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Wang W, Yuan M, Xu Y, Yang J, Wang X, Zhou Y, Yu Z, Lu Z, Wang Y, Hu C, Bai Q, Li Z. Prokineticin-2 Participates in Chronic Constriction Injury-Triggered Neuropathic Pain and Anxiety via Regulated by NF-κB in Nucleus Accumbens Shell in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2764-2783. [PMID: 37934398 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03680-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) is an intractable pain that results from primary nervous system injury and dysfunction. Herein, we demonstrated in animal models that peripheral nerve injury induced enhanced pain perception and anxiety-like behaviors. According to previous reports, nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell is required for complete expression of neuropathic pain behaviors and mood alternations, we found the elevated mRNA and protein level of Prokineticin-2 (Prok2) in the NAc shell after Chronic Constriction Injury (CCI). Prok2 knockdown in the NAc shell reversed NP and anxiety-like behaviors in rats, indicating that Prok2 might play a fundamental role in NP and anxiety co-morbidity. CCI significantly enhanced Prok2 co-expression with NF-κB P-p65 in comparison with control animals. In addition to reversing the established nociceptive hypersensitivities and anxiety simultaneously, NAc microinjection of NF-κB siRNA or specific inhibitor PDTC reversed Prok2 upregulation. Besides, Prok2 was significantly decreased in vitro when co-transfected with si-NF-κB. Dual-Luciferase assay showed NF-κB directly activated Prok2 gene transcriptional activity. Overall, these findings provide new insights into the neurobiological mechanisms behind NP and comorbid anxiety. The NF-κB/Prok2 pathway could be a potential therapeutic target for NP and anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.2, Jingba Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.2, Jingba Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yaowei Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingjie Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.2, Jingba Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.2, Jingba Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhixiang Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.2, Jingba Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhongyuan Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.2, Jingba Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chenge Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.2, Jingba Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qian Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.2, Jingba Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Zhisong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.2, Jingba Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Qian X, Zhao X, Yu L, Yin Y, Zhang XD, Wang L, Li JX, Zhu Q, Luo JL. Current status of GABA receptor subtypes in analgesia. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115800. [PMID: 37935070 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a non-protein-producing amino acid synthesized from the excitatory amino acid glutamate via the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase, is extensively found in microorganisms, plants and vertebrates, and is abundantly expressed in the spinal cord and brain. It is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system. GABA plays crucial roles in the regulation of synaptic transmission, the promotion of neuronal development and relaxation, and the prevention of insomnia and depression. As the major inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA plays pivotal roles in the regulation of pain sensation, which is initiated by the activation of peripheral nociceptors and transmitted to the spinal cord and brain along nerves. GABA exerts these roles by directly acting on three types of receptors: ionotropic GABAA and GABAC receptors and G protein-coupled GABAB receptor. The chloride-permeable ion channel receptors GABAA and GABAC mediate fast neurotransmission, while the metabotropic GABAB receptor mediates slow effect. Different GABA receptors regulate pain sensation via different signaling pathways. Here we highlight recent updates on the involvement of specific GABA receptors and their subtypes in the process of pain sensation. Further understanding of different GABA receptors and signaling pathways in pain sensation will benefit the development of novel analgesics for pain management by targeting specific GABA receptor subtypes and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunjia Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lulu Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yujian Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liyun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jia-Lie Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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3
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Rodríguez-Palma EJ, De la Luz-Cuellar YE, Islas-Espinoza AM, Félix-Leyva AE, Shiers SI, García G, Torres-Lopez JE, Delgado-Lezama R, Murbartián J, Price TJ, Granados-Soto V. Activation of α 6 -containing GABA A receptors induces antinociception under physiological and pathological conditions. Pain 2023; 164:948-966. [PMID: 36001074 PMCID: PMC9950299 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The loss of GABAergic inhibition is a mechanism that underlies neuropathic pain. Therefore, rescuing the GABAergic inhibitory tone through the activation of GABA A receptors is a strategy to reduce neuropathic pain. This study was designed to elucidate the function of the spinal α 6 -containing GABA A receptor in physiological conditions and neuropathic pain in female and male rats. Results show that α 6 -containing GABA A receptor blockade or transient α 6 -containing GABA A receptor knockdown induces evoked hypersensitivity and spontaneous pain in naive female rats. The α 6 subunit is expressed in IB4 + and CGRP + primary afferent neurons in the rat spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia but not astrocytes. Nerve injury reduces α 6 subunit protein expression in the central terminals of the primary afferent neurons and dorsal root ganglia, whereas intrathecal administration of positive allosteric modulators of the α 6 -containing GABA A receptor reduces tactile allodynia and spontaneous nociceptive behaviors in female, but not male, neuropathic rats and mice. Overexpression of the spinal α 6 subunit reduces tactile allodynia and restores α 6 subunit expression in neuropathic rats. Positive allosteric modulators of the α 6 -containing GABA A receptor induces a greater antiallodynic effect in female rats and mice compared with male rats and mice. Finally, α 6 subunit is expressed in humans. This receptor is found in CGRP + and P2X3 + primary afferent fibers but not astrocytes in the human spinal dorsal horn. Our results suggest that the spinal α 6 -containing GABA A receptor has a sex-specific antinociceptive role in neuropathic pain, suggesting that this receptor may represent an interesting target to develop a novel treatment for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick J. Rodríguez-Palma
- Neurobiology of Pain Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, South Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yarim E. De la Luz-Cuellar
- Neurobiology of Pain Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, South Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana M. Islas-Espinoza
- Neurobiology of Pain Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, South Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adalberto E. Félix-Leyva
- Neurobiology of Pain Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, South Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
- Facultad de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Stephanie I. Shiers
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Guadalupe García
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, South Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge E. Torres-Lopez
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos de Dolor, División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Delgado-Lezama
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Cinvestav, Zacatenco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Janet Murbartián
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, South Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Theodore J. Price
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Vinicio Granados-Soto
- Neurobiology of Pain Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, South Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
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Xu Z, Xie W, Feng Y, Wang Y, Li X, Liu J, Xiong Y, He Y, Chen L, Liu G, Wu Q. Positive interaction between GPER and β-alanine in the dorsal root ganglion uncovers potential mechanisms: mediating continuous neuronal sensitization and neuroinflammation responses in neuropathic pain. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:164. [PMID: 35729568 PMCID: PMC9215054 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02524-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis of neuropathic pain and the reasons for the prolonged unhealing remain unknown. Increasing evidence suggests that sex oestrogen differences play a role in pain sensitivity, but few studies have focused on the oestrogen receptor which may be an important molecular component contributing to peripheral pain transduction. We aimed to investigate the impact of oestrogen receptors on the nociceptive neuronal response in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal dorsal horn using a spared nerve injury (SNI) rat model of chronic pain. Methods We intrathecally (i.t.) administered a class of oestrogen receptor antagonists and agonists intrathecal (i.t.) administrated to male rats with SNI or normal rats to identify the main receptor. Moreover, we assessed genes identified through genomic metabolic analysis to determine the key metabolism point and elucidate potential mechanisms mediating continuous neuronal sensitization and neuroinflammatory responses in neuropathic pain. The excitability of DRG neurons was detected using the patch-clamp technique. Primary culture was used to extract microglia and DRG neurons, and siRNA transfection was used to silence receptor protein expression. Immunofluorescence, Western blotting, RT-PCR and behavioural testing were used to assess the expression, cellular distribution, and actions of the main receptor and its related signalling molecules. Results Increasing the expression and function of G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor (GPER), but not oestrogen receptor-α (ERα) and oestrogen receptor-β (ERβ), in the DRG neuron and microglia, but not the dorsal spinal cord, contributed to SNI-induced neuronal sensitization. Inhibiting GPER expression in the DRG alleviated SNI-induced pain behaviours and neuroinflammation by simultaneously downregulating iNOS, IL-1β and IL-6 expression and restoring GABAα2 expression. Additionally, the positive interaction between GPER and β-alanine and subsequent β-alanine accumulation enhances pain sensation and promotes chronic pain development. Conclusion GPER activation in the DRG induces a positive association between β-alanine with iNOS, IL-1β and IL-6 expression and represses GABAα2 involved in post-SNI neuropathic pain development. Blocking GPER and eliminating β-alanine in the DRG neurons and microglia may prevent neuropathic pain development. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02524-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Wanli Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yiqi Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yanting Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yue Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yuyao He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Guoyang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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5
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Cerne R, Lippa A, Poe MM, Smith JL, Jin X, Ping X, Golani LK, Cook JM, Witkin JM. GABAkines - Advances in the discovery, development, and commercialization of positive allosteric modulators of GABA A receptors. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 234:108035. [PMID: 34793859 PMCID: PMC9787737 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Positive allosteric modulators of γ-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptors or GABAkines have been widely used medicines for over 70 years for anxiety, epilepsy, sleep, and other disorders. Traditional GABAkines like diazepam have safety and tolerability concerns that include sedation, motor-impairment, respiratory depression, tolerance and dependence. Multiple GABAkines have entered clinical development but the issue of side-effects has not been fully solved. The compounds that are presently being developed and commercialized include several neuroactive steroids (an allopregnanolone formulation (brexanolone), an allopregnanolone prodrug (LYT-300), Sage-324, zuranolone, and ganaxolone), the α2/3-preferring GABAkine, KRM-II-81, and the α2/3/5-preferring GABAkine PF-06372865 (darigabat). The neuroactive steroids are in clinical development for post-partum depression, intractable epilepsy, tremor, status epilepticus, and genetic epilepsy disorders. Darigabat is in development for epilepsy and anxiety. The imidazodiazepine, KRM-II-81 is efficacious in animal models for the treatment of epilepsy and post-traumatic epilepsy, acute and chronic pain, as well as anxiety and depression. The efficacy of KRM-II-81 in models of pharmacoresistant epilepsy, preventing the development of seizure sensitization, and in brain tissue of intractable epileptic patients bodes well for improved therapeutics. Medicinal chemistry efforts are also ongoing to identify novel and improved GABAkines. The data document gaps in our understanding of the molecular pharmacology of GABAkines that drive differential pharmacological profiles, but emphasize advancements in the ability to successfully utilize GABAA receptor potentiation for therapeutic gain in neurology and psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rok Cerne
