyas Uçar
- Erciyes University, Department of Anatomy, Kayseri, Turkey
| | | | | | - Niyazi Acer
- Arel University, Department of Anatomy, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdoğan Unur
- Erciyes University, Department of Anatomy, Kayseri, Turkey
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31
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State-dependent and region-specific alterations of cerebellar connectivity across stable human wakefulness and NREM sleep states. Neuroimage 2023; 266:119823. [PMID: 36535322 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep regulation and functioning may rely on systematic coordination throughout the whole brain, including the cerebellum. However, whether and how interactions between the cerebellum and other brain regions vary across sleep stages remain poorly understood. Here, using simultaneous EEG-fMRI recordings captured from 73 participants during wakefulness and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, we constructed cerebellar connectivity among intrinsic functional networks with intra-cerebellar, neocortical and subcortical regions. We uncovered that cerebellar connectivity exhibited sleep-dependent alterations: slight differences between wakefulness and N1/N2 sleep and greater changes in N3 sleep than other states. Region-specific cerebellar connectivity changes between N2 sleep and N3 sleep were also revealed: general breakdown of intra-cerebellar connectivity, enhancement of limbic-cerebellar connectivity and alterations of cerebellar connectivity with spatially specific neocortices. Further correlation analysis showed that functional connectivity between the cerebellar Control II network and regions (including the insula, hippocampus, and amygdala) correlated with delta power during N3 and beta power during N2 sleep. These findings systematically reveal altered cerebellar connectivity among intrinsic networks from wakefulness to deep sleep and highlight the potential role of the cerebellum in sleep regulation and functioning.
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32
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Peng JY, Shen KL, Fan XJ, Qi ZX, Huang HW, Jiang JL, Lu JH, Wang XQ, Fang XX, Yuan WR, Deng QX, Chen S, Chen L, Zhuang QX. Receptor and Ionic Mechanism of Histamine on Mouse Dorsolateral Striatal Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:183-202. [PMID: 36245064 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03076-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The dorsolateral striatum (DLS) is the critical neural substrate that plays a role in motor control and motor learning. Our past study revealed a direct histaminergic projection from the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) of the hypothalamus to the rat striatum. However, the afferent of histaminergic fibers in the mouse DLS, the effect of histamine on DLS neurons, and the underlying receptor and ionic mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated a direct histaminergic innervation from the TMN in the mouse DLS, and histamine excited both the direct-pathway spiny projection neurons (d-SPNs) and the indirect-pathway spiny projection neurons (i-SPNs) of DLS via activation of postsynaptic H1R and H2R, albeit activation of presynaptic H3R suppressed neuronal activity by inhibiting glutamatergic synaptic transmission on d-SPNs and i-SPNs in DLS. Moreover, sodium-calcium exchanger 3 (NCX3), potassium-leak channels linked to H1R, and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 2 (HCN2) coupled to H2R co-mediated the excitatory effect induced by histamine on d-SPNs and i-SPNs in DLS. These results demonstrated the pre- and postsynaptic receptors and their downstream multiple ionic mechanisms underlying the inhibitory and excitatory effects of histamine on d-SPNs and i-SPNs in DLS, suggesting a potential modulatory effect of the central histaminergic system on the DLS as well as its related motor control and motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ya Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kang-Li Shen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiu-Juan Fan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zeng-Xin Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, 200030, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Hui-Wei Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian-Lan Jiang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian-Hua Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Fang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wang-Rui Yuan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiao-Xuan Deng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shu Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, China. .,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, 200030, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, 200030, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Qian-Xing Zhuang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Audette NJ, Zhou W, La Chioma A, Schneider DM. Precise movement-based predictions in the mouse auditory cortex. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4925-4940.e6. [PMID: 36283411 PMCID: PMC9691550 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Many of the sensations experienced by an organism are caused by their own actions, and accurately anticipating both the sensory features and timing of self-generated stimuli is crucial to a variety of behaviors. In the auditory cortex, neural responses to self-generated sounds exhibit frequency-specific suppression, suggesting that movement-based predictions may be implemented early in sensory processing. However, it remains unknown whether this modulation results from a behaviorally specific and temporally precise prediction, nor is it known whether corresponding expectation signals are present locally in the auditory cortex. To address these questions, we trained mice to expect the precise acoustic outcome of a forelimb movement using a closed-loop sound-generating lever. Dense neuronal recordings in the auditory cortex revealed suppression of responses to self-generated sounds that was specific to the expected acoustic features, to a precise position within the movement, and to the movement that was coupled to sound during training. Prediction-based suppression was concentrated in L2/3 and L5, where deviations from expectation also recruited a population of prediction-error neurons that was otherwise unresponsive. Recording in the absence of sound revealed abundant movement signals in deep layers that were biased toward neurons tuned to the expected sound, as well as expectation signals that were present throughout the cortex and peaked at the time of expected auditory feedback. Together, these findings identify distinct populations of auditory cortical neurons with movement, expectation, and error signals consistent with a learned internal model linking an action to its specific acoustic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Audette
