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Xiong X, Yang C, Jin Y, Zhang R, Wang S, Gan L, Hou S, Bao Y, Zeng Z, Ye Y, Gao Z. ABHD6 suppresses colorectal cancer progression via AKT signaling pathway. Mol Carcinog 2024; 63:647-662. [PMID: 38197491 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to be a prevalent malignancy, posing a significant risk to human health. The involvement of alpha/beta hydrolase domain 6 (ABHD6), a serine hydrolase family member, in CRC development was suggested by our analysis of clinical data. However, the role of ABHD6 in CRC remains unclear. This study seeks to elucidate the clinical relevance, biological function, and potential molecular mechanisms of ABHD6 in CRC. We investigated the role of ABHD6 in clinical settings, conducting proliferation, migration, and cell cycle assays. To determine the influence of ABHD6 expression levels on Oxaliplatin sensitivity, we also performed apoptosis assays. RNA sequencing and KEGG analysis were utilized to uncover the potential molecular mechanisms of ABHD6. Furthermore, we validated its expression levels using Western blot and reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection assays. Our results demonstrated that ABHD6 expression in CRC tissues was notably lower compared to adjacent normal tissues. This low expression correlated with a poorer prognosis for CRC patients. Moreover, ABHD6 overexpression impeded CRC cell proliferation and migration while inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. In vivo experiments revealed that downregulation of ABHD6 resulted in an increase in tumor weight and volume. Mechanistically, ABHD6 overexpression inhibited the activation of the AKT signaling pathway and decreased ROS levels in CRC cells, suggesting the role of ABHD6 in CRC progression via the AKT signaling pathway. Our findings demonstrate that ABHD6 functions as a tumor suppressor, primarily by inhibiting the AKT signaling pathway. This role establishes ABHD6 as a promising prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xiong
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Changjiang Yang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yiteng Jin
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Gan
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Hou
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yudi Bao
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zexian Zeng
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjiang Ye
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhidong Gao
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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2
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Poursharifi P, Schmitt C, Chenier I, Leung YH, Oppong AK, Bai Y, Klein LL, Al-Mass A, Lussier R, Abu-Farha M, Abubaker J, Al-Mulla F, Peyot ML, Madiraju SRM, Prentki M. ABHD6 suppression promotes anti-inflammatory polarization of adipose tissue macrophages via 2-monoacylglycerol/PPAR signaling in obese mice. Mol Metab 2023; 78:101822. [PMID: 37838014 PMCID: PMC10622714 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pro-inflammatory polarization of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated chronic inflammation. However, little is known about the role of lipids in the regulation of ATMs polarity and inflammation in response to metabolic stress. Deletion of α/β-hydrolase domain-containing 6 (ABHD6), a monoacylglycerol (MAG) hydrolase, has been shown to protect against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. METHODS Here we investigated the immunometabolic role of macrophage ABHD6 in response to nutrient excess using whole-body ABHD6-KO mice and human and murine macrophage cell-lines treated with KT203, a selective and potent pharmacological ABHD6 inhibitor. RESULTS KO mice on high-fat diet showed lower susceptibility to systemic diet-induced inflammation. Moreover, in the setting of overnutrition, stromal vascular cells from gonadal fat of KO vs. control mice contained lower number of M1 macrophages and exhibited enhanced levels of metabolically activated macrophages (MMe) and M2 markers, oxygen consumption, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) release. Likewise, under in vitro nutri-stress condition, inhibition of ABHD6 in MMe-polarized macrophages attenuated the expression and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and M1 markers and induced the upregulation of lipid metabolism genes. ABHD6-inhibited MMe macrophages showed elevated levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and 2-MAG species. Notably, among different MAG species, only 2-MAG treatment led to increased levels of PPAR target genes in MMe macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our findings identify ABHD6 as a key component of pro-inflammatory macrophage activation in response to excess nutrition and implicate an endogenous macrophage lipolysis/ABHD6/2-MAG/PPARs cascade, as a lipid signaling and immunometabolic pathway, which favors the anti-inflammatory polarization of ATMs in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Poursharifi
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center - Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
| | - C Schmitt
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center - Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - I Chenier
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center - Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Y H Leung
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center - Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - A K Oppong
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center - Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Y Bai
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center - Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - L-L Klein
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center - Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - A Al-Mass
