1
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Morano NC, Lopez DH, Meltzer H, Sergeeva AP, Katsamba PS, Rostam KD, Gupta HP, Becker JE, Bornstein B, Cosmanescu F, Schuldiner O, Honig B, Mann RS, Shapiro L. Cis inhibition of co-expressed DIPs and Dprs shapes neural development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.04.583391. [PMID: 38895375 PMCID: PMC11185508 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.04.583391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
In Drosophila , two interacting adhesion protein families, Dprs and DIPs, coordinate the assembly of neural networks. While intercellular DIP/Dpr interactions have been well characterized, DIPs and Dprs are often co-expressed within the same cells, raising the question as to whether they also interact in cis . We show, in cultured cells and in vivo, that DIP-α and DIP-δ can interact in cis with their ligands, Dpr6/10 and Dpr12, respectively. When co-expressed in cis with their cognate partners, these Dprs regulate the extent of trans binding, presumably through competitive cis interactions. We demonstrate the neurodevelopmental effects of cis inhibition in fly motor neurons and in the mushroom body. We further show that a long disordered region of DIP-α at the C-terminus is required for cis but not trans interactions, likely because it alleviates geometric constraints on cis binding. Thus, the balance between cis and trans interactions plays a role in controlling neural development.
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2
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Malin JA, Chen YC, Simon F, Keefer E, Desplan C. Spatial patterning controls neuron numbers in the Drosophila visual system. Dev Cell 2024; 59:1132-1145.e6. [PMID: 38531357 PMCID: PMC11078608 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Neurons must be made in the correct proportions to communicate with the appropriate synaptic partners and form functional circuits. In the Drosophila visual system, multiple subtypes of distal medulla (Dm) inhibitory interneurons are made in distinct, reproducible numbers-from 5 to 800 per optic lobe. These neurons are born from a crescent-shaped neuroepithelium called the outer proliferation center (OPC), which can be subdivided into specific domains based on transcription factor and growth factor expression. We fate mapped Dm neurons and found that more abundant neural types are born from larger neuroepithelial subdomains, while less abundant subtypes are born from smaller ones. Additionally, morphogenetic Dpp/BMP signaling provides a second layer of patterning that subdivides the neuroepithelium into smaller domains to provide more granular control of cell proportions. Apoptosis appears to play a minor role in regulating Dm neuron abundance. This work describes an underappreciated mechanism for the regulation of neuronal stoichiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Malin
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
| | - Yen-Chung Chen
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Félix Simon
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Evelyn Keefer
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Claude Desplan
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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3
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Wang Y, Salazar RJ, Simonetta LT, Sorrentino V, Gatton TJ, Wu B, Vecsey CG, Carrillo RA. hkb is required for DIP-α expression and target recognition in the Drosophila neuromuscular circuit. Commun Biol 2024; 7:507. [PMID: 38678127 PMCID: PMC11055905 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Our nervous system contains billions of neurons that form precise connections with each other through interactions between cell surface proteins. In Drosophila, the Dpr and DIP immunoglobulin protein subfamilies form homophilic or heterophilic interactions to instruct synaptic connectivity, synaptic growth, and cell survival. However, the upstream regulatory mechanisms of Dprs and DIPs are not clear. On the other hand, while transcription factors have been implicated in target recognition, their downstream cell surface proteins remain mostly unknown. We conduct an F1 dominant modifier genetic screen to identify regulators of Dprs and DIPs. We identify huckebein (hkb), a transcription factor previously implicated in target recognition of the dorsal Is motor neuron. We show that hkb genetically interacts with DIP-α and loss of hkb leads to complete removal of DIP-α expression specifically in dorsal Is motor neurons. We then confirm that this specificity is through the dorsal Is motor neuron specific transcription factor, even-skipped (eve), which acts downstream of hkb. Analysis of the genetic interaction between hkb and eve reveals that they act in the same pathway to regulate dorsal Is motor neuron connectivity. Our study provides insight into the transcriptional regulation of DIP-α and suggests that distinct regulatory mechanisms exist for the same CSP in different neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupu Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, 20147, USA.
| | - Rio J Salazar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Luciano T Simonetta
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Violet Sorrentino
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Terrence J Gatton
- Neuroscience Program, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Bill Wu
- Neuroscience Program, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Christopher G Vecsey
- Neuroscience Program, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Robert A Carrillo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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4
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Sanfilippo P, Kim AJ, Bhukel A, Yoo J, Mirshahidi PS, Pandey V, Bevir H, Yuen A, Mirshahidi PS, Guo P, Li HS, Wohlschlegel JA, Aso Y, Zipursky SL. Mapping of multiple neurotransmitter receptor subtypes and distinct protein complexes to the connectome. Neuron 2024; 112:942-958.e13. [PMID: 38262414 PMCID: PMC10957333 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Neurons express various combinations of neurotransmitter receptor (NR) subunits and receive inputs from multiple neuron types expressing different neurotransmitters. Localizing NR subunits to specific synaptic inputs has been challenging. Here, we use epitope-tagged endogenous NR subunits, expansion light-sheet microscopy, and electron microscopy (EM) connectomics to molecularly characterize synapses in Drosophila. We show that in directionally selective motion-sensitive neurons, different multiple NRs elaborated a highly stereotyped molecular topography with NR localized to specific domains receiving cell-type-specific inputs. Developmental studies suggested that NRs or complexes of them with other membrane proteins determine patterns of synaptic inputs. In support of this model, we identify a transmembrane protein selectively associated with a subset of spatially restricted synapses and demonstrate its requirement for synapse formation through genetic analysis. We propose that mechanisms that regulate the precise spatial distribution of NRs provide a molecular cartography specifying the patterns of synaptic connections onto dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Sanfilippo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alexander J Kim
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anuradha Bhukel
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Juyoun Yoo
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pegah S Mirshahidi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Vijaya Pandey
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Harry Bevir
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ashley Yuen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Parmis S Mirshahidi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peiyi Guo
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Hong-Sheng Li
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - James A Wohlschlegel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yoshinori Aso
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - S Lawrence Zipursky
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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5
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Osaka J, Ishii A, Wang X, Iwanaga R, Kawamura H, Akino S, Sugie A, Hakeda-Suzuki S, Suzuki T. Complex formation of immunoglobulin superfamily molecules Side-IV and Beat-IIb regulates synaptic specificity. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113798. [PMID: 38381608 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurons establish specific synapses based on the adhesive properties of cell-surface proteins while also retaining the ability to form synapses in a relatively non-selective manner. However, comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanism reconciling these opposing characteristics remains incomplete. Here, we have identified Side-IV/Beat-IIb, members of the Drosophila immunoglobulin superfamily, as a combination of cell-surface recognition molecules inducing synapse formation. The Side-IV/Beat-IIb combination transduces bifurcated signaling with Side-IV's co-receptor, Kirre, and a synaptic scaffold protein, Dsyd-1. Genetic experiments and subcellular protein localization analyses showed the Side-IV/Beat-IIb/Kirre/Dsyd-1 complex to have two essential functions. First, it narrows neuronal binding specificity through Side-IV/Beat-IIb extracellular interactions. Second, it recruits synapse formation factors, Kirre and Dsyd-1, to restrict synaptic loci and inhibit miswiring. This dual function explains how the combinations of cell-surface molecules enable the ranking of preferred interactions among neuronal pairs to achieve synaptic specificity in complex circuits in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Osaka
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan; Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Arisa Ishii
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Riku Iwanaga
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hinata Kawamura
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Shogo Akino
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sugie
- Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Satoko Hakeda-Suzuki
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan; Research Initiatives and Promotion Organization, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
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6
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Goulard Coderc de Lacam E, Roux B, Chipot C. Classifying Protein-Protein Binding Affinity with Free-Energy Calculations and Machine Learning Approaches. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:1081-1091. [PMID: 38272021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the intricate phenomenon of neuronal wiring in the brain is of great interest in neuroscience. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, the Dpr-DIP interactome has been identified to play an important role in this process. However, experimental data suggest that a merely limited subset of complexes, essentially 57 out of a total of 231, exhibit strong binding affinity. In this work, we sought to identify the residue-level molecular basis underlying the difference in binding affinity using a state-of-the-art methodology consisting of standard binding free-energy calculations with a geometrical route and machine learning (ML) techniques. We determined the binding affinity for two complexes using statistical mechanics simulations, achieving an excellent reproduction of the experimental data. Moreover, we predicted the binding free energy for two additional low-affinity complexes, devoid of experimental estimation, while simultaneously identifying key residues for the binding. Furthermore, through the use of ML algorithms, linear discriminant analysis, and random forest, we achieved remarkable accuracy, as high as 0.99, in discerning between strong (cognate) and weak (noncognate) binders. The presented ML approach encompasses easily transferable input features, enabling its broad application to any interactome while facilitating the identification of pivotal residues critical for binding interactions. The predictive power of the generated model was probed on similar protein families from 13 diverse species. Our ML model exhibited commendable performance on these additional data sets, showcasing its reliability and robustness across the species barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Goulard Coderc de Lacam
