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Procès A, Gabriele S. Deciphering the mechanobiology of microglia in traumatic brain injury with advanced microsystems. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:2304-2306. [PMID: 39359081 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Procès
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Grenoble, France (Procès A)
| | - Sylvain Gabriele
- Mechanobiology & Biomaterials Group, CIRMAP, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium (Gabriele S)
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2
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Socodato R, Relvas JB. Neuroinflammation revisited through the microglial lens. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1989-1990. [PMID: 39254552 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Renato Socodato
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Socodato R, Relvas JB)
| | - João B Relvas
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Socodato R, Relvas JB)
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal (Relvas JB)
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3
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Smail MA, Lenz KM. Developmental functions of microglia: Impact of psychosocial and physiological early life stress. Neuropharmacology 2024; 258:110084. [PMID: 39025401 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Microglia play numerous important roles in brain development. From early embryonic stages through adolescence, these immune cells influence neuronal genesis and maturation, guide connectivity, and shape brain circuits. They also interact with other glial cells and structures, influencing the brain's supportive microenvironment. While this central role makes microglia essential, it means that early life perturbations to microglia can have widespread effects on brain development, potentially resulting in long-lasting behavioral impairments. Here, we will focus on the effects of early life psychosocial versus physiological stressors in rodent models. Psychosocial stress refers to perceived threats that lead to stress axes activation, including prenatal stress, or chronic postnatal stress, including maternal separation and resource scarcity. Physiological stress refers to physical threats, including maternal immune activation, postnatal infection, and traumatic brain injury. Differing sources of early life stress have varied impacts on microglia, and these effects are moderated by factors such as developmental age, brain region, and sex. Overall, these stressors appear to either 1) upregulate basal microglia numbers and activity throughout the lifespan, while possibly blunting their responsivity to subsequent stressors, or 2) shift the developmental curve of microglia, resulting in differential timing and function, impacting the critical periods they govern. Either could contribute to behavioral dysfunctions that occur after the resolution of early life stress. Exploring how different stressors impact microglia, as well as how multiple stressors interact to alter microglia's developmental functions, could deepen our understanding of how early life stress changes the brain's developmental trajectory. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Microglia".
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A Smail
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Kathryn M Lenz
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Chronic Brain Injury Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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4
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Alexander SN, Reed OA, Burton MD. Spinal cord microglia drive sex differences in ethanol-mediated PGE2-induced allodynia. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 122:399-421. [PMID: 39147173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of how long-term alcohol use can lead to persistent pain pathology are unclear. Understanding how earlier events of short-term alcohol use can lower the threshold of non-painful stimuli, described as allodynia could prove prudent to understand important initiating mechanisms. Previously, we observed that short-term low-dose alcohol intake induced female-specific allodynia and increased microglial activation in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Other literature describes how chronic ethanol exposure activates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to initiate inflammatory responses. TLR4 is expressed on many cell types, and we aimed to investigate whether TLR4 on microglia is sufficient to potentiate allodynia during a short-term/low-dose alcohol paradigm. Our study used a novel genetic model where TLR4 expression is removed from the entire body by introducing a floxed transcriptional blocker (TLR4-null background (TLR4LoxTB)), then restricted to microglia by breeding TLR4LoxTB animals with Cx3CR1:CreERT2 animals. As previously reported, after 14 days of ethanol administration alone, we observed no increased pain behavior. However, we observed significant priming effects 3 hrs post intraplantar injection of a subthreshold dose of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in wild-type and microglia-TLR4 restricted female mice. We also observed a significant female-specific shift to pro-inflammatory phenotype and morphological changes in microglia of the lumbar dorsal horn. Investigations in pain priming-associated neuronal subtypes showed an increase of c-Fos and FosB activity in PKCγ interneurons in the dorsal horn of female mice directly corresponding to increased microglial activity. This study uncovers cell- and female-specific roles of TLR4 in sexual dimorphisms in pain induction among non-pathological drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shevon N Alexander
- Neuroimmunology and Behavior Lab (NIB), Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Science, Center for Advanced Pain Studies (CAPS), University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Olivia A Reed
- Neuroimmunology and Behavior Lab (NIB), Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Science, Center for Advanced Pain Studies (CAPS), University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Michael D Burton
- Neuroimmunology and Behavior Lab (NIB), Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Science, Center for Advanced Pain Studies (CAPS), University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
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5
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Granzotto A, McQuade A, Chadarevian JP, Davtyan H, Sensi SL, Parker I, Blurton-Jones M, Smith IF. ER and SOCE Ca 2+ signals are not required for directed cell migration in human iPSC-derived microglia. Cell Calcium 2024; 123:102923. [PMID: 38970922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2024.102923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is constantly surveilled by microglia, highly motile and dynamic cells deputed to act as the first line of immune defense in the brain and spinal cord. Alterations in the homeostasis of the CNS are detected by microglia that respond by extending their processes or - following major injuries - by migrating toward the affected area. Understanding the mechanisms controlling directed cell migration of microglia is crucial to dissect their responses to neuroinflammation and injury. We used a combination of pharmacological and genetic approaches to explore the involvement of calcium (Ca2+) signaling in the directed migration of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia challenged with a purinergic stimulus. This approach mimics cues originating from injury of the CNS. Unexpectedly, simultaneous imaging of microglia migration and intracellular Ca2+ changes revealed that this phenomenon does not require Ca2+ signals generated from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) pathways. Instead, we find evidence that human microglial chemotaxis to purinergic signals is mediated by cyclic AMP in a Ca2+-independent manner. These results challenge prevailing notions, with important implications in neurological conditions characterized by perturbation in Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Granzotto
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, United States; Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Amanda McQuade
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, United States; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States; Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jean Paul Chadarevian
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, United States; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Hayk Davtyan
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, United States; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Stefano L Sensi
- Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Ian Parker
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, United States; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Ian F Smith
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
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6
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Birg A, van der Horn HJ, Ryman SG, Branzoli F, Deelchand DK, Quinn DK, Mayer AR, Lin HC, Erhardt EB, Caprihan A, Zotev V, Parada AN, Wick TV, Matos YL, Barnhart KA, Nitschke SR, Shaff NA, Julio KR, Prather HE, Vakhtin AA. Diffusion magnetic resonance spectroscopy captures microglial reactivity related to gut-derived systemic lipopolysaccharide: A preliminary study. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 122:345-352. [PMID: 39163909 PMCID: PMC11418836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a key component underlying multiple neurological disorders, yet non-invasive and cost-effective assessment of in vivo neuroinflammatory processes in the central nervous system remains challenging. Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance spectroscopy (dMRS) has shown promise in addressing these challenges by measuring diffusivity properties of different neurometabolites, which can reflect cell-specific morphologies. Prior work has demonstrated dMRS utility in capturing microglial reactivity in the context of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenges and serious neurological disorders, detected as changes of microglial metabolite diffusivity properties. However, the extent to which such dMRS metrics are capable of detecting subtler and more nuanced levels of neuroinflammation in populations without overt neuropathology is unknown. Here we examined the relationship between intrinsic, gut-derived levels of systemic LPS and dMRS-based apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) of choline, creatine, and N-acetylaspartate (NAA) in two brain regions: the thalamus and the corona radiata. Higher plasma LPS concentrations were significantly associated with increased ADC of choline and NAA in the thalamic region, with no such relationships observed in the corona radiata for any of the metabolites examined. As such, dMRS may have the sensitivity to measure microglial reactivity across populations with highly variable levels of neuroinflammation, and holds promising potential for widespread applications in both research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Birg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Raymond G. Murphy VA Medical Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Harm J van der Horn
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute
| | - Sephira G Ryman
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute; Nene and Jamie Koch Comprehensive Movement Disorder Center, Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Francesca Branzoli
- Sorbonne University, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, The Paris Brain Institute, Paris, France
| | - Dinesh K Deelchand
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Davin K Quinn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Andrew R Mayer
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute
| | - Henry C Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Raymond G. Murphy VA Medical Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Erik B Erhardt
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Arvind Caprihan
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute
| | - Vadim Zotev
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute
| | - Alisha N Parada
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Tracey V Wick
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute
| | - Yvette L Matos
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute
| | - Kimberly A Barnhart
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute
| | - Stephanie R Nitschke
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute
| | - Nicholas A Shaff
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute
| | - Kayla R Julio
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute
| | - Haley E Prather
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute
| | - Andrei A Vakhtin
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute.