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN USA,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, NJ, USA,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Arnold Lippa
- RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, NJ, USA
| | | | - Jodi L. Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xingjie Ping
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lalit K. Golani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - James M. Cook
- RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, NJ, USA,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Witkin
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN USA,RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, NJ, USA,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Park SE, Neupane C, Noh C, Sharma R, Shin HJ, Pham TL, Lee GS, Park KD, Lee CJ, Kang DW, Lee SY, Kim HW, Park JB. Antiallodynic effects of KDS2010, a novel MAO-B inhibitor, via ROS-GABA inhibitory transmission in a paclitaxel-induced tactile hypersensitivity model. Mol Brain 2022; 15:41. [PMID: 35526002 PMCID: PMC9078011 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00924-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors have been investigated for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Here, we assessed the antiallodynic effects of a novel MAO-B inhibitor, KDS2010, on paclitaxel (PTX)-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. Oral administration of KDS2010 effectively relieved PTX-induced mechanical hypersensitivity in a dose-dependent manner. KDS2010 (25 mg/Kg) significantly prevented and suppressed PTX-induced pain responses with minimal effects on the body weight, motor activity, and working memory. KDS2010 significantly reduced reactive astrocytosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in the L4–L6 spinal cord of PTX-treated mice. Furthermore, KDS2010 reversed the attenuation of GABAergic spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic current (sIPSC) frequency in spinal dorsal horn neurons, although it failed to restore the reduced tonic GABAA inhibition nor the increased GABA transporter 1 (GAT1) expression in PTX-treated mice. In addition, bath application of a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger (PBN) restored the sIPSC frequency in PTX-treated mice but not in control and PTX + KDS2010-treated mice. These results indicated that the antiallodynic effect of KDS2010 is not due to a MAO-B-dependent GABA production. Finally, PBN alone also exerted a similar analgesic effect as KDS2010, but a co-treatment of PBN with KDS2010 showed no additive effect, suggesting that inhibition of MAO-B-dependent ROS production is responsible for the analgesic effect by KDS2010 on PTX-induced allodynia. Overall, KDS2010 attenuated PTX-induced pain behaviors by restoring the altered ROS level and GABAergic inhibitory signaling in the spinal cord, suggesting that KDS2010 is a promising therapeutic strategy for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Eun Park
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Chiranjivi Neupane
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Chan Noh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea
| | - Ramesh Sharma
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Shin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Thuy Linh Pham
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Gyu-Seung Lee
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Dong-Gu Health Promotion Center 301-01, 30 Bogeunso Avenue, Samseung-Dong, Dong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ki Duk Park
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kang
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - So Yeong Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Kim
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Jin Bong Park
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea. .,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea. .,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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7
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The imidazodiazepine, KRM-II-81: An example of a newly emerging generation of GABAkines for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 213:173321. [PMID: 35041859 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
GABAkines, or positive allosteric modulators of γ-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptors, are used for the treatment of anxiety, epilepsy, sleep, and other disorders. The search for improved GABAkines, with reduced safety liabilities (e.g., dependence) or side-effect profiles (e.g., sedation) constituted multiple discovery and development campaigns that involved a multitude of strategies over the past century. Due to the general lack of success in the development of new GABAkines, there had been a decades-long draught in bringing new GABAkines to market. Recently, however, there has been a resurgence of efforts to bring GABAkines to patients, the FDA approval of the neuroactive steroid brexanolone for post-partum depression in 2019 being the first. Other neuroactive steroids are in various stages of clinical development (ganaxolone, zuranolone, LYT-300, Sage-324, PRAX 114, and ETX-155). These GABAkines and non-steroid compounds (GRX-917, a TSPO binding site ligand), darigabat (CVL-865), an α2/3/5-preferring GABAkine, SAN711, an α3-preferring GABAkine, and the α2/3-preferring GABAkine, KRM-II-81, bring new therapeutic promise to this highly utilized medicinal target in neurology and psychiatry. Herein, we also discuss possible conditions that have enabled the transition to a new age of GABAkines. We highlight the pharmacology of KRM-II-81 that has the most preclinical data reported. KRM-II-81 is the lead compound in a new series of orally bioavailable imidazodiazepines entering IND-enabling safety studies. KRM-II-81 has a preclinical profile predicting efficacy against pharmacoresistant epilepsies, traumatic brain injury, and neuropathic pain. KRM-II-81 also produces anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in rodent models. Other key features of the pharmacology of this compound are its low sedation rate, lack of tolerance development, and the ability to prevent the development of seizure sensitization.
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8
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Huang C, Dong C, Zhu Y, Yu Y, Jin H, Zhang Y. Duhaldea pterocaula (Franch.) Anderb. Attenuates Nociception and Inflammation via GABA A Receptors. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:753128. [PMID: 34795587 PMCID: PMC8592923 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.753128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Duhaldea pterocaula (Franch.) Anderb, also known as Inula pterocaula Franch (I. pterocaula), is a folk medicine of the Yi nationality in China. The Inula plants display various biological activities, including anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties. I. pterocaula has been traditionally used for the treatment of bronchitis, vasculitis, and dizziness. However, very few studies have been reported on the pharmacology of I. pterocaula. The present study aims to characterize the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of I. pterocaula and explore the underlying mechanism. I. pterocaula was extracted by 95% ethanol and further portioned with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate (EA) and n-butanol, sequentially, to obtain corresponding factions with different polarities. The EA fraction (IPEA) was found to be one of the most effective fractions. It demonstrated potent analgesic effects in both acute and inflammatory pain mouse models, and caused no anti-nociceptive tolerance. Furthermore, IPEA improved the tolerance of mice to morphine. IPEA also showed potent anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-induced septic mice. BIC, a GABAAR antagonist, reversed the effects of IPEA in pain and inflammation models. Collectively, GABAARs play a key role in the pharmacological effects of IPEA. I. pterocaula may be useful as a complementary or alternative therapeutic agent for the treatment of pain and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changsheng Dong
- Cancer Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huizi Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Jayakar S, Shim J, Jo S, Bean BP, Singeç I, Woolf CJ. Developing nociceptor-selective treatments for acute and chronic pain. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabj9837. [PMID: 34757806 PMCID: PMC9964063 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abj9837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite substantial efforts dedicated to the development of new, nonaddictive analgesics, success in treating pain has been limited. Clinically available analgesic agents generally lack efficacy and may have undesirable side effects. Traditional target-based drug discovery efforts that generate compounds with selectivity for single targets have a high rate of attrition because of their poor clinical efficacy. Here, we examine the challenges associated with the current analgesic drug discovery model and review evidence in favor of stem cell–derived neuronal-based screening approaches for the identification of analgesic targets and compounds for treating diverse forms of acute and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwyn Jayakar
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jaehoon Shim
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sooyeon Jo
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bruce P Bean
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ilyas Singeç
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), Stem Cell Translation Laboratory (SCTL), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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10
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Gascoigne DA, Drobyshevsky A, Aksenov DP. The Contribution of Dysfunctional Chloride Channels to Neurovascular Deficiency and Neurodegeneration. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:754743. [PMID: 34671264 PMCID: PMC8520995 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.754743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Gascoigne
- Department of Radiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Alexander Drobyshevsky
- Department of Pediatrics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Daniil P. Aksenov
- Department of Radiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, United States,Department of Anesthesiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, United States,*Correspondence: Daniil P. Aksenov,
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11
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Rahman MA, Keck TM, Poe MM, Sharmin D, Cook JM, Fischer BD. Synergistic antihyperalgesic and antinociceptive effects of morphine and methyl 8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo[f]imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepine-3-carboxylate (MP-III-024): a positive allosteric modulator at α2GABA A and α3GABA A receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:1585-1592. [PMID: 33585961 PMCID: PMC8141038 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Opioid and GABAA receptors are both located in central nociceptive pathways, and compounds that activate these receptors have pain-relieving properties. To date, the interactive effects of concurrent administration of these compounds in preclinical models of pain-like behaviors have not been assessed. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the interactive effects of the μ-opioid agonist morphine and the α2GABAA and α3GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator methyl 8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo[f]imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepine-3-carboxylate (MP-III-024) in preclinical models of mechanical hyperalgesia and thermal nociception. METHODS The antihyperalgesic and antinociceptive effects of morphine and MP-III-024 administered alone were assessed initially, followed by fixed-ratio mixtures of MP-III-024/morphine combinations. Drug interaction data were analyzed using isobolographic and dose-addition analyses. All studies were conducted in male CD-1 mice. RESULTS In the assay of mechanical hyperalgesia, each compound produced dose-dependent antihyperalgesic effects, whereas only morphine was effective on thermal nociception. Fixed-ratio mixtures of MP-III-024/morphine were also dose-dependently effective in both procedures. These drug combination studies revealed that morphine and MP-III-024 produced supra-additive (synergistic) effects in both assays, depending on their relative proportions. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate an interaction between α2GABAA and α3GABAA receptor- and μ-opioid receptor-mediated signals and suggest that combination therapy may be useful for the treatment of pain-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A. Rahman