- Laboratoire International Associé Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Unité Mixte de Recherche no. 7019, Université de Lorraine, B.P. 70239, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Benoît Roux
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street W225, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Christophe Chipot
- Laboratoire International Associé Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Unité Mixte de Recherche no. 7019, Université de Lorraine, B.P. 70239, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street W225, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group, Beckman Institute, and Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61820, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hawai'i at Ma̅noa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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7
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Wolterhoff N, Hiesinger PR. Synaptic promiscuity in brain development. Curr Biol 2024; 34:R102-R116. [PMID: 38320473 PMCID: PMC10849093 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Precise synaptic connectivity is a prerequisite for the function of neural circuits, yet individual neurons, taken out of their developmental context, readily form unspecific synapses. How does the genome encode brain wiring in light of this apparent contradiction? Synaptic specificity is the outcome of a long series of developmental processes and mechanisms before, during and after synapse formation. How much promiscuity is permissible or necessary at the moment of synaptic partner choice depends on the extent to which prior development restricts available partners or subsequent development corrects initially made synapses. Synaptic promiscuity at the moment of choice can thereby play important roles in the development of precise connectivity, but also facilitate developmental flexibility and robustness. In this review, we assess the experimental evidence for the prevalence and roles of promiscuous synapse formation during brain development. Many well-established experimental approaches are based on developmental genetic perturbation and an assessment of synaptic connectivity only in the adult; this can make it difficult to pinpoint when a given defect or mechanism occurred. In many cases, such studies reveal mechanisms that restrict partner availability already prior to synapse formation. Subsequently, at the moment of choice, factors including synaptic competency, interaction dynamics and molecular recognition further restrict synaptic partners. The discussion of the development of synaptic specificity through the lens of synaptic promiscuity suggests an algorithmic process based on neurons capable of promiscuous synapse formation that are continuously prevented from making the wrong choices, with no single mechanism or developmental time point sufficient to explain the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neele Wolterhoff
- Division of Neurobiology, Free University Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - P Robin Hiesinger
- Division of Neurobiology, Free University Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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8
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Lobb-Rabe M, Nawrocka WI, Zhang R, Ashley J, Carrillo RA, Özkan E. Neuronal Wiring Receptors Dprs and DIPs Are GPI Anchored and This Modification Contributes to Their Cell Surface Organization. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0184-23.2023. [PMID: 38233143 PMCID: PMC10863630 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0184-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila Dpr and DIP proteins belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell surface proteins (CSPs). Their hetero- and homophilic interactions have been implicated in a variety of neuronal functions, including synaptic connectivity, cell survival, and axon fasciculation. However, the signaling pathways underlying these diverse functions are unknown. To gain insight into Dpr-DIP signaling, we sought to examine how these CSPs are associated with the membrane. Specifically, we asked whether Dprs and DIPs are integral membrane proteins or membrane anchored through the addition of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) linkage. We demonstrate that most Dprs and DIPs are GPI anchored to the membrane of insect cells and validate these findings for some family members in vivo using Drosophila larvae, where GPI anchor cleavage results in loss of surface labeling. Additionally, we show that GPI cleavage abrogates aggregation of insect cells expressing cognate Dpr-DIP partners. To test if the GPI anchor affects Dpr and DIP localization, we replaced it with a transmembrane domain and observed perturbation of subcellular localization on motor neurons and muscles. These data suggest that membrane anchoring of Dprs and DIPs through GPI linkage is required for localization and that Dpr-DIP intracellular signaling likely requires transmembrane coreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Lobb-Rabe
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Wioletta I Nawrocka
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - James Ashley
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Robert A Carrillo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Engin Özkan
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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9
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Wang Y, Salazar R, Simonetta L, Sorrentino V, Gatton TJ, Wu B, Vecsey CG, Carrillo RA. hkb is required for DIP-α expression and target recognition in the Drosophila neuromuscular circuit. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.15.562341. [PMID: 37905128 PMCID: PMC10614772 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.15.562341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Our nervous system contains billions of neurons that form precise connections with each other through interactions between cell surface proteins (CSPs). In Drosophila, the Dpr and DIP immunoglobulin protein subfamilies form homophilic or heterophilic interactions to instruct synaptic connectivity, synaptic growth and cell survival. However, the upstream regulation and downstream signaling mechanisms of Dprs and DIPs are not clear. In the Drosophila larval neuromuscular system, DIP-α is expressed in the dorsal and ventral type-Is motor neurons (MNs). We conducted an F1 dominant modifier genetic screen to identify regulators of Dprs and DIPs. We found that the transcription factor, huckebein (hkb), genetically interacts with DIP-α and is important for target recognition specifically in the dorsal Is MN, but not the ventral Is MN. Loss of hkb led to complete removal of DIP-α expression. We then confirmed that this specificity is through the dorsal Is MN specific transcription factor, even-skipped (eve), which acts downstream of hkb. Genetic interaction between hkb and eve revealed that they act in the same pathway to regulate dorsal Is MN connectivity. Our study provides insight into the transcriptional regulation of DIP-α and suggests that distinct regulatory mechanisms exist for the same CSP in different neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupu Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Current address: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147
- Co-first author
| | - Rio Salazar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Co-first author
| | - Luciano Simonetta
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Violet Sorrentino
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Current address: Molecular and Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Terrence J. Gatton
- Neuroscience Program, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866
| | - Bill Wu
- Neuroscience Program, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866
| | | | - Robert A. Carrillo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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10
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Sanfilippo P, Kim AJ, Bhukel A, Yoo J, Mirshahidi PS, Pandey V, Bevir H, Yuen A, Mirshahidi PS, Guo P, Li HS, Wohlschlegel JA, Aso Y, Zipursky SL. Mapping of multiple neurotransmitter receptor subtypes and distinct protein complexes to the connectome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.02.560011. [PMID: 37873314 PMCID: PMC10592863 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Neurons express different combinations of neurotransmitter receptor (NR) subunits and receive inputs from multiple neuron types expressing different neurotransmitters. Localizing NR subunits to specific synaptic inputs has been challenging. Here we use epitope tagged endogenous NR subunits, expansion light-sheet microscopy, and EM connectomics to molecularly characterize synapses in Drosophila. We show that in directionally selective motion sensitive neurons, different multiple NRs elaborated a highly stereotyped molecular topography with NR localized to specific domains receiving cell-type specific inputs. Developmental studies suggested that NRs or complexes of them with other membrane proteins determines patterns of synaptic inputs. In support of this model, we identify a transmembrane protein associated selectively with a subset of spatially restricted synapses and demonstrate through genetic analysis its requirement for synapse formation. We propose that mechanisms which regulate the precise spatial distribution of NRs provide a molecular cartography specifying the patterns of synaptic connections onto dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Sanfilippo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexander J Kim
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anuradha Bhukel
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Juyoun Yoo
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pegah S Mirshahidi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vijaya Pandey
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harry Bevir
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ashley Yuen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Parmis S Mirshahidi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peiyi Guo
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hong-Sheng Li
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - James A Wohlschlegel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yoshinori Aso
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - S Lawrence Zipursky
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Lead Contact
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11
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Yoo J, Dombrovski M, Mirshahidi P, Nern A, LoCascio SA, Zipursky SL, Kurmangaliyev YZ. Brain wiring determinants uncovered by integrating connectomes and transcriptomes. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3998-4005.e6. [PMID: 37647901 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Advances in brain connectomics have demonstrated the extraordinary complexity of neural circuits.1,2,3,4,5 Developing neurons encounter the axons and dendrites of many different neuron types and form synapses with only a subset of them. During circuit assembly, neurons express cell-type-specific repertoires comprising many cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that can mediate interactions between developing neurites.6,7,8 Many CAM families have been shown to contribute to brain wiring in different ways.9,10 It has been challenging, however, to identify receptor-ligand pairs directly matching neurons with their synaptic targets. Here, we integrated the synapse-level connectome of the neural circuit11,12 with the developmental expression patterns7 and binding specificities of CAMs6,13 on pre- and postsynaptic neurons in the Drosophila visual system. To overcome the complexity of neural circuits, we focus on pairs of genetically related neurons that make differential wiring choices. In the motion detection circuit,14 closely related subtypes of T4/T5 neurons choose between alternative synaptic targets in adjacent layers of neuropil.12 This choice correlates with the matching expression in synaptic partners of different receptor-ligand pairs of the Beat and Side families of CAMs. Genetic analysis demonstrated that presynaptic Side-II and postsynaptic Beat-VI restrict synaptic partners to the same layer. Removal of this receptor-ligand pair disrupts layers and leads to inappropriate targeting of presynaptic sites and postsynaptic dendrites. We propose that different Side/Beat receptor-ligand pairs collaborate with other recognition molecules to determine wiring specificities in the fly brain. Combining transcriptomes, connectomes, and protein interactome maps allow unbiased identification of determinants of brain wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyoun Yoo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mark Dombrovski