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - R Lussier
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center - Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - M Abu-Farha
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - J Abubaker
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - F Al-Mulla
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - M-L Peyot
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center - Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - S R M Madiraju
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center - Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - M Prentki
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center - Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
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Papadogkonaki S, Spyridakos D, Lapokonstantaki E, Chaniotakis N, Makriyannis A, Malamas MS, Thermos K. Investigating the Effects of Exogenous and Endogenous 2-Arachidonoylglycerol on Retinal CB1 Cannabinoid Receptors and Reactive Microglia in Naive and Diseased Retina. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15689. [PMID: 37958673 PMCID: PMC10650178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a new target for the development of retinal disease therapeutics, whose pathophysiology involves neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) affects neurons and microglia by activating CB1/CB2 cannabinoid receptors (Rs). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 2-AG on the CB1R expression/downregulation and retinal neurons/reactive microglia, when administered repeatedly (4 d), in three different paradigms. These involved the 2-AG exogenous administration (a) intraperitoneally (i.p.) and (b) topically and (c) by enhancing the 2-AG endogenous levels via the inhibition (AM11920, i.p.) of its metabolic enzymes (MAGL/ABHD6). Sprague Dawley rats were treated as mentioned above in the presence or absence of CB1/CB2R antagonists and the excitatory amino acid, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA). Immunohistochemistry, Western blot and a 2-AG level analyses were performed. The 2-AG repeated treatment (i.p.) induced the CB1R downregulation, abolishing its neuroprotective actions. However, 2-AG attenuated the AMPA-induced activation of microglia via the CB2R, as concurred by the AM630 antagonist effect. Topically administered 2-AG was efficacious as a neuroprotectant/antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory agent. AM11920 increased the 2-AG levels providing neuroprotection against excitotoxicity and reduced microglial activation without affecting the CB1R expression. Our findings show that 2-AG, in the three paradigms studied, displays differential pharmacological profiles in terms of the downregulation of the CB1R and neuroprotection. All treatments, however, attenuated the activation of microglia via the CB2R activation, supporting the anti-inflammatory role of 2-AG in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Papadogkonaki
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece; (S.P.); (D.S.)
| | - Dimitris Spyridakos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece; (S.P.); (D.S.)
| | | | - Nikos Chaniotakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece; (E.L.); (N.C.)
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.M.); (M.S.M.)
| | - Michael S. Malamas
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.M.); (M.S.M.)
| | - Kyriaki Thermos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece; (S.P.); (D.S.)
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Xue Z, Ye L, Ge J, Lan Z, Zou X, Mao C, Bao X, Yu L, Xu Y, Zhu X. Wwl70-induced ABHD6 inhibition attenuates memory deficits and pathological phenotypes in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Pharmacol Res 2023; 194:106864. [PMID: 37480972 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). α/β-hydrolase domain-containing 6 (ABHD6) contributes to synaptic dysfunctions, and ABHD6 inhibition has shown potential therapeutic value in neurological disorders. However, the role of ABHD6 in AD has not been fully defined. In this study, we demonstrated that adeno-associated virus (AAV) mediated shRNA targeting ABHD6 in hippocampal neurons attenuated synaptic dysfunction and memory impairment of APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice, while it didn't affect the amyloid-beta (Aβ) levels and neuroinflammation in the brains. In addition, intraperitoneal injection of wwl70, a specific inhibitor of ABHD6, improved synaptic plasticity and memory function in APP/PS1 mice, which might attribute to the activation of endogenous cannabinoid signaling. Furthermore, wwl70 significantly decreased the Aβ levels and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus of AD mice, and enhanced Aβ phagocytized by microglia. In conclusion, for the first time our data have shown that ABHD6 inhibition might be a promising strategy for AD treatment, and wwl70 is a potential candidate for AD drug development pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Xue
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianwei Ge
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen Lan
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinxin Zou
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenglu Mao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyu Bao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linjie Yu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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5