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - WenXi Zhou
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Alessandro La Chioma
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - David M Schneider
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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34
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Wang MB, Halassa MM. Thalamocortical contribution to flexible learning in neural systems. Netw Neurosci 2022; 6:980-997. [PMID: 36875011 PMCID: PMC9976647 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal brains evolved to optimize behavior in dynamic environments, flexibly selecting actions that maximize future rewards in different contexts. A large body of experimental work indicates that such optimization changes the wiring of neural circuits, appropriately mapping environmental input onto behavioral outputs. A major unsolved scientific question is how optimal wiring adjustments, which must target the connections responsible for rewards, can be accomplished when the relation between sensory inputs, action taken, and environmental context with rewards is ambiguous. The credit assignment problem can be categorized into context-independent structural credit assignment and context-dependent continual learning. In this perspective, we survey prior approaches to these two problems and advance the notion that the brain's specialized neural architectures provide efficient solutions. Within this framework, the thalamus with its cortical and basal ganglia interactions serves as a systems-level solution to credit assignment. Specifically, we propose that thalamocortical interaction is the locus of meta-learning where the thalamus provides cortical control functions that parametrize the cortical activity association space. By selecting among these control functions, the basal ganglia hierarchically guide thalamocortical plasticity across two timescales to enable meta-learning. The faster timescale establishes contextual associations to enable behavioral flexibility, while the slower one enables generalization to new contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mien Brabeeba Wang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael M. Halassa
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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35
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Sych Y, Fomins A, Novelli L, Helmchen F. Dynamic reorganization of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical network during task learning. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111394. [PMID: 36130513 PMCID: PMC9513804 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive behavior is coordinated by neuronal networks that are distributed across multiple brain regions such as in the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical (CBGTC) network. Here, we ask how cross-regional interactions within such mesoscale circuits reorganize when an animal learns a new task. We apply multi-fiber photometry to chronically record simultaneous activity in 12 or 48 brain regions of mice trained in a tactile discrimination task. With improving task performance, most regions shift their peak activity from the time of reward-related action to the reward-predicting stimulus. By estimating cross-regional interactions using transfer entropy, we reveal that functional networks encompassing basal ganglia, thalamus, neocortex, and hippocampus grow and stabilize upon learning, especially at stimulus presentation time. The internal globus pallidus, ventromedial thalamus, and several regions in the frontal cortex emerge as salient hub regions. Our results highlight the learning-related dynamic reorganization that brain networks undergo when task-appropriate mesoscale network dynamics are established for goal-oriented behavior. Multi-fiber photometry reveals brain network adaptations during learning Activity in most regions temporally shifts from reward to predictive stimulus Cross-regional interactions in the CBGTC network increase and stabilize with learning Internal pallidum, VM thalamus, and prefrontal cortex regions emerge as hubs
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav Sych
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Dynamics, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Aleksejs Fomins
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Dynamics, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo Novelli
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Dynamics, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fritjof Helmchen