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Parmis Mirshahidi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Aljoscha Nern
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Samuel A LoCascio
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - S Lawrence Zipursky
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Yerbol Z Kurmangaliyev
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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12
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Parisi MJ, Aimino MA, Mosca TJ. A conditional strategy for cell-type-specific labeling of endogenous excitatory synapses in Drosophila. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100477. [PMID: 37323572 PMCID: PMC10261928 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chemical neurotransmission occurs at specialized contacts where neurotransmitter release machinery apposes neurotransmitter receptors to underlie circuit function. A series of complex events underlies pre- and postsynaptic protein recruitment to neuronal connections. To better study synaptic development in individual neurons, we need cell-type-specific strategies to visualize endogenous synaptic proteins. Although presynaptic strategies exist, postsynaptic proteins remain less studied because of a paucity of cell-type-specific reagents. To study excitatory postsynapses with cell-type specificity, we engineered dlg1[4K], a conditionally labeled marker of Drosophila excitatory postsynaptic densities. With binary expression systems, dlg1[4K] labels central and peripheral postsynapses in larvae and adults. Using dlg1[4K], we find that distinct rules govern postsynaptic organization in adult neurons, multiple binary expression systems can concurrently label pre- and postsynapse in a cell-type-specific manner, and neuronal DLG1 can sometimes localize presynaptically. These results validate our strategy for conditional postsynaptic labeling and demonstrate principles of synaptic organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Parisi
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Michael A. Aimino
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Timothy J. Mosca
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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13
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Cortés E, Pak JS, Özkan E. Structure and evolution of neuronal wiring receptors and ligands. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:27-60. [PMID: 35727136 PMCID: PMC10084454 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the fundamental properties of a neuronal circuit is the map of its connections. The cellular and developmental processes that allow for the growth of axons and dendrites, selection of synaptic targets, and formation of functional synapses use neuronal surface receptors and their interactions with other surface receptors, secreted ligands, and matrix molecules. Spatiotemporal regulation of the expression of these receptors and cues allows for specificity in the developmental pathways that wire stereotyped circuits. The families of molecules controlling axon guidance and synapse formation are generally conserved across animals, with some important exceptions, which have consequences for neuronal connectivity. Here, we summarize the distribution of such molecules across multiple taxa, with a focus on model organisms, evolutionary processes that led to the multitude of such molecules, and functional consequences for the diversification or loss of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cortés
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joseph S Pak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Engin Özkan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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14
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Lobb-Rabe M, DeLong K, Salazar RJ, Zhang R, Wang Y, Carrillo RA. Dpr10 and Nocte are required for Drosophila motor axon pathfinding. Neural Dev 2022; 17:10. [PMID: 36271407 PMCID: PMC9585758 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-022-00165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The paths axons travel to reach their targets and the subsequent synaptic connections they form are highly stereotyped. How cell surface proteins (CSPs) mediate these processes is not completely understood. The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an ideal system to study how pathfinding and target specificity are accomplished, as the axon trajectories and innervation patterns are known and easily visualized. Dpr10 is a CSP required for synaptic partner choice in the neuromuscular and visual circuits and for axon pathfinding in olfactory neuron organization. In this study, we show that Dpr10 is also required for motor axon pathfinding. To uncover how Dpr10 mediates this process, we used immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry to identify Dpr10 associated proteins. One of these, Nocte, is an unstructured, intracellular protein implicated in circadian rhythm entrainment. We mapped nocte expression in larvae and found it widely expressed in neurons, muscles, and glia. Cell-specific knockdown suggests nocte is required presynaptically to mediate motor axon pathfinding. Additionally, we found that nocte and dpr10 genetically interact to control NMJ assembly, suggesting that they function in the same molecular pathway. Overall, these data reveal novel roles for Dpr10 and its newly identified interactor, Nocte, in motor axon pathfinding and provide insight into how CSPs regulate circuit assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Lobb-Rabe
- grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Katherine DeLong
- grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Rio J. Salazar
- grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Yupu Wang
- grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Robert A. Carrillo
- grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
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15
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Duhart JC, Mosca TJ. Genetic regulation of central synapse formation and organization in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2022; 221:6597078. [PMID: 35652253 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A goal of modern neuroscience involves understanding how connections in the brain form and function. Such a knowledge is essential to inform how defects in the exquisite complexity of nervous system growth influence neurological disease. Studies of the nervous system in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster enabled the discovery of a wealth of molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying development of synapses-the specialized cell-to-cell connections that comprise the essential substrate for information flow and processing in the nervous system. For years, the major driver of knowledge was the neuromuscular junction due to its ease of examination. Analogous studies in the central nervous system lagged due to a lack of genetic accessibility of specific neuron classes, synaptic labels compatible with cell-type-specific access, and high resolution, quantitative imaging strategies. However, understanding how central synapses form remains a prerequisite to understanding brain development. In the last decade, a host of new tools and techniques extended genetic studies of synapse organization into central circuits to enhance our understanding of synapse formation, organization, and maturation. In this review, we consider the current state-of-the-field. We first discuss the tools, technologies, and strategies developed to visualize and quantify synapses in vivo in genetically identifiable neurons of the Drosophila central nervous system. Second, we explore how these tools enabled a clearer understanding of synaptic development and organization in the fly brain and the underlying molecular mechanisms of synapse formation. These studies establish the fly as a powerful in vivo genetic model that offers novel insights into neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Duhart
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Timothy J Mosca
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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16
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Wang Y, Lobb-Rabe M, Ashley J, Chatterjee P, Anand V, Bellen HJ, Kanca O, Carrillo RA. Systematic expression profiling of Dpr and DIP genes reveals cell surface codes in Drosophila larval motor and sensory neurons. Development 2022; 149:dev200355. [PMID: 35502740 PMCID: PMC9188756 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
In complex nervous systems, neurons must identify their correct partners to form synaptic connections. The prevailing model to ensure correct recognition posits that cell-surface proteins (CSPs) in individual neurons act as identification tags. Thus, knowing what cells express which CSPs would provide insights into neural development, synaptic connectivity, and nervous system evolution. Here, we investigated expression of Dpr and DIP genes, two CSP subfamilies belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily, in Drosophila larval motor neurons (MNs), muscles, glia and sensory neurons (SNs) using a collection of GAL4 driver lines. We found that Dpr genes are more broadly expressed than DIP genes in MNs and SNs, and each examined neuron expresses a unique combination of Dpr and DIP genes. Interestingly, many Dpr and DIP genes are not robustly expressed, but are found instead in gradient and temporal expression patterns. In addition, the unique expression patterns of Dpr and DIP genes revealed three uncharacterized MNs. This study sets the stage for exploring the functions of Dpr and DIP genes in Drosophila MNs and SNs and provides genetic access to subsets of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupu Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Meike Lobb-Rabe
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - James Ashley
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Purujit Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Veera Anand
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Jan and Dan Duncan Neurobiological Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Oguz Kanca
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Jan and Dan Duncan Neurobiological Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Robert A. Carrillo
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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17
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Meltzer H, Schuldiner O. Spatiotemporal Control of Neuronal Remodeling by Cell Adhesion Molecules: Insights From Drosophila. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:897706. [PMID: 35645712 PMCID: PMC9135462 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.897706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental neuronal remodeling is required for shaping the precise connectivity of the mature nervous system. Remodeling involves pruning of exuberant neural connections, often followed by regrowth of adult-specific ones, as a strategy to refine neural circuits. Errors in remodeling are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. Despite its fundamental nature, our understanding of the mechanisms governing neuronal remodeling is far from complete. Specifically, how precise spatiotemporal control of remodeling and rewiring is achieved is largely unknown. In recent years, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), and other cell surface and secreted proteins of various families, have been implicated in processes of neurite pruning and wiring specificity during circuit reassembly. Here, we review some of the known as well as speculated roles of CAMs in these processes, highlighting recent advances in uncovering spatiotemporal aspects of regulation. Our focus is on the fruit fly Drosophila, which is emerging as a powerful model in the field, due to the extensive, well-characterized and stereotypic remodeling events occurring throughout its nervous system during metamorphosis, combined with the wide and constantly growing toolkit to identify CAM binding and resulting cellular interactions in vivo. We believe that its many advantages pose Drosophila as a leading candidate for future breakthroughs in the field of neuronal remodeling in general, and spatiotemporal control by CAMs specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagar Meltzer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- *Correspondence: Hagar Meltzer,
