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Sudhahar S, Ozer B, Chang J, Chadwick W, O'Donovan D, Campbell A, Tulip E, Thompson N, Roberts I. An experimentally validated approach to automated biological evidence generation in drug discovery using knowledge graphs. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5703. [PMID: 38977662 PMCID: PMC11231212 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Explaining predictions for drug repositioning with biological knowledge graphs is a challenging problem. Graph completion methods using symbolic reasoning predict drug treatments and associated rules to generate evidence representing the therapeutic basis of the drug. Yet the vast amounts of generated paths that are biologically irrelevant or not mechanistically meaningful within the context of disease biology can limit utility. We use a reinforcement learning based knowledge graph completion model combined with an automatic filtering approach that produces the most relevant rules and biological paths explaining the predicted drug's therapeutic connection to the disease. In this work we validate the approach against preclinical experimental data for Fragile X syndrome demonstrating strong correlation between automatically extracted paths and experimentally derived transcriptional changes of selected genes and pathways of drug predictions Sulindac and Ibudilast. Additionally, we show it reduces the number of generated paths in two case studies, 85% for Cystic fibrosis and 95% for Parkinson's disease.
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2
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Stamenkovic V, Lautz JD, Harsh FM, Smith SEP. SRC family kinase inhibition rescues molecular and behavioral phenotypes, but not protein interaction network dynamics, in a mouse model of Fragile X syndrome. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:1392-1405. [PMID: 38297084 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02418-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Glutamatergic synapses encode information from extracellular inputs using dynamic protein interaction networks (PINs) that undergo widespread reorganization following synaptic activity, allowing cells to distinguish between signaling inputs and generate coordinated cellular responses. Here, we investigate how Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein (FMRP) deficiency disrupts signal transduction through a glutamatergic synapse PIN downstream of NMDA receptor or metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) stimulation. In cultured cortical neurons or acute cortical slices from P7, P17 and P60 FMR1-/y mice, the unstimulated protein interaction network state resembled that of wildtype littermates stimulated with mGluR agonists, demonstrating resting state pre-activation of mGluR signaling networks. In contrast, interactions downstream of NMDAR stimulation were similar to WT. We identified the Src family kinase (SFK) Fyn as a network hub, because many interactions involving Fyn were pre-activated in FMR1-/y animals. We tested whether targeting SFKs in FMR1-/y mice could modify disease phenotypes, and found that Saracatinib (SCB), an SFK inhibitor, normalized elevated basal protein synthesis, novel object recognition memory and social behavior in FMR1-/y mice. However, SCB treatment did not normalize the PIN to a wild-type-like state in vitro or in vivo, but rather induced extensive changes to protein complexes containing Shank3, NMDARs and Fyn. We conclude that targeting abnormal nodes of a PIN can identify potential disease-modifying drugs, but behavioral rescue does not correlate with PIN normalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Stamenkovic
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan D Lautz
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Felicia M Harsh
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen E P Smith
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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3
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Saraf TS, Chen Y, Tyagi R, Canal CE. Altered brain serotonin 5-HT 1A receptor expression and function in juvenile Fmr1 knockout mice. Neuropharmacology 2024; 245:109774. [PMID: 37923121 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
There are no approved pharmacotherapies for fragile X syndrome (FXS), a rare neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a mutation in the FMR1 promoter region that leads to various symptoms, including intellectual disability and auditory hypersensitivity. The gene that encodes inhibitory serotonin 1A receptors (5-HT1ARs) is differentially expressed in embryonic brain tissue from individuals with FXS, and 5-HT1ARs are highly expressed in neural systems that are disordered in FXS, providing a rationale to focus on 5-HT1ARs as targets to treat symptoms of FXS. We examined agonist-labeled 5-HT1AR densities in male and female Fmr1 knockout mice and found no differences in whole-brain 5-HT1AR expression in adult control compared to Fmr1 knockout mice. However, juvenile Fmr1 knockout mice had lower whole-brain 5-HT1AR expression than age-matched controls. Consistent with these results, juvenile Fmr1 knockout mice showed reduced behavioral responses elicited by the 5-HT1AR agonist (R)-8-OH-DPAT, effects blocked by the selective 5-HT1AR antagonist, WAY-100635. Also, treatment with the selective 5-HT1AR agonist, NLX-112, dose-dependently prevented audiogenic seizures (AGS) in juvenile Fmr1 knockout mice, an effect reversed by WAY-100635. Suggestive of a potential role for 5-HT1ARs in regulating AGS, compared to males, female Fmr1 knockout mice had a lower prevalence of AGS and higher expression of antagonist-labeled 5-HT1ARs in the inferior colliculus and auditory cortex. These results provide preclinical support that 5-HT1AR agonists may be therapeutic for young individuals with FXS hypersensitive to auditory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanishka S Saraf
- Mercer University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Yiming Chen
- Mercer University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Richa Tyagi
- Mercer University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Clinton E Canal
- Mercer University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
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Sakano H, Castle MS, Kundu P. Cochlear Nucleus Transcriptome of a Fragile X Mouse Model Reveals Candidate Genes for Hyperacusis. Laryngoscope 2024; 134:1363-1371. [PMID: 37551886 PMCID: PMC10879919 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is a hereditary form of autism spectrum disorder. It is caused by a trinucleotide repeat expansion in the Fmr1 gene, leading to a loss of Fragile X Protein (FMRP) expression. The loss of FMRP causes auditory hypersensitivity: FXS patients display hyperacusis and the Fmr1- knock-out (KO) mouse model for FXS exhibits auditory seizures. FMRP is strongly expressed in the cochlear nucleus and other auditory brainstem nuclei. We hypothesize that the Fmr1-KO mouse has altered gene expression in the cochlear nucleus that may contribute to auditory hypersensitivity. METHODS RNA was isolated from cochlear nuclei of Fmr1-KO and WT mice. Using next-generation sequencing (RNA-seq), the transcriptomes of Fmr1-KO mice and WT mice (n = 3 each) were compared and analyzed using gene ontology programs. RESULTS We identified 270 unique, differentially expressed genes between Fmr1-KO and WT cochlear nuclei. Upregulated genes (67%) are enriched in those encoding secreted molecules. Downregulated genes (33%) are enriched in neuronal function, including synaptic pathways, some of which are ideal candidate genes that may contribute to hyperacusis. CONCLUSION The loss of FMRP can affect the expression of genes in the cochlear nucleus that are important for neuronal signaling. One of these, Kcnab2, which encodes a subunit of the Shaker voltage-gated potassium channel, is expressed at an abnormally low level in the Fmr1-KO cochlear nucleus. Kcnab2 and other differentially expressed genes may represent pathways for the development of hyperacusis. Future studies will be aimed at investigating the effects of these altered genes on hyperacusis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A Laryngoscope, 134:1363-1371, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Sakano
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Michael S Castle
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Paromita Kundu
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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5
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Peall KJ, Owen MJ, Hall J. Rare genetic brain disorders with overlapping neurological and psychiatric phenotypes. Nat Rev Neurol 2024; 20:7-21. [PMID: 38001363 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00896-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding rare genetic brain disorders with overlapping neurological and psychiatric phenotypes is of increasing importance given the potential for developing disease models that could help to understand more common, polygenic disorders. However, the traditional clinical boundaries between neurology and psychiatry result in frequent segregation of these disorders into distinct silos, limiting cross-specialty understanding that could facilitate clinical and biological advances. In this Review, we highlight multiple genetic brain disorders in which neurological and psychiatric phenotypes are observed, but for which in-depth, cross-spectrum clinical phenotyping is rarely undertaken. We describe the combined phenotypes observed in association with genetic variants linked to epilepsy, dystonia, autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. We also consider common underlying mechanisms that centre on synaptic plasticity, including changes to synaptic and neuronal structure, calcium handling and the balance of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal activity. Further investigation is needed to better define and replicate these phenotypes in larger cohorts, which would help to gain greater understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms and identify common therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Peall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Michael J Owen
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Ciancone-Chama AG, Bonaldo V, Biasini E, Bozzi Y, Balasco L. Gene Expression Profiling in Trigeminal Ganglia from Cntnap2 -/- and Shank3b -/- Mouse Models of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Neuroscience 2023; 531:75-85. [PMID: 37699442 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Sensory difficulties represent a crucial issue in the life of autistic individuals. The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders describes both hyper- and hypo-responsiveness to sensory stimulation as a criterion for the diagnosis autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Among the sensory domain affected in ASD, altered responses to tactile stimulation represent the most commonly reported sensory deficits. Although tactile abnormalities have been reported in monogenic cohorts of patients and genetic mouse models of ASD, the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. Traditionally, autism research has focused on the central nervous system as the target to infer the neurobiological bases of such tactile abnormalities. Nonetheless, the peripheral nervous system represents the initial site of processing of sensory information and a potential site of dysfunction in the sensory cascade. Here we investigated the gene expression deregulation in the trigeminal ganglion (which directly receives tactile information from whiskers) in two genetic models of syndromic autism (Shank3b and Cntnap2 mutant mice) at both adult and juvenile ages. We found several neuronal and non-neuronal markers involved in inhibitory, excitatory, neuroinflammatory and sensory neurotransmission to be differentially regulated within the trigeminal ganglia of both adult and juvenile Shank3b and Cntnap2 mutant mice. These results may help in disentangling the multifaced complexity of sensory abnormalities in autism and open avenues for the development of peripherally targeted treatments for tactile sensory deficits exhibited in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra G Ciancone-Chama
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences - CIMeC, University of Trento, Piazza della Manifattura 1, 38068 Rovereto, TN, Italy
| | - Valerio Bonaldo
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Povo, TN, Italy
| | - Emiliano Biasini
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Povo, TN, Italy
| | - Yuri Bozzi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences - CIMeC, University of Trento, Piazza della Manifattura 1, 38068 Rovereto, TN, Italy; CNR Neuroscience Institute, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Luigi Balasco
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences - CIMeC, University of Trento, Piazza della Manifattura 1, 38068 Rovereto, TN, Italy.