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Dynamics, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Wang Y, Feng S, Yang R, Hou W, Wu X, Chen L. The learning-relative hemodynamic modulation of cortical plasticity induced by a force-control motor training. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:922725. [PMID: 36161184 PMCID: PMC9492923 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.922725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Novel motor skills are generally acquired through repetitive practices which are believed to be strongly related to neural plasticity mechanisms. This study aimed to investigate the learning-relative hemodynamic modulation of cortical plasticity induced by long-term motor training. Methods An 8-day participation-control program was conducted. Eighteen right-handed healthy participants were recruited and randomly assigned into the training (12) and control groups (6). The training group were arranged to undergo the 8-day block-designed motor training which required to repeat a visuomotor force-control task. The functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to continuously monitor the cortical hemodynamic response during training. Two transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) measurements were performed before and after training to evaluate the cortical excitability changes. The transfer effects of learning were also investigated. Results The behavior performance was quantified via score execution accuracy to illustrate the fast/slow learning stages as experience cumulated. The cortical hemodynamic activations mapped by fNIRS exhibited a temporal evolution trends that agreed the expansion–renormalization model, which assumed the brain modulation against skill acquisition includes complex mechanisms of neural expansion, selection, and renormalization. Functional connectivity (FC) analysis showed the FC strength was maintained, while the measured homodynamic activation returned to baseline after certain level of skill acquisition. Furthermore, the TMS results demonstrated a significant increase of motor evoked potential (MEP) on the targeted muscle for the trained participants, who significantly outperformed the untrained subjects in learning transfer investigation. Conclusion The study illustrated the expansion–renormalization trends during continuous motor training, and relative analysis showed the functional connectivity enhancement may be maintained after amplitude renormalization of cortical hemodynamic activations. The TMS findings further gave an implication of neural facilitations on the descending motor pathway when brain activation returned to renormalization status after certain level of learning stages was achieved, and the learning can transfer to enhance the performance while encountering similar tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongrong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuai Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wensheng Hou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Service Robot Control Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Service Robot Control Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Medical Electronics Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Service Robot Control Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Chen
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Applying the Properties of Neurons in Machine Learning: A Brain-like Neural Model with Interactive Stimulation for Data Classification. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12091191. [PMID: 36138927 PMCID: PMC9496749 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Some neural models achieve outstanding results in image recognition, semantic segmentation and natural language processing. However, their classification performance on structured and small-scale datasets that do not involve feature extraction is worse than that of traditional algorithms, although they require more time to train. In this paper, we propose a brain-like neural model with interactive stimulation (NMIS) that focuses on data classification. It consists of a primary neural field and a senior neural field that play different cognitive roles. The former is used to correspond to real instances in the feature space, and the latter stores the category pattern. Neurons in the primary field exchange information through interactive stimulation and their activation is transmitted to the senior field via inter-field interaction, simulating the mechanisms of neuronal interaction and synaptic plasticity, respectively. The proposed NMIS is biologically plausible and does not involve complex optimization processes. Therefore, it exhibits better learning ability on small-scale and structured datasets than traditional BP neural networks. For large-scale data classification, a nearest neighbor NMIS (NN_NMIS), an optimized version of NMIS, is proposed to improve computational efficiency. Numerical experiments performed on some UCI datasets show that the proposed NMIS and NN_NMIS are significantly superior to some classification algorithms that are widely used in machine learning.
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Impact of Sensory Afferences in Postural Control Quantified by Force Platform: A Protocol for Systematic Review. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12081319. [PMID: 36013268 PMCID: PMC9410134 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12081319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Older adults’ postural balance is a critical domain of research as balance deficit is an important risk factor for falls that can lead to severe injuries and death. Considering the effects of ageing on sensory systems, we propose that posturographic evaluation with a force platform exploring the effect of sensory deprivation or perturbation on balance could help understand postural control alterations in the elderly. The aim of the future systematic review and meta-analysis described in this protocol is to explore the capacity of older adults to maintain their balance during sensory perturbations, and compare the effect of perturbation between the sensory channels contributing to balance. Seven databases will be searched for studies evaluating older adults’ balance under various sensory conditions. After evaluating the studies’ risk of bias, results from similar studies (i.e., similar experimental conditions and posturographic markers) will be aggregated. This protocol describes a future review that is expected to provide a better understanding of changes in sensory systems of balance due to ageing, and therefore perspectives on fall assessment, prevention, and rehabilitation.