| | - Oren Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Oren Schuldiner,
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18
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Xu S, Sergeeva AP, Katsamba PS, Mannepalli S, Bahna F, Bimela J, Zipursky SL, Shapiro L, Honig B, Zinn K. Affinity requirements for control of synaptic targeting and neuronal cell survival by heterophilic IgSF cell adhesion molecules. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110618. [PMID: 35385751 PMCID: PMC9078203 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the developing brain express many different cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) on their surfaces. CAM-binding affinities can vary by more than 200-fold, but the significance of these variations is unknown. Interactions between the immunoglobulin superfamily CAM DIP-α and its binding partners, Dpr10 and Dpr6, control synaptic targeting and survival of Drosophila optic lobe neurons. We design mutations that systematically change interaction affinity and analyze function in vivo. Reducing affinity causes loss-of-function phenotypes whose severity scales with the magnitude of the change. Synaptic targeting is more sensitive to affinity reduction than is cell survival. Increasing affinity rescues neurons that would normally be culled by apoptosis. By manipulating CAM expression together with affinity, we show that the key parameter controlling circuit assembly is surface avidity, which is the strength of adherence between cell surfaces. We conclude that CAM binding affinities and expression levels are finely tuned for function during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwa Xu
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Alina P Sergeeva
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Phinikoula S Katsamba
- Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Seetha Mannepalli
- Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Fabiana Bahna
- Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jude Bimela
- Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - S Lawrence Zipursky
- Department of Biological Chemistry, HHMI, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Barry Honig
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kai Zinn
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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19
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Bali N, Lee HK(P, Zinn K. Sticks and Stones, a conserved cell surface ligand for the Type IIa RPTP Lar, regulates neural circuit wiring in Drosophila. eLife 2022; 11:e71469. [PMID: 35356892 PMCID: PMC9000958 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type IIa receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) are essential for neural development. They have cell adhesion molecule (CAM)-like extracellular domains that interact with cell-surface ligands and coreceptors. We identified the immunoglobulin superfamily CAM Sticks and Stones (Sns) as a new partner for the Drosophila Type IIa RPTP Lar. Lar and Sns bind to each other in embryos and in vitro, and the human Sns ortholog, Nephrin, binds to human Type IIa RPTPs. Genetic analysis shows that Lar and Sns function together to regulate larval neuromuscular junction development, axon guidance in the mushroom body (MB), and innervation of the optic lobe (OL) medulla by R7 photoreceptors. In the neuromuscular system, Lar and Sns are both required in motor neurons, and may function as coreceptors. In the MB and OL, however, the relevant Lar-Sns interactions are in trans (between neurons), so Sns functions as a Lar ligand in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Bali
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Hyung-Kook (Peter) Lee
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Kai Zinn
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
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20
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Velten J, Gao X, Van Nierop y Sanchez P, Domsch K, Agarwal R, Bognar L, Paulsen M, Velten L, Lohmann I. Single‐cell RNA sequencing of motoneurons identifies regulators of synaptic wiring in
Drosophila
embryos. Mol Syst Biol 2022; 18:e10255. [PMID: 35225419 PMCID: PMC8883443 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202110255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The correct wiring of neuronal circuits is one of the most complex processes in development, since axons form highly specific connections out of a vast number of possibilities. Circuit structure is genetically determined in vertebrates and invertebrates, but the mechanisms guiding each axon to precisely innervate a unique pre‐specified target cell are poorly understood. We investigated Drosophila embryonic motoneurons using single‐cell genomics, imaging, and genetics. We show that a cell‐specific combination of homeodomain transcription factors and downstream immunoglobulin domain proteins is expressed in individual cells and plays an important role in determining cell‐specific connections between differentiated motoneurons and target muscles. We provide genetic evidence for a functional role of five homeodomain transcription factors and four immunoglobulins in the neuromuscular wiring. Knockdown and ectopic expression of these homeodomain transcription factors induces cell‐specific synaptic wiring defects that are partly phenocopied by genetic modulations of their immunoglobulin targets. Taken together, our data suggest that homeodomain transcription factor and immunoglobulin molecule expression could be directly linked and function as a crucial determinant of neuronal circuit structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Velten
- Department of Developmental Biology Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) Barcelona Spain
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Heidelberg Germany
| | - Xuefan Gao
- Department of Developmental Biology Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | | | - Katrin Domsch
- Department of Developmental Biology Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
- Developmental Biology Erlangen‐Nürnberg University Erlangen Germany
| | - Rashi Agarwal
- Department of Developmental Biology Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Lena Bognar
- Department of Developmental Biology Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Malte Paulsen
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Heidelberg Germany
| | - Lars Velten
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) Barcelona Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) Barcelona Spain
| | - Ingrid Lohmann
- Department of Developmental Biology Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
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21
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A global timing mechanism regulates cell-type-specific wiring programmes. Nature 2022; 603:112-118. [PMID: 35197627 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04418-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of neural circuits is dependent on precise spatiotemporal expression of cell recognition molecules1-5. Factors controlling cell type specificity have been identified6-8, but how timing is determined remains unknown. Here we describe induction of a cascade of transcription factors by a steroid hormone (ecdysone) in all fly visual system neurons spanning target recognition and synaptogenesis. We demonstrate through single-cell sequencing that the ecdysone pathway regulates the expression of a common set of targets required for synaptic maturation and cell-type-specific targets enriched for cell-surface proteins regulating wiring specificity. Transcription factors in the cascade regulate the expression of the same wiring genes in complex ways, including activation in one cell type and repression in another. We show that disruption of the ecdysone pathway generates specific defects in dendritic and axonal processes and synaptic connectivity, with the order of transcription factor expression correlating with sequential steps in wiring. We also identify shared targets of a cell-type-specific transcription factor and the ecdysone pathway that regulate specificity. We propose that neurons integrate a global temporal transcriptional module with cell-type-specific transcription factors to generate different cell-type-specific patterns of cell recognition molecules regulating wiring.
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22
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Kiral FR, Dutta SB, Linneweber GA, Hilgert S, Poppa C, Duch C, von Kleist M, Hassan BA, Hiesinger PR. Brain connectivity inversely scales with developmental temperature in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110145. [PMID: 34936868 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Variability of synapse numbers and partners despite identical genes reveals the limits of genetic determinism. Here, we use developmental temperature as a non-genetic perturbation to study variability of brain wiring and behavior in Drosophila. Unexpectedly, slower development at lower temperatures increases axo-dendritic branching, synapse numbers, and non-canonical synaptic partnerships of various neurons, while maintaining robust ratios of canonical synapses. Using R7 photoreceptors as a model, we show that changing the relative availability of synaptic partners using a DIPγ mutant that ablates R7's preferred partner leads to temperature-dependent recruitment of non-canonical partners to reach normal synapse numbers. Hence, R7 synaptic specificity is not absolute but based on the relative availability of postsynaptic partners and presynaptic control of synapse numbers. Behaviorally, movement precision is temperature robust, while movement activity is optimized for the developmentally encountered temperature. These findings suggest genetically encoded relative and scalable synapse formation to develop functional, but not identical, brains and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdi Ridvan Kiral
- Division of Neurobiology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Suchetana B Dutta
- Division of Neurobiology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerit Arne Linneweber
- Division of Neurobiology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Selina Hilgert
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology (iDN), Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Caroline Poppa
- Division of Neurobiology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Duch
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology (iDN), Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Max von Kleist
- MF1 Bioinformatics, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bassem A Hassan
- Division of Neurobiology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - P Robin Hiesinger
- Division of Neurobiology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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23
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Neural specification, targeting, and circuit formation during visual system assembly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2101823118. [PMID: 34183440 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101823118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Like other sensory systems, the visual system is topographically organized: Its sensory neurons, the photoreceptors, and their targets maintain point-to-point correspondence in physical space, forming a retinotopic map. The iterative wiring of circuits in the visual system conveniently facilitates the study of its development. Over the past few decades, experiments in Drosophila have shed light on the principles that guide the specification and connectivity of visual system neurons. In this review, we describe the main findings unearthed by the study of the Drosophila visual system and compare them with similar events in mammals. We focus on how temporal and spatial patterning generates diverse cell types, how guidance molecules distribute the axons and dendrites of neurons within the correct target regions, how vertebrates and invertebrates generate their retinotopic map, and the molecules and mechanisms required for neuronal migration. We suggest that basic principles used to wire the fly visual system are broadly applicable to other systems and highlight its importance as a model to study nervous system development.