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7
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Sandoval C, Lee J, Toth B, Nagaraj R, Schauer SP, Hoffman J, Calderon E, Kollmorgen G, Sanabria Bohórquez SM, Monteiro C, Teng E, Hanson JE, Yeh FL, Gutierrez J, Biever A. CSF complement proteins are elevated in prodromal to moderate Alzheimer's disease patients and are not altered by the anti-tau antibody semorinemab. Alzheimers Dement 2024. [PMID: 39369294 DOI: 10.1002/alz.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Growing evidence suggests a role for neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We investigated complement pathway activity in AD patient cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and evaluated its modulation by the anti-tau antibody semorinemab. METHODS Immunoassays were applied to measure CSF complement proteins C4, factor B (FB), C3 and their cleavage fragments C4a, C3a, and factor Bb (Bb) in AD patients and a separate cognitively unimpaired (CU) cohort. RESULTS All measured CSF complement proteins were increased in AD versus CU subjects, with C4a displaying the most robust increase. Finally, semorinemab did not have a significant pharmacodynamic effect on CSF complement proteins. DISCUSSION Elevated levels of CSF C4a, C4, C3a, C3, Bb, and FB are consistent with complement activation in AD brains. Despite showing a reduction in CSF soluble tau species, semorinemab did not impact complement protein levels or activity. Further studies are needed to determine the value of complement proteins as neuroinflammation biomarkers in AD. HIGHLIGHTS Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) complement proteins C4a, C3a, Bb, C4, C3, and factor B levels were increased in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients compared to a separate cognitively unimpaired (CU) cohort. Baseline CSF complement protein levels were correlated with neuro-axonal degeneration and glial activation biomarkers in AD patients. The investigational anti-tau antibody semorinemab did not impact CSF complement protein levels or activity relative to the placebo arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosme Sandoval
- Department of Translational Medicine, Genentech Inc, OMNI, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Julie Lee
- Department of Translational Medicine, Genentech Inc, OMNI, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Balazs Toth
- Department of Data and Statistical Sciences, Genentech Inc, Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Opthalmology, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rajini Nagaraj
- Department of Translational Medicine, Genentech Inc, OMNI, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephen P Schauer
- Department of Translational Medicine, Genentech Inc, OMNI, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Hoffman
- Department of Translational Medicine, Genentech Inc, Operations Diagnostics Technology Innovation, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Emilia Calderon
- Department of Translational Medicine, Genentech Inc, Operations Diagnostics Technology Innovation, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Cecilia Monteiro
- Department of Early Clinical Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Edmond Teng
- Department of Early Clinical Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jesse E Hanson
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Felix L Yeh
- Department of Translational Medicine, Genentech Inc, OMNI, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Johnny Gutierrez
- Department of Translational Medicine, Genentech Inc, OMNI, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anne Biever
- Department of Translational Medicine, Genentech Inc, OMNI, South San Francisco, California, USA
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8
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Bortolin V, Mansuroglu Z, Conquet L, Calcagno G, Lambert F, Marin-Obando JP, Segrt H, Savino M, Menidjel R, Souès S, Buée L, Niedergang F, Galas MC, Montagutelli X, Bonnefoy E. Protein kinase R induced by type I interferons is a main regulator of reactive microglia in Zika virus infection. Glia 2024. [PMID: 39359232 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Microglial cells are the phagocytic cells of the brain that under physiological conditions participate in brain homeostasis and surveillance. Under pathogenic states, microglia undergoes strong morphological and transcriptional changes potentially leading to sustained neuroinflammation, brain damage, and cognitive disorders. Postnatal and adult Zika virus (ZIKV) brain infection is characterized by the induction of reactive microglia associated with brain inflammation, synapse loss and neuropathogenesis. Contrary to neurons, microglial cells are not infected by ZIKV thus raising the question of the mechanism governing ZIKV-induced microglia's reactivity. In this work, we have questioned the role of exogenous, neuronal type I interferons (IFNs-I) in regulating ZIKV-induced microglia's reactivity. Primary cultured microglial cells were either treated with conditioned media from ZIKV-infected mature neurons or co-cultured with ZIKV-infected neurons. Using either an antibody directed against the IFNAR receptor that neutralizes the IFNs-I response or Ifnar-/-microglial cells, we demonstrate that IFNs-I produced by ZIKV-infected neurons are the main regulators of the phagocytic capacity and the pro-inflammatory gene expression profile of reactive, non-infected microglial cells. We identify protein kinase R (PKR), whose expression is activated by IFNs-I, as a major regulator of the phagocytic capacity, pro-inflammatory response, and morphological changes of microglia induced by IFNs-I while up-regulating STAT1 phosphorylation and IRF1 expression. Results obtained herein in vitro with primary cultured cells and in vivo in ZIKV-infected adult immunocompetent mice, unravel a role for IFNs-I and PKR in directly regulating microglia's reactivity that could be at work in other infectious and non-infectious brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeyni Mansuroglu
- CNRS, Inserm, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Laurine Conquet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Mouse Genetics Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Gaetano Calcagno
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Mouse Genetics Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Lambert
- CNRS, Inserm, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Helena Segrt
- Inserm, CHU Lille, CNRS, LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mary Savino
- CNRS, Inserm, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Reyene Menidjel
- CNRS, Inserm, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Souès
- CNRS, Inserm, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Luc Buée
- Inserm, CHU Lille, CNRS, LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Marie-Christine Galas
- Inserm, CHU Lille, CNRS, LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Xavier Montagutelli
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Mouse Genetics Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Eliette Bonnefoy
- CNRS, Inserm, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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9
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Luczak-Sobotkowska ZM, Rosa P, Lopez MB, Ochocka N, Kiryk A, Lenkiewicz AM, Furhmann M, Jankowski A, Kaminska B. Tracking changes in functionality and morphology of repopulated microglia in young and old mice. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:248. [PMID: 39363245 PMCID: PMC11448401 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia (MG) are myeloid cells of the central nervous system that support homeostasis and instigate neuroinflammation in pathologies. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) revealed the functional heterogeneity of MG in mouse brains. Microglia are self-renewing cells and inhibition of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) signaling depletes microglia which rapidly repopulate. The functions of repopulated microglia are poorly known. METHODS We combined scRNA-seq, bulk RNA-seq, immunofluorescence, and confocal imaging to study the functionalities and morphology of repopulated microglia. RESULTS A CSRF1R inhibitor (BLZ-945) depleted microglia within 21 days and a number of microglia was fully restored within 7 days, as confirmed by TMEM119 staining and flow cytometry. ScRNA-seq and computational analyses demonstrate that repopulated microglia originated from preexisting progenitors and reconstituted functional clusters but upregulated inflammatory genes. Percentages of proliferating, immature microglia displaying inflammatory gene expression increased in aging mice. Morphometric analysis of MG cell body and branching revealed a distinct morphology of repopulated MG, particularly in brains of old mice. We demonstrate that with aging some repopulated MG fail to reach the homeostatic phenotype. These differences may contribute to the deterioration of MG protective functions with age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrycja Rosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Banqueri Lopez
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Ochocka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kiryk
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna M Lenkiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Martin Furhmann
- Neuroimmunology and Imaging Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Aleksander Jankowski
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
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10
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Faust TE, Devlin BA, Farhy-Tselnicker I, Ferro A, Postolache M, Xin W. Glial Control of Cortical Neuronal Circuit Maturation and Plasticity. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1208242024. [PMID: 39358028 PMCID: PMC11450532 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1208-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The brain is a highly adaptable organ that is molded by experience throughout life. Although the field of neuroscience has historically focused on intrinsic neuronal mechanisms of plasticity, there is growing evidence that multiple glial populations regulate the timing and extent of neuronal plasticity, particularly over the course of development. This review highlights recent discoveries on the role of glial cells in the establishment of cortical circuits and the regulation of experience-dependent neuronal plasticity during critical periods of neurodevelopment. These studies provide strong evidence that neuronal circuit maturation and plasticity are non-cell autonomous processes that require both glial-neuronal and glial-glial cross talk to proceed. We conclude by discussing open questions that will continue to guide research in this nascent field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis E Faust
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Benjamin A Devlin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | | | - Austin Ferro
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724
| | - Maggie Postolache
- Brain Immunology & Glia Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Wendy Xin
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
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11
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Nelson RB, Rose KN, Menniti FS, Zorn SH. Hiding in plain sight: Do recruited dendritic cells surround amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease? Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 228:116258. [PMID: 38705533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, human genome-wide association and expression studies have strongly implicated dysregulation of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Single cell mRNA sequencing studies have identified innate immune cell subtypes that are minimally present in normal healthy brain, but whose numbers greatly increase in association with AD pathology. These AD pathology-associated immune cells are putatively the locus for the immune-related AD risk. While the prevailing view is that these immune cells arise from transformation of resident brain microglia, studies across several decades and using multiple techniques and strategies suggest instead that the pathology-associated immune cells are bone-marrow derived hematopoietic cells that are recruited into brain. We critically review this translational literature, emphasizing the strengths and limitations of techniques used to address recruitment and the experimental designs employed. We conclude that the aggregate evidence points toward recruitment into brain of innate immune cells of the myeloid dendritic cell lineage. Recruitment of dendritic cells and their role in AD pathogenesis has broad implications for our understanding of the etiology and pathobiology of AD that impact the strategies to develop new, immune system-targeted therapeutics for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Nelson
- MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., Kingston, RI; George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI; Dept of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI.
| | - Kenneth N Rose
- MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., Kingston, RI; Dept of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
| | - Frank S Menniti
- MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., Kingston, RI; George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI; Dept of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
| | - Stevin H Zorn
- MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., Kingston, RI; George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI; Dept of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
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12
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Amodeo G, Magni G, Galimberti G, Riboldi B, Franchi S, Sacerdote P, Ceruti S. Neuroinflammation in osteoarthritis: From pain to mood disorders. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 228:116182. [PMID: 38556026 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of musculoskeletal disease, and its prevalence is increasing due to the aging of the population. Chronic pain is the most burdensome symptom of OA that significantly lowers patients' quality of life, also due to its frequent association with emotional comorbidities, such as anxiety and depression. In recent years, both chronic pain and mood alterations have been linked to the development of neuroinflammation in the peripheral nervous system, spinal cord and supraspinal brain areas. Thus, mechanisms at the basis of the development of the neuroinflammatory process may indicate promising targets for novel treatment for pain and affective comorbidities that accompany OA. In order to assess the key role of neuroinflammation in the maintenance of chronic pain and its potential involvement in development of psychiatric components, the monoiodoacetate (MIA) model of OA in rodents has been used and validated. In the present commentary article, we aim to summarize up-to-date results achieved in this experimental model of OA, focusing on glia activation and cytokine production in the sciatic nerve, dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), spinal cord and brain areas. The association of a neuroinflammatory state with the development of pain and anxiety- and depression-like behaviors are discussed. Results suggest that cells and molecules involved in neuroinflammation may represent novel targets for innovative pharmacological treatments of OA pain and mood comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Amodeo
- Laboratory of Pain Therapy and Neuroimmunology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9 -20133 Milan (IT), Italy
| | - Giulia Magni
- Laboratory of Pain Therapy and Neuroimmunology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9 -20133 Milan (IT), Italy
| | - Giulia Galimberti
- Laboratory of Pain Therapy and Neuroimmunology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9 -20133 Milan (IT), Italy
| | - Benedetta Riboldi
- Laboratory of Pain Therapy and Neuroimmunology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9 -20133 Milan (IT), Italy
| | - Silvia Franchi
- Laboratory of Pain Therapy and Neuroimmunology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9 -20133 Milan (IT), Italy
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Laboratory of Pain Therapy and Neuroimmunology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9 -20133 Milan (IT), Italy
| | - Stefania Ceruti
- Laboratory of Pain Therapy and Neuroimmunology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9 -20133 Milan (IT), Italy.