- Rowan University, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biosciences, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Thomas M. Keck
- Rowan University, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biosciences, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Michael M. Poe
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
| | - Dishary Sharmin
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
| | - James M. Cook
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
| | - Bradford D. Fischer
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Department of Biomedical Sciences Camden, NJ 08103, USA,Corresponding Author:; Phone: (856) 361-2869
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12
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Lewter LA, Golani LK, Cook JM, Li JX. Blockade of α1 subtype GABAA receptors attenuates the development of tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of midazolam in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2021; 32:345-350. [PMID: 33290344 PMCID: PMC8119291 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines bind to and act on α1-3 and α5-containing GABAA receptors. Previous studies suggest that different GABAA receptor α-subtypes mediate the various behavioral effects of benzodiazepines, which raises the possibility of combining benzodiazepines with subtype-selective GABAA receptor antagonists to improve the therapeutic profiles of benzodiazepines. This study examined the GABAA receptor subtype mediation of the tolerance to midazolam-induced antinociception in rats. Midazolam (3.2 mg/kg) significantly reduced the locomotion in rats which was prevented by the selective α1-preferring GABAA receptor antagonist β-carboline-3-carboxylate-t-butyl ester (βCCt) (3.2 mg/kg). Midazolam increased the paw withdrawal threshold as tested by the von Frey filament assay in the complete Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammatory pain model in rats, and this effect was not altered by βCCt or another α1-preferring GABAA receptor antagonist 3-propoxy-β-carboline hydrochloride (3PBC). Repeated treatment with midazolam in combination with vehicle, βCCt or 3PBC (twice daily) for 7 days led to a progressive increase of the ED50 values in the midazolam- and vehicle-treated rats, but not in other rats, suggesting the development of tolerance to midazolam but not to the combination of midazolam with α1-preferring GABAA receptor antagonists. These results suggest the essential role of the α1-subtype of GABAA receptors in mediating the development of tolerance to midazolam-induced antinociceptive effects and raise the possibility of increasing therapeutic profiles of benzodiazepines by selectively blocking specific α-subtypes of GABAA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakeisha A. Lewter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Lalit K Golani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI
| | - James M. Cook
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
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13
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Golani LK, Platt DM, Rüedi-Bettschen D, Edwanker C, Huang S, Poe MM, Furtmüller R, Sieghart W, Cook JM, Rowlett JK. 8-Substituted Triazolobenzodiazepines: In Vitro and In Vivo Pharmacology in Relation to Structural Docking at the α1 Subunit-Containing GABA A Receptor. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:625233. [PMID: 33959005 PMCID: PMC8094182 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.625233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to develop improved anxiolytic drugs, 8-substituted analogs of triazolam were synthesized in an effort to discover compounds with selectivity for α2/α3 subunit-containing GABAA subtypes. Two compounds in this series, XLi-JY-DMH (6-(2-chlorophenyl)-8-ethynyl-1-methyl-4H-benzo [f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine) and SH-TRI-108 [(E)-8-ethynyl-1-methyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo [f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine], were evaluated for in vitro and in vivo properties associated with GABAA subtype-selective ligands. In radioligand binding assays conducted in transfected HEK cells containing rat αXβ3γ2 subtypes (X = 1,2,3,5), no evidence of selectivity was obtained, although differences in potency relative to triazolam were observed overall (triazolam > XLi-JY-DMH > SH-TRI-108). In studies with rat αXβ3γ2 subtypes (X = 1,2,3,5) using patch-clamp electrophysiology, no differences in maximal potentiation of GABA-mediated Cl- current was obtained across subtypes for any compound. However, SH-TRI-108 demonstrated a 25-fold difference in functional potency between α1β3γ2 vs. α2β3γ2 subtypes. We evaluated the extent to which this potency difference translated into behavioral pharmacological differences in monkeys. In a rhesus monkey conflict model of anxiolytic-like effects, triazolam, XLi-JY-DMH, and SH-TR-108 increased rates of responding attenuated by shock (anti-conflict effect) but also attenuated non-suppressed responding. In a squirrel monkey observation procedure, both analogs engendered a profile of sedative-motor effects similar to that reported previously for triazolam. In molecular docking studies, we found that the interactions of the 8-ethynyl triazolobenzodiazepines with the C-loop of the α1GABAA site was stronger than that of imidazodiazepines XHe-II-053 and HZ-166, which may account for the non-sedating yet anxiolytic profile of these latter compounds when evaluated in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit K. Golani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Donna M. Platt
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA, United States
| | - Daniela Rüedi-Bettschen
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA, United States
| | - Chitra Edwanker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Shenming Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Michael M. Poe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | | | - Werner Sieghart
- Brain Research Institute, Medical University, Vienna, Austria
| | - James M. Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - James K. Rowlett
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA, United States
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14
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Neumann E, Küpfer L, Zeilhofer HU. The α2/α3GABAA receptor modulator TPA023B alleviates not only the sensory but also the tonic affective component of chronic pain in mice. Pain 2021; 162:421-431. [PMID: 32773599 PMCID: PMC7808355 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Diminished synaptic inhibition in the spinal dorsal horn is a major contributor to pathological pain syndromes of neuropathic or inflammatory origin. Drugs that enhance the activity of dorsal horn α2/α3GABAARs normalize exaggerated nociceptive responses in rodents with neuropathic nerve lesions or peripheral inflammation but lack most of the typical side effects of less specific GABAergic drugs. It is however still unknown whether such drugs also reduce the clinically more relevant conscious perception of pain. Here, we investigated the effects of the α2/α3GABAAR subtype-selective modulator TPA023B on the tonic aversive component of pain in mice with peripheral inflammation or neuropathy. In neuropathic mice with a chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve, TPA023B not only reversed hyperalgesia to tactile and heat stimuli but also was highly effective in the conditioned place preference test. In the formalin test, TPA023B not only reduced licking of the injected paw but also reversed facial pain expression scores in the mouse grimace scale assay. Taken together, our results demonstrate that α2/α3GABAA receptor subtype-selective modulators not only reduce nociceptive withdrawal responses but also alleviate the tonic aversive components of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Neumann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Küpfer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Drug Discovery Network Zurich (DDNZ), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Alijanpour S, Jafaripour S, Ghasemzadeh Z, Khakpai F, Zarrindast MR. Harmaline potentiates morphine-induced antinociception via affecting the ventral hippocampal GABA-A receptors in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 893:173806. [PMID: 33345854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Morphine is one of the most effective medications for treatment of pain, but its side effects limit its use. Therefore, identification of new strategies that can enhance morphine-induced antinociception and/or reduce its side effects will help to develop therapeutic approaches for pain relief. Considering antinociceptive efficacy of harmaline and also highlighted the important role of GABA-A receptors in the pain perception, this research aimed to determine whether the ventral hippocampal (vHip) GABA-A receptors are involved in the possible harmaline-induced enhancement of morphine antinociception. To achieve this, vHip regions of adult male mice were bilaterally cannulated and pain sensitivity was measured in a tail-flick apparatus. Intraperitoneally administration of morphine (0, 2, 4 and 6 mg/kg) or harmaline (0, 1.25, 5 and 10 mg/kg) increased the percentage of maximal possible effect (%MPE) and induced antinociception. Interestingly, co-administration of sub-effective doses of harmaline (5 mg/kg) and morphine (2 mg/kg) induced antinociception. Intra-vHip microinjection of muscimol (0, 200 and 300 ng/mice), a GABA-A receptor agonist, enhanced the anti-nociceptive effects of harmaline (2.5 mg/kg)+morphine (2 mg/kg) combination. Microinjection of the same doses of muscimol into the vHip by itself did not alter tail-flick latency. Intra-vHip microinjection of bicuculline (100 ng/mouse), a GABA-A receptor antagonist, did not cause a significant change in MPE%. Bicuculline (60 and 100 ng/mouse, intra-vHip) was administered with the harmaline (5 mg/kg)+morphine (2 mg/kg), and inhibited the potentiating effect of harmaline on morphine response. These findings favor the notion that GABAergic mechanisms in the vHip facilitate harmaline-induced potentiation of morphine response in the tail-flick test in part through GABA-A receptors. These findings shall provide insights and strategies into the development of pain suppressing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakineh Alijanpour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran.
| | - Samira Jafaripour
- Department of Biology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghasemzadeh
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khakpai
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Karim N, Khan I, Abdelhalim A, Halim SA, Khan A, Altaf N, Ahmad W, Ghaffar R, Al-Harrasi A. Involvement of selective GABA-A receptor subtypes in amelioration of cisplatin-induced neuropathic pain by 2'-chloro-6-methyl flavone (2'-Cl-6MF). Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 394:929-940. [PMID: 33221972 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-02021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathic pain is a common adverse effect of chemotherapy. The present study evaluated the effects of 2'-chloro-6-methylflavone (2'-Cl-6MF) at recombinant α1β2γ2L, α2β1-3γ2L, and α3β1-3γ2L GABA-A receptor subtypes expressed in Xenopus oocytes and subsequently evaluated its effectiveness in cisplatin-induced neuropathic pain. The results showed that 2'-Cl-6MF potentiated GABA-elicited currents at α2β2/3γ2L and α3β2/3γ2L GABA-A receptor subtypes. The potentiation was blocked by the co-application of flumazenil (a benzodiazepine (BDZs) site antagonist). In behavioral studies, mechanical allodynia was induced by intraplantar injection of cisplatin (40 μg/paw) in Sprague Dawley rats, and behavioral assessments were made 24 h after injection. 2'-Cl-6MF (1, 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg, i.p.), was administered 1 h before behavioral evaluation. Administration of 2'-Cl-6MF (30 and 100 mg/kg, i.p) significantly enhanced the paw withdrawal threshold and decreased mechanical allodynia. The standard drugs, gabapentin (GBP) at the dose of 70 mg/kg, and HZ 166 (16 mg/kg), i.p. also significantly enhanced the paw withdrawal threshold in mechanical allodynia. Pretreatment with pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (15 mg/kg, i.p.) and flumazenil reversed the antinociceptive effect of 2'-Cl-6MF in mechanical allodynia indicating GABAergic mechanisms. Moreover, the binding mechanism of 2'-Cl-6MF was rationalized by in silico modeling tools. The 3D-coordinates of α2β2γ2L and α2β3γ2L were generated after homology modeling of the α2 subtype and 2'-Cl-6MF was at predicted binding sites of the developed models. The α2 model was compared with the α1 and α3 subunits via structural and sequence alignment. Molecular docking depicted that the compound binds efficiently at the neuromodulator binding site of the receptors. The findings of this study revealed that 2'-Cl-6MF ameliorated the manifestations of cisplatin-induced neuropathic pain in rats. Furthermore, we also conclude that GABAergic mechanisms may contribute to the antinociceptive effect of 2'-Cl-6MF. The molecular docking studies also confirm the involvement of the BDZs site of GABA-A receptors. It was observed that Ile230 of α2 stabilize the chlorophenyl ring of 2'-Cl-6MF through hydrophobic interactions, which is replaced by Val203 in α1 subunit. However, the smaller side chain of Val203 does not provide hydrophobic interaction to the compound due to high conformational flexibility of α1 subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasiara Karim
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (Lower), KPK, Pakistan.