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Tyagi R, Saraf TS, Canal CE. The Psychedelic N, N-Dipropyltryptamine Prevents Seizures in a Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome via a Mechanism that Appears Independent of Serotonin and Sigma1 Receptors. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:1480-1491. [PMID: 37854624 PMCID: PMC10580393 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin shows efficacy in treating neuropsychiatric disorders, though the mechanism(s) underlying its therapeutic effects remain unclear. We show that a similar psychedelic tryptamine, N,N-dipropyltryptamine (DPT), completely prevents audiogenic seizures (AGS) in an Fmr1 knockout mouse model of fragile X syndrome at a 10 mg/kg dose but not at lower doses (3 or 5.6 mg/kg). Despite showing in vitro that DPT is a serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT1B, and 5-HT1A receptor agonist (with that rank order of functional potency, determined with TRUPATH Gα/βγ biosensors), pretreatment with selective inhibitors of 5-HT2A/2C, 5-HT1B, or 5-HT1A receptors did not block DPT's antiepileptic effects; a pan-serotonin receptor antagonist was also ineffective. Because 5-HT1A receptor activation blocks AGS in Fmr1 knockout mice, we performed a dose-response experiment to evaluate DPT's engagement of 5-HT1A receptors in vivo. DPT elicited 5-HT1A-dependent effects only at doses greater than 10 mg/kg, further supporting that DPT's antiepileptic effects were not 5-HT1A-mediated. We also observed that the selective sigma1 receptor antagonist, NE-100, did not impact DPT's antiepileptic effects, suggesting DPT engagement of sigma1 receptors was not a crucial mechanism. Separately, we observed that DPT and NE-100 at high doses caused convulsions on their own that were qualitatively distinct from AGS. In conclusion, DPT dose-dependently blocked AGS in Fmr1 knockout mice, but neither serotonin nor sigma1 receptor antagonists prevented this action. Thus, DPT might have neurotherapeutic effects independent of its serotonergic psychedelic properties. However, DPT also caused seizures at high doses, showing that DPT has complex dose-dependent in vivo polypharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Tyagi
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Tanishka S. Saraf
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Clinton E. Canal
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
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Westmark PR, Gholston AK, Swietlik TJ, Maganti RK, Westmark CJ. Ketogenic Diet Affects Sleep Architecture in C57BL/6J Wild Type and Fragile X Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14460. [PMID: 37833907 PMCID: PMC10572443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly half of children with fragile X syndrome experience sleep problems including trouble falling asleep and frequent nighttime awakenings. The goals here were to assess sleep-wake cycles in mice in response to Fmr1 genotype and a dietary intervention that reduces hyperactivity. Electroencephalography (EEG) results were compared with published rest-activity patterns to determine if actigraphy is a viable surrogate for sleep EEG. Specifically, sleep-wake patterns in adult wild type and Fmr1KO littermate mice were recorded after EEG electrode implantation and the recordings manually scored for vigilance states. The data indicated that Fmr1KO mice exhibited sleep-wake patterns similar to wild type littermates when maintained on a control purified ingredient diet. Treatment with a high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet increased the percentage of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in both wild type and Fmr1KO mice during the dark cycle, which corresponded to decreased activity levels. Treatment with a ketogenic diet flattened diurnal sleep periodicity in both wild type and Fmr1KO mice. Differences in several sleep microstructure outcomes (number and length of sleep and wake bouts) supported the altered sleep states in response to a ketogenic diet and were correlated with altered rest-activity cycles. While actigraphy may be a less expensive, reduced labor surrogate for sleep EEG during the dark cycle, daytime resting in mice did not correlate with EEG sleep states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela R. Westmark
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (P.R.W.); (A.K.G.); (T.J.S.); (R.K.M.)
| | - Aaron K. Gholston
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (P.R.W.); (A.K.G.); (T.J.S.); (R.K.M.)
- Molecular Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Timothy J. Swietlik
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (P.R.W.); (A.K.G.); (T.J.S.); (R.K.M.)
| | - Rama K. Maganti
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (P.R.W.); (A.K.G.); (T.J.S.); (R.K.M.)
| | - Cara J. Westmark
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (P.R.W.); (A.K.G.); (T.J.S.); (R.K.M.)
- Molecular Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Elhawary NA, AlJahdali IA, Abumansour IS, Azher ZA, Falemban AH, Madani WM, Alosaimi W, Alghamdi G, Sindi IA. Phenotypic variability to medication management: an update on fragile X syndrome. Hum Genomics 2023; 17:60. [PMID: 37420260 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-023-00507-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the discovery, epidemiology, pathophysiology, genetic etiology, molecular diagnosis, and medication-based management of fragile X syndrome (FXS). It also highlights the syndrome's variable expressivity and common comorbid and overlapping conditions. FXS is an X-linked dominant disorder associated with a wide spectrum of clinical features, including but not limited to intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, language deficits, macroorchidism, seizures, and anxiety. Its prevalence in the general population is approximately 1 in 5000-7000 men and 1 in 4000-6000 women worldwide. FXS is associated with the fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1) gene located at locus Xq27.3 and encodes the fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein (FMRP). Most individuals with FXS have an FMR1 allele with > 200 CGG repeats (full mutation) and hypermethylation of the CpG island proximal to the repeats, which silences the gene's promoter. Some individuals have mosaicism in the size of the CGG repeats or in hypermethylation of the CpG island, both produce some FMRP and give rise to milder cognitive and behavioral deficits than in non-mosaic individuals with FXS. As in several monogenic disorders, modifier genes influence the penetrance of FMR1 mutations and FXS's variable expressivity by regulating the pathophysiological mechanisms related to the syndrome's behavioral features. Although there is no cure for FXS, prenatal molecular diagnostic testing is recommended to facilitate early diagnosis. Pharmacologic agents can reduce some behavioral features of FXS, and researchers are investigating whether gene editing can be used to demethylate the FMR1 promoter region to improve patient outcomes. Moreover, clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 and developed nuclease defective Cas9 (dCas9) strategies have promised options of genome editing in gain-of-function mutations to rewrite new genetic information into a specified DNA site, are also being studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser A Elhawary
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, 21955, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Imad A AlJahdali
- Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iman S Abumansour
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zohor A Azher
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa H Falemban
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, 24382, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wefaq M Madani
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaa Alosaimi
- Department of Hematology, Maternity and Children Hospital, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghydda Alghamdi
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikhlas A Sindi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Preparatory Year Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, 21442, Saudi Arabia
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Ferrigno A, Cagna M, Bosco O, Trucchi M, Berardo C, Nicoletti F, Vairetti M, Di Pasqua LG. MPEP Attenuates Intrahepatic Fat Accumulation in Obese Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076076. [PMID: 37047048 PMCID: PMC10094379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The blockade of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) was previously found to reduce fat accumulation in HEPG2 cells. Here, we evaluated the effects of mGluR5 blockade in a mouse model of steatosis. Male ob/ob mice fed a high-fat diet were treated with MPEP or vehicle. After 7 weeks, liver biopsies were collected, and nuclei were isolated from fresh tissue. Lipid droplet area and collagen deposition were evaluated on tissue slices; total lipids, lipid peroxidation, and ROS were evaluated on tissue homogenates; PPARα, SREBP-1, mTOR, and NF-κB were assayed on isolated nuclei by Western Blot. Target genes of the above-mentioned factors were assayed by RT-PCR. Reduced steatosis and hepatocyte ballooning were observed in the MPEP group with respect to the vehicle group. Concomitantly, increased nuclear PPARα and reduced nuclear SREBP-1 levels were observed in the MPEP group. Similar trends were obtained in target genes of PPARα and SREBP-1, Acox1 and Acc1, respectively. MPEP administration also reduced oxidative stress and NF-κB activation, probably via NF-κB inhibition. Levels of common markers of inflammation (Il-6, Il1β and Tnf-α) and oxidative stress (Nrf2) were significantly reduced. mTOR, as well as collagen deposition, were unchanged. Concluding, MPEP, a selective mGluR5 negative allosteric modulator, reduces both fat accumulation and oxidative stress in a 7-week murine model of steatosis. Although underlying mechanisms need to be further investigated, this is the first in vivo study showing the beneficial effects of MPEP in a murine model of steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ferrigno
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marta Cagna
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Oriana Bosco
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Trucchi
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Clarissa Berardo
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Mariapia Vairetti
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura G Di Pasqua
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Luo L, Yang L, Zhang K, Zhou SM, Wang Y, Yang LK, Feng B, Liu SB, Wu YM, Zhao MG, Yang Q. Caveolin-1-Mediated Cholesterol Accumulation Contributes to Exaggerated mGluR-Dependent Long-Term Depression and Impaired Cognition in Fmr1 Knockout Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3379-3395. [PMID: 36854997 PMCID: PMC10122623 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03269-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is one of the most common inherited mental retardation diseases and is caused by the loss of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) expression. The metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) theory of FXS states that enhanced mGluR-dependent long-term depression (LTD) due to FMRP loss is involved in aberrant synaptic plasticity and autistic-like behaviors, but little is known about the underlying molecular mechanism. Here, we found that only hippocampal mGluR-LTD was exaggerated in adolescent Fmr1 KO mice, while N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-LTD was intact in mice of all ages. This development-dependent alteration was related to the differential expression of caveolin-1 (Cav1), which is essential for caveolae formation. Knockdown of Cav1 restored the enhanced mGluR-LTD in Fmr1 KO mice. Moreover, hippocampal Cav1 expression in Fmr1 KO mice induced excessive endocytosis of the α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptor subunit GluA2. This process relied on mGluR1/5 activation rather than NMDAR. Interference with Cav1 expression reversed these changes. Furthermore, massive cholesterol accumulation contributed to redundant caveolae formation, which provided the platform for mGluR-triggered Cav1 coupling to GluA2. Importantly, injection of the cholesterol scavenger methyl-β-cyclodextrin (Mβ-CD) recovered AMPA receptor trafficking and markedly alleviated hyperactivity, hippocampus-dependent fear memory, and spatial memory defects in Fmr1 KO mice. Together, our findings elucidate the important role of Cav1 in mediating mGluR-LTD enhancement and further inducing AMPA receptor endocytosis and suggest that cholesterol depletion by Mβ-CD during caveolae formation may be a novel and safe strategy to treat FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Luo
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Le Yang
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Shi-Meng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Center, Fourth Military Medical University, No.986 Hospital, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Liu-Kun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Bin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Shui-Bing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yu-Mei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ming-Gao Zhao
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
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12
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Louros SR, Seo SS, Maio B, Martinez-Gonzalez C, Gonzalez-Lozano MA, Muscas M, Verity NC, Wills JC, Li KW, Nolan MF, Osterweil EK. Excessive proteostasis contributes to pathology in fragile X syndrome. Neuron 2023; 111:508-525.e7. [PMID: 36495869 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In fragile X syndrome (FX), the leading monogenic cause of autism, excessive neuronal protein synthesis is a core pathophysiology; however, an overall increase in protein expression is not observed. Here, we tested whether excessive protein synthesis drives a compensatory rise in protein degradation that is protective for FX mouse model (Fmr1-/y) neurons. Surprisingly, although we find a significant increase in protein degradation through ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), this contributes to pathological changes. Normalizing proteasome activity with bortezomib corrects excessive hippocampal protein synthesis and hyperactivation of neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) in response to auditory stimulation. Moreover, systemic administration of bortezomib significantly reduces the incidence and severity of audiogenic seizures (AGS) in the Fmr1-/y mouse, as does genetic reduction of proteasome, specifically in the IC. Together, these results identify excessive activation of the UPS pathway in Fmr1-/y neurons as a contributor to multiple phenotypes that can be targeted for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana R Louros
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Sang S Seo
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Beatriz Maio
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Cristina Martinez-Gonzalez
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Miguel A Gonzalez-Lozano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Melania Muscas
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Nick C Verity
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Jimi C Wills
- CRUK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ka Wan Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matthew F Nolan
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Emily K Osterweil
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.