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24
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Bornstein B, Meltzer H, Adler R, Alyagor I, Berkun V, Cummings G, Reh F, Keren‐Shaul H, David E, Riemensperger T, Schuldiner O. Transneuronal Dpr12/DIP-δ interactions facilitate compartmentalized dopaminergic innervation of Drosophila mushroom body axons. EMBO J 2021; 40:e105763. [PMID: 33847376 PMCID: PMC8204868 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms controlling wiring of neuronal networks are not completely understood. The stereotypic architecture of the Drosophila mushroom body (MB) offers a unique system to study circuit assembly. The adult medial MB γ-lobe is comprised of a long bundle of axons that wire with specific modulatory and output neurons in a tiled manner, defining five distinct zones. We found that the immunoglobulin superfamily protein Dpr12 is cell-autonomously required in γ-neurons for their developmental regrowth into the distal γ4/5 zones, where both Dpr12 and its interacting protein, DIP-δ, are enriched. DIP-δ functions in a subset of dopaminergic neurons that wire with γ-neurons within the γ4/5 zone. During metamorphosis, these dopaminergic projections arrive to the γ4/5 zone prior to γ-axons, suggesting that γ-axons extend through a prepatterned region. Thus, Dpr12/DIP-δ transneuronal interaction is required for γ4/5 zone formation. Our study sheds light onto molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying circuit formation within subcellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bavat Bornstein
- Department of Molecular Cell BiologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Hagar Meltzer
- Department of Molecular Cell BiologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Ruth Adler
- Department of Molecular Cell BiologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Idan Alyagor
- Department of Molecular Cell BiologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Victoria Berkun
- Department of Molecular Cell BiologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Gideon Cummings
- Department of Molecular Cell BiologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Fabienne Reh
- Institute of ZoologyUniversity of CologneKölnGermany
| | - Hadas Keren‐Shaul
- Department of ImmunologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
- Life Science Core FacilityWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Eyal David
- Department of ImmunologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | | | - Oren Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Cell BiologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
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25
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Keleş MF, Hardcastle BJ, Städele C, Xiao Q, Frye MA. Inhibitory Interactions and Columnar Inputs to an Object Motion Detector in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2115-2124.e5. [PMID: 32075756 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The direction-selective T4/T5 cells innervate optic-flow processing projection neurons in the lobula plate of the fly that mediate the visual control of locomotion. In the lobula, visual projection neurons coordinate complex behavioral responses to visual features, however, the input circuitry and computations that bestow their feature-detecting properties are less clear. Here, we study a highly specialized small object motion detector, LC11, and demonstrate that its responses are suppressed by local background motion. We show that LC11 expresses GABA-A receptors that serve to sculpt responses to small objects but are not responsible for the rejection of background motion. Instead, LC11 is innervated by columnar T2 and T3 neurons that are themselves highly sensitive to small static or moving objects, insensitive to wide-field motion and, unlike T4/T5, respond to both ON and OFF luminance steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet F Keleş
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, 610 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7239, USA
| | - Ben J Hardcastle
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, 610 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7239, USA
| | - Carola Städele
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, 610 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7239, USA
| | - Qi Xiao
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, 610 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7239, USA; University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mark A Frye
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, 610 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7239, USA.
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26
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Brovero SG, Fortier JC, Hu H, Lovejoy PC, Newell NR, Palmateer CM, Tzeng RY, Lee PT, Zinn K, Arbeitman MN. Investigation of Drosophila fruitless neurons that express Dpr/DIP cell adhesion molecules. eLife 2021; 10:e63101. [PMID: 33616528 PMCID: PMC7972454 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila reproductive behaviors are directed by fruitless neurons. A reanalysis of genomic studies shows that genes encoding dpr and DIP immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) members are expressed in fru P1 neurons. We find that each fru P1 and dpr/DIP (fru P1 ∩ dpr/DIP) overlapping expression pattern is similar in both sexes, but there are dimorphisms in neuronal morphology and cell number. Behavioral studies of fru P1 ∩ dpr/DIP perturbation genotypes indicate that the mushroom body functions together with the lateral protocerebral complex to direct courtship behavior. A single-cell RNA-seq analysis of fru P1 neurons shows that many DIPs have high expression in a small set of neurons, whereas the dprs are often expressed in a larger set of neurons at intermediate levels, with a myriad of dpr/DIP expression combinations. Functionally, we find that perturbations of sex hierarchy genes and of DIP-ε change the sex-specific morphologies of fru P1 ∩ DIP-α neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah G Brovero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program of Neuroscience, Florida State University, College of MedicineTallahasseeUnited States
| | - Julia C Fortier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program of Neuroscience, Florida State University, College of MedicineTallahasseeUnited States
| | - Hongru Hu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program of Neuroscience, Florida State University, College of MedicineTallahasseeUnited States
| | - Pamela C Lovejoy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program of Neuroscience, Florida State University, College of MedicineTallahasseeUnited States
| | - Nicole R Newell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program of Neuroscience, Florida State University, College of MedicineTallahasseeUnited States
| | - Colleen M Palmateer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program of Neuroscience, Florida State University, College of MedicineTallahasseeUnited States
| | - Ruei-Ying Tzeng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program of Neuroscience, Florida State University, College of MedicineTallahasseeUnited States
| | - Pei-Tseng Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Kai Zinn
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Michelle N Arbeitman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program of Neuroscience, Florida State University, College of MedicineTallahasseeUnited States
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27
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Abstract
Neurons develop dendritic morphologies that bear cell type-specific features in dendritic field size and geometry, branch placement and density, and the types and distributions of synaptic contacts. Dendritic patterns influence the types and numbers of inputs a neuron receives, and the ways in which neural information is processed and transmitted in the circuitry. Even subtle alterations in dendritic structures can have profound consequences on neuronal function and are implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. In this chapter, I review how growing dendrites acquire their exquisite patterns by drawing examples from diverse neuronal cell types in vertebrate and invertebrate model systems. Dendrite morphogenesis is shaped by intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as transcriptional regulators, guidance and adhesion molecules, neighboring cells and synaptic partners. I discuss molecular mechanisms that regulate dendrite morphogenesis with a focus on five aspects of dendrite patterning: (1) Dendritic cytoskeleton and cellular machineries that build the arbor; (2) Gene regulatory mechanisms; (3) Afferent cues that regulate dendritic arbor growth; (4) Space-filling strategies that optimize dendritic coverage; and (5) Molecular cues that specify dendrite wiring. Cell type-specific implementation of these patterning mechanisms produces the diversity of dendrite morphologies that wire the nervous system.