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Swabi, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Abeer Abdelhalim
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, 30002, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sobia Ahsan Halim
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, 616, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, 616, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Nouman Altaf
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (Lower), KPK, Pakistan
| | - Waqar Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (Lower), KPK, Pakistan
| | - Rukhsana Ghaffar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (Lower), KPK, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, 616, Nizwa, Oman
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17
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Biggerstaff A, Kivell B, Smith JL, Mian MY, Golani LK, Rashid F, Sharmin D, Knutson DE, Cerne R, Cook JM, Witkin JM. The α2,3-selective potentiators of GABA A receptors, KRM-II-81 and MP-III-80, produce anxiolytic-like effects and block chemotherapy-induced hyperalgesia in mice without tolerance development. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 196:172996. [PMID: 32668266 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Opiate analgesics are one of the treatment options for severe chronic pain, including late-stage cancer, chronic back pain and other disorders. The recent resurgence in opioid overdose has highlighted the serious need for alternative medicines for pain management. While a role for potentiators of α2/3-containing GABAA receptors in the modulation of pain has been known for several years, advancements in this area required data from selective compounds. KRM-II-81(5-(8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo[f]imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepin-3- yl)oxazole) and analogs selectively potentiate GABAA receptors containing α2/3 subunits and have recently been shown to attenuate pain behaviors in several acute and chronic pain models in rodents. The present study was designed to ascertain whether KRM-II-81 and the structural analog MP-III-80 (3-ethyl-5-(8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo[f]imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepin-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole) would block chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel-induced pain in male, C57BL/6 mice. Both compounds significantly inhibited pain behaviors evoked by cold and tactile stimulation in paclitaxel-treated mice as did the neuropathic pain drug gabapentin. Subchronic dosing for 22 days with KRM-II-81 and MP-III-80 demonstrated enduring analgesic efficacy without tolerance development, while the effects of gabapentin showed evidence of tolerance development. KRM-II-81 and MP-III-80 also decreased marble-burying behavior in this mouse strain as did the anxiolytic drug chlordiazepoxide. In contrast to KRM-II-81 and MP-III-80, chlordiazepoxide had motor-impairing effects at anxiolytic-like doses. The data add to the literature documenting that these selective potentiators of α2/3-containing GABAA receptors are effective in a host of animal models used to detect novel analgesic drugs. The anxiolytic-like efficacy of these compounds fits well with the comorbidity of anxiety in patients with chronic pain and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Biggerstaff
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - B Kivell
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - J L Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Peyton Manning Hospital for Children, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Md Y Mian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - L K Golani
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - F Rashid
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - D Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - D E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - R Cerne
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Peyton Manning Hospital for Children, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - J M Cook
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - J M Witkin
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Peyton Manning Hospital for Children, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Departments of Neuroscience and Trauma Research, Ascension St. Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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18
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Nieman AN, Li G, Zahn NM, Mian MY, Mikulsky BN, Hoffman DA, Wilcox TM, Kehoe AS, Luecke IW, Poe MM, Alvarez-Carbonell D, Cook JM, Stafford DC, Arnold LA. Targeting Nitric Oxide Production in Microglia with Novel Imidazodiazepines for Nonsedative Pain Treatment. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2019-2030. [PMID: 32511908 PMCID: PMC7380323 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this research is the identification of new treatments for neuropathic pain. We characterized the GABAergic system of immortalized mouse and human microglia using electrophysiology and qRT-PCR. Cells from both species exhibited membrane current changes in response to γ-aminobutyric acid, with an EC50 of 260 and 1940 nM, respectively. Human microglia expressed high levels of the γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAAR) α3 subunit, which can assemble with β1 and γ2/δ subunits to form functional GABAARs. Mouse microglia contained α2, α3, and α5, in addition to β1-3, γ1-2, and δ, mRNA, enabling a more diverse array of GABAARs than human microglia. Benzodiazepines are well-established modulators of GABAAR activity, prompting a screen of a library of diverse benzodiazepines in microglia for cellular effects. Several active compounds were identified by reduction of nitric oxide (NO) in interferon gamma and lipopolysaccharide activated microglia. However, further investigation with GABAAR antagonists flumazenil, picrotoxin, and bicuculline demonstrated that GABAARs were not linked to the NO response. A screen of 48 receptors identified the κ-opioid receptor and to a lesser extent the μ-opioid receptor as molecular targets, with opioid receptor antagonist norbinaltorphimine reversing benzodiazepine induced reduction of microglial NO. Functional assays identified the downregulation of inducible NO synthase as the mode of action of imidazodiazepines MP-IV-010 and GL-IV-03. Like other κ-opioid receptor agonists, GL-IV-03 reduced the agitation response in both phases of the formalin nociception test. However, unlike other κ-opioid receptor agonists, MP-IV-010 and GL-IV-03 did not impair sensorimotor coordination in mice. Thus, MP-IV-010 and GL-IV-03 represent a new class of nonsedative drug candidates for inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N. Nieman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Guanguan Li
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Nicolas M. Zahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Md Yeunus Mian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | | | - Dylan A. Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Taylor M. Wilcox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Alexander S. Kehoe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Ian W. Luecke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Michael M. Poe
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo MI 49008, United States
| | - David Alvarez-Carbonell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - James M. Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Douglas C. Stafford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
- Pantherics Incorporated, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Leggy A. Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
- Pantherics Incorporated, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Tudeau L, Acuña MA, Albisetti GW, Neumann E, Ralvenius WT, Scheurer L, Poe M, Cook JM, Johannssen HC, Zeilhofer HU. Mice lacking spinal α2GABA A receptors: Altered GABAergic neurotransmission, diminished GABAergic antihyperalgesia, and potential compensatory mechanisms preventing a hyperalgesic phenotype. Brain Res 2020; 1741:146889. [PMID: 32439345 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diminished synaptic inhibition in the superficial spinal dorsal horn contributes to exaggerated pain responses that accompany peripheral inflammation and neuropathy. α2GABAA receptors (α2GABAAR) constitute the most abundant GABAAR subtype at this site and are the targets of recently identified antihyperalgesic compounds. Surprisingly, hoxb8-α2-/- mice that lack α2GABAAR from the spinal cord and peripheral sensory neurons exhibit unaltered sensitivity to acute painful stimuli and develop normal inflammatory and neuropathic hyperalgesia. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of GABAergic neurotransmission, of behavioral phenotypes and of possible compensatory mechanisms in hoxb8-α2-/- mice. Our results confirm that hoxb8-α2-/- mice show significantly diminished GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in the superficial dorsal horn but no hyperalgesic phenotype. We also confirm that the potentiation of dorsal horn GABAergic IPSCs by the α2-preferring GABAAR modulator HZ-166 is reduced in hoxb8-α2-/- mice and that hoxb8-α2-/- mice are resistant to the analgesic effects of HZ-166. Tonic GABAergic currents, glycinergic IPSCs, and sensory afferent-evoked EPSCs did not show significant changes in hoxb8-α2-/- mice rendering a compensatory up-regulation of other GABAAR subtypes or of glycine receptors unlikely. Although expression of serotonin and of the serotonin producing enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH2) was significantly increased in the dorsal horn of hoxb8-α2-/- mice, ablation of serotonergic terminals from the lumbar spinal cord failed to unmask a nociceptive phenotype. Our results are consistent with an important contribution of α2GABAAR to spinal nociceptive control but their ablation early in development appears to activate yet-to-be identified compensatory mechanisms that protect hoxb8-α2-/- mice from hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Tudeau
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mario A Acuña
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gioele W Albisetti
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elena Neumann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - William T Ralvenius
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Louis Scheurer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Poe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Helge C Johannssen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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20
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Wilke BU, Kummer KK, Leitner MG, Kress M. Chloride - The Underrated Ion in Nociceptors. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:287. [PMID: 32322187 PMCID: PMC7158864 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to pain processing neurons in the spinal cord, where the importance of chloride conductances is already well established, chloride homeostasis in primary afferent neurons has received less attention. Sensory neurons maintain high intracellular chloride concentrations through balanced activity of Na+-K+-2Cl– cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) and K+-Cl– cotransporter 2 (KCC2). Whereas in other cell types activation of chloride conductances causes hyperpolarization, activation of the same conductances in primary afferent neurons may lead to inhibitory or excitatory depolarization depending on the actual chloride reversal potential and the total amount of chloride efflux during channel or transporter activation. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons express a multitude of chloride channel types belonging to different channel families, such as ligand-gated, ionotropic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or glycine receptors, Ca2+-activated chloride channels of the anoctamin/TMEM16, bestrophin or tweety-homolog family, CLC chloride channels and transporters, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) as well as volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs). Specific chloride conductances are involved in signal transduction and amplification at the peripheral nerve terminal, contribute to excitability and action potential generation of sensory neurons, or crucially shape synaptic transmission in the spinal dorsal horn. In addition, chloride channels can be modified by a plethora of inflammatory mediators affecting them directly, via protein-protein interaction, or through signaling cascades. Since chloride channels as well as mediators that modulate chloride fluxes are regulated in pain disorders and contribute to nociceptor excitation and sensitization it is timely and important to emphasize their critical role in nociceptive primary afferents in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina U Wilke
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kai K Kummer
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael G Leitner
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michaela Kress
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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21
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Matthey A, Daali Y, Curtin F, Poncet A, Desmeules J, Besson M. GABAergic modulation of secondary hyperalgesia: A randomized controlled 4-way crossover trial with the α2-subunit preferring GABA positive allosteric modulator, N-desmethyl-clobazam in healthy volunteers. Eur J Pain 2020; 24:1094-1106. [PMID: 32171038 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The antihyperalgesic and sedative effects of the α2-subunit preferring GABAA positive allosteric modulator (GAM), N-desmethyl-clobazam (NDMC), 20 and 60 mg, were assessed in a randomized, placebo and active-controlled (clonazepam 1,5 mg), 4-way crossover study, in healthy volunteers, using the ultraviolet B-induced experimental pain model. Single (20, 40, 60 mg) and repeated doses (20 mg over 15 days) of NDMC pharmacokinetics were evaluated. Thirty-two subjects participated in the study. Primary outcome parameter was maximal change in the area of cutaneous UVB irradiation-induced secondary hyperalgesia (ASH). ASH decreased under all treatments. Mean (SD) relative change was 79 (22)%, 83 (24)%, 77 (30)% and 92 (16)% for placebo, NDMC20, NDMC60 and clonazepam, respectively. Neither absolute change nor relative change in ASH was significantly different between NDMC60 and placebo (mean difference = 2.3 cm2 [95% CI 4.0-8.5], p = .462 and 0.4% [-11.9 to 12.6], p = .952, respectively). An overall treatment effect was found on level of sedation. Compared to placebo, sedation was higher under clonazepam (mean difference = 39 mm [30-49] on a visual analogue scale, p < .001) while NDMC was free of sedative effect. NDMC pharmacokinetics after single doses showed poor absorption, but was linear. Steady-state plasma concentrations of NDMC20 were attained within 14 days, with low between-subjects variability. Mean steady-state concentration (CS-S , SD) reached 209 (22) ng/ml. NDMC absence of sedative effect and its overall well-characterized safety coming from years of utilization as a metabolite from clobazam, raise the prospect of dose escalating trials in patients to quantify its clinical utility. SIGNIFICANCE: This article, presenting the Phase I data of the new antihyperalgesic compound, α2-subunit GABAA positive allosteric modulator, N-desmethyl-clobazam (NDMC) is exploring the modulation of a new target in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Based on these results and on its preclinical properties NDMC would qualify as a good tool compound to seek confirmation of the clinical utility of selective GABA allosteric modulators in neuropathic pain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Matthey
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Youssef Daali
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Curtin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Poncet
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jules Desmeules
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Besson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
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22
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Lara CO, Burgos CF, Moraga-Cid G, Carrasco MA, Yévenes GE. Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels as Pharmacological Targets Against Chronic Pain. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:167. [PMID: 32218730 PMCID: PMC7079299 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a common detrimental condition that affects around 20% of the world population. The current drugs to treat chronic pain states, especially neuropathic pain, have a limited clinical efficiency and present significant adverse effects that complicates their regular use. Recent studies have proposed new therapeutic strategies focused on the pharmacological modulation of G-protein-coupled receptors, transporters, enzymes, and ion channels expressed on the nociceptive pathways. The present work intends to summarize recent advances on the pharmacological modulation of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels, which plays a key role in pain processing. Experimental data have shown that novel allosteric modulators targeting the excitatory nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, as well as the inhibitory GABAA and glycine receptors, reverse chronic pain-related behaviors in preclinical assays. Collectively, these evidences strongly suggest the pharmacological modulation of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels is a promising strategy towards the development of novel therapeutics to treat chronic pain states in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- César O Lara
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Carlos F Burgos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Gustavo Moraga-Cid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Mónica A Carrasco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Gonzalo E Yévenes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
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23
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Effects of the α2/α3-subtype-selective GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator KRM-II-81 on pain-depressed behavior in rats: comparison with ketorolac and diazepam. Behav Pharmacol 2020; 30:452-461. [PMID: 30640180 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study examined effects of the α2/α3-subtype-selective GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator KRM-II-81 in an assay of pain-related behavioral depression. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats responded for electrical brain stimulation in a frequency-rate intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure. Intraperitoneal injection of 1.8% lactic acid served as an acute noxious stimulus to depress ICSS. Effects of KRM-II-81 were evaluated in the absence and presence of the acid noxious stimulus. The NSAID ketorolac and the benzodiazepine diazepam were tested as comparators. Neither ketorolac nor KRM-II-81 altered ICSS in the absence of the acid noxious stimulus; however, diazepam produced facilitation consistent with its abuse liability. Ketorolac blocked acid-induced depression of ICSS, and effects of 1.0 mg/kg ketorolac lasted for at least 5 h. KRM-II-81 (1.0 mg/kg) produced significant antinociception after 30 min that dissipated by 60 min. Diazepam also attenuated acid-depressed ICSS, but only at doses that facilitated ICSS when administered alone. The lack of ketorolac or KRM-II-81 effects on ICSS in the absence of the acid noxious stimulus suggests low abuse liability for both compounds. The effectiveness of ketorolac to block acid-induced ICSS depression agrees with clinical analgesic efficacy of ketorolac. KRM-II-81 produced significant but less consistent and shorter-acting antinociception than ketorolac.