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13
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Abstract
The fragile X-related disorders are an important group of hereditary disorders that are caused by expanded CGG repeats in the 5' untranslated region of the FMR1 gene or by mutations in the coding sequence of this gene. Two categories of pathological CGG repeats are associated with these disorders, full mutation alleles and shorter premutation alleles. Individuals with full mutation alleles develop fragile X syndrome, which causes autism and intellectual disability, whereas those with premutation alleles, which have shorter CGG expansions, can develop fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Thus, fragile X-related disorders can manifest as neurodegenerative or neurodevelopmental disorders, depending on the size of the repeat expansion. Here, we review mouse models of fragile X-related disorders and discuss how they have informed our understanding of neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. We also assess the translational value of these models for developing rational targeted therapies for intellectual disability and autism disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Willemsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - R. Frank Kooy
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
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14
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Sivakumar S, Ghasemi M, Schachter SC. Targeting NMDA Receptor Complex in Management of Epilepsy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101297. [PMID: 36297409 PMCID: PMC9609646 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) and play critical roles in neuronal excitability in the CNS. Both clinical and preclinical studies have revealed that the abnormal expression or function of these receptors can underlie the pathophysiology of seizure disorders and epilepsy. Accordingly, NMDAR modulators have been shown to exert anticonvulsive effects in various preclinical models of seizures, as well as in patients with epilepsy. In this review, we provide an update on the pathologic role of NMDARs in epilepsy and an overview of the NMDAR antagonists that have been evaluated as anticonvulsive agents in clinical studies, as well as in preclinical seizure models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravan Sivakumar
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Mehdi Ghasemi
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (S.C.S.)
| | - Steven C. Schachter
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Consortia for Improving Medicine with Innovation & Technology (CIMIT), Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (S.C.S.)
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15
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Chakraborty S, Parayil R, Mishra S, Nongthomba U, Clement JP. Epilepsy Characteristics in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Research from Patient Cohorts and Animal Models Focusing on Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810807. [PMID: 36142719 PMCID: PMC9501968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy, a heterogeneous group of brain-related diseases, has continued to significantly burden society and families. Epilepsy comorbid with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) is believed to occur due to multifaceted pathophysiological mechanisms involving disruptions in the excitation and inhibition (E/I) balance impeding widespread functional neuronal circuitry. Although the field has received much attention from the scientific community recently, the research has not yet translated into actionable therapeutics to completely cure epilepsy, particularly those comorbid with NDDs. In this review, we sought to elucidate the basic causes underlying epilepsy as well as those contributing to the association of epilepsy with NDDs. Comprehensive emphasis is put on some key neurodevelopmental genes implicated in epilepsy, such as MeCP2, SYNGAP1, FMR1, SHANK1-3 and TSC1, along with a few others, and the main electrophysiological and behavioral deficits are highlighted. For these genes, the progress made in developing appropriate and valid rodent models to accelerate basic research is also detailed. Further, we discuss the recent development in the therapeutic management of epilepsy and provide a briefing on the challenges and caveats in identifying and testing species-specific epilepsy models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Chakraborty
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Rrejusha Parayil
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Shefali Mishra
- Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics (MRDG), Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Upendra Nongthomba
- Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics (MRDG), Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - James P. Clement
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru 560064, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-08-2208-2613
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16
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Purushotham SS, Reddy NMN, D'Souza MN, Choudhury NR, Ganguly A, Gopalakrishna N, Muddashetty R, Clement JP. A perspective on molecular signalling dysfunction, its clinical relevance and therapeutics in autism spectrum disorder. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2525-2567. [PMID: 36063192 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders that have become a primary clinical and social concern, with a prevalence of 2-3% in the population. Neuronal function and behaviour undergo significant malleability during the critical period of development that is found to be impaired in ID/ASD. Human genome sequencing studies have revealed many genetic variations associated with ASD/ID that are further verified by many approaches, including many mouse and other models. These models have facilitated the identification of fundamental mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of ASD/ID, and several studies have proposed converging molecular pathways in ASD/ID. However, linking the mechanisms of the pathogenic genes and their molecular characteristics that lead to ID/ASD has progressed slowly, hampering the development of potential therapeutic strategies. This review discusses the possibility of recognising the common molecular causes for most ASD/ID based on studies from the available models that may enable a better therapeutic strategy to treat ID/ASD. We also reviewed the potential biomarkers to detect ASD/ID at early stages that may aid in diagnosis and initiating medical treatment, the concerns with drug failure in clinical trials, and developing therapeutic strategies that can be applied beyond a particular mutation associated with ASD/ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmitha S Purushotham
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Neeharika M N Reddy
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Michelle Ninochka D'Souza
- Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science Campus, CV Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560 012, India.,The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Nilpawan Roy Choudhury
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Anusa Ganguly
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Niharika Gopalakrishna
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Ravi Muddashetty
- Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science Campus, CV Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560 012, India.,The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - James P Clement
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, 560064, India.
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17
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Lee A, Xu J, Wen Z, Jin P. Across Dimensions: Developing 2D and 3D Human iPSC-Based Models of Fragile X Syndrome. Cells 2022; 11:1725. [PMID: 35681419 PMCID: PMC9179297 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. FXS is caused by a cytosine-guanine-guanine (CGG) trinucleotide repeat expansion in the untranslated region of the FMR1 gene leading to the functional loss of the gene's protein product FMRP. Various animal models of FXS have provided substantial knowledge about the disorder. However, critical limitations exist in replicating the pathophysiological mechanisms. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) provide a unique means of studying the features and processes of both normal and abnormal human neurodevelopment in large sample quantities in a controlled setting. Human iPSC-based models of FXS have offered a better understanding of FXS pathophysiology specific to humans. This review summarizes studies that have used hiPSC-based two-dimensional cellular models of FXS to reproduce the pathology, examine altered gene expression and translation, determine the functions and targets of FMRP, characterize the neurodevelopmental phenotypes and electrophysiological features, and, finally, to reactivate FMR1. We also provide an overview of the most recent studies using three-dimensional human brain organoids of FXS and end with a discussion of current limitations and future directions for FXS research using hiPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azalea Lee
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
- MD/PhD Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jie Xu
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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18
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Armstrong JL, Saraf TS, Bhatavdekar O, Canal CE. Spontaneous seizures in adult Fmr1 knockout mice: FVB.129P2-Pde6b+ Tyr Fmr1/J. Epilepsy Res 2022; 182:106891. [PMID: 35290907 PMCID: PMC9050957 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.106891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of seizures in individuals with fragile X syndrome (FXS) is ~25%; however, there are no reports of spontaneous seizures in the Fmr1 knockout mouse model of FXS. Herein, we report that 48% of adult (median age P96), Fmr1 knockout mice from our colony were found expired in their home cages. We observed and recorded adult Fmr1 knockout mice having spontaneous convulsions in their home cages. In addition, we captured by electroencephalography an adult Fmr1 knockout mouse having a spontaneous seizure-during preictal, ictal, and postictal phases-which confirmed the presence of a generalized seizure. We did not observe this phenotype in control conspecifics or in juvenile (age <P35) Fmr1 knockout mice. We hypothesized that chronic, random, noise perturbations during development caused the phenotype. We recorded decibels (dB) in our vivarium. The average was 61 dB, but operating the automatic door to the vivarium caused spikes to 95 dB. We modified the door to eliminate noise spikes, which reduced unexpected deaths to 33% in Fmr1 knockout mice raised from birth in this environment (P = 0.07). As the modifications did not eliminate unexpected deaths, we further hypothesized that building vibrations may also be a contributing factor. After installing anti-vibration pads underneath housing carts, unexpected deaths of Fmr1 knockout mice born and raised in this environment decreased to 29% (P < 0.01 compared to the original environment). We also observed significant sex effects, for example, after interventions to reduce sound and vibration, significantly fewer male, but not female, Fmr1 knockout mice died unexpectedly (P < 0.001). The spontaneous seizure phenotype in our Fmr1 knockout mice could serve as a model of seizures observed in individuals with FXS, potentially offering a new translationally-valid phenotype for FXS research. Finally, these observations, although anomalous, serve as a reminder to consider gene-environment interactions when interpreting data derived from Fmr1 knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Armstrong
- Mercer University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Tanishka S Saraf
- Mercer University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Omkar Bhatavdekar
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 3400 North Charles Street, Croft Hall B27, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Clinton E Canal
- Mercer University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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Xia J, Dou Y, Mei Y, Munoz FM, Gao R, Gao X, Li D, Osei-Owusu P, Schiffenhaus J, Bekker A, Tao YX, Hu H. Orai1 is a crucial downstream partner of group I metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling in dorsal horn neurons. Pain 2022; 163:652-664. [PMID: 34252911 PMCID: PMC8741882 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (group I mGluRs) have been implicated in several central nervous system diseases including chronic pain. It is known that activation of group I mGluRs results in the production of inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol that leads to activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and an increase in neuronal excitability, but how group I mGluRs mediate this process remains unclear. We previously reported that Orai1 is responsible for store-operated calcium entry and plays a key role in central sensitization. However, how Orai1 is activated under physiological conditions is unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that group I mGluRs recruit Orai1 as part of its downstream signaling pathway in dorsal horn neurons. We demonstrate that neurotransmitter glutamate induces STIM1 puncta formation, which is not mediated by N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. Glutamate-induced Ca2+ entry in the presence of NMDA or AMPA receptor antagonists is eliminated in Orai1-deficient neurons. Dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) (an agonist of group I mGluRs)-induced Ca2+ entry is abolished by Orai1 deficiency, but not affected by knocking down of transient receptor potential cation channel 1 (TRPC1) or TRPC3. Dihydroxyphenylglycine-induced activation of ERKs and modulation of neuronal excitability are abolished in cultured Orai1-deficient neurons. Moreover, DHPG-induced nociceptive behavior is markedly reduced in Orai1-deficient mice. Our findings reveal previously unknown functional coupling between Orai1 and group I mGluRs and shed light on the mechanism underlying group I mGluRs-mediated neuronal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsheng Xia
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Yannong Dou
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Yixiao Mei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Frances M. Munoz
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Ruby Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Xinghua Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Daling Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Patrick Osei-Owusu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - James Schiffenhaus
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Alex Bekker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Yuan-Xiang Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Huijuan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
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20
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Montanari M, Martella G, Bonsi P, Meringolo M. Autism Spectrum Disorder: Focus on Glutamatergic Neurotransmission. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073861. [PMID: 35409220 PMCID: PMC8998955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in the glutamatergic system have been increasingly documented in several neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Glutamate-centered theories of ASD are based on evidence from patient samples and postmortem studies, as well as from studies documenting abnormalities in glutamatergic gene expression and metabolic pathways, including changes in the gut microbiota glutamate metabolism in patients with ASD. In addition, preclinical studies on animal models have demonstrated glutamatergic neurotransmission deficits and altered expression of glutamate synaptic proteins. At present, there are no approved glutamatergic drugs for ASD, but several ongoing clinical trials are currently focusing on evaluating in autistic patients glutamatergic pharmaceuticals already approved for other conditions. In this review, we provide an overview of the literature concerning the role of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the pathophysiology of ASD and as a potential target for novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Montanari
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (G.M.)