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13
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Brandt M, Kosmeijer C, Achterberg E, de Theije C, Nijboer C. Timed fetal inflammation and postnatal hypoxia cause cortical white matter injury, interneuron imbalances, and behavioral deficits in a double-hit rat model of encephalopathy of prematurity. Brain Behav Immun Health 2024; 40:100817. [PMID: 39188404 PMCID: PMC11345510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Extreme preterm birth-associated adversities are a major risk factor for aberrant brain development, known as encephalopathy of prematurity (EoP), which can lead to long-term neurodevelopmental impairments. Although progress in clinical care for preterm infants has markedly improved perinatal outcomes, there are currently no curative treatment options available to combat EoP. EoP has a multifactorial etiology, including but not limited to pre- or postnatal immune activation and oxygen fluctuations. Elucidating the underlying mechanisms of EoP and determining the efficacy of potential therapies relies on valid, clinically translatable experimental models that reflect the neurodevelopmental and pathophysiological hallmarks of EoP. Here, we expand on our double-hit rat model that can be used to study EoP disease mechanisms and therapeutic options in a preclinical setting. Pregnant Wistar dams were intraperitoneally injected with 10 μg/kg LPS on embryonic day (E)20 and offspring was subjected to hypoxia (140 min, 8% O2) at postnatal day 4. Rats exposed to fetal inflammation and postnatal hypoxia (FIPH) showed neurodevelopmental impairments, such as reduced nest-seeking ability, ultrasonic vocalizations, social engagement, and working memory, and increased anxiety and sensitivity. Impairments in myelination, oligodendrocyte maturation and interneuron development were examined as hallmarks for EoP, in different layers and coordinates of the cortex using histological and molecular techniques. Myelin density and complexity was decreased in the cortex, which partially coincided with a decrease in mature oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, interneuron populations (GAD67+ and PVALB+) were affected. To determine if the timing of inducing fetal inflammation affected the severity of EoP hallmarks in the cortex, multiple timepoints of fetal inflammation were compared. Inflammation at E20 combined with postnatal hypoxia gave the most severe EoP phenotype in the cortex. In conclusion, we present a double-hit rat model which displays various behavioral, anatomical and molecular hallmarks of EoP, including diffuse white matter injury. This double-hit model can be used to investigate pathophysiological mechanisms and potential therapies for EoP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.J.V. Brandt
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - C.M. Kosmeijer
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - E.J.M. Achterberg
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - C.G.M. de Theije
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - C.H. Nijboer
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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14
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Yamaguchi H, Nishimura Y, Matsuse D, Sekiya H, Masaki K, Tanaka T, Saiga T, Harada M, Kira YI, Dickson DW, Fujishima K, Matsuo E, Tanaka KF, Yamasaki R, Isobe N, Kira JI. A rapidly progressive multiple system atrophy-cerebellar variant model presenting marked glial reactions with inflammation and spreading of α-synuclein oligomers and phosphorylated α-synuclein aggregates. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 121:122-141. [PMID: 38986725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a severe α-synucleinopathy facilitated by glial reactions; the cerebellar variant (MSA-C) preferentially involves olivopontocerebellar fibres with conspicuous demyelination. A lack of aggressive models that preferentially involve olivopontocerebellar tracts in adulthood has hindered our understanding of the mechanisms of demyelination and neuroaxonal loss, and thus the development of effective treatments for MSA. We therefore aimed to develop a rapidly progressive mouse model that recaptures MSA-C pathology. We crossed Plp1-tTA and tetO-SNCA*A53T mice to generate Plp1-tTA::tetO-SNCA*A53T bi-transgenic mice, in which human A53T α-synuclein-a mutant protein with enhanced aggregability-was specifically produced in the oligodendrocytes of adult mice using Tet-Off regulation. These bi-transgenic mice expressed mutant α-synuclein from 8 weeks of age, when doxycycline was removed from the diet. All bi-transgenic mice presented rapidly progressive motor deterioration, with wide-based ataxic gait around 22 weeks of age and death around 30 weeks of age. They also had prominent demyelination in the brainstem/cerebellum. Double immunostaining demonstrated that myelin basic protein was markedly decreased in areas in which SM132, an axonal marker, was relatively preserved. Demyelinating lesions exhibited marked ionised calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1-, arginase-1-, and toll-like receptor 2-positive microglial reactivity and glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytic reactivity. Microarray analysis revealed a strong inflammatory response and cytokine/chemokine production in bi-transgenic mice. Neuronal nuclei-positive neuronal loss and patchy microtubule-associated protein 2-positive dendritic loss became prominent at 30 weeks of age. However, a perceived decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta in bi-transgenic mice compared with wild-type mice was not significant, even at 30 weeks of age. Wild-type, Plp1-tTA, and tetO-SNCA*A53T mice developed neither motor deficits nor demyelination. In bi-transgenic mice, double immunostaining revealed human α-synuclein accumulation in neurite outgrowth inhibitor A (Nogo-A)-positive oligodendrocytes beginning at 9 weeks of age; its expression was further increased at 10 to 12 weeks, and these increased levels were maintained at 12, 24, and 30 weeks. In an α-synuclein-proximity ligation assay, α-synuclein oligomers first appeared in brainstem oligodendrocytes as early as 9 weeks of age; they then spread to astrocytes, neuropil, and neurons at 12 and 16 weeks of age. α-Synuclein oligomers in the brainstem neuropil were most abundant at 16 weeks of age and decreased thereafter; however, those in Purkinje cells successively increased until 30 weeks of age. Double immunostaining revealed the presence of phosphorylated α-synuclein in Nogo-A-positive oligodendrocytes in the brainstem/cerebellum as early as 9 weeks of age. In quantitative assessments, phosphorylated α-synuclein gradually and successively accumulated at 12, 24, and 30 weeks in bi-transgenic mice. By contrast, no phosphorylated α-synuclein was detected in wild-type, tetO-SNCA*A53T, or Plp1-tTA mice at any age examined. Pronounced demyelination and tubulin polymerisation, promoting protein-positive oligodendrocytic loss, was closely associated with phosphorylated α-synuclein aggregates at 24 and 30 weeks of age. Early inhibition of mutant α-synuclein expression by doxycycline diet at 23 weeks led to fully recovered demyelination; inhibition at 27 weeks led to persistent demyelination with glial reactions, despite resolving phosphorylated α-synuclein aggregates. In conclusion, our bi-transgenic mice exhibited progressively increasing demyelination and neuroaxonal loss in the brainstem/cerebellum, with rapidly progressive motor deterioration in adulthood. These mice showed marked microglial and astrocytic reactions with inflammation that was closely associated with phosphorylated α-synuclein aggregates. These features closely mimic human MSA-C pathology. Notably, our model is the first to suggest that α-synuclein oligomers may spread from oligodendrocytes to neurons in transgenic mice with human α-synuclein expression in oligodendrocytes. This model of MSA is therefore particularly useful for elucidating the in vivo mechanisms of α-synuclein spreading from glia to neurons, and for developing therapies that target glial reactions and/or α-synuclein oligomer spreading and aggregate formation in MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroo Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Reiwa Health Sciences University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yuji Nishimura
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Dai Matsuse
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Sekiya
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
| | - Katsuhisa Masaki
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Tatsunori Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Toru Saiga
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Masaya Harada
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yuu-Ichi Kira
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | | | - Kei Fujishima
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Eriko Matsuo
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Division of Brain Sciences, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ryo Yamasaki
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Noriko Isobe
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Jun-Ichi Kira
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Translational Neuroscience Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, and School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Brain and Nerve Center, Fukuoka Central Hospital, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan.
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15
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Paola N, Lauriane U, François R, Hélène H. Limited contribution of the of P2X4 receptor to LPS-induced microglial reaction in mice. Purinergic Signal 2024; 20:521-532. [PMID: 38159160 PMCID: PMC11377396 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09984-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is life-threatening condition that can trigger long-term neurological sequelae, including cognitive impairment in survivors. The pathogenesis of the so-called sickness behavior is poorly understood, but sepsis-driven neuroinflammation is thought to play a key role. Microglia are the central nervous system resident immune cells and play major roles in the induction and the control of neuroinflammatory processes. Accordingly, we recently demonstrated important microglia reaction, characterized by dramatic microglia transcriptome remodeling, in an experimental model of sepsis. Interfering with microglia pathways thus represents an interesting opportunity to tune microglia reaction towards beneficial outcomes. Purinergic signaling is central to microglia biology and controls key microglia functions. In particular, P2X4 receptors, which are highly permeable to calcium and de novo expressed in reactive microglia, seem to be an interesting target to modulate microglia reaction. Here, we investigated the impact of P2X4 receptors on the LPS-driven microglia transcriptome remodeling. Although we used complementary and sensitive biostatistical approaches, we did not measure significant impact of P2X4 deficiency onto microglia transcriptome either in homeostatic nor reactive condition. Overall, our results revealed that microglia reaction elicited by LPS-mediated sepsis is P2X4 independent and highlights the functional diversity of microglia reaction. These results also promote for the search of disease-specific targets to tune microglia reaction towards beneficial outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobili Paola
- Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Labex ICST, Montpellier, France
| | - Ulmann Lauriane
- Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Labex ICST, Montpellier, France
| | - Rassendren François
- Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Labex ICST, Montpellier, France
| | - Hirbec Hélène
- Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
- Labex ICST, Montpellier, France.
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16
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Braatz C, Komes MP, Ravichandran KA, de Fragas MG, Griep A, Schwartz S, McManus RM, Heneka MT. NLRP3-directed antisense oligonucleotides reduce microglial immunoactivities in vitro. J Neurochem 2024; 168:3467-3481. [PMID: 36799439 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with the cerebral deposition of Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, which leads to NLRP3 inflammasome activation and subsequent release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18). NLRP3 reduction has been found to increase microglial clearance, protect from synapse loss, and suppress both the changes to synaptic plasticity and spatial memory dysfunction observed in murine AD models. Here, we test whether NLRP3-directed antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) can be harnessed as immune modulators in primary murine microglia and human THP-1 cells. NLRP3 mRNA degradation was achieved at 72 h of ASO treatment in primary murine microglia. Consequently, NLRP3-directed ASOs significantly reduced the levels of cleaved caspase-1 and mature IL-1β when microglia were either activated by LPS and nigericin or LPS and Aβ. In human THP-1 cells NLRP3-targeted ASOs also significantly reduced the LPS plus nigericin- or LPS plus Aβ-induced release of mature IL-1β. Together, NLRP3-directed ASOs can suppress NLRP3 inflammasome activity and subsequent release of IL-1β in primary murine microglia and THP-1 cells. ASOs may represent a new and alternative approach to modulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation in neurodegenerative diseases, in addition to attempts to inhibit the complex pharmacologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Braatz
- Institute for Innate Immunity, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Max P Komes
- Institute for Innate Immunity, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kishore Aravind Ravichandran
- Institute for Innate Immunity, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Matheus Garcia de Fragas
- Institute for Innate Immunity, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angelika Griep
- Institute for Innate Immunity, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Róisín M McManus
- Institute for Innate Immunity, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Institute for Innate Immunity, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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17
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Yamaguchi M, Nakao S, Arima M, Little K, Singh A, Wada I, Kaizu Y, Zandi S, Garweg JG, Matoba T, Shiraishi W, Yamasaki R, Shibata K, Go Y, Ishibashi T, Uemura A, Stitt AW, Sonoda KH. Heterotypic macrophages/microglia differentially contribute to retinal ischaemia and neovascularisation. Diabetologia 2024; 67:2329-2345. [PMID: 38977459 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-024-06215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Diabetic retinopathy is characterised by neuroinflammation that drives neuronal and vascular degenerative pathology, which in many individuals can lead to retinal ischaemia and neovascularisation. Infiltrating macrophages and activated retina-resident microglia have been implicated in the progression of diabetic retinopathy, although the distinct roles of these immune cells remain ill-defined. Our aim was to clarify the distinct roles of macrophages/microglia in the pathogenesis of proliferative ischaemic retinopathies. METHODS Murine oxygen-induced retinopathy is commonly used as a model of ischaemia-induced proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). We evaluated the phenotype macrophages/microglia by immunostaining, quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), flow cytometry and scRNA-seq analysis. In clinical imaging studies of diabetic retinopathy, we used optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography. RESULTS Immunostaining, qRT-PCR and flow cytometry showed expression levels of M1-like macrophages/microglia markers (CD80, CD68 and nitric oxide synthase 2) and M2-like macrophages/microglia markers (CD206, CD163 and macrophage scavenger receptor 1) were upregulated in areas of retinal ischaemia and around neo-vessels, respectively. scRNA-seq analysis of the ischaemic retina revealed distinct ischaemia-related clusters of macrophages/microglia that express M1 markers as well as C-C chemokine receptor 2. Inhibition of Rho-kinase (ROCK) suppressed CCL2 expression and reduced CCR2-positive M1-like macrophages/microglia in areas of ischaemia. Furthermore, the area of retinal ischaemia was reduced by suppressing blood macrophage infiltration not only by ROCK inhibitor and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 antibody but also by GdCl3. Clinical imaging studies of diabetic retinopathy using OCT indicated potential involvement of macrophages/microglia represented by hyperreflective foci in areas of reduced perfusion. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These results collectively indicated that heterotypic macrophages/microglia differentially contribute to retinal ischaemia and neovascularisation in retinal vascular diseases including diabetic retinopathy. This adds important new information that could provide a basis for a more targeted, cell-specific therapeutic approach to prevent progression to sight-threatening PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneo Yamaguchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shintaro Nakao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Hospital Organization, Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan.