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24
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Pandey KP, Khan ZA, Golani LK, Mondal P, Mian Y, Rashid F, Tiruveedhula VVNPB, Knutson DE, Sharmin D, Ahmed T, Rezvanian S, Zahn NM, Arnold LA, Witkin JM, Cook JM. Design, synthesis and characterization of novel gamma‑aminobutyric acid type A receptor ligands. ARKIVOC 2020; 2020:242-256. [PMID: 33642954 DOI: 10.24820/ark.5550190.p011.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antinociceptive ligand HZ-166 is a GABAA α2/α3 receptor subtype-selective potentiator. It has been shown to exhibit anxiolytic-like effects in rodent and rhesus monkeys, as well as reduced sedative/ataxic liabilities. In order to improve the metabolic stability of HZ-166, the ethyl ester moiety was bioisosterically replaced with 2,4-disubstituted oxazoles and oxazolines. The new analogs of HZ-166 were synthesized, characterized, and evalutated for their biological activity and docked in the human full-length heteromeric α1β3γ2L GABAA receptor subtype CyroEM structure (6HUO). Importantly no sedation nor ataxia was observed on the rotorod for LKG-I-70 (6) or KPP-III-51 (6c) at 100 and 120 mg/kg, respectively. These was also no loss of righting response for either ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal P Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Zubair Ahmed Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Lalit K Golani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Prithu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Yeunus Mian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Farjana Rashid
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - V V N Phani Babu Tiruveedhula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Daniel E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Dishary Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Taukir Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Sepideh Rezvanian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Nicolas M Zahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Witkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
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Electroacupuncture Relieves CCI-Induced Neuropathic Pain Involving Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurotransmitters. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:6784735. [PMID: 31772598 PMCID: PMC6854981 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6784735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain caused by peripheral tissue injuries to the higher brain regions still has no satisfactory therapy. Disruption of the balance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters is one of the underlying mechanisms that results in chronic neuropathic pain. Targeting neurotransmitters and related receptors may constitute a novel approach for treating neuropathic pain. We investigated the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on chronic constriction injury- (CCI-) induced neuropathic pain. The mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia pain behaviors were relieved by 15 Hz EA but not by 2 and 50 Hz. These phenomena were associated with increasing γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA) receptors in the hippocampus and periaqueductal gray (PAG) but not N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Furthermore, excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate was decreased in the hippocampus and inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA was increased in the PAG under treatment with EA. These data provide novel evidence that EA modulates neurotransmitters and related receptors to reduce neuropathic pain in the higher brain regions. This suggests that EA may be a useful therapy option for treating neuropathic pain.
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Belinskaia DA, Belinskaia MA, Barygin OI, Vanchakova NP, Shestakova NN. Psychotropic Drugs for the Management of Chronic Pain and Itch. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12020099. [PMID: 31238561 PMCID: PMC6631469 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical observations have shown that patients with chronic neuropathic pain or itch exhibit symptoms of increased anxiety, depression and cognitive impairment. Such patients need corrective therapy with antidepressants, antipsychotics or anticonvulsants. It is known that some psychotropic drugs are also effective for the treatment of neuropathic pain and pruritus syndromes due to interaction with the secondary molecular targets. Our own clinical studies have identified antipruritic and/or analgesic efficacy of the following compounds: tianeptine (atypical tricyclic antidepressant), citalopram (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor), mianserin (tetracyclic antidepressant), carbamazepine (anticonvulsant), trazodone (serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor), and chlorprothixene (antipsychotic). Venlafaxine (serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) is known to have an analgesic effect too. The mechanism of such effect of these drugs is not fully understood. Herein we review and correlate the literature data on analgesic/antipruritic activity with pharmacological profile of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria A Belinskaia
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Torez 44, St. Petersburg 194223, Russia.
| | - Mariia A Belinskaia
- International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Oleg I Barygin
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Torez 44, St. Petersburg 194223, Russia.
| | - Nina P Vanchakova
- Department of Pedagogy and Psychology, Faculty of Postgraduate Education, First Pavlov State Medical University, L'va Tolstogo str. 6-8, St. Petersburg 197022, Russia.
| | - Natalia N Shestakova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Torez 44, St. Petersburg 194223, Russia.
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27
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Solomon VR, Tallapragada VJ, Chebib M, Johnston G, Hanrahan JR. GABA allosteric modulators: An overview of recent developments in non-benzodiazepine modulators. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 171:434-461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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29
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van Amerongen G, Siebenga PS, Gurrell R, Dua P, Whitlock M, Gorman D, Okkerse P, Hay JL, Butt RP, Groeneveld GJ. Analgesic potential of PF-06372865, an α2/α3/α5 subtype-selective GABA A partial agonist, in humans. Br J Anaesth 2019; 123:e194-e203. [PMID: 30915991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the analgesic effects of two doses (15 and 65 mg) of PF-06372865, a novel α2/α3/α5 gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) subunit selective partial positive allosteric modulator (PAM), compared with placebo and pregabalin (300 mg) as a positive control. METHODS We performed a randomised placebo-controlled crossover study (NCT02238717) in 20 healthy subjects, using a battery of pain tasks (electrical, pressure, heat, cold and inflammatory pain, including a paradigm of conditioned pain modulation). Pharmacodynamic measurements were performed at baseline and up to 10 h after dose. RESULTS A dose of 15 mg PF-06372865 increased pain tolerance thresholds (PTTs) for pressure pain at a ratio of 1.11 (90% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02, 1.22) compared with placebo. A dose of 65 mg PF-06372865 led to an increase in PTT for the cold pressor at a ratio of 1.17 (90% CI: 1.03, 1.32), and pressure pain task: 1.11 (90% CI: 1.01, 1.21). Pregabalin showed an increase in PTT for pressure pain at a ratio of 1.15 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.26) and cold pressor task: 1.31 (90% CI: 1.16, 1.48). CONCLUSION We conclude that PF-06372865 has analgesic potential at doses that do not induce significant sedation or other intolerable adverse events limiting its clinical use. In addition, the present study established the potential role for this battery of pain tasks as a tool in the development of analgesics with a novel mechanism of action, for the treatment of various pain states including neuropathic pain and to establish proof-of-concept. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT0223871.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pinky Dua
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer WRD, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Whitlock
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer WRD, Cambridge, UK
| | - Donal Gorman
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer WRD, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pieter Okkerse
- Centre for Human Drug Research (CHDR), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Justin L Hay
- Centre for Human Drug Research (CHDR), Leiden, the Netherlands
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Li G, Golani LK, Jahan R, Rashid F, Cook JM. Improved Synthesis of Anxiolytic, Anticonvulsant and Antinociceptive α2/α3-GABA(A)ergic Receptor Subtype Selective Ligands as Promising Agents to Treat Anxiety, Epilepsy, as well as Neuropathic Pain. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2018; 50:4124-4132. [PMID: 32773890 PMCID: PMC7413181 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1610211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
An improved synthesis of the anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and antinociceptive compounds: Hz-166, and its bioisosteres 1,2,4-oxadiazole (MP-III-080) and 1,3-oxazole (KRM-II-81) were executed in higher yields and with more facile purification methods (crystallization, etc.) in multigram quantities without column chromatography. In the synthesis of KRM-II-81, an alternative procedure was employed using the selective reducing reagent, potassium diisobutyl-t-butoxy aluminum hydride (PDBBA), to prepare the desired C(3)-aldehyde in the absence of [N(5)-C(6)] imine reduction in good yield on 20 gram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanguan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Lalit K Golani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Rajwana Jahan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Farjana Rashid
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
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Sieghart W, Savić MM. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CVI: GABAA Receptor Subtype- and Function-selective Ligands: Key Issues in Translation to Humans. Pharmacol Rev 2018; 70:836-878. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Duke AN, Meng Z, Platt DM, Atack JR, Dawson GR, Reynolds DS, Tiruveedhula VVNPB, Li G, Stephen MR, Sieghart W, Cook JM, Rowlett JK. Evidence That Sedative Effects of Benzodiazepines Involve Unexpected GABA A Receptor Subtypes: Quantitative Observation Studies in Rhesus Monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 366:145-157. [PMID: 29720564 PMCID: PMC5988000 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.249250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In nonhuman primates we tested a new set of behavioral categories for observable sedative effects using pediatric anesthesiology classifications as a basis. Using quantitative behavioral observation techniques in rhesus monkeys, we examined the effects of alprazolam and diazepam (nonselective benzodiazepines), zolpidem (preferential binding to α1 subunit-containing GABAA receptors), HZ-166 (8-ethynyl-6-(2'-pyridine)-4H-2,5,10b-triaza-benzo[e]azulene-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester; functionally selective with relatively high intrinsic efficacy for α2 and α3 subunit-containing GABAA receptors), MRK-696 [7-cyclobutyl-6-(2-methyl-2H-1,2,4-triazol-2-ylmethoxy)-3-(2-flurophenyl)-1,2,4-triazolo(4,3-b)pyridazine; no selectivity but partial intrinsic activity], and TPA023B 6,2'-diflouro-5'-[3-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl]biphenyl-2-carbonitrile; partial intrinsic efficacy and selectivity for α2, α3, α5 subunit-containing GABAA receptors]. We further examined the role of α1 subunit-containing GABAA receptors in benzodiazepine-induced sedative effects by pretreating animals with the α1 subunit-preferring antagonist β-carboline-3-carboxylate-t-butyl ester (βCCT). Increasing doses of alprazolam and diazepam resulted in the emergence of observable ataxia, rest/sleep posture, and moderate and deep sedation. In contrast, zolpidem engendered dose-dependent observable ataxia and deep sedation but not rest/sleep posture or moderate sedation, and HZ-166 and TPA023 induced primarily rest/sleep posture. MRK-696 induced rest/sleep posture and observable ataxia. Zolpidem, but no other compounds, significantly increased tactile/oral exploration. The sedative effects engendered by alprazolam, diazepam, and zolpidem generally were attenuated by βCCT pretreatments, whereas rest/sleep posture and suppression of tactile/oral exploration were insensitive to βCCT administration. These data suggest that α2/3-containing GABAA receptor subtypes unexpectedly may mediate a mild form of sedation (rest/sleep posture), whereas α1-containing GABAA receptors may play a role in moderate/deep sedation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela N Duke
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts (A.N.D., Z.M., D.M.P., J.K.R.); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (D.M.P., J.K.R.); Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom (J.R.A.); P1Vital, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom (G.R.D.); Alzheimer's Research UK, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.S.R.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (V.V.N.P.B.T., G.L., M.R.S., J.M.C.); and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.S.)