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Martella
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Paola Bonsi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Maria Meringolo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (M.M.)
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21
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Ding Q, Wu X, Li X, Wang H. Vorinostat Corrects Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Symptoms in a Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 25:147-159. [PMID: 34791268 PMCID: PMC8832232 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by mutations in the FMR1 gene. It is a form of heritable intellectual disability and autism. Despite recent advance in elucidating disease mechanisms, there is no efficacious medication. Because de novo drug development is a lengthy process, repurposing the existing FDA-approved drugs offers an opportunity to advance clinical intervention for FXS. Our previous study with transcriptome analysis predicts potential therapeutic effects of vorinostat on FXS. METHODS We analyzed the vorinostat-induced transcriptome changes and confirmed its similarity to that induced by trifluoperazine, which was previously shown to correct pathological outcomes associated with FXS. To validate the therapeutic efficacy, we examined vorinostat's effect on correcting the key behavioral and cellular symptoms in a mouse model of FXS. RESULTS We found that vorinostat restores object location memory and passive avoidance memory in the Fmr1 knockout mice. For the non-cognitive behavioral symptoms, vorinostat corrected the autism-associated alterations, including repetitive behavior and social interaction deficits. In the open field test, vorinostat dampened hyperactivity in the center area of the arena. Surprisingly, vorinostat did not correct the abnormally elevated protein synthesis in cultured Fmr1 knockout hippocampal neurons, suggesting that different aspects of pathological outcomes may respond differently to a specific therapeutic intervention. CONCLUSIONS We used the drug-induced transcriptome signature to predict new application of existing drugs. Our data reveal the therapeutic effects of the FDA-approved drug vorinostat in a mouse model of FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ding
- Department of Physiology Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Xueting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Physiology Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Neuroscience Program Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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22
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Al Dera H. Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying autism spectrum disorders and associated comorbidities: A pathophysiological review. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112688. [PMID: 35149383 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders that develop in early life due to interaction between several genetic and environmental factors and lead to alterations in brain function and structure. During the last decades, several mechanisms have been placed to explain the pathogenesis of autism. Unfortunately, these are reported in several studies and reviews which make it difficult to follow by the reader. In addition, some recent molecular mechanisms related to ASD have been unrevealed. This paper revises and highlights the major common molecular mechanisms responsible for the clinical symptoms seen in people with ASD, including the roles of common genetic factors and disorders, neuroinflammation, GABAergic signaling, and alterations in Ca+2 signaling. Besides, it covers the major molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in initiating the epileptic seizure, including the alterations in the GABAergic and glutamate signaling, vitamin and mineral deficiency, disorders of metabolism, and autoimmunity. Finally, this review also discusses sleep disorder patterns and the molecular mechanisms underlying them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Al Dera
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine at King Saud, Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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23
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Kenny A, Wright D, Stanfield AC. EEG as a translational biomarker and outcome measure in fragile X syndrome. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:34. [PMID: 35075104 PMCID: PMC8786970 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01796-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted treatments for fragile X syndrome (FXS) have frequently failed to show efficacy in clinical testing, despite success at the preclinical stages. This has highlighted the need for more effective translational outcome measures. EEG differences observed in FXS, including exaggerated N1 ERP amplitudes, increased resting gamma power and reduced gamma phase-locking in the sensory cortices, have been suggested as potential biomarkers of the syndrome. These abnormalities are thought to reflect cortical hyper excitability resulting from an excitatory (glutamate) and inhibitory (GABAergic) imbalance in FXS, which has been the target of several pharmaceutical remediation studies. EEG differences observed in humans also show similarities to those seen in laboratory models of FXS, which may allow for greater translational equivalence and better predict clinical success of putative therapeutics. There is some evidence from clinical trials showing that treatment related changes in EEG may be associated with clinical improvements, but these require replication and extension to other medications. Although the use of EEG characteristics as biomarkers is still in the early phases, and further research is needed to establish its utility in clinical trials, the current research is promising and signals the emergence of an effective translational biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Kenny
- Patrick Wild Centre, Division of Psychiatry, Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Damien Wright
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Patrick Wild Centre, Division of Psychiatry, Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, EH10 5HF Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew C. Stanfield
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Patrick Wild Centre, Division of Psychiatry, Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, EH10 5HF Edinburgh, UK
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24
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Dyomina AV, Kovalenko AA, Zakharova MV, Postnikova TY, Griflyuk AV, Smolensky IV, Antonova IV, Zaitsev AV. MTEP, a Selective mGluR5 Antagonist, Had a Neuroprotective Effect but Did Not Prevent the Development of Spontaneous Recurrent Seizures and Behavioral Comorbidities in the Rat Lithium-Pilocarpine Model of Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010497. [PMID: 35008924 PMCID: PMC8745728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are expressed predominantly on neurons and glial cells and are involved in the modulation of a wide range of signal transduction cascades. Therefore, different subtypes of mGluRs are considered a promising target for the treatment of various brain diseases. Previous studies have demonstrated the seizure-induced upregulation of mGluR5; however, its functional significance is still unclear. In the present study, we aimed to clarify the effect of treatment with the selective mGluR5 antagonist 3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl]-pyridine (MTEP) on epileptogenesis and behavioral impairments in rats using the lithium–pilocarpine model. We found that the administration of MTEP during the latent phase of the model did not improve survival, prevent the development of epilepsy, or attenuate its manifestations in rats. However, MTEP treatment completely prevented neuronal loss and partially attenuated astrogliosis in the hippocampus. An increase in excitatory amino acid transporter 2 expression, which has been detected in treated rats, may prevent excitotoxicity and be a potential mechanism of neuroprotection. We also found that MTEP administration did not prevent the behavioral comorbidities such as depressive-like behavior, motor hyperactivity, reduction of exploratory behavior, and cognitive impairments typical in the lithium–pilocarpine model. Thus, despite the distinct neuroprotective effect, the MTEP treatment was ineffective in preventing epilepsy.
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25
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Auerbach BD, Manohar S, Radziwon K, Salvi R. Auditory hypersensitivity and processing deficits in a rat model of fragile X syndrome. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 161:105541. [PMID: 34751141 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X (FX) syndrome is one of the leading inherited causes of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A majority of FX and ASD patients exhibit sensory hypersensitivity, including auditory hypersensitivity or hyperacusis, a condition in which everyday sounds are perceived as much louder than normal. Auditory processing deficits in FX and ASD also afford the opportunity to develop objective and quantifiable outcome measures that are likely to translate between humans and animal models due to the well-conserved nature of the auditory system and well-developed behavioral read-outs of sound perception. Therefore, in this study we characterized auditory hypersensitivity in a Fmr1 knockout (KO) transgenic rat model of FX using an operant conditioning task to assess sound detection thresholds and suprathreshold auditory reaction time-intensity (RT-I) functions, a reliable psychoacoustic measure of loudness growth, at a variety of stimulus frequencies, bandwidths, and durations. Male Fmr1 KO and littermate WT rats both learned the task at the same rate and exhibited normal hearing thresholds. However, Fmr1 KO rats had faster auditory RTs over a broad range of intensities and steeper RT-I slopes than WT controls, perceptual evidence of excessive loudness growth in Fmr1 KO rats. Furthermore, we found that Fmr1 KO animals exhibited abnormal perceptual integration of sound duration and bandwidth, with diminished temporal but enhanced spectral integration of sound intensity. Because temporal and spectral integration of sound stimuli were altered in opposite directions in Fmr1 KO rats, this suggests that abnormal RTs in these animals are evidence of aberrant auditory processing rather than generalized hyperactivity or altered motor responses. Together, these results are indicative of fundamental changes to low-level auditory processing in Fmr1 KO animals. Finally, we demonstrated that antagonism of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) selectively and dose-dependently restored normal loudness growth in Fmr1 KO rats, suggesting a pharmacologic approach for alleviating sensory hypersensitivity associated with FX. This study leverages the tractable nature of the auditory system and the unique behavioral advantages of rats to provide important insights into the nature of a centrally important yet understudied aspect of FX and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Auerbach
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | | | - Kelly Radziwon
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Richard Salvi
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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26
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Westmark PR, Garrone B, Ombrato R, Milanese C, Di Giorgio FP, Westmark CJ. Testing Fmr1 KO Phenotypes in Response to GSK3 Inhibitors: SB216763 versus AFC03127. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:751307. [PMID: 34690696 PMCID: PMC8529056 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.751307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a proline-directed serine-threonine kinase that is associated with several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease and fragile X syndrome (FXS). We tested the efficacy of a novel GSK3 inhibitor AFC03127, which was developed by Angelini Pharma, in comparison to the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 inhibitor 2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride (MPEP) and the GSK3 inhibitor SB216763 in in vivo and in vitro assays in Fmr1KO mice, a mouse model useful for the study of FXS. The in vivo assay tested susceptibility to audiogenic-induced seizures (AGS) whereas the in vitro assays assessed biomarker expression and dendritic spine length and density in cultured primary neurons as a function of drug dose. MPEP and SB216763 attenuated AGS in Fmr1KO mice, whereas AFC03127 did not. MPEP and AFC03127 significantly reduced dendritic expression of amyloid-beta protein precursor (APP). All drugs rescued spine length and the ratio of mature dendritic spines. Spine density was not statistically different between vehicle and GSK3 inhibitor-treated cells. The drugs were tested over a wide concentration range in the in vitro assays to determine dose responses. A bell-shaped dose response decrease in APP expression was observed in response to AFC03127, which was more effective than SB216763. These findings confirm previous studies demonstrating differential effects of various GSK3 inhibitors on AGS propensity in Fmr1KO mice and confirm APP as a downstream biomarker that is responsive to GSK3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela R Westmark
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Cara J Westmark
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.,Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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27
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Pirbhoy PS, Jonak CR, Syed R, Argueta DA, Perez PA, Wiley MB, Hessamian K, Lovelace JW, Razak KA, DiPatrizio NV, Ethell IM, Binder DK. Increased 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol levels normalize cortical responses to sound and improve behaviors in Fmr1 KO mice. J Neurodev Disord 2021; 13:47. [PMID: 34645383 PMCID: PMC8513313 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-021-09394-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals with Fragile X syndrome (FXS) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit an array of symptoms, including sociability deficits, increased anxiety, hyperactivity, and sensory hyperexcitability. It is unclear how endocannabinoid (eCB) modulation can be targeted to alleviate neurophysiological abnormalities in FXS as behavioral research reveals benefits to inhibiting cannabinoid (CB) receptor activation and increasing endocannabinoid ligand levels. Here, we hypothesize that enhancement of 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG) in Fragile X mental retardation 1 gene knock-out (Fmr1 KO) mice may reduce cortical hyperexcitability and behavioral abnormalities observed in FXS. Methods To test whether an increase in 2-AG levels normalized cortical responses in a mouse model of FXS, animals were subjected to electroencephalography (EEG) recording and behavioral assessment following treatment with JZL-184, an irreversible inhibitor of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). Assessment of 2-AG was performed using lipidomic analysis in conjunction with various doses and time points post-administration of JZL-184. Baseline electrocortical activity and evoked responses to sound stimuli were measured using a 30-channel multielectrode array (MEA) in adult male mice before, 4 h, and 1 day post-intraperitoneal injection of JZL-184 or vehicle. Behavior assessment was done using the open field and elevated plus maze 4 h post-treatment. Results Lipidomic analysis showed that 8 mg/kg JZL-184 significantly increased the levels of 2-AG in the auditory cortex of both Fmr1 KO and WT mice 4 h post-treatment compared to vehicle controls. EEG recordings revealed a reduction in the abnormally enhanced baseline gamma-band power in Fmr1 KO mice and significantly improved evoked synchronization to auditory stimuli in the gamma-band range post-JZL-184 treatment. JZL-184 treatment also ameliorated anxiety-like and hyperactivity phenotypes in Fmr1 KO mice. Conclusions Overall, these results indicate that increasing 2-AG levels may serve as a potential therapeutic approach to normalize cortical responses and improve behavioral outcomes in FXS and possibly other ASDs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s11689-021-09394-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S Pirbhoy
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Carrie R Jonak
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Rashid Syed
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Donovan A Argueta
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Pedro A Perez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Mark B Wiley
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Keon Hessamian
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Jonathan W Lovelace
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Khaleel A Razak
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Nicholas V DiPatrizio
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Iryna M Ethell
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Devin K Binder
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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28
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Adayev T, LaFauci G, Xu W, Dobkin C, Kascsak R, Brown WT, Goodman JH. Development of a Quantitative FMRP Assay for Mouse Tissue Applications. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101516. [PMID: 34680911 PMCID: PMC8535242 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome results from the absence of the FMR1 gene product—Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP). Fragile X animal research has lacked a reliable method to quantify FMRP. We report the development of an array of FMRP-specific monoclonal antibodies and their application for quantitative assessment of FMRP (qFMRPm) in mouse tissue. To characterize the assay, we determined the normal variability of FMRP expression in four brain structures of six different mouse strains at seven weeks of age. There was a hierarchy of FMRP expression: neocortex > hippocampus > cerebellum > brainstem. The expression of FMRP was highest and least variable in the neocortex, whereas it was most variable in the hippocampus. Male C57Bl/6J and FVB mice were selected to determine FMRP developmental differences in the brain at 3, 7, 10, and 14 weeks of age. We examined the four structures and found a developmental decline in FMRP expression with age, except for the brainstem where it remained stable. qFMRPm assay of blood had highest values in 3 week old animals and dropped by 2.5-fold with age. Sex differences were not significant. The results establish qFMRPm as a valuable tool due to its ease of methodology, cost effectiveness, and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Adayev
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, New York, NY 10314, USA; (G.L.); (W.X.); (C.D.); (R.K.); (W.T.B.); (J.H.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-718-494-5314
| | - Giuseppe LaFauci
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, New York, NY 10314, USA; (G.L.); (W.X.); (C.D.); (R.K.); (W.T.B.); (J.H.G.)