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28
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Heckman EL, Doe CQ. Establishment and Maintenance of Neural Circuit Architecture. J Neurosci 2021; 41:1119-1129. [PMID: 33568445 PMCID: PMC7888231 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1143-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to sense the world, process information, and navigate the environment depends on the assembly and continuous function of neural circuits in the brain. Within the past two decades, new technologies have rapidly advanced our understanding of how neural circuits are wired during development and how they are stably maintained, often for years. Electron microscopy reconstructions of model organism connectomes have provided a map of the stereotyped (and variable) connections in the brain; advanced light microscopy techniques have enabled direct observation of the cellular dynamics that underlie circuit construction and maintenance; transcriptomic and proteomic surveys of both developing and mature neurons have provided insights into the molecular and genetic programs governing circuit establishment and maintenance; and advanced genetic techniques have allowed for high-throughput discovery of wiring regulators. These tools have empowered scientists to rapidly generate and test hypotheses about how circuits establish and maintain connectivity. Thus, the set of principles governing circuit formation and maintenance have been expanded. These principles are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Heckman
- Institute of Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403
| | - Chris Q Doe
- Institute of Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403
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29
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Dorskind JM, Kolodkin AL. Revisiting and refining roles of neural guidance cues in circuit assembly. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 66:10-21. [PMID: 32823181 PMCID: PMC10725571 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neural guidance mechanisms ensure the precise targeting and synaptogenesis events essential for normal circuit function. Neuronal growth cones encounter numerous attractive and repulsive cues as they navigate toward their intermediate and final targets; temporal and spatial regulation of these responses are critical for circuit assembly. Recent work highlights the complexity of these events throughout neural development and the multifaceted functions of a wide range of guidance cues. Here, we discuss recent studies that leverage advances in genetics, single cell tracing, transcriptomics and proteomics to further our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying neural guidance and overall circuit organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle M Dorskind
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Alex L Kolodkin
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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30
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Structural and Functional Synaptic Plasticity Induced by Convergent Synapse Loss in the Drosophila Neuromuscular Circuit. J Neurosci 2021; 41:1401-1417. [PMID: 33402422 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1492-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout the nervous system, the convergence of two or more presynaptic inputs on a target cell is commonly observed. The question we ask here is to what extent converging inputs influence each other's structural and functional synaptic plasticity. In complex circuits, isolating individual inputs is difficult because postsynaptic cells can receive thousands of inputs. An ideal model to address this question is the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) where each postsynaptic muscle cell receives inputs from two glutamatergic types of motor neurons (MNs), known as 1b and 1s MNs. Notably, each muscle is unique and receives input from a different combination of 1b and 1s MNs; we surveyed multiple muscles for this reason. Here, we identified a cell-specific promoter that allows ablation of 1s MNs postinnervation and measured structural and functional responses of convergent 1b NMJs using microscopy and electrophysiology. For all muscles examined in both sexes, ablation of 1s MNs resulted in NMJ expansion and increased spontaneous neurotransmitter release at corresponding 1b NMJs. This demonstrates that 1b NMJs can compensate for the loss of convergent 1s MNs. However, only a subset of 1b NMJs showed compensatory evoked neurotransmission, suggesting target-specific plasticity. Silencing 1s MNs led to similar plasticity at 1b NMJs, suggesting that evoked neurotransmission from 1s MNs contributes to 1b synaptic plasticity. Finally, we genetically blocked 1s innervation in male larvae and robust 1b synaptic plasticity was eliminated, raising the possibility that 1s NMJ formation is required to set up a reference for subsequent synaptic perturbations.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In complex neural circuits, multiple convergent inputs contribute to the activity of the target cell, but whether synaptic plasticity exists among these inputs has not been thoroughly explored. In this study, we examined synaptic plasticity in the structurally and functionally tractable Drosophila larval neuromuscular system. In this convergent circuit, each muscle is innervated by a unique pair of motor neurons. Removal of one neuron after innervation causes the adjacent neuron to increase neuromuscular junction outgrowth and functional output. However, this is not a general feature as each motor neuron differentially compensates. Further, robust compensation requires initial coinnervation by both neurons. Understanding how neurons respond to perturbations in adjacent neurons will provide insight into nervous system plasticity in both healthy and disease states.
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31
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Honig B, Shapiro L. Adhesion Protein Structure, Molecular Affinities, and Principles of Cell-Cell Recognition. Cell 2021; 181:520-535. [PMID: 32359436 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability of cells to organize into multicellular structures in precise patterns requires that they "recognize" one another with high specificity. We discuss recent progress in understanding the molecular basis of cell-cell recognition, including unique phenomena associated with neuronal interactions. We describe structures of select adhesion receptor complexes and their assembly into larger intercellular junction structures and discuss emerging principles that relate cell-cell organization to the binding specificities and energetics of adhesion receptors. Armed with these insights, advances in protein design and gene editing should pave the way for breakthroughs toward understanding the molecular basis of cell patterning in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Honig
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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32
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Hiesinger PR. Brain wiring with composite instructions. Bioessays 2020; 43:e2000166. [PMID: 33145823 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The quest for molecular mechanisms that guide axons or specify synaptic contacts has largely focused on molecules that intuitively relate to the idea of an "instruction." By contrast, "permissive" factors are traditionally considered background machinery without contribution to the information content of a molecularly executed instruction. In this essay, I recast this dichotomy as a continuum from permissive to instructive actions of single factors that provide relative contributions to a necessarily collaborative effort. Individual molecules or other factors do not constitute absolute instructions by themselves; they provide necessary context for each other, thereby creating a composite that defines the overall instruction. The idea of composite instructions leads to two main conclusions: first, a composite of many seemingly permissive factors can define a specific instruction even in the absence of a single dominant contributor; second, individual factors are not necessarily related intuitively to the overall instruction or phenotypic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Robin Hiesinger
- Division of Neurobiology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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33
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Valdes-Aleman J, Fetter RD, Sales EC, Heckman EL, Venkatasubramanian L, Doe CQ, Landgraf M, Cardona A, Zlatic M. Comparative Connectomics Reveals How Partner Identity, Location, and Activity Specify Synaptic Connectivity in Drosophila. Neuron 2020; 109:105-122.e7. [PMID: 33120017 PMCID: PMC7837116 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which synaptic partners recognize each other and establish appropriate numbers of connections during embryonic development to form functional neural circuits are poorly understood. We combined electron microscopy reconstruction, functional imaging of neural activity, and behavioral experiments to elucidate the roles of (1) partner identity, (2) location, and (3) activity in circuit assembly in the embryonic nerve cord of Drosophila. We found that postsynaptic partners are able to find and connect to their presynaptic partners even when these have been shifted to ectopic locations or silenced. However, orderly positioning of axon terminals by positional cues and synaptic activity is required for appropriate numbers of connections between specific partners, for appropriate balance between excitatory and inhibitory connections, and for appropriate functional connectivity and behavior. Our study reveals with unprecedented resolution the fine connectivity effects of multiple factors that work together to control the assembly of neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Valdes-Aleman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Richard D Fetter
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Emily C Sales
- Institute of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Emily L Heckman
- Institute of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | | | - Chris Q Doe
- Institute of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Matthias Landgraf
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Albert Cardona
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Marta Zlatic
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK; MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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34
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The γ-Protocadherins Regulate the Survival of GABAergic Interneurons during Developmental Cell Death. J Neurosci 2020; 40:8652-8668. [PMID: 33060174 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1636-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory interneurons integrate into developing circuits in specific ratios and distributions. In the neocortex, inhibitory network formation occurs concurrently with the apoptotic elimination of a third of GABAergic interneurons. The cell surface molecules that select interneurons to survive or die are unknown. Here, we report that members of the clustered Protocadherins (cPCDHs) control GABAergic interneuron survival during developmentally-regulated cell death. Conditional deletion of the gene cluster encoding the γ-Protocadherins (Pcdhgs) from developing GABAergic neurons in mice of either sex causes a severe loss of inhibitory populations in multiple brain regions and results in neurologic deficits such as seizures. By focusing on the neocortex and the cerebellar cortex, we demonstrate that reductions of inhibitory interneurons result from elevated apoptosis during the critical postnatal period of programmed cell death (PCD). By contrast, cortical interneuron (cIN) populations are not affected by removal of Pcdhgs from pyramidal neurons or glial cells. Interneuron loss correlates with reduced AKT signaling in Pcdhg mutant interneurons, and is rescued by genetic blockade of the pro-apoptotic factor BAX. Together, these findings identify the PCDHGs as pro-survival transmembrane proteins that select inhibitory interneurons for survival and modulate the extent of PCD. We propose that the PCDHGs contribute to the formation of balanced inhibitory networks by controlling the size of GABAergic interneuron populations in the developing brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A pivotal step for establishing appropriate excitatory-inhibitory ratios is adjustment of neuronal populations by cell death. In the mouse neocortex, a third of GABAergic interneurons are eliminated by BAX-dependent apoptosis during the first postnatal week. Interneuron cell death is modulated by neural activity and pro-survival pathways but the cell-surface molecules that select interneurons for survival or death are unknown. We demonstrate that members of the cadherin superfamily, the clustered γ-Protocadherins (PCDHGs), regulate the survival of inhibitory interneurons and the balance of cell death. Deletion of the Pcdhgs in mice causes inhibitory interneuron loss in the cortex and cerebellum, and leads to motor deficits and seizures. Our findings provide a molecular basis for controlling inhibitory interneuron population size during circuit formation.