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de Brouwer AJ, Areshenkoff CN, Rashid MR, Flanagan JR, Poppenk J, Gallivan JP. Human Variation in Error-Based and Reinforcement Motor Learning Is Associated With Entorhinal Volume. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:3423-3440. [PMID: 34963128 PMCID: PMC9376876 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Error-based and reward-based processes are critical for motor learning and are thought to be mediated via distinct neural pathways. However, recent behavioral work in humans suggests that both learning processes can be bolstered by the use of cognitive strategies, which may mediate individual differences in motor learning ability. It has been speculated that medial temporal lobe regions, which have been shown to support motor sequence learning, also support the use of cognitive strategies in error-based and reinforcement motor learning. However, direct evidence in support of this idea remains sparse. Here we first show that better overall learning during error-based visuomotor adaptation is associated with better overall learning during the reward-based shaping of reaching movements. Given the cognitive contribution to learning in both of these tasks, these results support the notion that strategic processes, associated with better performance, drive intersubject variation in both error-based and reinforcement motor learning. Furthermore, we show that entorhinal cortex volume is larger in better learning individuals-characterized across both motor learning tasks-compared with their poorer learning counterparts. These results suggest that individual differences in learning performance during error and reinforcement learning are related to neuroanatomical differences in entorhinal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk J de Brouwer
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Corson N Areshenkoff
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Mohammad R Rashid
- School of Computing, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - J Randall Flanagan
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jordan Poppenk
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- School of Computing, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jason P Gallivan
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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Hoshino O, Zheng M, Fukuoka Y. Effect of cortical extracellular GABA on motor response. J Comput Neurosci 2022; 50:375-393. [PMID: 35695984 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-022-00821-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate how the flattening of sensory tuning due to a deficit in tonic inhibition slows motor responses, we simulated a neural network model in which a sensory cortical network ([Formula: see text]) and a motor cortical network ([Formula: see text]) are reciprocally connected, and the [Formula: see text] projects to spinal motoneurons (Mns). The [Formula: see text] was presented with a feature stimulus and the reaction time of Mns was measured. The flattening of sensory tuning in [Formula: see text] caused by decreasing the concentration of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in extracellular space resulted in a decrease in the stimulus-sensitive [Formula: see text] pyramidal cell activity while increasing the stimulus-insensitive [Formula: see text] pyramidal cell activity, thereby prolonging the reaction time of Mns to the applied feature stimulus. We suggest that a reduction in extracellular GABA concentration in sensory cortex may interfere with selective activation in motor cortex, leading to slowing the activation of spinal motoneurons and therefore to slowing motor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Hoshino
- Independent Researcher, 505-9 Namiyanagi, Hanno, Saitama, 357-0021, Japan.