| | - Weimin Xu
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, New York, NY 10314, USA; (G.L.); (W.X.); (C.D.); (R.K.); (W.T.B.); (J.H.G.)
| | - Carl Dobkin
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, New York, NY 10314, USA; (G.L.); (W.X.); (C.D.); (R.K.); (W.T.B.); (J.H.G.)
| | - Richard Kascsak
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, New York, NY 10314, USA; (G.L.); (W.X.); (C.D.); (R.K.); (W.T.B.); (J.H.G.)
| | - W. Ted Brown
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, New York, NY 10314, USA; (G.L.); (W.X.); (C.D.); (R.K.); (W.T.B.); (J.H.G.)
- Perkins Center, University of Sydney Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jeffrey H. Goodman
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, New York, NY 10314, USA; (G.L.); (W.X.); (C.D.); (R.K.); (W.T.B.); (J.H.G.)
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29
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Holter KM, Lekander AD, LaValley CM, Bedingham EG, Pierce BE, Sands LP, Lindsley CW, Jones CK, Gould RW. Partial mGlu 5 Negative Allosteric Modulator M-5MPEP Demonstrates Antidepressant-Like Effects on Sleep Without Affecting Cognition or Quantitative EEG. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:700822. [PMID: 34276300 PMCID: PMC8283128 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.700822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) targeting the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5) demonstrate anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like effects yet concern regarding adverse effect liability remains. Functional coupling of mGlu5 with ionotropic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) represents a potential mechanism through which full inhibition leads to adverse effects, as NMDAR inhibition can induce cognitive impairments and psychotomimetic-like effects. Recent development of "partial" mGlu5 NAMs, characterized by submaximal but saturable levels of blockade, may represent a novel development approach to broaden the therapeutic index of mGlu5 NAMs. This study compared the partial mGlu5 NAM, M-5MPEP, with the full mGlu5 NAM, VU0424238 on sleep, cognition, and brain function alone and in combination with a subthreshold dose of the NMDAR antagonist, MK-801, using a paired-associates learning (PAL) cognition task and electroencephalography (EEG) in rats. M-5MPEP and VU0424238 decreased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and increased REM sleep latency, both putative biomarkers of antidepressant-like activity. Neither compound alone affected accuracy, but 30 mg/kg VU0424238 combined with MK-801 decreased accuracy on the PAL task. Using quantitative EEG, VU0424238, but not M-5MPEP, prolonged arousal-related elevations in high gamma power, and, in combination, VU0424238 potentiated effects of MK-801 on high gamma power. Together, these studies further support a functional interaction between mGlu5 and NMDARs that may correspond with cognitive impairments. Present data support further development of partial mGlu5 NAMs given their potentially broader therapeutic index than full mGlu5 NAMs and use of EEG as a translational biomarker to titrate doses aligning with therapeutic versus adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M. Holter
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Alex D. Lekander
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Christina M. LaValley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | | | - Bethany E. Pierce
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - L. Paul Sands
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Carrie K. Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Robert W. Gould
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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30
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Lovelace JW, Rais M, Palacios AR, Shuai XS, Bishay S, Popa O, Pirbhoy PS, Binder DK, Nelson DL, Ethell IM, Razak KA. Deletion of Fmr1 from Forebrain Excitatory Neurons Triggers Abnormal Cellular, EEG, and Behavioral Phenotypes in the Auditory Cortex of a Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:969-988. [PMID: 31364704 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a leading genetic cause of autism with symptoms that include sensory processing deficits. In both humans with FXS and a mouse model [Fmr1 knockout (KO) mouse], electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings show enhanced resting state gamma power and reduced sound-evoked gamma synchrony. We previously showed that elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) may contribute to these phenotypes by affecting perineuronal nets (PNNs) around parvalbumin (PV) interneurons in the auditory cortex of Fmr1 KO mice. However, how different cell types within local cortical circuits contribute to these deficits is not known. Here, we examined whether Fmr1 deletion in forebrain excitatory neurons affects neural oscillations, MMP-9 activity, and PV/PNN expression in the auditory cortex. We found that cortical MMP-9 gelatinase activity, mTOR/Akt phosphorylation, and resting EEG gamma power were enhanced in CreNex1/Fmr1Flox/y conditional KO (cKO) mice, whereas the density of PV/PNN cells was reduced. The CreNex1/Fmr1Flox/y cKO mice also show increased locomotor activity, but not the anxiety-like behaviors. These results indicate that fragile X mental retardation protein changes in excitatory neurons in the cortex are sufficient to elicit cellular, electrophysiological, and behavioral phenotypes in Fmr1 KO mice. More broadly, these results indicate that local cortical circuit abnormalities contribute to sensory processing deficits in autism spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maham Rais
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Otilia Popa
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine
| | | | - Devin K Binder
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine.,Graduate Neuroscience Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521,USA
| | - David L Nelson
- Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Iryna M Ethell
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine.,Graduate Neuroscience Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521,USA
| | - Khaleel A Razak
- Department of Psychology.,Graduate Neuroscience Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521,USA
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31
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Evaluation of lorcaserin as an anticonvulsant in juvenile Fmr1 knockout mice. Epilepsy Res 2021; 175:106677. [PMID: 34130255 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent preclinical and clinical studies suggest that lorcaserin, a preferential serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT2CR) agonist that was approved for the treatment of obesity, possesses antiepileptic properties. Here, we tested whether lorcaserin (1, 3, 5.6, 10 mg/kg) is prophylactic against audiogenic seizures (AGSs) in juvenile Fmr1 knockout mice, a mouse model of fragile X syndrome (FXS). MPEP (30 mg/kg), a non-competitive mGluR5 receptor antagonist, was used as a positive control. As lorcaserin likely engages 5-HT2ARs at therapeutic doses, we pretreated one group of mice with the selective 5-HT2AR antagonist/inverse agonist, M100907 (0.03 mg/kg), alone or before administering lorcaserin (5.6 mg/kg), to discern putative contributions of 5-HT2ARs to AGSs. We also assessed lorcaserin's in vitro pharmacology at human (h) and mouse (m) 5-HT2CRs and 5-HT2ARs and its in vivo interactions at m5-HT2CRs and m5-HT2ARs. MPEP significantly decreased AGS prevalence (P = 0.011) and lethality (P = 0.038). Lorcaserin, 3 mg/kg, attenuated AGS prevalence and lethality by 14 % and 32 %, respectively, however, results were not statistically significant (P = 0.5 and P = 0.06); other doses and M100907 alone or with lorcaserin also did not significantly affect AGSs. Lorcaserin exhibited full efficacy agonist activity at h5-HT2CRs and m5-HT2CRs, and near full efficacy agonist activity at h5-HT2ARs and m5-HT2ARs; selectivity for activation of 5-HT2CRs over 5-HT2ARs was greater for human (38-fold) compared to mouse (13-fold) receptors. Lorcaserin displayed relatively low affinities at antagonist-labeled 5-HT2CRs and 5-HT2ARs, regardless of species. Lorcaserin (3 and 5.6 mg/kg) increased the 5-HT2AR-dependent head-twitch response (HTR) elicited by (±)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) in mice (P = 0.03 and P = 0.02). At 3 mg/kg, lorcaserin alone did not elicit an HTR. If mice were treated with the selective 5-HT2CR antagonist SB 242084 (0.5 or 1 mg/kg) plus lorcaserin (3 mg/kg), a significantly increased HTR was observed, relative to vehicle (P = 0.01 and P = 0.03), however, the HTR was much lower than what was elicited by DOI or DOI plus lorcaserin. Lorcaserin, 3 mg/kg, significantly reduced locomotor activity on its own, an effect reversed by SB 242084, and lorcaserin also dose-dependently reduced locomotor activity when administered prior to DOI (Ps<0.002). These data suggest that lorcaserin may engage 5-HT2CRs as well as 5-HT2ARs in mice at doses as low as 3 mg/kg. The similar activity at m5-HT2CRs and m5-HT2ARs suggests careful dosing of lorcaserin is necessary to selectively engage 5-HT2CRs in vivo. In conclusion, lorcaserin was ineffective at preventing AGSs in Fmr1 knockout mice. Lorcaserin may not be a suitable pharmacotherapy for seizures in FXS.