| | - Zhiqiang Meng
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts (A.N.D., Z.M., D.M.P., J.K.R.); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (D.M.P., J.K.R.); Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom (J.R.A.); P1Vital, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom (G.R.D.); Alzheimer's Research UK, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.S.R.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (V.V.N.P.B.T., G.L., M.R.S., J.M.C.); and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.S.)
| | - Donna M Platt
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts (A.N.D., Z.M., D.M.P., J.K.R.); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (D.M.P., J.K.R.); Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom (J.R.A.); P1Vital, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom (G.R.D.); Alzheimer's Research UK, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.S.R.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (V.V.N.P.B.T., G.L., M.R.S., J.M.C.); and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.S.)
| | - John R Atack
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts (A.N.D., Z.M., D.M.P., J.K.R.); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (D.M.P., J.K.R.); Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom (J.R.A.); P1Vital, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom (G.R.D.); Alzheimer's Research UK, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.S.R.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (V.V.N.P.B.T., G.L., M.R.S., J.M.C.); and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.S.)
| | - Gerard R Dawson
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts (A.N.D., Z.M., D.M.P., J.K.R.); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (D.M.P., J.K.R.); Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom (J.R.A.); P1Vital, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom (G.R.D.); Alzheimer's Research UK, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.S.R.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (V.V.N.P.B.T., G.L., M.R.S., J.M.C.); and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.S.)
| | - David S Reynolds
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts (A.N.D., Z.M., D.M.P., J.K.R.); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (D.M.P., J.K.R.); Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom (J.R.A.); P1Vital, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom (G.R.D.); Alzheimer's Research UK, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.S.R.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (V.V.N.P.B.T., G.L., M.R.S., J.M.C.); and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.S.)
| | - V V N Phani Babu Tiruveedhula
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts (A.N.D., Z.M., D.M.P., J.K.R.); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (D.M.P., J.K.R.); Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom (J.R.A.); P1Vital, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom (G.R.D.); Alzheimer's Research UK, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.S.R.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (V.V.N.P.B.T., G.L., M.R.S., J.M.C.); and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.S.)
| | - Guanguan Li
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts (A.N.D., Z.M., D.M.P., J.K.R.); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (D.M.P., J.K.R.); Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom (J.R.A.); P1Vital, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom (G.R.D.); Alzheimer's Research UK, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.S.R.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (V.V.N.P.B.T., G.L., M.R.S., J.M.C.); and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.S.)
| | - Michael Rajesh Stephen
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts (A.N.D., Z.M., D.M.P., J.K.R.); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (D.M.P., J.K.R.); Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom (J.R.A.); P1Vital, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom (G.R.D.); Alzheimer's Research UK, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.S.R.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (V.V.N.P.B.T., G.L., M.R.S., J.M.C.); and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.S.)
| | - Werner Sieghart
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts (A.N.D., Z.M., D.M.P., J.K.R.); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (D.M.P., J.K.R.); Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom (J.R.A.); P1Vital, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom (G.R.D.); Alzheimer's Research UK, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.S.R.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (V.V.N.P.B.T., G.L., M.R.S., J.M.C.); and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.S.)
| | - James M Cook
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts (A.N.D., Z.M., D.M.P., J.K.R.); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (D.M.P., J.K.R.); Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom (J.R.A.); P1Vital, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom (G.R.D.); Alzheimer's Research UK, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.S.R.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (V.V.N.P.B.T., G.L., M.R.S., J.M.C.); and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.S.)
| | - James K Rowlett
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts (A.N.D., Z.M., D.M.P., J.K.R.); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (D.M.P., J.K.R.); Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom (J.R.A.); P1Vital, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom (G.R.D.); Alzheimer's Research UK, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.S.R.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (V.V.N.P.B.T., G.L., M.R.S., J.M.C.); and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.S.)
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Nadipelly J, Sayeli V, Kadhirvelu P, Shanmugasundaram J, Cheriyan BV, Subramanian V. Effect of certain trimethoxy flavones on paclitaxel - induced peripheral neuropathy in mice. Integr Med Res 2018; 7:159-167. [PMID: 29984177 PMCID: PMC6026363 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anti - nociceptive effect of 7, 2', 3' - trimethoxy flavone, 7, 2', 4' - trimethoxy flavone, 7, 3', 4' - trimethoxy flavone and 7, 5, 4' - trimethoxy flavone against inflammatory, neurogenic and thermal pain in mice was reported earlier. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of the above trimethoxy flavones in amelioration of peripheral neuropathy induced by paclitaxel. METHODS Peripheral neuropathy was induced in mice by administration of a single i.p. dose (10 mg/kg) of paclitaxel. The manifestations of peripheral neuropathy such as tactile allodynia, cold allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were assessed 24 h later by employing hair aesthesiometer test, acetone bubble test and hot water tail immersion test respectively. Further, the role of inflammatory cytokines like TNF - α, IL - 1β and free radicals in the action of trimethoxy flavones was investigated using in vitro assays. RESULTS The test compounds dose dependently attenuated paclitaxel - induced tactile allodynia, cold allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in mice. The test compounds inhibited TNF - α, IL - 1β and free radicals in a concentration dependent manner. CONCLUSION The investigated trimethoxy flavones attenuated paclitaxel - induced peripheral neuropathy in mice. The inhibition of cytokines and free radicals in addition to many neuronal mechanisms reported earlier may contribute to this beneficial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagan Nadipelly
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Vijaykumar Sayeli
- Department of Pharmacology, Mamatha Medical College & Hospital, Khammam, India
| | - Parimala Kadhirvelu
- Department of Pharmacology, Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kanchipuram, India
| | - Jaikumar Shanmugasundaram
- Department of Pharmacology, Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kanchipuram, India
| | - Binoy Varghese Cheriyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, VISTAS, Vels School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Viswanathan Subramanian
- Department of Pharmacology, Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kanchipuram, India
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Zeilhofer HU, Acuña MA, Gingras J, Yévenes GE. Glycine receptors and glycine transporters: targets for novel analgesics? Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:447-465. [PMID: 28791431 PMCID: PMC11105467 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2622-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Glycinergic neurotransmission has long been known for its role in spinal motor control. During the last two decades, additional functions have become increasingly recognized-among them is a critical contribution to spinal pain processing. Studies in rodent pain models provide proof-of-concept evidence that enhancing inhibitory glycinergic neurotransmission reduces chronic pain symptoms. Apparent strategies for pharmacological intervention include positive allosteric modulators of glycine receptors and modulators or inhibitors of the glial and neuronal glycine transporters GlyT1 and GlyT2. These prospects have led to drug discovery efforts in academia and in industry aiming at compounds that target glycinergic neurotransmission with high specificity. Available data show promising analgesic efficacy. Less is currently known about potential unwanted effects but the presence of glycinergic innervation in CNS areas outside the nociceptive system prompts for a careful evaluation not only of motor function, but also of potential respiratory impairment and addictive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Mario A Acuña
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Gonzalo E Yévenes
- Department of Physiology, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Yan YY, Li CY, Zhou L, Ao LY, Fang WR, Li YM. Research progress of mechanisms and drug therapy for neuropathic pain. Life Sci 2017; 190:68-77. [PMID: 28964813 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is maladaptive pain caused by injury or dysfunction in peripheral and central nervous system, and remains a worldwide thorny problem leading to decreases in physical and mental quality of people's life. Currently, drug therapy is the main treatment regimen for resolving pain, while effective drugs are still unmet in medical need, and commonly used drugs such as anticonvulsants and antidepressants often make patients experience adverse drug reactions like dizziness, somnolence, severe headache, and high blood pressure. Thus, in this review we overview the anatomical physiology, underlying mechanisms of neuropathic pain to provide a better understanding in the initiation, development, maintenance, and modulation of this pervasive disease, and inspire research in the unclear mechanisms as well as potential targets. Furthermore, we summarized the existing drug therapies and new compounds that have shown antalgic effects in laboratory studies to be helpful for rational regimens in clinical treatment and promotion in novel drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Cheng-Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Lu-Yao Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wei-Rong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Yun-Man Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Guerrini G, Ciciani G, Crocetti L, Daniele S, Ghelardini C, Giovannoni MP, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Martini C, Vergelli C. Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel GABAA
Subtype Receptor Ligands with Potential Anxiolytic-like and Anti-hyperalgesic Effect. J Heterocycl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Guerrini
- Dipartimento NEUROFARBA, sezione Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica; Università degli Studi di Firenze; Florence Italy
| | - Giovanna Ciciani
- Dipartimento NEUROFARBA, sezione Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica; Università degli Studi di Firenze; Florence Italy
| | - Letizia Crocetti
- Dipartimento NEUROFARBA, sezione Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica; Università degli Studi di Firenze; Florence Italy
| | - Simona Daniele
- Dipartimento FARMACIA; Università degli Studi di Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Dipartimento NEUROFARBA, sezione Farmacologia; Università degli Studi di Firenze; Florence Italy
| | - Maria Paola Giovannoni
- Dipartimento NEUROFARBA, sezione Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica; Università degli Studi di Firenze; Florence Italy
| | | | - Claudia Martini