| | - Meihong Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yasuhiro Fukuoka
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 316-8511, Japan
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Bowles S, Hickman J, Peng X, Williamson WR, Huang R, Washington K, Donegan D, Welle CG. Vagus nerve stimulation drives selective circuit modulation through cholinergic reinforcement. Neuron 2022; 110:2867-2885.e7. [PMID: 35858623 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a neuromodulation therapy for a broad and expanding set of neurologic conditions. However, the mechanism through which VNS influences central nervous system circuitry is not well described, limiting therapeutic optimization. VNS leads to widespread brain activation, but the effects on behavior are remarkably specific, indicating plasticity unique to behaviorally engaged neural circuits. To understand how VNS can lead to specific circuit modulation, we leveraged genetic tools including optogenetics and in vivo calcium imaging in mice learning a skilled reach task. We find that VNS enhances skilled motor learning in healthy animals via a cholinergic reinforcement mechanism, producing a rapid consolidation of an expert reach trajectory. In primary motor cortex (M1), VNS drives precise temporal modulation of neurons that respond to behavioral outcome. This suggests that VNS may accelerate motor refinement in M1 via cholinergic signaling, opening new avenues for optimizing VNS to target specific disease-relevant circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Bowles
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jordan Hickman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Peng
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - W Ryan Williamson
- IDEA Core, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rongchen Huang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kayden Washington
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Dane Donegan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Cristin G Welle
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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42
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Ofek H, Alperin M, Knoll T, Livne D, Laufer Y. Explicit versus implicit lower extremity sensory retraining for post-stroke chronic sensory deficits: a randomized controlled trial. Disabil Rehabil 2022:1-7. [PMID: 35649684 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2022.2080288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sensory impairment post-stroke limits rehabilitation of balance and gait. This study aims to compare the effect of explicit sensory retraining (ESR) versus implicit repeated exposure (IRE) to stimuli of the lower extremity, assessing their effects on sensation, balance, and gait in individuals with chronic post-stroke sensory impairment. MATERIALS AND METHODS A two-arm parallel double-blind multicenter randomized controlled trial was conducted in physical therapy outpatient clinics. Volunteers with chronic sensory impairment post-stroke participated in 10 sessions of 45 min ESR or IRE, according to a detailed protocol. Outcome measures assessed sensation, balance, mobility, and participation. RESULTS A total of 64 participants were recruited (ESR, n = 34; IRE, n = 30). The intention-to-treat pre-post analysis demonstrated clinically meaningful changes for both interventions (10-31% improvement for the various measures), with no between-group difference or time × group interaction. The effect size for the time effect varied, with the largest being 0.63 for the miniBEST. CONCLUSIONS Sensory rehabilitation treatment by either ESR or IRE led to similar clinically significant changes in the performance of the lower extremity and participation in subjects with sensory loss post-stroke. Both treatment protocols are easy to implement in an outpatient clinic. . CLINICALTRIALS.GOV REGISTRATION NCT01988220. Implications for rehabilitationStandardized, structured, sensory-focused training can improve balance and gait in subjects with chronic post-stroke sensory impairment.Both explicit and implicit learning-based sensory protocols focused on the lower extremity effectively improved balance, mobility, and gait abilities, resulting in enhanced participation of individuals in the chronic post-stroke phase.A series of ten 45-minute treatment sessions in outpatient clinics lead to clinically significant improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Ofek
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Physical Therapy, Zefat Academic College, Safed, Israel
| | | | - Tsipi Knoll
- Clalit Health Services, Haifa and Western Galilee, Haifa, Israel
| | - Daphna Livne
- Department of Physical Therapy, Zefat Academic College, Safed, Israel.,Clalit Health Services, Haifa and Western Galilee, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yocheved Laufer
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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43
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Cid MM, Calixtre LB, da Silva Grüninger BL, Sousa FS, Oliveira AB. Reliability of the Joint Position Sense Error Test for Women With Neck Pain and Asymptomatic Men and Women. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2022; 45:329-336. [PMID: 36192261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the intra-rater between-days reliability of the joint position sense error (JPSE) test in asymptomatic men and women, as well as in women with neck pain. METHODS Fourteen asymptomatic men and 27 women (14 asymptomatic and 13 with neck pain) participated. The JPSE test was performed during right and left cervical rotation (10 trials for each side) in 2 sessions, with at least 7 days between them. The head repositioning error during the JPSE test (in degrees) was measured and used to calculate the intra-rater between-days reliability of the test, evaluated through the intraclass correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analyses. Independent t tests were calculated to compare the head repositioning errors of asymptomatic women and men. The minimal detectable change was also calculated. RESULTS The neck pain group showed higher intraclass correlation coefficient values (0.866 and 0.773, good reliability) compared to the asymptomatic men (0.478 and 0.403, poor reliability) and to the asymptomatic women (-0.161 and 0.504, poor and moderate reliability, respectively) for both right and left cervical rotation, respectively. Considering Bland-Altman analyses, the neck pain group showed better agreement between the measurements for right cervical rotation than the asymptomatic groups. CONCLUSION The results indicate that the methodology used to perform the JPSE test in this study may be a reliable way to assess the proprioception of women with neck pain in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Machado Cid