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Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited form of intellectual disability and the leading monogenic cause of autism. The condition stems from loss of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), which regulates a wide range of ion channels via translational control, protein-protein interactions and second messenger pathways. Rapidly increasing evidence demonstrates that loss of FMRP leads to numerous ion channel dysfunctions (that is, channelopathies), which in turn contribute significantly to FXS pathophysiology. Consistent with this, pharmacological or genetic interventions that target dysregulated ion channels effectively restore neuronal excitability, synaptic function and behavioural phenotypes in FXS animal models. Recent studies further support a role for direct and rapid FMRP-channel interactions in regulating ion channel function. This Review lays out the current state of knowledge in the field regarding channelopathies and the pathogenesis of FXS, including promising therapeutic implications.
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Effect of risperidone treatment on insulin-like growth factor-1 and interleukin-17 in drug naïve first-episode schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2021; 297:113717. [PMID: 33503523 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the inflammatory system is activated in schizophrenia and antipsychotics may affect cytokines levels. we conducted a cross-sectional and prospective study.One hundred and thirteen patients and 58 normal subjects matched by gender, age were enrolled in the study. All the patients had risperidonemonotherapy and undertook a 10-week follow-up. Serum levels of IL-17 and IGF-1 were examined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS) was applied to estimate the clinical symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. All procedures were repeated at the 10 weeks for patients group.The serum levels of IL-17 and IGF-1 in patients were significantly higher than in normal people. After treatment, IGF-1 levels in patients decreased significantly, whereas the IL-17 serum levels had no significant change compared to their baseline concentration. IGF-1 levels at the baseline were negatively associated with the reduction in negative symptoms score after controlling for age, gender distribution, education, smoking status, and WHR. Additionally, the magnitude of IGF-1 change was negatively correlated with negative symptoms score change after controlling for potential confounding variables. Results suggested that the inflammatory system is activated and serum IGF-1 may contribute to the pathophysiology of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Adenosine A 2A receptor inhibition reduces synaptic and cognitive hippocampal alterations in Fmr1 KO mice. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:112. [PMID: 33547274 PMCID: PMC7864914 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In fragile X syndrome (FXS) the lack of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) leads to exacerbated signaling through the metabotropic glutamate receptors 5 (mGlu5Rs). The adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs), modulators of neuronal damage, could play a role in FXS. A synaptic colocalization and a strong permissive interaction between A2A and mGlu5 receptors in the hippocampus have been previously reported, suggesting that blocking A2ARs might normalize the mGlu5R-mediated effects of FXS. To study the cross-talk between A2A and mGlu5 receptors in the absence of FMRP, we performed extracellular electrophysiology experiments in hippocampal slices of Fmr1 KO mouse. The depression of field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSPs) slope induced by the mGlu5R agonist CHPG was completely blocked by the A2AR antagonist ZM241385 and strongly potentiated by the A2AR agonist CGS21680, suggesting that the functional synergistic coupling between the two receptors could be increased in FXS. To verify if chronic A2AR blockade could reverse the FXS phenotypes, we treated the Fmr1 KO mice with istradefylline, an A2AR antagonist. We found that hippocampal DHPG-induced long-term depression (LTD), which is abnormally increased in FXS mice, was restored to the WT level. Furthermore, istradefylline corrected aberrant dendritic spine density, specific behavioral alterations, and overactive mTOR, TrkB, and STEP signaling in Fmr1 KO mice. Finally, we identified A2AR mRNA as a target of FMRP. Our results show that the pharmacological blockade of A2ARs partially restores some of the phenotypes of Fmr1 KO mice, both by reducing mGlu5R functioning and by acting on other A2AR-related downstream targets.
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Gandhi T, Lee CC. Neural Mechanisms Underlying Repetitive Behaviors in Rodent Models of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:592710. [PMID: 33519379 PMCID: PMC7840495 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.592710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is comprised of several conditions characterized by alterations in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the heterogeneous development of ASD behaviors. Several rodent models display ASD-like phenotypes, including repetitive behaviors. In this review article, we discuss the potential neural mechanisms involved in repetitive behaviors in rodent models of ASD and related neuropsychiatric disorders. We review signaling pathways, neural circuits, and anatomical alterations in rodent models that display robust stereotypic behaviors. Understanding the mechanisms and circuit alterations underlying repetitive behaviors in rodent models of ASD will inform translational research and provide useful insight into therapeutic strategies for the treatment of repetitive behaviors in ASD and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Gandhi
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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Berry-Kravis E, Filipink RA, Frye RE, Golla S, Morris SM, Andrews H, Choo TH, Kaufmann WE. Seizures in Fragile X Syndrome: Associations and Longitudinal Analysis of a Large Clinic-Based Cohort. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:736255. [PMID: 35036394 PMCID: PMC8756611 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.736255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability, learning disability, and autism spectrum disorder, is associated with an increased prevalence of certain medical conditions including seizures. The goal of this study was to better understand seizures in individuals with FXS using the Fragile X Online Registry with Accessible Research Database, a multisite observational study initiated in 2012 involving FXS clinics in the Fragile X Clinic and Research Consortium. Seizure data were available for 1,607 participants, mostly male (77%) and white (74.5%). The overall prevalence of at least one seizure was 12%, with this rate being significantly higher in males than females (13.7 vs. 6.2%, p < 0.001). As compared to individuals with FXS without seizures, those with seizures were more likely to have autism spectrum disorder, current sleep apnea, later acquisition of expressive language, more severe intellectual disability, hyperactivity, irritability, and stereotyped movements. The mean age of seizure onset was 6.4 (SD 6.1) years of age with the great majority (>80%) having onset of seizures which was before 10. For those with epilepsy, about half (52%) had seizures for more than 3 years. This group was found to have greater cognitive and language impairment, but not behavioral disruptions, compared with those with seizures for <3 years. Antiepileptic drugs were more often used in males (60.6%) than females (34.8%), and females more often required more than one medication. The most commonly used anticonvulsants were oxcarbazepine, valproic acid, lamotrigine, and levetiracetam. The current study is the largest and first longitudinal study ever conducted to describe seizures in FXS. Overall, this study confirms previous reports of seizures in FXS and extends previous findings by further defining the cognitive and behavioral phenotype of those with epilepsy in FXS. Future studies should further investigate the natural history of seizures in FXS and the characteristics of seizures in FXS in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Berry-Kravis
- Department of Pediatrics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Robyn A Filipink
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Richard E Frye
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Sailaja Golla
- Division of Neurodevelopmental Medicine, Department of Neurology, Thompson Autism Center, Children's Hospital of California, University of Irvine, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie M Morris
- Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Howard Andrews
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tse-Hwei Choo
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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Stoppel DC, McCamphill PK, Senter RK, Heynen AJ, Bear MF. mGluR5 Negative Modulators for Fragile X: Treatment Resistance and Persistence. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:718953. [PMID: 34658956 PMCID: PMC8511445 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.718953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by silencing of the human FMR1 gene and is the leading monogenic cause of intellectual disability and autism. Abundant preclinical data indicated that negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) might be efficacious in treating FXS in humans. Initial attempts to translate these findings in clinical trials have failed, but these failures provide the opportunity for new discoveries that will improve future trials. The emergence of acquired treatment resistance ("tolerance") after chronic administration of mGluR5 NAMs is a potential factor in the lack of success. Here we confirm that FXS model mice display acquired treatment resistance after chronic treatment with the mGluR5 NAM CTEP in three assays commonly examined in the mouse model of FXS: (1) audiogenic seizure susceptibility, (2) sensory cortex hyperexcitability, and (3) hippocampal protein synthesis. Cross-tolerance experiments suggest that the mechanism of treatment resistance likely occurs at signaling nodes downstream of glycogen synthase kinase 3α (GSK3α), but upstream of protein synthesis. The rapid emergence of tolerance to CTEP begs the question of how previous studies showed an improvement in inhibitory avoidance (IA) cognitive performance after chronic treatment. We show here that this observation was likely explained by timely inhibition of mGluR5 during a critical period, as brief CTEP treatment in juvenile mice is sufficient to provide a persistent improvement of IA behavior measured many weeks later. These data will be important to consider when designing future fragile X clinical trials using compounds that target the mGluR5-to-protein synthesis signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Stoppel
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Patrick K McCamphill
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Rebecca K Senter
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Arnold J Heynen
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Mark F Bear
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Wheeler AC, Wylie A, Raspa M, Villagomez A, Miller K, Edwards A, DeRamus M, Appelbaum PS, Bailey DB. Decisional Capacity for Informed Consent in Males and Females with Fragile X Syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 50:1725-1747. [PMID: 30825084 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-03930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although informed consent is critical for all research, there is increased ethical responsibility as individuals with intellectual or developmental disabilities (IDD) become the focus of more clinical trials. This study examined decisional capacity for informed consent to clinical trials in individuals with fragile X syndrome (FXS). Participants were 152 adolescents and adults (80 males, 72 females) with FXS who completed a measure of decisional capacity and a comprehensive battery of neurocognitive and psychiatric measures. Females outperformed males on all aspects of decisional capacity. The ability to understand aspects of the clinical trial had the strongest association with the ability to appreciate and reason about the decision. Scaffolding improved understanding, suggesting researchers can take steps to improve decisional capacity and the informed consent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Wheeler
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Amanda Wylie
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Melissa Raspa
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Adrienne Villagomez
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Renee Lynne Court, Carrboro, NC, 27714, USA
| | - Kylee Miller
- Oregon Health Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Renee Lynne Court, Carrboro, NC, 27714, USA
| | - Anne Edwards
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Margaret DeRamus
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Renee Lynne Court, Carrboro, NC, 27714, USA
| | - Paul S Appelbaum
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 122, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Donald B Bailey
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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Turner TJ, Zourray C, Schorge S, Lignani G. Recent advances in gene therapy for neurodevelopmental disorders with epilepsy. J Neurochem 2020; 157:229-262. [PMID: 32880951 PMCID: PMC8436749 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders can be caused by mutations in neuronal genes fundamental to brain development. These disorders have severe symptoms ranging from intellectually disability, social and cognitive impairments, and a subset are strongly linked with epilepsy. In this review, we focus on those neurodevelopmental disorders that are frequently characterized by the presence of epilepsy (NDD + E). We loosely group the genes linked to NDD + E with different neuronal functions: transcriptional regulation, intrinsic excitability and synaptic transmission. All these genes have in common a pivotal role in defining the brain architecture and function during early development, and when their function is altered, symptoms can present in the first stages of human life. The relationship with epilepsy is complex. In some NDD + E, epilepsy is a comorbidity and in others seizures appear to be the main cause of the pathology, suggesting that either structural changes (NDD) or neuronal communication (E) can lead to these disorders. Furthermore, grouping the genes that cause NDD + E, we review the uses and limitations of current models of the different disorders, and how different gene therapy strategies are being developed to treat them. We highlight where gene replacement may not be a treatment option, and where innovative therapeutic tools, such as CRISPR‐based gene editing, and new avenues of delivery are required. In general this group of genetically defined disorders, supported increasing knowledge of the mechanisms leading to neurological dysfunction serve as an excellent collection for illustrating the translational potential of gene therapy, including newly emerging tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Turner
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Clara Zourray
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | | | - Gabriele Lignani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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Astrocytic Ephrin-B1 Controls Excitatory-Inhibitory Balance in Developing Hippocampus. J Neurosci 2020; 40:6854-6871. [PMID: 32801156 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0413-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are implicated in synapse formation and elimination, which are associated with developmental refinements of neuronal circuits. Astrocyte dysfunctions are also linked to synapse pathologies associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Although several astrocyte-derived secreted factors are implicated in synaptogenesis, the role of contact-mediated glial-neuronal interactions in synapse formation and elimination during development is still unknown. In this study, we examined whether the loss or overexpression of the membrane-bound ephrin-B1 in astrocytes during postnatal day (P) 14-28 period would affect synapse formation and maturation in the developing hippocampus. We found enhanced excitation of CA1 pyramidal neurons in astrocyte-specific ephrin-B1 KO male mice, which coincided with a greater vGlut1/PSD95 colocalization, higher dendritic spine density, and enhanced evoked AMPAR and NMDAR EPSCs. In contrast, EPSCs were reduced in CA1 neurons neighboring ephrin-B1-overexpressing astrocytes. Overexpression of ephrin-B1 in astrocytes during P14-28 developmental period also facilitated evoked IPSCs in CA1 neurons, while evoked IPSCs and miniature IPSC amplitude were reduced following astrocytic ephrin-B1 loss. Lower numbers of parvalbumin-expressing cells and a reduction in the inhibitory VGAT/gephyrin-positive synaptic sites on CA1 neurons in the stratum pyramidale and stratum oriens layers of KO hippocampus may contribute to reduced inhibition and higher excitation. Finally, dysregulation of excitatory/inhibitory balance in KO male mice is most likely responsible for impaired sociability observed in these mice. The ability of astrocytic ephrin-B1 to influence both excitatory and inhibitory synapses during development can potentially contribute to developmental refinement of neuronal circuits.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This report establishes a link between astrocytes and the development of excitatory and inhibitory balance in the mouse hippocampus during early postnatal development. We provide new evidence that astrocytic ephrin-B1 differentially regulates development of excitatory and inhibitory circuits in the hippocampus during early postnatal development using a multidisciplinary approach. The ability of astrocytic ephrin-B1 to influence both excitatory and inhibitory synapses during development can potentially contribute to developmental refinement of neuronal circuits and associated behaviors. Given widespread and growing interest in the astrocyte-mediated mechanisms that regulate synapse development, and the role of EphB receptors in neurodevelopmental disorders, these findings establish a foundation for future studies of astrocytes in clinically relevant conditions.