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Askari VR, Baradaran Rahimi V, Shafiee-Nick R. Low Doses of β-Caryophyllene Reduced Clinical and Paraclinical Parameters of an Autoimmune Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis: Investigating the Role of CB 2 Receptors in Inflammation by Lymphocytes and Microglial. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1092. [PMID: 37509022 PMCID: PMC10377147 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13071092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a prevalent inflammatory disease in which the immune system plays an essential role in the damage, inflammation, and demyelination of central nervous system neurons (CNS). The cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) agonists possess anti-inflammatory effects against noxious stimuli and elevate the neuronal survival rate. We attempted to analyze the protective impact of low doses of β-Caryophyllene (BCP) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice as a chronic MS model. Immunization of female C57BL/6 mice was achieved through two subcutaneous injections into different areas of the hind flank with an emulsion that consisted of myelin Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 (150 µg) and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) (400 µg) with an equal volume. Two intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of pertussis toxin (300 ng) were performed on the animals on day zero (immunizations day) and 48 h (2nd day) after injection of MOG + CFA. The defensive effect of low doses of BCP (2.5 and 5 mg/kg/d) was investigated in the presence and absence of a CB2 receptor antagonist (1 mg/kg, AM630) in the EAE model. We also examined the pro/anti-inflammatory cytokine levels and the polarization of brain microglia and spleen lymphocytes in EAE animals. According to our findings, low doses of BCP offered protective impacts in the EAE mice treatment in a CB2 receptor-dependent way. In addition, according to results, BCP decreased the pathological and clinical defects in EAE mice via modulating adaptive (lymphocytes) and innate (microglia) immune systems from inflammatory phenotypes (M1/Th1/Th17) to anti-inflammatory (M2/Th2/Treg) phenotypes. Additionally, BCP elevated the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and reduced blood inflammatory cytokines. BCP almost targeted the systemic immune system more than the CNS immune system. Thus, a low dose of BCP can be suggested as a therapeutic effect on MS treatment with potent anti-inflammatory effects and possibly lower toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Reza Askari
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
| | - Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
| | - Reza Shafiee-Nick
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
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6
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Westenbroek R, Kaplan J, Viray K, Stella N. The serine hydrolase ABHD6 controls survival and thermally induced seizures in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 180:106099. [PMID: 36990366 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that inhibition of α/β hydrolase-domain containing 6 (ABHD6) reduces seizures; however, the molecular mechanism of this therapeutic response remains unknown. We discovered that heterozygous expression of Abhd6 (Abhd6+/-) significantly reduced the premature lethality of Scn1a+/- mouse pups, a genetic mouse model of Dravet Syndrome (DS). Both Abhd6+/- mutation and pharmacological inhibition of ABHD6 reduced the duration and incidence of thermally induced seizures in Scn1a+/- pups. Mechanistically, the in vivo anti-seizure response resulting from ABHD6 inhibition is mediated by potentiation of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors Type-A (GABAAR). Brain slice electrophysiology showed that blocking ABHD6 potentiates extrasynaptic (tonic) GABAAR currents that reduce dentate granule cell excitatory output without affecting synaptic (phasic) GABAAR currents. Our results unravel an unexpected mechanistic link between ABHD6 activity and extrasynaptic GABAAR currents that controls hippocampal hyperexcitability in a genetic mouse model of DS. BRIEF SUMMARY: This study provides the first evidence for a mechanistic link between ABHD6 activity and the control of extrasynaptic GABAAR currents that controls hippocampal hyperexcitability in a genetic mouse model of Dravet Syndrome and can be targeted to dampened seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Westenbroek
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Joshua Kaplan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA
| | - Katie Viray
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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7
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Microglial Cannabinoid CB 2 Receptors in Pain Modulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032348. [PMID: 36768668 PMCID: PMC9917135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain, especially chronic pain, can strongly affect patients' quality of life. Cannabinoids ponhave been reported to produce potent analgesic effects in different preclinical pain models, where they primarily function as agonists of Gi/o protein-coupled cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. The CB1 receptors are abundantly expressed in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. The central activation of CB1 receptors is strongly associated with psychotropic adverse effects, thus largely limiting its therapeutic potential. However, the CB2 receptors are promising targets for pain treatment without psychotropic adverse effects, as they are primarily expressed in immune cells. Additionally, as the resident immune cells in the central nervous system, microglia are increasingly recognized as critical players in chronic pain. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the expression of CB2 receptors is significantly increased in activated microglia in the spinal cord, which exerts protective consequences within the surrounding neural circuitry by regulating the activity and function of microglia. In this review, we focused on recent advances in understanding the role of microglial CB2 receptors in spinal nociceptive circuitry, highlighting the mechanism of CB2 receptors in modulating microglia function and its implications for CB2 receptor- selective agonist-mediated analgesia.