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization, Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Mitsuru Arima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Karis Little
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Aditi Singh
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Iori Wada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kaizu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Souska Zandi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of BioMedical Sciences, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Justus G Garweg
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of BioMedical Sciences, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tetsuya Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Wataru Shiraishi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamasaki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kensuke Shibata
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Yamaguchi, Ube, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Go
- Cognitive Genomics Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Division of Behavioral Development, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ishibashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Alan W Stitt
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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18
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Laketa D, Lavrnja I. Extracellular Purine Metabolism-Potential Target in Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:8361-8386. [PMID: 38499905 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The purinergic signaling system comprises a complex network of extracellular purines and purine-metabolizing ectoenzymes, nucleotide and nucleoside receptors, ATP release channels, and nucleoside transporters. Because of its immunomodulatory function, this system is critically involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its best-characterized animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). MS is a chronic neuroinflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease with autoimmune etiology and great heterogeneity, mostly affecting young adults and leading to permanent disability. In MS/EAE, alterations were detected in almost all components of the purinergic signaling system in both peripheral immune cells and central nervous system (CNS) glial cells, which play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. A decrease in extracellular ATP levels and an increase in its downstream metabolites, particularly adenosine and inosine, were frequently observed at MS, indicating a shift in metabolism toward an anti-inflammatory environment. Accordingly, upregulation of the major ectonucleotidase tandem CD39/CD73 was detected in the blood cells and CNS of relapsing-remitting MS patients. Based on the postulated role of A2A receptors in the transition from acute to chronic neuroinflammation, the association of variants of the adenosine deaminase gene with the severity of MS, and the beneficial effects of inosine treatment in EAE, the adenosinergic system emerged as a promising target in neuroinflammation. More recently, several publications have identified ADP-dependent P2Y12 receptors and the major extracellular ADP producing enzyme nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 (NTPDase2) as novel potential targets in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Laketa
- Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry "Ivan Djaja", Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 3, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia.
| | - Irena Lavrnja
- Institute for Biological Research, Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
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19
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Pramanik S, Devi M H, Chakrabarty S, Paylar B, Pradhan A, Thaker M, Ayyadhury S, Manavalan A, Olsson PE, Pramanik G, Heese K. Microglia signaling in health and disease - Implications in sex-specific brain development and plasticity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 165:105834. [PMID: 39084583 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Microglia, the intrinsic neuroimmune cells residing in the central nervous system (CNS), exert a pivotal influence on brain development, homeostasis, and functionality, encompassing critical roles during both aging and pathological states. Recent advancements in comprehending brain plasticity and functions have spotlighted conspicuous variances between male and female brains, notably in neurogenesis, neuronal myelination, axon fasciculation, and synaptogenesis. Nevertheless, the precise impact of microglia on sex-specific brain cell plasticity, sculpting diverse neural network architectures and circuits, remains largely unexplored. This article seeks to unravel the present understanding of microglial involvement in brain development, plasticity, and function, with a specific emphasis on microglial signaling in brain sex polymorphism. Commencing with an overview of microglia in the CNS and their associated signaling cascades, we subsequently probe recent revelations regarding molecular signaling by microglia in sex-dependent brain developmental plasticity, functions, and diseases. Notably, C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1), triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), calcium (Ca2+), and apolipoprotein E (APOE) emerge as molecular candidates significantly contributing to sex-dependent brain development and plasticity. In conclusion, we address burgeoning inquiries surrounding microglia's pivotal role in the functional diversity of developing and aging brains, contemplating their potential implications for gender-tailored therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Pramanik
- Jyoti and Bhupat Mehta School of Health Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Harini Devi M
- Jyoti and Bhupat Mehta School of Health Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Saswata Chakrabarty
- Jyoti and Bhupat Mehta School of Health Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Berkay Paylar
- Biology, The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro 70182, Sweden
| | - Ajay Pradhan
- Biology, The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro 70182, Sweden
| | - Manisha Thaker
- Eurofins Lancaster Laboratories, Inc., 2425 New Holland Pike, Lancaster, PA 17601, USA
| | - Shamini Ayyadhury
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Arulmani Manavalan
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600077, India
| | - Per-Erik Olsson
- Biology, The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro 70182, Sweden
| | - Gopal Pramanik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand 835215, India.
| | - Klaus Heese
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133791, the Republic of Korea.
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20
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Seferi G, Mjønes HS, Havik M, Reiersen H, Dalen KT, Nordengen K, Morland C. Distribution of lipid droplets in hippocampal neurons and microglia: impact of diabetes and exercise. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302239. [PMID: 39117458 PMCID: PMC11310565 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, aging, and neurodegenerative disorders are associated with excessive accumulation of neutral lipids in lipid droplets (LDs) in microglia. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may cause neuroinflammation and is a risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we show that hippocampal pyramidal neurons contain smaller, more abundant LDs than their neighboring microglia. The density of LDs varied between pyramidal cells in adjacent subregions, with CA3 neurons containing more LDs than CA1 neurons. Within the CA3 region, a gradual increase in the LD content along the pyramidal layer from the hilus toward CA2 was observed. Interestingly, the high neuronal LD content correlated with less ramified microglial morphotypes. Using the db/db model of T2DM, we demonstrated that diabetes increased the number of LDs per microglial cell without affecting the neuronal LD density. High-intensity interval exercise induced smaller changes in the number of LDs in microglia but was not sufficient to counteract the diabetes-induced changes in LD accumulation. The changes observed in response to T2DM may contribute to the cerebral effects of T2DM and provide a mechanistic link between T2DM and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gezime Seferi
- https://ror.org/01xtthb56 Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald S Mjønes
- https://ror.org/01xtthb56 Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mona Havik
- https://ror.org/01xtthb56 Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Herman Reiersen
- https://ror.org/01xtthb56 Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Tomas Dalen
- https://ror.org/01xtthb56 Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kaja Nordengen
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cecilie Morland
- https://ror.org/01xtthb56 Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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21
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Emvalomenos GM, Kang JWM, Jupp B, Mychasiuk R, Keay KA, Henderson LA. Recent developments and challenges in positron emission tomography imaging of gliosis in chronic neuropathic pain. Pain 2024; 165:2184-2199. [PMID: 38713812 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Understanding the mechanisms that underpin the transition from acute to chronic pain is critical for the development of more effective and targeted treatments. There is growing interest in the contribution of glial cells to this process, with cross-sectional preclinical studies demonstrating specific changes in these cell types capturing targeted timepoints from the acute phase and the chronic phase. In vivo longitudinal assessment of the development and evolution of these changes in experimental animals and humans has presented a significant challenge. Recent technological advances in preclinical and clinical positron emission tomography, including the development of specific radiotracers for gliosis, offer great promise for the field. These advances now permit tracking of glial changes over time and provide the ability to relate these changes to pain-relevant symptomology, comorbid psychiatric conditions, and treatment outcomes at both a group and an individual level. In this article, we summarize evidence for gliosis in the transition from acute to chronic pain and provide an overview of the specific radiotracers available to measure this process, highlighting their potential, particularly when combined with ex vivo / in vitro techniques, to understand the pathophysiology of chronic neuropathic pain. These complementary investigations can be used to bridge the existing gap in the field concerning the contribution of gliosis to neuropathic pain and identify potential targets for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle M Emvalomenos
- School of Medical Sciences [Neuroscience], and the Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - James W M Kang
- School of Medical Sciences [Neuroscience], and the Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bianca Jupp
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kevin A Keay
- School of Medical Sciences [Neuroscience], and the Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Luke A Henderson
- School of Medical Sciences [Neuroscience], and the Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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22
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Samuels JD, Lukens JR, Price RJ. Emerging roles for ITAM and ITIM receptor signaling in microglial biology and Alzheimer's disease-related amyloidosis. J Neurochem 2024; 168:3558-3573. [PMID: 37822118 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are critical responders to amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, the therapeutic targeting of microglia in AD is of high clinical interest. While previous investigation has focused on the innate immune receptors governing microglial functions in response to Aβ plaques, how microglial innate immune responses are regulated is not well understood. Interestingly, many of these microglial innate immune receptors contain unique cytoplasmic motifs, termed immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activating and inhibitory motifs (ITAM/ITIM), that are commonly known to regulate immune activation and inhibition in the periphery. In this review, we summarize the diverse functions employed by microglia in response to Aβ plaques and also discuss the innate immune receptors and intracellular signaling players that guide these functions. Specifically, we focus on the role of ITAM and ITIM signaling cascades in regulating microglia innate immune responses. A better understanding of how microglial innate immune responses are regulated in AD may provide novel therapeutic avenues to tune the microglial innate immune response in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Samuels
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia (UVA), Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - John R Lukens
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia (UVA), Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Richard J Price
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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23
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Fujisawa H, Watanabe T, Komine O, Fuse S, Masaki M, Iwata N, Murao N, Seino Y, Takeuchi H, Yamanaka K, Sawada M, Suzuki A, Sugimura Y. Prolonged extracellular low sodium concentrations and subsequent their rapid correction modulate nitric oxide production dependent on NFAT5 in microglia. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 223:458-472. [PMID: 39155026 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Hyponatremia is the most common clinical electrolyte disorder. Chronic hyponatremia has been recently reported to be associated with falls, fracture, osteoporosis, neurocognitive impairment, and mental manifestations. In the treatment of chronic hyponatremia, overly rapid correction of hyponatremia can cause osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS), a central demyelinating disease that is also associated with neurological morbidity and mortality. Using a rat model, we have previously shown that microglia play a critical role in the pathogenesis of ODS. However, the direct effect of rapid correction of hyponatremia on microglia is unknown. Furthermore, the effect of chronic hyponatremia on microglia remains elusive. Using microglial cell lines BV-2 and 6-3, we show here that low extracellular sodium concentrations (36 mmol/L decrease; LS) suppress Nos2 mRNA expression and nitric oxide (NO) production of microglia. On rapid correction of low sodium concentrations, NO production was significantly increased in both cells, suggesting that acute correction of hyponatremia partly directly contributes to increased Nos2 mRNA expression and NO release in ODS pathophysiology. LS also suppressed expression and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor of activated T cells-5 (NFAT5), a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes involved in osmotic stress. Furthermore, overexpression of NFAT5 significantly increased Nos2 mRNA expression and NO production in BV-2 cells. Expressions of Nos2 and Nfat5 mRNA were also modulated in microglia isolated from cerebral cortex in chronic hyponatremia model mice. These data indicate that LS modulates microglial NO production dependent on NFAT5 and suggest that microglia contribute to hyponatremia-induced neuronal dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Fujisawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Division of Gene Regulation, Oncology Innovation Center, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Okiru Komine
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan; Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Sachiho Fuse
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Momoka Masaki
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Naoko Iwata
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Naoya Murao
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yusuke Seino
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan; Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Chiba, 286-8686, Japan; Center for Intractable Neurological Diseases and Dementia, International University of Health and Welfare Atami Hospital, Atami, Shizuoka, 413-0012, Japan
| | - Koji Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan; Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Makoto Sawada
- Department of Brain Function, Division of Stress Adaptation and Protection, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan; Department of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Sugimura
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
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24
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Parrilla GE, Salkar A, Wall RV, Gupta V, Graham SL, You Y. Glaucoma, More than Meets the Eye: Patterns of Demyelination Revealed in Human Postmortem Glaucomatous Optic Nerve. Aging Dis 2024; 15:2301-2314. [PMID: 39191397 PMCID: PMC11346397 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0336-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease affecting millions worldwide, characterised by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration which leads to blindness in more advanced cases. Although the pathogenesis and underlying mechanisms of glaucoma are not fully understood, there are theories that hint at demyelination playing a role in the disease process. Demyelination, or the degeneration of the myelin sheath surrounding axons, has been found in previous studies using animal models of glaucoma and clinical assessments of glaucoma patients. However, this has not been fully realised or quantified in glaucoma patients. Utilising postmortem optic nerve samples from glaucoma and healthy subjects, various immunohistochemical and morphological assessments were performed to determine the extent, if any, of demyelination in glaucomatous optic nerves. Our findings revealed that alongside nerve shrinkage and degeneration of nerve tissue fascicles, there were significantly less myelin proteins, specifically myelin basic protein (MBP), in glaucoma optic nerves. Additionally, the loss of MBP was correlated with decreased oligodendrocyte (OLG) precursors and increasing glial activity. This further supports previous evidence that demyelination may be a secondary degenerative process associated with glaucoma disease progression. Not only do these results provide evidence for potential disease mechanisms, but this is also the first study to quantify optic nerve demyelination in glaucoma postmortem tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella E Parrilla
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Akanksha Salkar
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Roshana Vander Wall
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, NSW 2109, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Yuyi You
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, NSW 2109, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
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25