- Laboratory of Clinical and Occupational Kinesiology (LACO), Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia Bojikian Calixtre
- Laboratory of Clinical and Occupational Kinesiology (LACO), Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Leonardo da Silva Grüninger
- Laboratory of Clinical and Occupational Kinesiology (LACO), Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Franciana Silva Sousa
- Laboratory of Clinical and Occupational Kinesiology (LACO), Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Oliveira
- Laboratory of Clinical and Occupational Kinesiology (LACO), Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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44
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Hedrick NG, Lu Z, Bushong E, Singhi S, Nguyen P, Magaña Y, Jilani S, Lim BK, Ellisman M, Komiyama T. Learning binds new inputs into functional synaptic clusters via spinogenesis. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:726-737. [PMID: 35654957 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Learning induces the formation of new excitatory synapses in the form of dendritic spines, but their functional properties remain unknown. Here, using longitudinal in vivo two-photon imaging and correlated electron microscopy of dendritic spines in the motor cortex of mice during motor learning, we describe a framework for the formation, survival and resulting function of new, learning-related spines. Specifically, our data indicate that the formation of new spines during learning is guided by the potentiation of functionally clustered preexisting spines exhibiting task-related activity during earlier sessions of learning. We present evidence that this clustered potentiation induces the local outgrowth of multiple filopodia from the nearby dendrite, locally sampling the adjacent neuropil for potential axonal partners, likely via targeting preexisting presynaptic boutons. Successful connections are then selected for survival based on co-activity with nearby task-related spines, ensuring that the new spine preserves functional clustering. The resulting locally coherent activity of new spines signals the learned movement. Furthermore, we found that a majority of new spines synapse with axons previously unrepresented in these dendritic domains. Thus, learning involves the binding of new information streams into functional synaptic clusters to subserve learned behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan G Hedrick
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Zhongmin Lu
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric Bushong
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Surbhi Singhi
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Peter Nguyen
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yessenia Magaña
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sayyed Jilani
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Byung Kook Lim
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark Ellisman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Takaki Komiyama
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Anwar H, Caby S, Dura-Bernal S, D’Onofrio D, Hasegan D, Deible M, Grunblatt S, Chadderdon GL, Kerr CC, Lakatos P, Lytton WW, Hazan H, Neymotin SA. Training a spiking neuronal network model of visual-motor cortex to play a virtual racket-ball game using reinforcement learning. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265808. [PMID: 35544518 PMCID: PMC9094569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent models of spiking neuronal networks have been trained to perform behaviors in static environments using a variety of learning rules, with varying degrees of biological realism. Most of these models have not been tested in dynamic visual environments where models must make predictions on future states and adjust their behavior accordingly. The models using these learning rules are often treated as black boxes, with little analysis on circuit architectures and learning mechanisms supporting optimal performance. Here we developed visual/motor spiking neuronal network models and trained them to play a virtual racket-ball game using several reinforcement learning algorithms inspired by the dopaminergic reward system. We systematically investigated how different architectures and circuit-motifs (feed-forward, recurrent, feedback) contributed to learning and performance. We also developed a new biologically-inspired learning rule that significantly enhanced performance, while reducing training time. Our models included visual areas encoding game inputs and relaying the information to motor areas, which used this information to learn to move the racket to hit the ball. Neurons in the early visual area relayed information encoding object location and motion direction across the network. Neuronal association areas encoded spatial relationships between objects in the visual scene. Motor populations received inputs from visual and association areas representing the dorsal pathway. Two populations of motor neurons generated commands to move the racket up or down. Model-generated actions updated the environment and triggered reward or punishment signals that adjusted synaptic weights so that the models could learn which actions led to reward. Here we demonstrate that our biologically-plausible learning rules were effective in training spiking neuronal network models to solve problems in dynamic environments. We used our models to dissect the circuit architectures and learning rules most effective for learning. Our model shows that learning mechanisms involving different neural circuits produce similar performance in sensory-motor tasks. In biological networks, all learning mechanisms may complement one another, accelerating the learning capabilities of animals. Furthermore, this also highlights the resilience and redundancy in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Anwar