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A Differential Effect of Lovastatin versus Simvastatin in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0162-20.2020. [PMID: 32651266 PMCID: PMC7433894 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0162-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Pirbhoy PS, Rais M, Lovelace JW, Woodard W, Razak KA, Binder DK, Ethell IM. Acute pharmacological inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity during development restores perineuronal net formation and normalizes auditory processing in Fmr1 KO mice. J Neurochem 2020; 155:538-558. [PMID: 32374912 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit cognitive impairments, social deficits, increased anxiety, and sensory hyperexcitability. Previously, we showed that elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) may contribute to abnormal development of parvalbumin (PV) interneurons and perineuronal nets (PNNs) in the developing auditory cortex (AC) of Fmr1 knock-out (KO) mice, which likely underlie auditory hypersensitivity. Thus, MMP-9 may serve as a potential target for treatment of auditory hypersensitivity in FXS. Here, we used the MMP-2/9 inhibitor, SB-3CT, to pharmacologically inhibit MMP-9 activity during a specific developmental period and to test whether inhibition of MMP-9 activity reverses neural oscillation deficits and behavioral impairments by enhancing PNN formation around PV cells in Fmr1 KO mice. Electroencephalography (EEG) was used to measure resting state and sound-evoked electrocortical activity in auditory and frontal cortices of postnatal day (P)22-23 male mice before and one-day after treatment with SB-3CT (25 mg/kg) or vehicle. At P27-28, animal behaviors were tested to measure the effects of the treatment on anxiety and hyperactivity. Results show that acute inhibition of MMP-9 activity improved evoked synchronization to auditory stimuli and ameliorated mouse behavioral deficits. MMP-9 inhibition enhanced PNN formation, increased PV levels and TrkB phosphorylation yet reduced Akt phosphorylation in the AC of Fmr1 KO mice. Our results show that MMP-9 inhibition during early postnatal development is beneficial in reducing some auditory processing deficits in the FXS mouse model and may serve as a candidate therapeutic for reversing sensory hypersensitivity in FXS and possibly other ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S Pirbhoy
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Maham Rais
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan W Lovelace
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Walker Woodard
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Khaleel A Razak
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Devin K Binder
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Iryna M Ethell
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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43
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McCamphill PK, Stoppel LJ, Senter RK, Lewis MC, Heynen AJ, Stoppel DC, Sridhar V, Collins KA, Shi X, Pan JQ, Madison J, Cottrell JR, Huber KM, Scolnick EM, Holson EB, Wagner FF, Bear MF. Selective inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3α corrects pathophysiology in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaam8572. [PMID: 32434848 PMCID: PMC8095719 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aam8572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome is caused by FMR1 gene silencing and loss of the encoded fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), which binds to mRNA and regulates translation. Studies in the Fmr1-/y mouse model of fragile X syndrome indicate that aberrant cerebral protein synthesis downstream of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) signaling contributes to disease pathogenesis, but clinical trials using mGluR5 inhibitors were not successful. Animal studies suggested that treatment with lithium might be an alternative approach. Targets of lithium include paralogs of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), and nonselective small-molecule inhibitors of these enzymes improved disease phenotypes in a fragile X syndrome mouse model. However, the potential therapeutic use of GSK3 inhibitors has been hampered by toxicity arising from inhibition of both α and β paralogs. Recently, we developed GSK3 inhibitors with sufficient paralog selectivity to avoid a known toxic consequence of dual inhibition, that is, increased β-catenin stabilization. We show here that inhibition of GSK3α, but not GSK3β, corrected aberrant protein synthesis, audiogenic seizures, and sensory cortex hyperexcitability in Fmr1-/y mice. Although inhibiting either paralog prevented induction of NMDA receptor-dependent long-term depression (LTD) in the hippocampus, only inhibition of GSK3α impaired mGluR5-dependent and protein synthesis-dependent LTD. Inhibition of GSK3α additionally corrected deficits in learning and memory in Fmr1-/y mice; unlike mGluR5 inhibitors, there was no evidence of tachyphylaxis or enhanced psychotomimetic-induced hyperlocomotion. GSK3α selective inhibitors may have potential as a therapeutic approach for treating fragile X syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick K McCamphill
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Laura J Stoppel
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rebecca K Senter
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael C Lewis
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Arnold J Heynen
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David C Stoppel
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Vinay Sridhar
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Katie A Collins
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Xi Shi
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jen Q Pan
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jon Madison
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Cottrell
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kimberly M Huber
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Edward M Scolnick
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Edward B Holson
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Florence F Wagner
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Mark F Bear
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Nguyen AO, Binder DK, Ethell IM, Razak KA. Abnormal development of auditory responses in the inferior colliculus of a mouse model of Fragile X Syndrome. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:2101-2121. [PMID: 32319849 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00706.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory processing abnormalities are frequently associated with autism spectrum disorders, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here we studied auditory processing in a mouse model of Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), a leading known genetic cause of autism and intellectual disability. Both humans with FXS and the Fragile X mental retardation gene (Fmr1) knockout (KO) mouse model show auditory hypersensitivity, with the latter showing a strong propensity for audiogenic seizures (AGS) early in development. Because midbrain abnormalities cause AGS, we investigated whether the inferior colliculus (IC) of the Fmr1 KO mice shows abnormal auditory processing compared with wild-type (WT) controls at specific developmental time points. Using antibodies against neural activity marker c-Fos, we found increased density of c-Fos+ neurons in the IC, but not auditory cortex, of Fmr1 KO mice at P21 and P34 following sound presentation. In vivo single-unit recordings showed that IC neurons of Fmr1 KO mice are hyperresponsive to tone bursts and amplitude-modulated tones during development and show broader frequency tuning curves. There were no differences in rate-level responses or phase locking to amplitude-modulated tones in IC neurons between genotypes. Taken together, these data provide evidence for the development of auditory hyperresponsiveness in the IC of Fmr1 KO mice. Although most human and mouse work in autism and sensory processing has centered on the forebrain, our new findings, along with recent work on the lower brainstem, suggest that abnormal subcortical responses may underlie auditory hypersensitivity in autism spectrum disorders.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are commonly associated with sensory sensitivity issues, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This study presents novel evidence for neural correlates of auditory hypersensitivity in the developing inferior colliculus (IC) in Fmr1 knockout (KO) mouse, a mouse model of Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), a leading genetic cause of ASD. Responses begin to show genotype differences between postnatal days 14 and 21, suggesting an early developmental treatment window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna O Nguyen
- Bioengineering Program, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Devin K Binder
- Graduate Neuroscience Program, University of California, Riverside, California.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Iryna M Ethell
- Graduate Neuroscience Program, University of California, Riverside, California.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Khaleel A Razak
- Graduate Neuroscience Program, University of California, Riverside, California.,Psychology Department, University of California, Riverside, California
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45
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Thurman AJ, Potter LA, Kim K, Tassone F, Banasik A, Potter SN, Bullard L, Nguyen V, McDuffie A, Hagerman R, Abbeduto L. Controlled trial of lovastatin combined with an open-label treatment of a parent-implemented language intervention in youth with fragile X syndrome. J Neurodev Disord 2020; 12:12. [PMID: 32316911 PMCID: PMC7175541 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-020-09315-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to conduct a 20-week controlled trial of lovastatin (10 to 40 mg/day) in youth with fragile X syndrome (FXS) ages 10 to 17 years, combined with an open-label treatment of a parent-implemented language intervention (PILI), delivered via distance video teleconferencing to both treatment groups, lovastatin and placebo. METHOD A randomized, double-blind trial was conducted at one site in the Sacramento, California, metropolitan area. Fourteen participants were assigned to the lovastatin group; two participants terminated early from the study. Sixteen participants were assigned to the placebo group. Lovastatin or placebo was administered orally in a capsule form, starting at 10 mg and increasing weekly or as tolerated by 10 mg increments, up to a maximum dose of 40 mg daily. A PILI was delivered to both groups for 12 weeks, with 4 activities per week, through video teleconferencing by an American Speech-Language Association-certified Speech-Language Pathologist, in collaboration with a Board-Certified Behavior Analyst. Parents were taught to use a set of language facilitation strategies while interacting with their children during a shared storytelling activity. The main outcome measures included absolute change from baseline to final visit in the means for youth total number of story-related utterances, youth number of different word roots, and parent total number of story-related utterances. RESULTS Significant increases in all primary outcome measures were observed in both treatment groups. Significant improvements were also observed in parent reports of the severity of spoken language and social impairments in both treatment groups. In all cases, the amount of change observed did not differ across the two treatment groups. Although gains in parental use of the PILI-targeted intervention strategies were observed in both treatment groups, parental use of the PILI strategies was correlated with youth gains in the placebo group and not in the lovastatin group. CONCLUSION Participants in both groups demonstrated significant changes in the primary outcome measures. The magnitude of change observed across the two groups was comparable, providing additional support for the efficacy of the use of PILI in youth with FXS. TRIAL REGISTRATION US National Institutes of Health (ClinicalTrials.gov), NCT02642653. Registered 12/30/2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela John Thurman
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, 2825 50th Street, Room 2335, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, USA.