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You J, Maksimovic K, Metri MN, Schoeppe A, Chen K, Lee J, Santos JR, Youssef MM, Salter MW, Park J. Knockout of Dectin-1 does not modify disease onset or progression in a MATR3 S85C knock-in mouse model of ALS. Heliyon 2024; 10:e37926. [PMID: 39323783 PMCID: PMC11422021 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia have been increasingly implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Dectin-1, encoded by the Clec7a gene, is highly upregulated in a specific microglial response state called disease-associated microglia (DAM) in various neurodegenerative conditions. However, the role of Dectin-1 in ALS is undetermined. Here, we show that Clec7a mRNA upregulation occurs in central nervous system (CNS) regions that exhibit neurodegeneration in a MATR3 S85C knock-in mouse model (Matr3 S85C/S85C ) of ALS. Furthermore, a significant increase in the number of Dectin-1+ microglia coincides with the onset of motor deficits, and this number increases with disease progression. We demonstrate that the knockout of Dectin-1 does not affect survival, motor function, neurodegeneration, or microglial responses in Matr3 S85C/S85C mice. These findings suggest that Dectin-1 does not play a role in modifying ALS onset or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin You
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Katarina Maksimovic
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Mark N. Metri
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Anneka Schoeppe
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Karin Chen
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Jooyun Lee
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Jhune Rizsan Santos
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Mohieldin M.M. Youssef
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Michael W. Salter
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jeehye Park
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
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26
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Granzotto A, Vissel B, Sensi SL. Lost in translation: Inconvenient truths on the utility of mouse models in Alzheimer's disease research. eLife 2024; 13:e90633. [PMID: 39329365 PMCID: PMC11434637 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent, controversial approval of antibody-based treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is fueling a heated debate on the molecular determinants of this condition. The discussion should also incorporate a critical revision of the limitations of preclinical mouse models in advancing our understanding of AD. We critically discuss the limitations of animal models, stressing the need for careful consideration of how experiments are designed and results interpreted. We identify the shortcomings of AD models to recapitulate the complexity of the human disease. We dissect these issues at the quantitative, qualitative, temporal, and context-dependent levels. We argue that these models are based on the oversimplistic assumptions proposed by the amyloid cascade hypothesis (ACH) of AD and fail to account for the multifactorial nature of the condition. By shedding light on the constraints of current experimental tools, this review aims to foster the development and implementation of more clinically relevant tools. While we do not rule out a role for preclinical models, we call for alternative approaches to be explored and, most importantly, for a re-evaluation of the ACH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Granzotto
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology – CAST, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-PescaraChietiItaly
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Bryce Vissel
- St Vincent’s Hospital Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent’s HospitalDarlinghurstAustralia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Stefano L Sensi
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology – CAST, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-PescaraChietiItaly
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-PescaraChietiItaly
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies – ITAB, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-PescaraChietiItaly
- Institute of Neurology, SS Annunziata University Hospital, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-PescaraChietiItaly
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27
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Joers V, Murray BC, McLaughlin C, Oliver D, Staley HE, Coronado J, Achat-Mendes C, Golshani S, Kelly SD, Goodson M, Lee D, Manfredsson FP, Moore Ii BM, Tansey MG. Modulation of cannabinoid receptor 2 alters neuroinflammation and reduces formation of alpha-synuclein aggregates in a rat model of nigral synucleinopathy. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:240. [PMID: 39334169 PMCID: PMC11438102 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Research into the disequilibrium of microglial phenotypes has become an area of intense focus in neurodegenerative disease as a potential mechanism that contributes to chronic neuroinflammation and neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease (PD). There is growing evidence that neuroinflammation accompanies and may promote progression of alpha-synuclein (Asyn)-induced nigral dopaminergic (DA) degeneration. From a therapeutic perspective, development of immunomodulatory strategies that dampen overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines from chronically activated immune cells and induce a pro-phagocytic phenotype is expected to promote Asyn removal and protect vulnerable neurons. Cannabinoid receptor-2 (CB2) is highly expressed on activated microglia and peripheral immune cells, is upregulated in the substantia nigra of individuals with PD and in mouse models of nigral degeneration. Furthermore, modulation of CB2 protects against rotenone-induced nigral degeneration; however, CB2 has not been pharmacologically and selectively targeted in an Asyn model of PD. Here, we report that 7 weeks of peripheral administration of CB2 inverse agonist SMM-189 reduced phosphorylated (pSer129) Asyn in the substantia nigra compared to vehicle treatment. Additionally, SMM-189 delayed Asyn-induced immune cell infiltration into the brain as determined by flow cytometry, increased CD68 protein expression, and elevated wound-healing-immune-mediator gene expression. Additionally, peripheral immune cells increased wound-healing non-classical monocytes and decreased pro-inflammatory classical monocytes. In vitro analysis of RAW264.7 macrophages treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and SMM-189 revealed increased phagocytosis as measured by the uptake of fluorescence of pHrodo E. coli bioparticles. Together, results suggest that targeting CB2 with SMM-189 skews immune cell function toward a phagocytic phenotype and reduces toxic aggregated species of Asyn. Our novel findings demonstrate that CB2 may be a target to modulate inflammatory and immune responses in proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Joers
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | | | | | - Danielle Oliver
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hannah E Staley
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jazmyn Coronado
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Sanam Golshani
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sean D Kelly
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew Goodson
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Danica Lee
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Fredric P Manfredsson
- Parkinson's Disease Research Unit, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Bob M Moore Ii
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Malú Gámez Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Campos-Sánchez JC, Meseguer J, Guardiola FA. Fish microglia: Beyond the resident macrophages of the central nervous system - A review of their morphofunctional characteristics. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 162:105274. [PMID: 39341477 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 09/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
From classical to modern literature on microglia, the importance of the potential and variability of these immune cells in vertebrates has been pointed out. Recent aspects such as relationships and interactions between microglia and neurons in both normal and injured neural tissues, as well as their nexus with other organs and with the microbiota, or how these cells are modulated during development and adulthood are current topics of major interest. State-of-the-art research methodologies, including microscopy and potent in vivo imaging techniques, genomic and proteomic methods, current culture conditions together with the easy maintenance and manipulation of some fish embryos and adult specimens such as zebrafish (Danio rerio), have emerged and adapted to the phylogenetic position of some fish species. Furthermore, these advancements have facilitated the development of successful protocols aimed at addressing significant hypotheses and unresolved questions regarding vertebrate glia. The present review aims to analyse the available information on fish microglia, mainly the most recent one concerning teleosts, to establish an overview of their structural and immune functional features as a basis for their potentialities, heterogeneity, diversification, involvement, and relationships with neurons under normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Campos-Sánchez
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Meseguer
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco A Guardiola
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Daugherty-Lopès A, Pérez-Guijarro E, Gopalan V, Rappaport J, Chen Q, Huang A, Lam KC, Chin S, Ebersole J, Wu E, Needle GA, Church I, Kyriakopoulos G, Xie S, Zhao Y, Gruen C, Sassano A, Araya RE, Thorkelsson A, Smith C, Lee MP, Hannenhalli S, Day CP, Merlino G, Goldszmid RS. IMMUNE AND MOLECULAR CORRELATES OF RESPONSE TO IMMUNOTHERAPY REVEALED BY BRAIN-METASTATIC MELANOMA MODELS. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.26.609785. [PMID: 39372744 PMCID: PMC11451731 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.26.609785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Despite promising results with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy, outcomes for patients with brain metastasis (BrM) remain poor. Identifying resistance determinants has been hindered by limited access to patient samples and relevant preclinical models. Here, we developed two mouse melanoma BrM models that reflect the disparate responses to ICB observed in patients. We demonstrate that these models recapitulate the cellular and molecular features of human disease and identify key factors contributing to ICB response. Responsive tumor cells (BR1) expressed inflammatory programs that polarized microglia toward reactive states, characterized by upregulation of MHC-I/-II and immunostimulatory molecules, eliciting robust T cell recruitment. Conversely, resistant melanoma cells (BR3) maintained microglia homeostasis, resulting in poor T cell infiltration. BR1 and BR3 expression signatures correlated positively or negatively with T cell infiltration and BrM patient outcomes, respectively. Our study addresses an unmet need by providing clinically relevant models and uncovering mechanistic insights into BrM ICB responses, identifying potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Jha RM, Rajasundaram D, Sneiderman C, Schlegel BT, O'Brien C, Xiong Z, Janesko-Feldman K, Trivedi R, Vagni V, Zusman BE, Catapano JS, Eberle A, Desai SM, Jadhav AP, Mihaljevic S, Miller M, Raikwar S, Rani A, Rulney J, Shahjouie S, Raphael I, Kumar A, Phuah CL, Winkler EA, Simon DW, Kochanek PM, Kohanbash G. A single-cell atlas deconstructs heterogeneity across multiple models in murine traumatic brain injury and identifies novel cell-specific targets. Neuron 2024; 112:3069-3088.e4. [PMID: 39019041 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) heterogeneity remains a critical barrier to translating therapies. Identifying final common pathways/molecular signatures that integrate this heterogeneity informs biomarker and therapeutic-target development. We present the first large-scale murine single-cell atlas of the transcriptomic response to TBI (334,376 cells) across clinically relevant models, sex, brain region, and time as a foundational step in molecularly deconstructing TBI heterogeneity. Results were unique to cell populations, injury models, sex, brain regions, and time, highlighting the importance of cell-level resolution. We identify cell-specific targets and previously unrecognized roles for microglial and ependymal subtypes. Ependymal-4 was a hub of neuroinflammatory signaling. A distinct microglial lineage shared features with disease-associated microglia at 24 h, with persistent gene-expression changes in microglia-4 even 6 months after contusional TBI, contrasting all other cell types that mostly returned to naive levels. Regional and sexual dimorphism were noted. CEREBRI, our searchable atlas (https://shiny.crc.pitt.edu/cerebri/), identifies previously unrecognized cell subtypes/molecular targets and is a leverageable platform for future efforts in TBI and other diseases with overlapping pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchira M Jha
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation-Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Dhivyaa Rajasundaram
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Health Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Chaim Sneiderman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Brent T Schlegel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Health Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Casey O'Brien
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Health Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Zujian Xiong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Keri Janesko-Feldman
- Safar Center for Resuscitation-Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Ria Trivedi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Vincent Vagni
- Safar Center for Resuscitation-Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Benjamin E Zusman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Joshua S Catapano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Adam Eberle
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | | | - Ashutosh P Jadhav
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Sandra Mihaljevic
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Margaux Miller
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Sudhanshu Raikwar
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Anupama Rani
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Jarrod Rulney
- University of Arizona School of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Shima Shahjouie
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Itay Raphael
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Aditya Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Chia-Ling Phuah
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Ethan A Winkler
- Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dennis W Simon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- Safar Center for Resuscitation-Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Gary Kohanbash
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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31
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Castelo-Branco G, Kukanja P, Guerreiro-Cacais AO, Rubio Rodríguez-Kirby LA. Disease-associated oligodendroglia: a putative nexus in neurodegeneration. Trends Immunol 2024:S1471-4906(24)00189-3. [PMID: 39322475 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Neural cells in our central nervous system (CNS) have long been thought to be mere targets of neuroinflammatory events in neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) or Alzheimer's disease. While glial populations such as microglia and astrocytes emerged as active responders and modifiers of pathological environments, oligodendroglia and neurons have been associated with altered homeostasis and eventual cell death. The advent of single-cell and spatial omics technologies has demonstrated transitions of CNS-resident glia, including oligodendroglia, into disease-associated (DA) states. Anchored in recent findings of their roles in MS, we propose that DA glia constitute key nexus of disease progression, with DA oligodendroglia contributing to the modulation of neuroinflammation in certain neurodegenerative diseases, constituting novel putative pharmacological targets for such pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Castelo-Branco
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Petra Kukanja
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - André O Guerreiro-Cacais
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Solna, Sweden
| | - Leslie A Rubio Rodríguez-Kirby
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Zhu CC, Zheng YL, Gong C, Chen BL, Guo JB. Role of Exercise on Neuropathic Pain in Preclinical Models: Perspectives for Neuroglia. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04511-y. [PMID: 39316356 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
The benefits of exercise on neuropathic pain (NP) have been demonstrated in numerous studies. In recent studies, inflammation, neurotrophins, neurotransmitters, and endogenous opioids are considered as the main mechanisms. However, the role of exercise in alleviating NP remains unclear. Neuroglia, widely distributed in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, perform functions such as support, repair, immune response, and maintenance of normal neuronal activity. A large number of studies have shown that neuroglia play an important role in the occurrence and development of NP, and exercise can alleviate NP by regulating neuroglia. This article reviewed the involvement of neuroglia in the development of NP and their role in the exercise treatment of NP, intending to provide a theoretical basis for the exercise treatment strategy of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Zhu
- The Second School of Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Li Zheng
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Chan Gong
- The Second School of Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing-Lin Chen
- The Second School of Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jia-Bao Guo
- The Second School of Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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33
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Testen A, VanRyzin JW, Bellinger TJ, Kim R, Wang H, Gastinger MJ, Witt EA, Franklin JP, Vecchiarelli HA, Picard K, Tremblay MÈ, Reissner KJ. Abstinence from cocaine self-administration promotes microglia pruning of astrocytes which drives cocaine-seeking behavior. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.20.614128. [PMID: 39345569 PMCID: PMC11429948 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.20.614128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Rodent drug self-administration leads to compromised ability of astrocytes to maintain glutamate homeostasis within the brain's reward circuitry, as well as reductions in surface area, volume, and synaptic colocalization of astrocyte membranes. However, the mechanisms driving astrocyte responses to cocaine are unknown. Here, we report that long-access cocaine self-administration followed by prolonged home cage abstinence results in decreased branching complexity of nucleus accumbens astrocytes, characterized by the loss of peripheral processes. Using a combination of confocal fluorescence microcopy and immuno-gold electron microscopy, we show that alterations in astrocyte structural features are driven by microglia phagocytosis, as labeled astrocyte membranes are found within microglia phagolysosomes. Inhibition of complement C3-mediated phagocytosis using the neutrophil inhibitory peptide (NIF) rescued astrocyte structure and decreased cocaine seeking behavior following cocaine self-administration and abstinence. Collectively, these results provide evidence for microglia pruning of accumbens astrocytes across cocaine abstinence which mediates cocaine craving.