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - Simon Caby
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - Salvador Dura-Bernal
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
- Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - David D’Onofrio
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel Hasegan
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - Matt Deible
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sara Grunblatt
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - George L. Chadderdon
- Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Cliff C. Kerr
- Dept Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Global Health Division, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Peter Lakatos
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
- Dept. Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - William W. Lytton
- Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Dept Neurology, Kings County Hospital Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Hananel Hazan
- Dept of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samuel A. Neymotin
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
- Dept. Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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46
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Play-Based Physics Learning in Kindergarten. EDUCATION SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/educsci12050300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This article highlights the importance of play as a learning approach in early physics education. It demonstrates the concept of an innovative didactic method that combines children’s free play with physics learning in kindergarten. This play-based learning approach enables children to experience and recognize physical laws in a self-directed, action-oriented, and playful manner. The article provides concrete insights into how kindergarten teachers can stimulate physics-related learning moments, starting from free-play situations. Moreover, it points out the teacher’s crucial role in creating suitable play environments, providing feedback in play, and facilitating sustained shared thinking after play. The article is based on the didactic development project “je-desto”, which aims to promote play-based science learning in kindergarten by familiarizing kindergarten teachers with this promising didactic approach. Accordingly, this article provides kindergarten teachers and experts in subject didactics an answer to what play-based physics learning can look in practice.
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Kantan P, Spaich EG, Dahl S. An Embodied Sonification Model for Sit-to-Stand Transfers. Front Psychol 2022; 13:806861. [PMID: 35250738 PMCID: PMC8891127 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.806861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactive sonification of biomechanical quantities is gaining relevance as a motor learning aid in movement rehabilitation, as well as a monitoring tool. However, existing gaps in sonification research (issues related to meaning, aesthetics, and clinical effects) have prevented its widespread recognition and adoption in such applications. The incorporation of embodied principles and musical structures in sonification design has gradually become popular, particularly in applications related to human movement. In this study, we propose a general sonification model for the sit-to-stand (STS) transfer, an important activity of daily living. The model contains a fixed component independent of the use-case, which represents the rising motion of the body as an ascending melody using the physical model of a flute. In addition, a flexible component concurrently sonifies STS features of clinical interest in a particular rehabilitative/monitoring situation. Here, we chose to represent shank angular jerk and movement stoppages (freezes), through perceptually salient pitch modulations and bell sounds. We outline the details of our technical implementation of the model. We evaluated the model by means of a listening test experiment with 25 healthy participants, who were asked to identify six normal and simulated impaired STS patterns from sonified versions containing various combinations of the constituent mappings of the model. Overall, we found that the participants were able to classify the patterns accurately (86.67 ± 14.69% correct responses with the full model, 71.56% overall), confidently (64.95 ± 16.52% self-reported rating), and in a timely manner (response time: 4.28 ± 1.52 s). The amount of sonified kinematic information significantly impacted classification accuracy. The six STS patterns were also classified with significantly different accuracy depending on their kinematic characteristics. Learning effects were seen in the form of increased accuracy and confidence with repeated exposure to the sound sequences. We found no significant accuracy differences based on the participants' level of music training. Overall, we see our model as a concrete conceptual and technical starting point for STS sonification design catering to rehabilitative and clinical monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithvi Kantan
- Department of Architecture, Design and Media Technology, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erika G Spaich
- Neurorehabilitation Systems Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Sofia Dahl
- Department of Architecture, Design and Media Technology, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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48