- Dipartimento FARMACIA; Università degli Studi di Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - Claudia Vergelli
- Dipartimento NEUROFARBA, sezione Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica; Università degli Studi di Firenze; Florence Italy
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Fischer BD, Schlitt RJ, Hamade BZ, Rehman S, Ernst M, Poe MM, Li G, Kodali R, Arnold LA, Cook JM. Pharmacological and antihyperalgesic properties of the novel α2/3 preferring GABA A receptor ligand MP-III-024. Brain Res Bull 2017; 131:62-69. [PMID: 28267561 PMCID: PMC5501353 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors are located in spinal nociceptive circuits where they modulate the transmission of pain sensory signals from the periphery to higher centers. Benzodiazepine-type drugs bind to GABAA receptors containing α1, α2, α3, and α5 subunits (α1GABAA, α2GABAA, α3GABAA and α5GABAA receptors, respectively) through which they inhibit the transmission of these signals. In the present study we describe the novel benzodiazepine site positive allosteric modulator modulator methyl 8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo[f]imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepine-3-carboxylate (MP-III-024). MP-III-024 displayed preference for α2GABAA and α3GABAA receptors relative to α1GABAA and α5GABAA receptors as well as an improved metabolic profile relative to subtype-selective positive modulators that are available currently. Administration of MP-III-024 resulted in a dose- and time-dependent reversal of mechanical hyperalgesia. On locomotor activity and schedule-controlled responding, MP-III-024 was ineffective across the doses tested. These data provide further evidence that α2GABAA and α3GABAA receptors play an important role in the antihyperalgesic effects and may not be involved in some of the undesired effects of benzodiazepine-like drugs. Further, these findings suggest that MP-III-024 is a suitable research tool for investigating the role of α2GABAA and α3GABAA receptors in the behavioral properties of benzodiazepine-like drugs in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford D Fischer
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Department of Biomedical Sciences Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
| | - Raymond J Schlitt
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Department of Biomedical Sciences Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Bryan Z Hamade
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Department of Biomedical Sciences Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Sabah Rehman
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Molecular Neurosciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Margot Ernst
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Molecular Neurosciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael M Poe
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Guanguan Li
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Revathi Kodali
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - James M Cook
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
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Schliessbach J, Vuilleumier P, Siegenthaler A, Bütikofer L, Limacher A, Juni P, Zeilhofer H, Arendt-Nielsen L, Curatolo M. Analgesic effect of clobazam in chronic low-back pain but not in experimentally induced pain. Eur J Pain 2017; 21:1336-1345. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Schliessbach
- University Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital; Bern Switzerland
| | - P.H. Vuilleumier
- University Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital; Bern Switzerland
| | - A. Siegenthaler
- Chronic Pain Management; Lindenhof Group Bern; Lindenhof Hospital; Bern Switzerland
| | - L. Bütikofer
- Clinical Trials Unit Bern; Department of Clinical Research and Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - A. Limacher
- Clinical Trials Unit Bern; Department of Clinical Research and Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - P. Juni
- Department of Medicine; Applied Health Research Centre; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - H.U. Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - L. Arendt-Nielsen
- Centre of Sensory Motor Interaction SMI; School of Medicine; University of Aalborg; Aalborg Denmark
| | - M. Curatolo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle WA USA
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Lynch JJ, Van Vleet TR, Mittelstadt SW, Blomme EAG. Potential functional and pathological side effects related to off-target pharmacological activity. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017; 87:108-126. [PMID: 28216264 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Most pharmaceutical companies test their discovery-stage proprietary molecules in a battery of in vitro pharmacology assays to try to determine off-target interactions. During all phases of drug discovery and development, various questions arise regarding potential side effects associated with such off-target pharmacological activity. Here we present a scientific literature curation effort undertaken to determine and summarize the most likely functional and pathological outcomes associated with interactions at 70 receptors, enzymes, ion channels and transporters with established links to adverse effects. To that end, the scientific literature was reviewed using an on-line database, and the most commonly reported effects were summarized in tabular format. The resultant table should serve as a practical guide for research scientists and clinical investigators for the prediction and interpretation of adverse side effects associated with molecules interacting with components of this screening battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Lynch
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
| | | | | | - Eric A G Blomme
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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40
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Kannampalli P, Babygirija R, Zhang J, Poe MM, Li G, Cook JM, Shaker R, Banerjee B, Sengupta JN. Neonatal bladder inflammation induces long-term visceral pain and altered responses of spinal neurons in adult rats. Neuroscience 2017; 346:349-364. [PMID: 28126369 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Painful events early in life have been shown to increase the incidence of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome in adulthood. However, the intrinsic mechanism is not well studied. We previously reported that neonatal bladder inflammation causes chronic visceral hypersensitivity along with molecular disruption of spinal GABAergic system in rats. The present study investigates whether these molecular changes affect the integrative function and responses of bladder-sensitive primary afferent and spinal neurons. Neonatal bladder inflammation was induced by intravesicular injection of zymosan during postnatal (P) days 14-16. In adulthood (P60), the viscero-motor response (VMR) to visceral stimuli was significantly inhibited by intrathecal (i.t) HZ166 (GABAAα-2 agonist) only in neonatally saline-treated, but not in neonatally zymosan-treated rats. HZ166 significantly inhibited the responses of bladder-responsive lumbosacral (LS) spinal neurons to urinary bladder distension (UBD) and slow infusion (SI) in neonatally saline-treated rats. Similar results were also observed in naïve adult rats where HZ166 produced significant inhibition of bladder-responsive spinal neurons. However, HZ166 did not inhibit responses of UBD-responsive spinal neurons from neonatally zymosan-treated rats. The drug did not attenuate the responses of UBD-sensitive pelvic nerve afferent (PNA) fibers to UBD and SI in either group of rats tested. Immunohistochemical studies showed a significantly lower level of GABAAα-2 receptor expression in the LS spinal cord of neonatally zymosan-treated rats compared to saline-treated rats. These findings indicate that neonatal bladder inflammation leads to functional and molecular alteration of spinal GABAAα-2 receptor subtypes, which may result in chronic visceral hyperalgesia in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kannampalli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Reji Babygirija
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jiang Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Michael M Poe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Guanguan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Reza Shaker
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Banani Banerjee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jyoti N Sengupta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Yaksh TL, Fisher CJ, Hockman TM, Wiese AJ. Current and Future Issues in the Development of Spinal Agents for the Management of Pain. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:232-259. [PMID: 26861470 PMCID: PMC5412694 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160307145542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting analgesic drugs for spinal delivery reflects the fact that while the conscious experience of pain is mediated supraspinally, input initiated by high intensity stimuli, tissue injury and/or nerve injury is encoded at the level of the spinal dorsal horn and this output informs the brain as to the peripheral environment. This encoding process is subject to strong upregulation resulting in hyperesthetic states and downregulation reducing the ongoing processing of nociceptive stimuli reversing the hyperesthesia and pain processing. The present review addresses the biology of spinal nociceptive processing as relevant to the effects of intrathecally-delivered drugs in altering pain processing following acute stimulation, tissue inflammation/injury and nerve injury. The review covers i) the major classes of spinal agents currently employed as intrathecal analgesics (opioid agonists, alpha 2 agonists; sodium channel blockers; calcium channel blockers; NMDA blockers; GABA A/B agonists; COX inhibitors; ii) ongoing developments in the pharmacology of spinal therapeutics focusing on less studied agents/targets (cholinesterase inhibition; Adenosine agonists; iii) novel intrathecal targeting methodologies including gene-based approaches (viral vectors, plasmids, interfering RNAs); antisense, and toxins (botulinum toxins; resniferatoxin, substance P Saporin); and iv) issues relevant to intrathecal drug delivery (neuraxial drug distribution), infusate delivery profile, drug dosing, formulation and principals involved in the preclinical evaluation of intrathecal drug safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony L. Yaksh
- University of California, San Diego, Anesthesia Research Lab 0818, 9500 Gilman Dr. LaJolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Casey J. Fisher
- University of California, San Diego, Anesthesia Research Lab 0818, 9500 Gilman Dr. LaJolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tyler M. Hockman
- University of California, San Diego, Anesthesia Research Lab 0818, 9500 Gilman Dr. LaJolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ashley J. Wiese
- University of California, San Diego, Anesthesia Research Lab 0818, 9500 Gilman Dr. LaJolla, CA 92093, USA
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Abstract
It has been recently proposed that α5-subunit containing GABAA receptors (α5-GABAA receptors) that mediate tonic inhibition might be involved in pain. The purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of α5-GABAA receptors in the loss of GABAergic inhibition and in formalin-induced, complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced and L5 and L6 spinal nerve ligation-induced long-lasting hypersensitivity. Formalin or CFA injection and L5 and L6 spinal nerve ligation produced long-lasting allodynia and hyperalgesia. Moreover, formalin injection impaired the rate-dependent depression of the Hofmann reflex. Peripheral and intrathecal pretreatment or post-treatment with the α5-GABAA receptor antagonist, L-655,708 (0.15-15 nmol), prevented and reversed, respectively, these long-lasting behaviors. Formalin injection increased α5-GABAA receptor mRNA expression in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) mainly at 3 days. The α5-GABAA receptors were localized in the dorsal spinal cord and DRG colabeling with NeuN, CGRP, and IB4 which suggests their presence in peptidergic and nonpeptidergic neurons. These receptors were found mainly in small and medium sized neurons. Formalin injection enhanced α5-GABAA receptor fluorescence intensity in spinal cord and DRG at 3 and 6 days. Intrathecal administration of L-655,708 (15 nmol) prevented and reversed formalin-induced impairment of rate-dependent depression. These results suggest that α5-GABAA receptors play a role in the loss of GABAergic inhibition and contribute to long-lasting secondary allodynia and hyperalgesia.