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34
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Kim J, Sullivan O, Lee K, Jao J, Tamayo J, Madany AM, Wong B, Ashwood P, Ciernia AV. Repeated LPS induces training and tolerance of microglial responses across brain regions. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:233. [PMID: 39304952 PMCID: PMC11414187 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of almost every central nervous system disorder. As the brain's innate immune cells, microglia fine tune their activity to a dynamic brain environment. Previous studies have shown that repeated bouts of peripheral inflammation can trigger long-term changes in microglial gene expression and function, a form of innate immune memory. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we used multiple low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections in adult mice to study the acute cytokine, transcriptomic, and microglia morphological changes that contribute to the formation of immune memory in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum, as well as the long-term effects of these changes on behavior. Training and tolerance of gene expression was shared across regions, and we identified 3 unique clusters of DEGs (2xLPS-sensitive, 4xLPS-sensitive, LPS-decreased) enriched for different biological functions. 2xLPS-sensitive DEG promoters were enriched for binding sites for IRF and NFkB family transcription factors, two key regulators of innate immune memory. We quantified shifts in microglia morphological populations and found that while the proportion of ramified and rod-like microglia mostly remained consistent within brain regions and sexes with LPS treatment, there was a shift from ameboid towards hypertrophic morphological states across immune memory states and a dynamic emergence and resolution of events of microglia aligning end-to-end with repeated LPS. CONCLUSIONS Together, findings support the dynamic regulation of microglia during the formation of immune memories in the brain and support future work to exploit this model in brain disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kim
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Olivia Sullivan
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kristen Lee
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Justin Jao
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Juan Tamayo
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, USA
| | | | - Brandon Wong
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Paul Ashwood
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Annie Vogel Ciernia
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, Canada.
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Steffens S, Mäkinen H, Stenberg T, Wigren HK. Microglial morphology aligns with vigilance stage-specific neuronal oscillations in a brain region-dependent manner. Glia 2024. [PMID: 39301843 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, dynamically adapt their morphology based on their functional state. This study explored the relationship between microglial morphology and sleep-wake cycles in mice. Using Iba1 immunostaining to identify microglia, we quantified morphological changes in microglia at different timepoints in multiple brain regions (cortex, hippocampus, basal forebrain, hindbrain, and cerebellum) in B6 male mice using semi-automated 3D structural analysis. Simultaneously, in a separate group, we monitored wake and sleep stage-specific brain activity using EEG/EMG recordings. During natural sleep-wake cycles, we observed increased microglial complexity (enlarged volume, territorial coverage, and ramification) during wakefulness, characterized by high-frequency theta (8-12 Hz) and gamma activity (30-80 Hz). Conversely, during NREM sleep, which is dominated by delta activity (0.5-4 Hz), microglia displayed reduced complexity. Notably, this pattern was absent in brain regions lacking direct functional connections to areas generating vigilance stage-dependent thalamocortical oscillations. We then extended wakefulness to decouple circadian influence from sleep-wake-specific neuronal activity. This procedure attenuated the decrease in microglial complexity observed during natural sleep, suggesting a crucial role for neuronal activity. Subsequent recovery sleep restored microglial features, independent of the time of day (zeitgeber time). These findings reveal a dynamic interplay between vigilance stage-specific thalamocortical activity and microglial morphology across various brain regions. This suggests a potential role for microglia in sleep regulation and warrants further investigation to understand the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Steffens
- SLEEPWELL Research Program I Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hilla Mäkinen
- SLEEPWELL Research Program I Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Stenberg
- SLEEPWELL Research Program I Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henna-Kaisa Wigren
- SLEEPWELL Research Program I Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme I Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Yang Q, Jiang P, Tang H, Wen J, Zhou L, Zhao Y, Wang L, Wang J, Yang Q. Shh regulates M2 microglial polarization and fibrotic scar formation after ischemic stroke. Neurochem Int 2024; 180:105862. [PMID: 39307461 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrotic scar formation is a critical pathological change impacting tissue reconstruction and functional recovery after ischemic stroke. The regulatory mechanisms behind fibrotic scarring in the central nervous system (CNS) remain largely unknown. While macrophages are known to play a role in fibrotic scar formation in peripheral tissues, the involvement of microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS, in CNS fibrosis requires further exploration. The Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway, pivotal in embryonic development and tissue regeneration, is also crucial in modulating fibrosis in peripheral tissues. However, the impact and regulatory mechanisms of Shh on fibrotic scar formation post-ischemic stroke have not been thoroughly investigated. METHODS This study explores whether Shh can regulate fibrotic scar formation post-ischemic stroke and its underlying mechanisms through in vivo and in vitro manipulation of Shh expression. RESULTS Our results showed that Shh expression was upregulated in the serum of acute ischemic stroke patients, as well as in the serum, CSF, and ischemic regions of MCAO/R mice. Moreover, the upregulation of Shh expression was positively correlated with fibrotic scar formation and M2 microglial polarization. Shh knockdown inhibited fibrotic scar formation and M2 microglial polarization while aggravating neurological deficits in MCAO/R mice. In vitro, adenoviral knockdown or Smoothened Agonist (SAG) activation of Shh expression in BV2 cells following OGD/R regulated their polarization and influenced the expression of TGFβ1 and PDGFA, subsequently affecting fibroblast activation. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Shh regulates M2 microglial polarization and fibrotic scar formation after cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peiran Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Wen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiani Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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37
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Bhoj PS, Nocito C, Togre NS, Winfield M, Lubinsky C, Khan S, Mogadala N, Seliga A, Unterwald EM, Persidsky Y, Sriram U. Tissue Kallikrein-1 Suppresses Type I Interferon Responses and Reduces Depressive-Like Behavior in the MRL/lpr Lupus-Prone Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:10080. [PMID: 39337564 PMCID: PMC11432477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms251810080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive production and response to Type I interferons (IFNs) is a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE) is a common manifestation of human SLE, with major depression as the most common presentation. Clinical studies have demonstrated that IFNα can cause depressive symptoms. We have shown that the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) [comprised of kallikreins (Klks) and bradykinins] and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors suppressed Type I IFN responses in dendritic cells from lupus-prone mice and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Tissue Klk genes are decreased in patients with lupus, and giving exogenous Klk1 ameliorated kidney pathology in mice. We retro-orbitally administered mouse klk1 gene-carrying adenovirus in the Murphy Roths Large lymphoproliferative (MRL/lpr) lupus-prone mice at early disease onset and analyzed immune responses and depressive-like behavior. Klk1 improved depressive-like behavior, suppressed interferon-responsive genes and neuroinflammation, and reduced plasma IFNα levels and proinflammatory cytokines. Klk1 also reduced IFNAR1 and JAK1 protein expression, important upstream molecules in Type I IFN signaling. Klk1 reduced bradykinin B1 receptor expression, which is known to induce proinflammatory response. Together, these findings suggest that Klk1 may be a potential therapeutic candidate to control IFNα production/responses and other inflammatory responses in SLE and NPSLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka S. Bhoj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (P.S.B.); (C.N.); (N.S.T.); (M.W.); (C.L.); (S.K.); (N.M.); (A.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - Cassandra Nocito
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (P.S.B.); (C.N.); (N.S.T.); (M.W.); (C.L.); (S.K.); (N.M.); (A.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - Namdev S. Togre
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (P.S.B.); (C.N.); (N.S.T.); (M.W.); (C.L.); (S.K.); (N.M.); (A.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - Malika Winfield
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (P.S.B.); (C.N.); (N.S.T.); (M.W.); (C.L.); (S.K.); (N.M.); (A.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - Cody Lubinsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (P.S.B.); (C.N.); (N.S.T.); (M.W.); (C.L.); (S.K.); (N.M.); (A.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - Sabeeya Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (P.S.B.); (C.N.); (N.S.T.); (M.W.); (C.L.); (S.K.); (N.M.); (A.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - Nikhita Mogadala
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (P.S.B.); (C.N.); (N.S.T.); (M.W.); (C.L.); (S.K.); (N.M.); (A.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - Alecia Seliga
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (P.S.B.); (C.N.); (N.S.T.); (M.W.); (C.L.); (S.K.); (N.M.); (A.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - Ellen M. Unterwald
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA;
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (P.S.B.); (C.N.); (N.S.T.); (M.W.); (C.L.); (S.K.); (N.M.); (A.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - Uma Sriram
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (P.S.B.); (C.N.); (N.S.T.); (M.W.); (C.L.); (S.K.); (N.M.); (A.S.); (Y.P.)