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35
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Rangel Olguin AG, Rochon PL, Krishnaswamy A. New Optical Tools to Study Neural Circuit Assembly in the Retina. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:44. [PMID: 32848633 PMCID: PMC7424070 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, neurons navigate a tangled thicket of thousands of axons and dendrites to synapse with just a few specific targets. This phenomenon termed wiring specificity, is critical to the assembly of neural circuits and the way neurons manage this feat is only now becoming clear. Recent studies in the mouse retina are shedding new insight into this process. They show that specific wiring arises through a series of stages that include: directed axonal and dendritic growth, the formation of neuropil layers, positioning of such layers, and matching of co-laminar synaptic partners. Each stage appears to be directed by a distinct family of recognition molecules, suggesting that the combinatorial expression of such family members might act as a blueprint for retinal connectivity. By reviewing the evidence in support of each stage, and by considering their underlying molecular mechanisms, we attempt to synthesize these results into a wiring model which generates testable predictions for future studies. Finally, we conclude by highlighting new optical methods that could be used to address such predictions and gain further insight into this fundamental process.
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36
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Hörmann N, Schilling T, Ali AH, Serbe E, Mayer C, Borst A, Pujol-Martí J. A combinatorial code of transcription factors specifies subtypes of visual motion-sensing neurons in Drosophila. Development 2020; 147:223179. [PMID: 32238425 PMCID: PMC7240302 DOI: 10.1242/dev.186296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Direction-selective T4/T5 neurons exist in four subtypes, each tuned to visual motion along one of the four cardinal directions. Along with their directional tuning, neurons of each T4/T5 subtype orient their dendrites and project their axons in a subtype-specific manner. Directional tuning, thus, appears strictly linked to morphology in T4/T5 neurons. How the four T4/T5 subtypes acquire their distinct morphologies during development remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated when and how the dendrites of the four T4/T5 subtypes acquire their specific orientations, and profiled the transcriptomes of all T4/T5 neurons during this process. This revealed a simple and stable combinatorial code of transcription factors defining the four T4/T5 subtypes during their development. Changing the combination of transcription factors of specific T4/T5 subtypes resulted in predictable and complete conversions of subtype-specific properties, i.e. dendrite orientation and matching axon projection pattern. Therefore, a combinatorial code of transcription factors coordinates the development of dendrite and axon morphologies to generate anatomical specializations that differentiate subtypes of T4/T5 motion-sensing neurons. Summary: Morphological and transcriptomic analyses allowed the identification of a combinatorial code of transcription factors that controls the development of subtype-specific morphologies in motion-detecting neurons of the Drosophila visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Hörmann
- Department of Circuits - Computation - Models, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tabea Schilling
- Department of Circuits - Computation - Models, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Aicha Haji Ali
- Department of Circuits - Computation - Models, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Etienne Serbe
- Department of Circuits - Computation - Models, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christian Mayer
- Laboratory of Neurogenomics, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alexander Borst
- Department of Circuits - Computation - Models, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jesús Pujol-Martí
- Department of Circuits - Computation - Models, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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37
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Sergeeva AP, Katsamba PS, Cosmanescu F, Brewer JJ, Ahlsen G, Mannepalli S, Shapiro L, Honig B. DIP/Dpr interactions and the evolutionary design of specificity in protein families. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2125. [PMID: 32358559 PMCID: PMC7195491 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15981-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Differential binding affinities among closely related protein family members underlie many biological phenomena, including cell-cell recognition. Drosophila DIP and Dpr proteins mediate neuronal targeting in the fly through highly specific protein-protein interactions. We show here that DIPs/Dprs segregate into seven specificity subgroups defined by binding preferences between their DIP and Dpr members. We then describe a sequence-, structure- and energy-based computational approach, combined with experimental binding affinity measurements, to reveal how specificity is coded on the canonical DIP/Dpr interface. We show that binding specificity of DIP/Dpr subgroups is controlled by "negative constraints", which interfere with binding. To achieve specificity, each subgroup utilizes a different combination of negative constraints, which are broadly distributed and cover the majority of the protein-protein interface. We discuss the structural origins of negative constraints, and potential general implications for the evolutionary origins of binding specificity in multi-protein families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina P Sergeeva
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Phinikoula S Katsamba
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Filip Cosmanescu
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua J Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Goran Ahlsen
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seetha Mannepalli
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Barry Honig
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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38
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Sanes JR, Zipursky SL. Synaptic Specificity, Recognition Molecules, and Assembly of Neural Circuits. Cell 2020; 181:536-556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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39
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Family-wide Structural and Biophysical Analysis of Binding Interactions among Non-clustered δ-Protocadherins. Cell Rep 2020; 30:2655-2671.e7. [PMID: 32101743 PMCID: PMC7082078 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-clustered δ1- and δ2-protocadherins, close relatives of clustered protocadherins, function in cell adhesion and motility and play essential roles in neural patterning. To understand the molecular interactions underlying these functions, we used solution biophysics to characterize binding of δ1- and δ2-protocadherins, determined crystal structures of ectodomain complexes from each family, and assessed ectodomain assembly in reconstituted intermembrane junctions by cryoelectron tomography (cryo-ET). Homophilic trans (cell-cell) interactions were preferred for all δ-protocadherins, with additional weaker heterophilic interactions observed exclusively within each subfamily. As expected, δ1- and δ2-protocadherin trans dimers formed through antiparallel EC1-EC4 interfaces, like clustered protocadherins. However, no ectodomain-mediated cis (same-cell) interactions were detectable in solution; consistent with this, cryo-ET of reconstituted junctions revealed dense assemblies lacking the characteristic order observed for clustered protocadherins. Our results define non-clustered protocadherin binding properties and their structural basis, providing a foundation for interpreting their functional roles in neural patterning.
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40
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Menon KP, Kulkarni V, Takemura SY, Anaya M, Zinn K. Interactions between Dpr11 and DIP-γ control selection of amacrine neurons in Drosophila color vision circuits. eLife 2019; 8:e48935. [PMID: 31692445 PMCID: PMC6879306 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila R7 UV photoreceptors (PRs) are divided into yellow (y) and pale (p) subtypes. yR7 PRs express the Dpr11 cell surface protein and are presynaptic to Dm8 amacrine neurons (yDm8) that express Dpr11's binding partner DIP-γ, while pR7 PRs synapse onto DIP-γ-negative pDm8. Dpr11 and DIP-γ expression patterns define 'yellow' and 'pale' color vision circuits. We examined Dm8 neurons in these circuits by electron microscopic reconstruction and expansion microscopy. DIP-γ and dpr11 mutations affect the morphologies of yDm8 distal ('home column') dendrites. yDm8 neurons are generated in excess during development and compete for presynaptic yR7 PRs, and interactions between Dpr11 and DIP-γ are required for yDm8 survival. These interactions also allow yDm8 neurons to select yR7 PRs as their appropriate home column partners. yDm8 and pDm8 neurons do not normally compete for survival signals or R7 partners, but can be forced to do so by manipulation of R7 subtype fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushiki P Menon
- Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Vivek Kulkarni
- Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Shin-ya Takemura
- Janelia Research CampusHoward Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Michael Anaya
- Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Kai Zinn
- Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
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41
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Courgeon M, Desplan C. Coordination between stochastic and deterministic specification in the Drosophila visual system. Science 2019; 366:science.aay6727. [PMID: 31582524 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay6727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sensory systems use stochastic fate specification to increase their repertoire of neuronal types. How these stochastic decisions are coordinated with the development of their targets is unknown. In the Drosophila retina, two subtypes of ultraviolet-sensitive R7 photoreceptors are stochastically specified. In contrast, their targets in the brain are specified through a deterministic program. We identified subtypes of the main target of R7, the Dm8 neurons, each specific to the different subtypes of R7s. Dm8 subtypes are produced in excess by distinct neuronal progenitors, independently from R7. After matching with their cognate R7, supernumerary Dm8s are eliminated by apoptosis. Two interacting cell adhesion molecules, Dpr11 and DIPγ, are essential for the matching of one of the synaptic pairs. These mechanisms allow the qualitative and quantitative matching of R7 and Dm8 and thereby permit the stochastic choice made in R7 to propagate to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claude Desplan
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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42