| | - Laura A Potter
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, 2825 50th Street, Room 2335, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, USA
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, 2825 50th Street, Room 2335, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, 2825 50th Street, Room 2335, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, USA
| | - Amy Banasik
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, 2825 50th Street, Room 2335, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, USA
| | - Sarah Nelson Potter
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, 2825 50th Street, Room 2335, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Lauren Bullard
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, 2825 50th Street, Room 2335, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Vivian Nguyen
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, 2825 50th Street, Room 2335, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, USA
| | - Andrea McDuffie
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, 2825 50th Street, Room 2335, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, USA
| | - Randi Hagerman
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, 2825 50th Street, Room 2335, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, USA
| | - Leonard Abbeduto
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, 2825 50th Street, Room 2335, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, USA
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46
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Griffiths KK, Wang A, Wang L, Tracey M, Kleiner G, Quinzii CM, Sun L, Yang G, Perez-Zoghbi JF, Licznerski P, Yang M, Jonas EA, Levy RJ. Inefficient thermogenic mitochondrial respiration due to futile proton leak in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome. FASEB J 2020; 34:7404-7426. [PMID: 32307754 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000283rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the leading known inherited intellectual disability and the most common genetic cause of autism. The full mutation results in transcriptional silencing of the Fmr1 gene and loss of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) expression. Defects in neuroenergetic capacity are known to cause a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders. Thus, we explored the integrity of forebrain mitochondria in Fmr1 knockout mice during the peak of synaptogenesis. We found inefficient thermogenic respiration due to futile proton leak in Fmr1 KO mitochondria caused by coenzyme Q (CoQ) deficiency and an open cyclosporine-sensitive channel. Repletion of mitochondrial CoQ within the Fmr1 KO forebrain closed the channel, blocked the pathological proton leak, restored rates of protein synthesis during synaptogenesis, and normalized the key phenotypic features later in life. The findings demonstrate that FMRP deficiency results in inefficient oxidative phosphorylation during the neurodevelopment and suggest that dysfunctional mitochondria may contribute to the FXS phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren K Griffiths
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aili Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lifei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew Tracey
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giulio Kleiner
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Catarina M Quinzii
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Linlin Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jose F Perez-Zoghbi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pawel Licznerski
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mu Yang
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Jonas
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard J Levy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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47
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Di J, Li J, O’Hara B, Alberts I, Xiong L, Li J, Li X. The role of GABAergic neural circuits in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder. Int J Dev Neurosci 2020; 80:73-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Di
- Department of Neurology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Pediatrics the Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Changsha P.R. China
| | - Bruce O’Hara
- Department of Biology University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA
| | - Ian Alberts
- Department of Natural Sciences LaGuardia CCCUNY New York NY USA
| | - Lei Xiong
- Department of Clinical Medicine Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming P.R. China
| | - Jijun Li
- Department of Integrative Medicine on Pediatrics Shanghai Children’s Medical Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Neurochemistry New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities New York NY USA
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48
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Armstrong JL, Casey AB, Saraf TS, Mukherjee M, Booth RG, Canal CE. ( S)-5-(2'-Fluorophenyl)- N, N-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-amine, a Serotonin Receptor Modulator, Possesses Anticonvulsant, Prosocial, and Anxiolytic-like Properties in an Fmr1 Knockout Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorder. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:509-523. [PMID: 32566916 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by intellectual disabilities and a plethora of neuropsychiatric symptoms. FXS is the leading monogenic cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which is defined clinically by repetitive and/or restrictive patterns of behavior and social communication deficits. Epilepsy and anxiety are also common in FXS and ASD. Serotonergic neurons directly innervate and modulate the activity of neurobiological circuits altered in both disorders, providing a rationale for investigating serotonin receptors (5-HTRs) as targets for FXS and ASD drug discovery. Previously we unveiled an orally active aminotetralin, (S)-5-(2'-fluorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-amine (FPT), that exhibits partial agonist activity at 5-HT1ARs, 5-HT2CRs, and 5-HT7Rs and that reduces repetitive behaviors and increases social approach behavior in wild-type mice. Here we report that in an Fmr1 knockout mouse model of FXS and ASD, FPT is prophylactic for audiogenic seizures. No FPT-treated mice displayed audiogenic seizures, compared to 73% of vehicle-treated mice. FPT also exhibits anxiolytic-like effects in several assays and increases social interactions in both Fmr1 knockout and wild-type mice. Furthermore, FPT increases c-Fos expression in the basolateral amygdala, which is a preclinical effect produced by anxiolytic medications. Receptor pharmacology assays show that FPT binds competitively and possesses rapid association and dissociation kinetics at 5-HT1ARs and 5-HT7Rs, yet has slow association and rapid dissociation kinetics at 5-HT2CRs. Finally, we reassessed and report FPT's affinity and function at 5-HT1ARs, 5-HT2CRs, and 5-HT7Rs. Collectively, these observations provide mounting support for further development of FPT as a pharmacotherapy for common neuropsychiatric symptoms in FXS and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Armstrong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Austen B Casey
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02131, United States
| | - Tanishka S Saraf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Munmun Mukherjee
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02131, United States
| | - Raymond G Booth
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02131, United States
| | - Clinton E Canal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
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49
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Seese RR, Le AA, Wang K, Cox CD, Lynch G, Gall CM. A TrkB agonist and ampakine rescue synaptic plasticity and multiple forms of memory in a mouse model of intellectual disability. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 134:104604. [PMID: 31494285 PMCID: PMC7258745 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is associated with deficits in various types of learning, including those that require the hippocampus. Relatedly, hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) is impaired in the Fmr1 knockout (KO) mouse model of FXS. Prior research found that infusion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) rescues LTP in the KOs. Here, we tested if, in Fmr1 KO mice, up-regulating BDNF production or treatment with an agonist for BDNF's TrkB receptor restores synaptic plasticity and improves learning. In hippocampal slices, bath infusion of the TrkB agonist 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) completely restored otherwise impaired hippocampal field CA1 LTP of Fmr1 KOs without effect in wild types (WTs). Similarly, acute, semi-chronic, or chronic treatments with 7,8-DHF rescued a simple hippocampus-dependent form of spatial learning (object location memory: OLM) in Fmr1 KOs without effect in WTs. The agonist also restored object recognition memory, which depends on cortical regions. Semi-chronic, but not acute, treatment with the ampakine CX929, which up-regulates BDNF expression, lowered the training threshold for OLM in WT mice and rescued learning in the KOs. Positive results were also obtained in a test for social recognition. An mGluR5 antagonist did not improve learning. Quantification of synaptic immunolabeling demonstrated that 7,8-DHF and CX929 increase levels of activated TrkB at excitatory synapses. Moreover, CX929 induced a robust synaptic activation of the TrkB effector ERK1/2. These results suggest that enhanced synaptic BDNF signaling constitutes a plausible strategy for treating certain aspects of the cognitive disabilities associated with FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald R Seese
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Aliza A Le
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Conor D Cox
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Gary Lynch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America.
| | - Christine M Gall
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America.
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50
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Gonzalez D, Tomasek M, Hays S, Sridhar V, Ammanuel S, Chang CW, Pawlowski K, Huber KM, Gibson JR. Audiogenic Seizures in the Fmr1 Knock-Out Mouse Are Induced by Fmr1 Deletion in Subcortical, VGlut2-Expressing Excitatory Neurons and Require Deletion in the Inferior Colliculus. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9852-9863. [PMID: 31666356 PMCID: PMC6891051 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0886-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of inherited intellectual disability and the leading monogenetic cause of autism. One symptom of FXS and autism is sensory hypersensitivity (also called sensory over-responsivity). Perhaps related to this, the audiogenic seizure (AGS) is arguably the most robust behavioral phenotype in the FXS mouse model-the Fmr1 knock-out (KO) mouse. Therefore, the AGS may be considered a mouse model of sensory hypersensitivity. Hyperactive circuits are hypothesized to underlie dysfunction in a number of brain regions in patients with FXS and Fmr1 KO mice, and the AGS may be a result of this. But the specific cell types and brain regions underlying AGSs in the Fmr1 KO are unknown. We used conditional deletion or expression of Fmr1 in different cell populations to determine whether Fmr1 deletion in those cells was sufficient or necessary, respectively, for the AGS phenotype in males. Our data indicate that Fmr1 deletion in glutamatergic neurons that express vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGlut2) and are located in subcortical brain regions is sufficient and necessary to cause AGSs. Furthermore, the deletion of Fmr1 in glutamatergic neurons of the inferior colliculus is necessary for AGSs. When we demonstrate necessity, we show that Fmr1 expression in either the larger population of VGlut2-expressing glutamatergic neurons or the smaller population of inferior collicular glutamatergic neurons-in an otherwise Fmr1 KO mouse-eliminates AGSs. Therefore, targeting these neuronal populations in FXS and autism may be part of a therapeutic strategy to alleviate sensory hypersensitivity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Sensory hypersensitivity in fragile X syndrome (FXS) and autism patients significantly interferes with quality of life. Audiogenic seizures (AGSs) are arguably the most robust behavioral phenotype in the FXS mouse model-the Fmr1 knockout-and may be considered a model of sensory hypersensitivity in FXS. We provide the clearest and most precise genetic evidence to date for the cell types and brain regions involved in causing AGSs in the Fmr1 knockout and, more broadly, for any mouse mutant. The expression of Fmr1 in these same cell types in an otherwise Fmr1 knockout eliminates AGSs indicating possible cellular targets for alleviating sensory hypersensitivity in FXS and other forms of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seth Hays
- Department of Neuroscience, Dallas, and
| | | | | | | | - Karen Pawlowski
- Department of Otolaryngology and Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9035
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