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Yu Q, Cai Z, Liu X, Lin S, Li P, Ruan Y, Liang J, He X, Lin W. Research Progress on Treating Spinal Cord Injury by Modulating the Phenotype of Microglia. J Integr Neurosci 2024; 23:171. [PMID: 39344231 DOI: 10.31083/j.jin2309171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe central nervous system disorder with no currently available effective treatment. Microglia are immune cells in the central nervous system that play crucial roles in the SCI occurrence, development, and recovery stages. They exhibit dynamic polarization over time and can switch between classical activation (M1) and alternative activation (M2) phenotypes to respond to environmental stimuli. The M1 phenotype is involved in initiating and sustaining inflammatory responses, while the M2 phenotype exerts anti-inflammatory effects and promotes tissue repair in damaged areas. Inhibiting M1 polarization and promoting M2 polarization have become hotspots in regulating neuroinflammation and treating SCI. This article provides a comprehensive review centered on modulating microglial polarization phenotypes for SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghe Yu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen Pingle Orthopedic Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 518118 Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziming Cai
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen Pingle Orthopedic Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 518118 Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen Pingle Orthopedic Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 518118 Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuhui Lin
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen Pingle Orthopedic Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 518118 Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Pian Li
- Department of The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ye Ruan
- Department of The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinzhu Liang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen Pingle Orthopedic Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 518118 Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xu He
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen Pingle Orthopedic Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 518118 Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenping Lin
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen Pingle Orthopedic Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 518118 Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Liu S, Xiao Q, Tang J, Li Y, Zhu P, Liang X, Huang D, Liu L, Deng Y, Jiang L, Qi Y, Li J, Zhang L, Zhou C, Chao F, Wu X, Du L, Luo Y, Tang Y. Running exercise decreases microglial activation in the medial prefrontal cortex in an animal model of depression. J Affect Disord 2024; 368:674-685. [PMID: 39303886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 09/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running exercise effectively ameliorates depressive symptoms in humans and depression-like behaviors in animals, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation plays a major role in the development of depression. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is a key brain region involved in depression and is sensitive to physical activity. Whether the antidepressant effect of running exercise involves changes in mPFC microglia is not understood. METHODS The animals were subjected to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) intervention followed by treadmill running. The sucrose preference test and elevated plus maze test or tail suspension test were used for behavioral assessment of the animals. The number of microglia in the mPFC was quantified by immunohistochemistry and stereology. The density and morphology of microglia were analyzed via immunofluorescence staining combined with three-dimensional laser scanning techniques. The mRNA expressions of inflammatory cytokines in the mPFC were examined via quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Running exercise effectively alleviated depressive-like behaviors in depression model animals. Running exercise reversed the increase in the number of microglia and the density of activated microglia in the mPFC of CUS animals. Running exercise effectively reversed the changes in microglia (reduced cell body area, total branch length and branch complexity) in the mPFC of CUS animals. Furthermore, running exercise regulated the gene expressions of pro-/antiinflammatory cytokines in the mPFC of CUS animals. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that the antidepressant effects of running exercise may involve decreasing the number of activated microglia, reversing morphological changes in microglia in the mPFC, and reducing inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China; Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Radioactive Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Tang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China; Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Li
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China; Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Peilin Zhu
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China; Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Dujuan Huang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China; Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China; Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Deng
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China; Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China; Lab Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingqiang Qi
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China; Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China; Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China; Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunni Zhou
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China; Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenglei Chao
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China; Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Wu
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China; Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian Du
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanmin Luo
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China; Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Tang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China; Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.
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Zubareva OE, Kharisova AR, Roginskaya AI, Kovalenko AA, Zakharova MV, Schwarz AP, Sinyak DS, Zaitsev AV. PPARβ/δ Agonist GW0742 Modulates Microglial and Astroglial Gene Expression in a Rat Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:10015. [PMID: 39337503 PMCID: PMC11432388 DOI: 10.3390/ijms251810015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of astroglial and microglial cells in the pathogenesis of epilepsy is currently under active investigation. It has been proposed that the activity of these cells may be regulated by the agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated nuclear receptors (PPARs). This study investigated the effects of a seven-day treatment with the PPAR β/δ agonist GW0742 (Fitorine, 5 mg/kg/day) on the behavior and gene expression of the astroglial and microglial proteins involved in the regulation of epileptogenesis in the rat brain within a lithium-pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). TLE resulted in decreased social and increased locomotor activity in the rats, increased expression of astro- and microglial activation marker genes (Gfap, Aif1), pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes (Tnfa, Il1b, Il1rn), and altered expression of other microglial (Nlrp3, Arg1) and astroglial (Lcn2, S100a10) genes in the dorsal hippocampus and cerebral cortex. GW0742 attenuated, but did not completely block, some of these impairments. Specifically, the treatment affected Gfap gene expression in the dorsal hippocampus and Aif1 gene expression in the cortex. The GW0742 injections attenuated the TLE-specific enhancement of Nlrp3 and Il1rn gene expression in the cortex. These results suggest that GW0742 may affect the expression of some genes involved in the regulation of epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga E Zubareva
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, 194223 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Adeliya R Kharisova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, 194223 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna I Roginskaya
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, 194223 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna A Kovalenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, 194223 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria V Zakharova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, 194223 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander P Schwarz
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, 194223 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Denis S Sinyak
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, 194223 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksey V Zaitsev
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, 194223 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Li S, Liu H, Lv P, Yao Y, Peng L, Xia T, Yan C, Ma Z, Chen ZP, Zhao C, Gu X. Microglia mediate memory dysfunction via excitatory synaptic elimination in a fracture surgery mouse model. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:227. [PMID: 39285282 PMCID: PMC11406843 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a common issue among human patients undergoing surgery, yet the neural mechanism causing this impairment remains unidentified. Surgical procedures often lead to glial cell activation and neuronal hypoexcitability, both of which are known to contribute to postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). However, the role of neuron-glia crosstalk in the pathology of POCD is still unclear. Through integrated transcriptomics and proteomics analyses, we found that the complement cascades and microglial phagocytotic signaling pathways are activated in a mouse model of POCD. Following surgery, there is a significant increase in the presence of complement C3, but not C1q, in conjunction with presynaptic elements. This triggers a reduction in excitatory synapses, a decline in excitatory synaptic transmission, and subsequent memory deficits in the mouse model. By genetically knockout out C3ar1 or inhibiting p-STAT3 signaling, we successfully prevented neuronal hypoexcitability and alleviated cognitive impairment in the mouse model. Therefore, targeting the C3aR and downstream p-STAT3 signaling pathways could serve as potential therapeutic approaches for mitigating POCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuming Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pin Lv
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liangyu Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianjiao Xia
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengliang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhang-Peng Chen
- Songjiang Research Institute, Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Chunjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaoping Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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Xu W, Guo Y, Zhao L, Fu R, Qin X, Zhang Y, Cheng X, Xu S. The Aging Immune System: A Critical Attack on Ischemic Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04464-2. [PMID: 39271626 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04464-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke caused by cerebrovascular embolism is an age-related disease with high rates of disability and mortality. Although the mechanisms of immune and inflammatory development after stroke have been of great interest, most studies have neglected the critical and unavoidable factor of age. As the global aging trend intensifies, the number of stroke patients is constantly increasing, emphasizing the urgency of finding effective measures to address the needs of elderly stroke patients. The concept of "immunosenescence" appears to explain the worse stroke outcomes in older individuals. Immune remodeling due to aging involves dynamic changes at all levels of the immune system, and the overall consequences of central (brain-resident) and peripheral (non-brain-resident) immune cells in stroke vary according to the age of the individual. Lastly, the review outlines recent strategies aimed at immunosenescence to improve stroke prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhe Xu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuying Guo
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
| | - Linna Zhao
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong Fu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoli Qin
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunsha Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xueqi Cheng
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shixin Xu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China.
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Reboussin É, Bastelica P, Benmessabih I, Cordovilla A, Delarasse C, Réaux-Le Goazigo A, Brignole-Baudouin F, Olmière C, Baudouin C, Buffault J, Mélik Parsadaniantz S. Evaluation of Rho kinase inhibitor effects on neuroprotection and neuroinflammation in an ex-vivo retinal explant model. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:150. [PMID: 39300576 PMCID: PMC11412021 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-024-01859-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness, affecting retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. By 2040, it is likely to affect 110 million people. Neuroinflammation, specifically through the release of proinflammatory cytokines by M1 microglial cells, plays a crucial role in glaucoma progression. Indeed, in post-mortem human studies, pre-clinical models, and ex-vivo models, RGC degeneration has been consistently shown to be linked to inflammation in response to cell death and tissue damage. Recently, Rho kinase inhibitors (ROCKis) have emerged as potential therapies for neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of three ROCKis (Y-27632, Y-33075, and H-1152) on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss and retinal neuroinflammation using an ex-vivo retinal explant model. METHODS Rat retinal explants underwent optic nerve axotomy and were treated with Y-27632, Y-33075, or H-1152. The neuroprotective effects on RGCs were evaluated using immunofluorescence and Brn3a-specific markers. Reactive glia and microglial activation were studied by GFAP, CD68, and Iba1 staining. Flow cytometry was used to quantify day ex-vivo 4 (DEV 4) microglial proliferation and M1 activation by measuring the number of CD11b+, CD68+, and CD11b+/CD68+ cells after treatment with control solvent or Y-33075. The modulation of gene expression was measured by RNA-seq analysis on control and Y-33075-treated explants and glial and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression was validated by RT-qPCR. RESULTS Y-27632 and H-1152 did not significantly protect RGCs. By contrast, at DEV 4, 50 µM Y-33075 significantly increased RGC survival. Immunohistology showed a reduced number of Iba1+/CD68+ cells and limited astrogliosis with Y-33075 treatment. Flow cytometry confirmed lower CD11b+, CD68+, and CD11b+/CD68+ cell numbers in the Y-33075 group. RNA-seq showed Y-33075 inhibited the expression of M1 microglial markers (Tnfα, Il-1β, Nos2) and glial markers (Gfap, Itgam, Cd68) and to reduce apoptosis, ferroptosis, inflammasome formation, complement activation, TLR pathway activation, and P2rx7 and Gpr84 gene expression. Conversely, Y-33075 upregulated RGC-specific markers, neurofilament formation, and neurotransmitter regulator expression, consistent with its neuroprotective effects. CONCLUSION Y-33075 demonstrates marked neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, surpassing the other tested ROCKis (Y-27632 and H-1152) in preventing RGC death and reducing microglial inflammatory responses. These findings highlight its potential as a therapeutic option for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Élodie Reboussin
- INSERM UMR 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, Sorbonne Université UM80, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Paul Bastelica
- INSERM UMR 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, Sorbonne Université UM80, 75012, Paris, France
- INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, IHU FOReSIGHT, Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital, 75012, Paris, France
- Faculty of Pharmacy of Paris, University Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Ilyes Benmessabih
- INSERM UMR 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, Sorbonne Université UM80, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Cordovilla
- INSERM UMR 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, Sorbonne Université UM80, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Delarasse
- INSERM UMR 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, Sorbonne Université UM80, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Annabelle Réaux-Le Goazigo
- INSERM UMR 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, Sorbonne Université UM80, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Brignole-Baudouin
- INSERM UMR 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, Sorbonne Université UM80, 75012, Paris, France
- Laboratoire, Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital, 75012, Paris, France
- INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, IHU FOReSIGHT, Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital, 75012, Paris, France
- Faculty of Pharmacy of Paris, University Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | | | - Christophe Baudouin
- INSERM UMR 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, Sorbonne Université UM80, 75012, Paris, France
- INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, IHU FOReSIGHT, Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital, 75012, Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology III, Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital, IHU FOReSIGHT, 75012, Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, UVSQ, Paris Saclay University, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Juliette Buffault
- INSERM UMR 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, Sorbonne Université UM80, 75012, Paris, France
- INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, IHU FOReSIGHT, Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital, 75012, Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology III, Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital, IHU FOReSIGHT, 75012, Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, UVSQ, Paris Saclay University, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Stéphane Mélik Parsadaniantz
- INSERM UMR 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, Sorbonne Université UM80, 75012, Paris, France.