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Xu C, Theisen E, Maloney R, Peng J, Santiago I, Yapp C, Werkhoven Z, Rumbaut E, Shum B, Tarnogorska D, Borycz J, Tan L, Courgeon M, Griffin T, Levin R, Meinertzhagen IA, de Bivort B, Drugowitsch J, Pecot MY. Control of Synaptic Specificity by Establishing a Relative Preference for Synaptic Partners. Neuron 2019; 103:865-877.e7. [PMID: 31300277 PMCID: PMC6728174 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability of neurons to identify correct synaptic partners is fundamental to the proper assembly and function of neural circuits. Relative to other steps in circuit formation such as axon guidance, our knowledge of how synaptic partner selection is regulated is severely limited. Drosophila Dpr and DIP immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) cell-surface proteins bind heterophilically and are expressed in a complementary manner between synaptic partners in the visual system. Here, we show that in the lamina, DIP mis-expression is sufficient to promote synapse formation with Dpr-expressing neurons and that disrupting DIP function results in ectopic synapse formation. These findings indicate that DIP proteins promote synapses to form between specific cell types and that in their absence, neurons synapse with alternative partners. We propose that neurons have the capacity to synapse with a broad range of cell types and that synaptic specificity is achieved by establishing a preference for specific partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chundi Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Emma Theisen
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ryan Maloney
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ivan Santiago
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Clarence Yapp
- Image and Data Analysis Core, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zachary Werkhoven
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Elijah Rumbaut
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bryan Shum
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dorota Tarnogorska
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jolanta Borycz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Liming Tan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, HHMI, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Maximilien Courgeon
- Department of Biology, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Tessa Griffin
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Raina Levin
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ian A Meinertzhagen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Benjamin de Bivort
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jan Drugowitsch
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew Y Pecot
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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43
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Venkatasubramanian L, Guo Z, Xu S, Tan L, Xiao Q, Nagarkar-Jaiswal S, Mann RS. Stereotyped terminal axon branching of leg motor neurons mediated by IgSF proteins DIP-α and Dpr10. eLife 2019; 8:e42692. [PMID: 30714901 PMCID: PMC6391070 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For animals to perform coordinated movements requires the precise organization of neural circuits controlling motor function. Motor neurons (MNs), key components of these circuits, project their axons from the central nervous system and form precise terminal branching patterns at specific muscles. Focusing on the Drosophila leg neuromuscular system, we show that the stereotyped terminal branching of a subset of MNs is mediated by interacting transmembrane Ig superfamily proteins DIP-α and Dpr10, present in MNs and target muscles, respectively. The DIP-α/Dpr10 interaction is needed only after MN axons reach the vicinity of their muscle targets. Live imaging suggests that precise terminal branching patterns are gradually established by DIP-α/Dpr10-dependent interactions between fine axon filopodia and developing muscles. Further, different leg MNs depend on the DIP-α and Dpr10 interaction to varying degrees that correlate with the morphological complexity of the MNs and their muscle targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalanti Venkatasubramanian
- Department of Biological SciencesColumbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of NeuroscienceMortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior InstituteNew YorkUnited States
| | - Zhenhao Guo
- Department of Biological SciencesColumbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Shuwa Xu
- Department of Biological ChemistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Liming Tan
- Department of Biological ChemistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Qi Xiao
- Department of Biological ChemistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Sonal Nagarkar-Jaiswal
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Richard S Mann
- Department of NeuroscienceMortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior InstituteNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiophysicsColumbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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44
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Cheng S, Ashley J, Kurleto JD, Lobb-Rabe M, Park YJ, Carrillo RA, Özkan E. Molecular basis of synaptic specificity by immunoglobulin superfamily receptors in Drosophila. eLife 2019; 8:41028. [PMID: 30688651 PMCID: PMC6374074 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In stereotyped neuronal networks, synaptic connectivity is dictated by cell surface proteins, which assign unique identities to neurons, and physically mediate axon guidance and synapse targeting. We recently identified two groups of immunoglobulin superfamily proteins in Drosophila, Dprs and DIPs, as strong candidates for synapse targeting functions. Here, we uncover the molecular basis of specificity in Dpr-DIP mediated cellular adhesions and neuronal connectivity. First, we present five crystal structures of Dpr-DIP and DIP-DIP complexes, highlighting the evolutionary and structural origins of diversification in Dpr and DIP proteins and their interactions. We further show that structures can be used to rationally engineer receptors with novel specificities or modified affinities, which can be used to study specific circuits that require Dpr-DIP interactions to help establish connectivity. We investigate one pair, engineered Dpr10 and DIP-α, for function in the neuromuscular circuit in flies, and reveal roles for homophilic and heterophilic binding in wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouqiang Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - James Ashley
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Justyna D Kurleto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoUnited States,Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and BiotechnologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Meike Lobb-Rabe
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoUnited States,Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Yeonhee Jenny Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Robert A Carrillo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Engin Özkan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
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45
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Ashley J, Sorrentino V, Lobb-Rabe M, Nagarkar-Jaiswal S, Tan L, Xu S, Xiao Q, Zinn K, Carrillo RA. Transsynaptic interactions between IgSF proteins DIP-α and Dpr10 are required for motor neuron targeting specificity. eLife 2019; 8:42690. [PMID: 30714906 PMCID: PMC6391064 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila larval neuromuscular system provides an ideal context in which to study synaptic partner choice, because it contains a small number of pre- and postsynaptic cells connected in an invariant pattern. The discovery of interactions between two subfamilies of IgSF cell surface proteins, the Dprs and the DIPs, provided new candidates for cellular labels controlling synaptic specificity. Here we show that DIP-α is expressed by two identified motor neurons, while its binding partner Dpr10 is expressed by postsynaptic muscle targets. Removal of either DIP-α or Dpr10 results in loss of specific axonal branches and NMJs formed by one motor neuron, MNISN-1s, while other branches of the MNISN-1s axon develop normally. The temporal and spatial expression pattern of dpr10 correlates with muscle innervation by MNISN-1s during embryonic development. We propose a model whereby DIP-α and Dpr10 on opposing synaptic partners interact with each other to generate proper motor neuron connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Ashley
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Violet Sorrentino
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Meike Lobb-Rabe
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoUnited States,Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Sonal Nagarkar-Jaiswal
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Liming Tan
- Department of Biological ChemistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Shuwa Xu
- Department of Biological ChemistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Qi Xiao
- Department of Biological ChemistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Kai Zinn
- Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Robert A Carrillo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoUnited States,Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
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46
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Abstract
The nervous system relies on a combinatorial code of protein interactions that determine wiring specificity. Two complementary studies by Cosmanescu et al. (2018) and Xu et al. (2018) present the most comprehensive biophysical and structural analysis of the cell-recognition proteins DIP and Dpr to date, and the discovery of key functions of DIP-α and Dpr6/10 in the wiring of the Drosophila visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Aksu
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Elena Seiradake
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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47
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Cosmanescu F, Katsamba PS, Sergeeva AP, Ahlsen G, Patel SD, Brewer JJ, Tan L, Xu S, Xiao Q, Nagarkar-Jaiswal S, Nern A, Bellen HJ, Zipursky SL, Honig B, Shapiro L. Neuron-Subtype-Specific Expression, Interaction Affinities, and Specificity Determinants of DIP/Dpr Cell Recognition Proteins. Neuron 2018; 100:1385-1400.e6. [PMID: 30467080 PMCID: PMC6309224 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Binding between DIP and Dpr neuronal recognition proteins has been proposed to regulate synaptic connections between lamina and medulla neurons in the Drosophila visual system. Each lamina neuron was previously shown to express many Dprs. Here, we demonstrate, by contrast, that their synaptic partners typically express one or two DIPs, with binding specificities matched to the lamina neuron-expressed Dprs. A deeper understanding of the molecular logic of DIP/Dpr interaction requires quantitative studies on the properties of these proteins. We thus generated a quantitative affinity-based DIP/Dpr interactome for all DIP/Dpr protein family members. This revealed a broad range of affinities and identified homophilic binding for some DIPs and some Dprs. These data, along with full-length ectodomain DIP/Dpr and DIP/DIP crystal structures, led to the identification of molecular determinants of DIP/Dpr specificity. This structural knowledge, along with a comprehensive set of quantitative binding affinities, provides new tools for functional studies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Cosmanescu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Phinikoula S Katsamba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alina P Sergeeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Goran Ahlsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Saurabh D Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joshua J Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Liming Tan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shuwa Xu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Qi Xiao
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sonal Nagarkar-Jaiswal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Aljoscha Nern
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - S Lawrence Zipursky
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Barry Honig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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