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Wolff SBE, Ko R, Ölveczky BP. Distinct roles for motor cortical and thalamic inputs to striatum during motor skill learning and execution. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk0231. [PMID: 35213216 PMCID: PMC8880788 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition and execution of motor skills are mediated by a distributed motor network, spanning cortical and subcortical brain areas. The sensorimotor striatum is an important cog in this network, yet the roles of its two main inputs, from motor cortex and thalamus, remain largely unknown. To address this, we silenced the inputs in rats trained on a task that results in highly stereotyped and idiosyncratic movement patterns. While striatal-projecting motor cortex neurons were critical for learning these skills, silencing this pathway after learning had no effect on performance. In contrast, silencing striatal-projecting thalamus neurons disrupted the execution of the learned skills, causing rats to revert to species-typical pressing behaviors and preventing them from relearning the task. These results show distinct roles for motor cortex and thalamus in the learning and execution of motor skills and suggest that their interaction in the striatum underlies experience-dependent changes in subcortical motor circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raymond Ko
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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49
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Rahman Z, Murray NWG, Sala-Padró J, Bartley M, Dexter M, Fung VSC, Mahant N, Bleasel AF, Wong CH. Investigating the Precise Localization of the Grasping Action in the Mid-Cingulate Cortex and Future Directions. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:815749. [PMID: 35280209 PMCID: PMC8909638 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.815749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To prospectively study the cingulate cortex for the localization and role of the grasping action in humans during electrical stimulation of depth electrodes. Methods All the patients (n = 23) with intractable focal epilepsy and a depth electrode stereotactically placed in the cingulate cortex, as part of their pre-surgical epilepsy evaluation from 2015 to 2017, were included. Cortical stimulation was performed and examined for grasping actions. Post-implantation volumetric T1 MRIs were co-registered to determine the exact electrode position. Results Five patients (male: female 4:1; median age 31) exhibited contralateral grasping actions during electrical stimulation. All patients had electrodes implanted in the ventral bank of the right cingulate sulcus adjacent to the vertical anterior commissure (VAC) line. Stimulation of other electrodes in adjacent regions did not elicit grasping. Conclusion Grasping action elicited from a localized region in the mid-cingulate cortex (MCC) directly supports the concept of the cingulate cortex being crucially involved in the grasping network. This opens an opportunity to explore this region with deep brain stimulation as a motor neuromodulation target for treatment in specific movement disorders or neurorehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebunnessa Rahman
- Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Zebunnessa Rahman,
| | | | | | - Melissa Bartley
- Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Dexter
- Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Victor S. C. Fung
- Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Neil Mahant
- Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Fabian Bleasel
- Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chong H. Wong
- Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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50
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Zeng W, Fan W, Kong X, Liu X, Liu L, Cao Z, Zhang X, Yang X, Cheng C, Wu Y, Xu Y, Cao X, Xu Y. Altered Intra- and Inter-Network Connectivity in Drug-Naïve Patients With Early Parkinson’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:783634. [PMID: 35237144 PMCID: PMC8884479 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.783634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to investigate differences in whole brain connectivity at different levels between drug-naïve individuals with early Parkinson’s disease (PD) and healthy controls (HCs). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected from 47 patients with early-stage, drug-naïve PD and 50 HCs. Functional brain connectivity was analyzed at the integrity, network, and edge levels; UPDRS-III, MMSE, MOCA, HAMA, and HAMD scores, reflecting the symptoms of PD, were collected for further regression analysis. Compared with age-matched HCs, reduced functional connectivity were mainly observed in the visual (VSN), somatomotor (SMN), limbic (LBN), and deep gray matter networks (DGN) at integrity level [p < 0.05, false discovery rate (FDR) corrected]. Intra-network analysis indicated decreased functional connectivity in DGN, SMN, LBN, and ventral attention networks (VAN). Inter-network analysis indicated reduced functional connectivity in nine pairs of resting-state networks. At the edge level, the LBN was the center of abnormal functional connectivity (p < 0.05, FDR corrected). MOCA score was associated with the intra-network functional connectivity strength (FC) of the DGN, and inter-network FC of the DGN-VAN. HAMA and HAMD scores were associated with the FC of the SMN and DGN, and either the LBN or VAN, respectively. We demonstrated variations in whole brain connections of drug-naïve patients with early PD. Major changes involved the SMN, DGN, LBN, and VSN, which may be relevant to symptoms of early PD. Additionally, our results support PD as a disconnection syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenliang Fan
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangchuang Kong
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziqin Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoman Yang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chi Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuebing Cao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xuebing Cao,
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Yan Xu,
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