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Chen Y, Holtzman DM. New insights into innate immunity in Alzheimer's disease: from APOE protective variants to therapies. Trends Immunol 2024:S1471-4906(24)00187-X. [PMID: 39278789 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Recent discoveries of rare variants of human APOE may shed light on novel therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we highlight the newly identified protective variant [APOE3 Christchurch (APOE3ch, R136S)] as an example. We summarize human AD and mouse amyloidosis and tauopathy studies from the past 5 years that have been associated with this R136S variant. We also propose a potential mechanism for how this point mutation might lead to protection against AD pathology, from the molecular level, to cells, to mouse models, and potentially, to humans. Lastly, we extend our discussion of the recent insights gained regarding different APOE variants to putative therapeutic approaches in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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45
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Makuch-Martins M, Vieira-Morais CG, Perego SM, Ruggeri A, Ceroni A, Michelini LC. Angiotensin II, blood-brain barrier permeability, and microglia interplay during the transition from pre-to hypertensive phase in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1452959. [PMID: 39328833 PMCID: PMC11425344 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1452959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertension is characterized by upregulation of the renin-angiotensin system, increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, microglia activation within autonomic nuclei, and an intense sympathoexcitation. There is no information on the interplay of these events during the development of neurogenic hypertension. We sought to identify the interaction and time-course changes of Ang II availability, barrier dysfunction, microglia activation, and autonomic imbalance within autonomic areas during the development of neurogenic hypertension. Methods Sequential changes of hemodynamic/autonomic parameters, BBB permeability, microglia structure/density (IBA-1), and angiotensin II (Ang II) immunofluorescence were evaluated within the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, and rostral ventrolateral medulla of Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) aged 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks. The somatosensory cortex and hypoglossal nucleus were also analyzed as non-autonomic control areas. Results Increased brain Ang II availability (4th-5th week) was the first observed change, followed by the incipient BBB leakage and increased microglia density (6th week). From the 5th-6th weeks on, BBB leakage, Ang II, and IBA-1 densities increased continuously, allowing a parallel increase in both Ang II-microglia colocalization and the transition of microglial cells from highly ramified in the basal surveillant condition (4th-5th week) to shorter process arbors, fewer endpoints, and enlarged soma in the disease-associate condition (6th week to the 12th week). Simultaneously with increased Ang II-microglia colocalization and microglia morphologic phenotypic changes, sympathetic activity and pressure variability increased, autonomic control deteriorated, and blood pressure increased. These responses were not specific for autonomic nuclei but also occurred at a lower magnitude in the somatosensory cortex and hypoglossal nucleus, indicating the predominance of hypertension-induced effects on autonomic areas. No changes were observed in age-matched controls where Ang II density did not change. Conclusion Brain Ang II density is the initial stimulus to drive coordinated changes in BBB permeability and microglial reactivity. Increased BBB dysfunction allows access of plasma Ang II and increases its local availability and the colocalization and activation of microglial cells. It is a potent stimulus to augments vasomotor sympathetic activity, autonomic imbalance, and pressure elevation during the establishment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Makuch-Martins
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camilla G Vieira-Morais
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sany M Perego
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Ruggeri
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Ceroni
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lisete C Michelini
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Smiley CE, Pate BS, Bouknight SJ, Harrington EN, Jasnow AM, Wood SK. The functional role of locus coeruleus microglia in the female stress response. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.10.575076. [PMID: 38260568 PMCID: PMC10802589 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.10.575076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders that result from stress exposure are highly associated with central inflammation. Our previous work established that females selectively exhibit heightened proinflammatory cytokine production within the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) along with a hypervigilant behavioral phenotype in response to witnessing social stress, and ablation of microglia using pharmacological techniques prevents this behavioral response. These studies were designed to further investigate the impact of stress-induced neuroimmune signaling on the long-term behavioral and neuronal consequences of social stress exposure in females using chemogenetics. We first characterized the use of an AAV-CD68-Gi-DREADD virus targeted to microglia within the LC and confirmed viral transduction, selectivity, and efficacy. Clozapine-n-oxide (CNO) was used for the suppression of microglial reactivity during acute and chronic exposure to vicarious/witness social defeat in female rats. Chemogenetic-mediated inhibition of microglial reactivity during stress blunted the neuroimmune response to stress and prevented both acute and long-term hypervigilant behavioral responses. Further, a history of microglial suppression during stress prevented the heightened LC activity typically observed in response to stress cues. These studies are among the first to use a chemogenetic approach to inhibit microglia within the female brain in vivo and establish LC inflammation as a key mechanism underlying the behavioral and neuronal responses to social stress in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora E. Smiley
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience; University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209
- WJB Dorn Veterans Administration Medical Center, Columbia, SC 29209
| | - Brittany S. Pate
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience; University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Columbia, SC 29209
| | - Samantha J. Bouknight
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience; University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209
| | - Evelynn N. Harrington
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience; University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209
- WJB Dorn Veterans Administration Medical Center, Columbia, SC 29209
| | - Aaron M. Jasnow
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience; University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209
| | - Susan K. Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience; University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209
- WJB Dorn Veterans Administration Medical Center, Columbia, SC 29209
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Morris GP, Foster CG, Sutherland BA, Grubb S. Microglia contact cerebral vasculature through gaps between astrocyte endfeet. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024:271678X241280775. [PMID: 39253821 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x241280775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
The close spatial relationship between microglia and cerebral blood vessels implicates microglia in vascular development, homeostasis and disease. In this study we used the publicly available Cortical MM^3 electron microscopy dataset to systematically investigate microglial interactions with the vasculature. Our analysis revealed that approximately 20% of microglia formed direct contacts with blood vessels through gaps between adjacent astrocyte endfeet. We termed these contact points "plugs". Plug-forming microglia exhibited closer proximity to blood vessels than non-plug forming microglia and formed multiple plugs, predominantly near the soma, ranging in surface area from ∼0.01 μm2 to ∼15 μm2. Plugs were enriched at the venule end of the vascular tree and displayed a preference for contacting endothelial cells over pericytes at a ratio of 3:1. In summary, we provide novel insights into the ultrastructural relationship between microglia and the vasculature, laying a foundation for understanding how these contacts contribute to the functional cross-talk between microglia and cells of the vasculature in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P Morris
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Catherine G Foster
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brad A Sutherland
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Søren Grubb
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Wei B, Cheng G, Bi Q, Lu C, Sun Q, Li L, Chen N, Hu M, Lu H, Xu X, Mao G, Wan S, Hu Z, Gu Y, Zheng J, Zhao L, Shen XZ, Liu X, Shi P. Microglia in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus sense hemodynamic disturbance and promote sympathetic excitation in hypertension. Immunity 2024; 57:2030-2042.e8. [PMID: 39116878 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Hypertension is usually accompanied by elevated sympathetic tonicity, but how sympathetic hyperactivity is triggered is not clear. Recent advances revealed that microglia-centered neuroinflammation contributes to sympathetic excitation in hypertension. In this study, we performed a temporospatial analysis of microglia at both morphological and transcriptomic levels and found that microglia in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), a sympathetic center, were early responders to hypertensive challenges. Vasculature analyses revealed that the PVN was characterized by high capillary density, thin vessel diameter, and complex vascular topology relative to other brain regions. As such, the PVN was susceptible to the penetration of ATP released from the vasculature in response to hemodynamic disturbance after blood pressure increase. Mechanistically, ATP ligation to microglial P2Y12 receptor was responsible for microglial inflammatory activation and the eventual sympathetic overflow. Together, these findings identified a distinct vasculature pattern rendering vulnerability of PVN pre-sympathetic neurons to hypertension-associated microglia-mediated inflammatory insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wei
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Guo Cheng
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Qianqian Bi
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Qihang Sun
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Ningting Chen
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Miner Hu
- Department of Cardiology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Haoran Lu
- Zhejiang University, University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Haining 314400, China
| | - Xuancheng Xu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310013, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Genxiang Mao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics, Affiliated Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shu Wan
- Brain Center, Affiliated Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Zhechun Hu
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Gu
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministrey of Education, Collage of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministrey of Education, Collage of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Xiao Z Shen
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China; Brain Center, Affiliated Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310013, China; Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310013, China.
| | - Peng Shi
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Hangzhou 310013, China.
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Liu S, Xie T, Huang Y. Insights into the Pathobiology of GM1 Gangliosidosis from Single-Nucleus Transcriptomic Analysis of CNS Cells in a Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9712. [PMID: 39273659 PMCID: PMC11395632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
GM1 gangliosidosis is a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by the accumulation of GM1 ganglioside, leading to severe neurodegeneration and early mortality. The disease primarily affects the central nervous system, causing progressive neurodegeneration, including widespread neuronal loss and gliosis. To gain a deeper understanding of the neuropathology associated with GM1 gangliosidosis, we employed single-nucleus RNA sequencing to analyze brain tissues from both GM1 gangliosidosis model mice and control mice. No significant changes in cell proportions were detected between the two groups of animals. Differential expression analysis revealed cell type-specific changes in gene expression in neuronal and glial cells. Functional analysis highlighted the neurodegenerative processes, oxidative phosphorylation, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions as the significantly affected pathways. The contribution of the impairment of neurotransmitter system disruption and neuronal circuitry disruption was more important than neuroinflammatory responses to GM1 pathology. In 16-week-old GM1 gangliosidosis mice, no microglial or astrocyte activation or increased expression of innate immunity genes was detected. This suggested that nerve degeneration did not induce the inflammatory response but rather promoted glial cell clearance. Our findings provide a crucial foundation for understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of GM1 gangliosidosis, potentially guiding future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichi Liu
- Department of Guangzhou Newborn Screening Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Ting Xie
- Department of Guangzhou Newborn Screening Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Yonglan Huang
- Department of Guangzhou Newborn Screening Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
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50
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Robledo-Montaña J, Díaz-García C, Martínez M, Ambrosio N, Montero E, Marín MJ, Virto L, Muñoz-López M, Herrera D, Sanz M, Leza JC, García-Bueno B, Figuero E, Martín-Hernández D. Microglial morphological/inflammatory phenotypes and endocannabinoid signaling in a preclinical model of periodontitis and depression. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:219. [PMID: 39245706 PMCID: PMC11382403 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03213-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a chronic psychiatric disease of multifactorial etiology, and its pathophysiology is not fully understood. Stress and other chronic inflammatory pathologies are shared risk factors for psychiatric diseases, and comorbidities are features of major depression. Epidemiological evidence suggests that periodontitis, as a source of low-grade chronic systemic inflammation, may be associated with depression, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. METHODS Periodontitis (P) was induced in Wistar: Han rats through oral gavage with the pathogenic bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum for 12 weeks, followed by 3 weeks of chronic mild stress (CMS) to induce depressive-like behavior. The following four groups were established (n = 12 rats/group): periodontitis and CMS (P + CMS+), periodontitis without CMS, CMS without periodontitis, and control. The morphology and inflammatory phenotype of microglia in the frontal cortex (FC) were studied using immunofluorescence and bioinformatics tools. The endocannabinoid (EC) signaling and proteins related to synaptic plasticity were analyzed in FC samples using biochemical and immunohistochemical techniques. RESULTS Ultrastructural and fractal analyses of FC revealed a significant increase in the complexity and heterogeneity of Iba1 + parenchymal microglia in the combined experimental model (P + CMS+) and increased expression of the proinflammatory marker inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), while there were no changes in the expression of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2). In the FC protein extracts of the P + CMS + animals, there was a decrease in the levels of the EC metabolic enzymes N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD), diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL), and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) compared to those in the controls, which extended to protein expression in neurons and in FC extracts of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and to the intracellular signaling molecules phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). The protein levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and synaptophysin were also lower in P + CMS + animals than in controls. CONCLUSIONS The combined effects on microglial morphology and inflammatory phenotype, the EC signaling, and proteins related to synaptic plasticity in P + CMS + animals may represent relevant mechanisms explaining the association between periodontitis and depression. These findings highlight potential therapeutic targets that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Robledo-Montaña
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (Imas12), Neurochemistry Research Institute UCM (IUIN), Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - César Díaz-García
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (Imas12), Neurochemistry Research Institute UCM (IUIN), Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Martínez
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Nagore Ambrosio
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Eduardo Montero
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - María José Marín
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leire Virto
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Optics, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Muñoz-López
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (Imas12), Neurochemistry Research Institute UCM (IUIN), Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Herrera
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Mariano Sanz
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Leza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (Imas12), Neurochemistry Research Institute UCM (IUIN), Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (Imas12), Neurochemistry Research Institute UCM (IUIN), Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Figuero
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - David Martín-Hernández
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (Imas12), Neurochemistry Research Institute UCM (IUIN), Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
- Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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