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Poe MM, Methuku KR, Li G, Verma AR, Teske KA, Stafford DC, Arnold LA, Cramer JW, Jones TM, Cerne R, Krambis MJ, Witkin JM, Jambrina E, Rehman S, Ernst M, Cook JM, Schkeryantz JM. Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A (GABA A) Receptor Ligand That Combines Outstanding Metabolic Stability, Pharmacokinetics, and Anxiolytic Efficacy. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10800-10806. [PMID: 27933953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
1,4-Benzodiazepines are used in the treatment of anxiety disorders but have limited long-term use due to adverse effects. HZ-166 (2) has been shown to have anxiolytic-like effects with reduced sedative/ataxic liabilities. A 1,3-oxazole KRM-II-81 (9) was discovered from a series of six bioisosteres with significantly improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties as compared to 2. Oxazole 9 was further characterized and exhibited improved anxiolytic-like effects in a mouse marble burying assay and a rat Vogel conflict test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Poe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Kashi Reddy Methuku
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Guanguan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Ashwini R Verma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Kelly A Teske
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Douglas C Stafford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Cramer
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 42685, United States
| | - Timothy M Jones
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 42685, United States
| | - Rok Cerne
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 42685, United States
| | - Michael J Krambis
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 42685, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Witkin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 42685, United States
| | - Enrique Jambrina
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , 28108 Alcobendas, Spain
| | - Sabah Rehman
- Department for Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University of Vienna , 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Margot Ernst
- Department for Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University of Vienna , 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Schkeryantz
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 42685, United States
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Chagraoui A, Skiba M, Thuillez C, Thibaut F. To what extent is it possible to dissociate the anxiolytic and sedative/hypnotic properties of GABAA receptors modulators? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 71:189-202. [PMID: 27495357 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The relatively common view indicates a possible dissociation between the anxiolytic and sedative/hypnotic properties of benzodiazepines (BZs). Indeed, GABAA receptor (GABAAR) subtypes have specific cerebral distribution in distinct neural circuits. Thus, GABAAR subtype-selective drugs may be expected to perform distinct functions. However, standard behavioral test assays provide limited direction towards highlighting new action mechanisms of ligands targeting GABAARs. Automated behavioral tests, lack sensitivity as some behavioral characteristics or subtle behavioral changes of drug effects or that are not considered in the overall analysis (Ohl et al., 2001) and observation-based analyses are not always performed. In addition, despite the use of genetically engineered mice, any possible dissociation between the anxiolytic and sedative properties of BZs remains controversial. Moreover, the involvement the different subtypes of GABAAR subtypes in the anxious behavior and the mechanism of action of anxiolytic agents remains unclear since there has been little success in the pharmacological investigations so far. This raises the question of the involvement of the different subunits in anxiolytic-like and/or sedative effects; and the actual implication of these subunits, particularly, α-subunits in the modulation of sedation and/or anxiety-related disorders. This present review was prompted by several conflicting studies on the degree of involvement of these subunits in anxiolytic-like and/or sedative effects. To this end, we explored the GABAergic system, particularly, the role of different subunits containing synaptic GABAARs. We report herein the targeting gene encoding the different subunits and their contribution in anxiolytic-like and/or sedative actions, as well as, the mechanism underlying tolerance to BZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chagraoui
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedecine, Normandy University, France; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.
| | - M Skiba
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedecine, Normandy University, France
| | - C Thuillez
- Department of Pharmacology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, and INSERM U1096, Laboratory of New Pharmacological Targets for Endothelial Protection and Heart Failure, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandy University, France
| | - F Thibaut
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Cochin (site Tarnier), University of Paris-Descartes and INSERM U 894 Laboratory of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France
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Ralvenius WT, Acuña MA, Benke D, Matthey A, Daali Y, Rudolph U, Desmeules J, Zeilhofer HU, Besson M. The clobazam metabolite N-desmethyl clobazam is an α2 preferring benzodiazepine with an improved therapeutic window for antihyperalgesia. Neuropharmacology 2016; 109:366-375. [PMID: 27392635 PMCID: PMC4981430 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Data from genetically modified mice suggest that benzodiazepine (BDZ)-site agonists with improved selectivity for α2-subtype GABAA receptors (α2GABAAR) are potentially useful for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Subtype-selective compounds available for preclinical tests in rodents support this concept but have not been approved for human use, hindering proof-of-concept studies in patients. We recently proposed that N-desmethyl clobazam (NDMC), the main metabolite of the licensed BDZ clobazam (CBZ), is responsible for most of the antihyperalgesia observed in mice after CBZ administration. In order to assess a potentially favorable pharmacological profile of NDMC, we analyzed differences in the GABAAR subtype specificity of CBZ, NDMC and diazepam (DZP) in recombinant receptors. DZP and CBZ potentiated sedating α1GABAARs and antihyperalgesic α2GABAARs with similar efficacies, whereas NDMC preferred α2GABAARs over α1GABAARs across a wide concentration range. In vivo, DZP and NDMC reduced neuropathic pain at doses between 3 and 30 mg/kg. At these doses, DZP had strong locomotor sedating effects while NDMC caused no or only weak sedation. Sedative effects of NDMC became apparent when the action of NDMC was restricted to α1GABAARs. However, when GABAAR point-mutated mice were studied that allow the analysis of antihyperalgesia and sedation in isolation, we found that, compared to DZP, NDMC had a significantly improved therapeutic window, consistent with its more favorable α2/α1 in vitro activity ratio. Given that NDMC should share the safety profile of its parent compound CBZ, it should be well-suited for proof-of-concept studies in human volunteers or patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Ralvenius
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mario A Acuña
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Benke
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alain Matthey
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Youssef Daali
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Rudolph
- Laboratory of Genetic Neuropharmacology, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jules Desmeules
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Drug Discovery Network Zurich (DDNZ), CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Marie Besson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Yuan NY, Poe MM, Witzigmann C, Cook JM, Stafford D, Arnold LA. Characterization of GABA A receptor ligands with automated patch-clamp using human neurons derived from pluripotent stem cells. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2016; 82:109-114. [PMID: 27544543 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Automated patch clamp is a recent but widely used technology to assess pre-clinical drug safety. With the availability of human neurons derived from pluripotent stem cells, this technology can be extended to determine CNS effects of drug candidates, especially those acting on the GABAA receptor. METHODS iCell Neurons (Cellular Dynamics International, A Fujifilm Company) were cultured for ten days and analyzed by patch clamp in the presence of agonist GABA or in combination with positive allosteric GABAA receptor modulators. Both efficacy and affinity were determined. In addition, mRNA of GABAA receptor subunits were quantified by qRT-PCR. RESULTS We have shown that iCell Neurons are compatible with the IonFlux microfluidic system of the automated patch clamp instrument. Resistance ranging from 15 to 25MΩ was achieved for each trap channel of patch clamped cells in a 96-well plate format. GABA induced a robust change of current with an EC50 of 0.43μM. Positive GABAA receptor modulators diazepam, HZ-166, and CW-04-020 exhibited EC50 values of 0.42μM, 1.56μM, and 0.23μM, respectively. The α2/α3/α5 selective compound HZ-166-induced the highest potentiation (efficacy) of 810% of the current induced by 100nM GABA. Quantification of GABAA receptor mRNA in iCell Neurons revealed high levels of α5 and β3 subunits and low levels of α1, which is similar to the configuration in human neonatal brain. DISCUSSION iCell Neurons represent a new cellular model to characterize GABAergic compounds using automated patch clamp. These cells have excellent representation of cellular GABAA receptor distribution that enable determination of total small molecule efficacy and affinity as measured by cell membrane current change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Y Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States.
| | - Michael M Poe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States.
| | - Christopher Witzigmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States.
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States.
| | - Douglas Stafford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States.
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States.
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47
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Wang Y, Lin ZP, Zheng HZ, Zhang S, Zhang ZL, Chen Y, You YS, Yang MH. Abnormal DNA methylation in the lumbar spinal cord following chronic constriction injury in rats. Neurosci Lett 2016; 610:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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GABAergic modulation in central sensitization in humans: a randomized placebo-controlled pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic study comparing clobazam with clonazepam in healthy volunteers. Pain 2015; 156:397-404. [PMID: 25687539 DOI: 10.1097/01.j.pain.0000460331.33385.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Positive allosteric modulators of GABAA receptors (GAMs) acting at specific subtypes of GABAA receptors effectively restore compromised spinal pain control in rodents. Studies addressing a similar antihyperalgesic effect in humans are sparse and are hampered by sedative effects of nonselective GAMs available for use in humans. We present results from a randomized controlled double-blind crossover study in 25 healthy volunteers, which addressed potential antihyperalgesic actions of clobazam (CBZ) and clonazepam (CLN) at mildly sedating equianticonvulsive doses. Clobazam was chosen because of its relatively low sedative properties and CLN because of its use in neuropathic pain. Tolterodine (TLT) was used as an active placebo. The primary outcome parameter was a change in the area of cutaneous UVB irradiation-induced secondary hyperalgesia (ASH), which was monitored for 8 hours after drug application. Sedative effects were assessed in parallel to antihyperalgesia. Compared with TLT, recovery from hyperalgesia was significantly faster in the CBZ and CLN groups (P = 0.009). At the time point of maximum effect, the rate of recovery from hyperalgesia was accelerated by CBZ and CLN, relative to placebo by 15.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.8-30.5), P = 0.040, and 28.6% (95% CI 4.5-52.6), P = 0.022, respectively. Active compounds induced stronger sedation than placebo, but these differences disappeared 8 hours after drug application. We demonstrate here that GAMs effectively reduce central sensitization in healthy volunteers. These results provide proof-of-principle evidence supporting efficacy of GAMs as antihyperalgesic agents in humans and should stimulate further research on compounds with improved subtype specificity.
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49
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Niederberger E, Kuner R, Geißlinger G. [Pharmacological aspects of pain research in Germany]. Schmerz 2015; 29:531-8. [PMID: 26294077 DOI: 10.1007/s00482-015-0042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In spite of several approved analgesics, the therapy of pain still constitutes a challenge due to the fact that the drugs do not exert sufficient efficacy or are associated with severe side effects. Therefore, the development of new and improved painkillers is still of great importance. A number of highly qualified scientists in Germany are investigating signal transduction pathways in pain, effectivity of new drugs and the so far incompletely investigated mechanisms of well-known analgesics in preclinical and clinical studies. The highlights of pharmacological pain research in Germany are summarized in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Niederberger
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
| | - R Kuner
- Pharmakologisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 584, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - G Geißlinger
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland.
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50
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Advances in the pharmacology of lGICs auxiliary subunits. Pharmacol Res 2015; 101:65-73. [PMID: 26255765 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) are cell surface integral proteins that mediate the fast neurotransmission in the nervous system. LGICs require auxiliary subunits for their trafficking, assembly and pharmacological modulation. Auxiliary subunits do not form functional homomeric receptors, but are reported to assemble with the principal subunits in order to modulate their pharmacological profiles. For example, nACh receptors are built at least by co-assemble of α and β subunits, and the neuronal auxiliary subunits β3 and α5 and muscle type β, δ, γ, and ϵ determine the agonist affinity of these receptors. Serotonergic 5-HT3B, 5-HT3C, 5-HT3D and 5-HT3E are reported to assemble with the 5-HT3A subunit to modulate its pharmacological profile. Functional studies evaluating the role of γ2 and δ auxiliary subunits of GABAA receptors have made important advances in the understanding of the action of benzodiazepines, ethanol and neurosteroids. Glycine receptors are composed principally by α1-3 subunits and the auxiliary subunit β determines their synaptic location and their pharmacological response to propofol and ethanol. NMDA receptors appear to be functional as heterotetrameric channels. So far, the existence of NMDA auxiliary subunits is controversial. On the other hand, Kainate receptors are modulated by NETO 1 and 2. AMPA receptors are modulated by TARPs, Shisa 9, CKAMP44, CNIH2-3 auxiliary proteins reported that controls their trafficking, conductance and gating of channels. P2X receptors are able to associate with auxiliary Pannexin-1 protein to modulate P2X7 receptors. Considering the pharmacological relevance of different LGICs auxiliary subunits in the present work we will highlight the therapeutic potential of these modulator proteins.
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