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8
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Martinez Ramirez CE, Ruiz-Pérez G, Stollenwerk TM, Behlke C, Doherty A, Hillard CJ. Endocannabinoid signaling in the central nervous system. Glia 2023; 71:5-35. [PMID: 36308424 PMCID: PMC10167744 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
It is hard to overestimate the influence of the endocannabinoid signaling (ECS) system on central nervous system (CNS) function. In the 40 years since cannabinoids were found to trigger specific cell signaling cascades, studies of the ECS system continue to cause amazement, surprise, and confusion! CB1 cannabinoid receptors are expressed widely in the CNS and regulate cell-cell communication via effects on the release of both neurotransmitters and gliotransmitters. CB2 cannabinoid receptors are difficult to detect in the CNS but seem to "punch above their weight" as compounds targeting these receptors have significant effects on inflammatory state and behavior. Positive and negative allosteric modulators for both receptors have been identified and examined in preclinical studies. Concentrations of the endocannabinoid ligands, N-arachidonoylethanolamine and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), are regulated by a combination of enzymatic synthesis and degradation and inhibitors of these processes are available and making their way into clinical trials. Importantly, ECS regulates many essential brain functions, including regulation of reward, anxiety, inflammation, motor control, and cellular development. While the field is on the cusp of preclinical discoveries providing impactful clinical and therapeutic insights into many CNS disorders, there is still much to be learned about this remarkable and versatile modulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- César E Martinez Ramirez
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Gonzalo Ruiz-Pérez
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Todd M Stollenwerk
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christina Behlke
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ashley Doherty
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Cecilia J Hillard
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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9
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Hartmann A, Vila-Verde C, Guimarães FS, Joca SR, Lisboa SF. The NLRP3 Inflammasome in Stress Response: Another Target for the Promiscuous Cannabidiol. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:284-308. [PMID: 35410608 PMCID: PMC10190150 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220411101217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many psychiatric patients do not respond to conventional therapy. There is a vast effort to investigate possible mechanisms involved in treatment resistance, trying to provide better treatment options, and several data points toward a possible involvement of inflammatory mechanisms. Microglia, glial, and resident immune cells are involved in complex responses in the brain, orchestrating homeostatic functions, such as synaptic pruning and maintaining neuronal activity. In contrast, microglia play a major role in neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and cell death. Increasing evidence implicate microglia dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders. The mechanisms are still unclear, but one pathway in microglia has received increased attention in the last 8 years, i.e., the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Stress response and inflammation, including microglia activation, can be attenuated by Cannabidiol (CBD). CBD has antidepressant, anti-stress, antipsychotic, anti-inflammatory, and other properties. CBD effects are mediated by direct or indirect modulation of many receptors, enzymes, and other targets. This review will highlight some findings for neuroinflammation and microglia involvement in stress-related psychiatric disorders, particularly addressing the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Moreover, we will discuss evidence and mechanisms for CBD effects in psychiatric disorders and animal models and address its potential effects on stress response via neuroinflammation and NLRP3 inflammasome modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Hartmann
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Carla Vila-Verde
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Francisco S. Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sâmia R. Joca
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- BioMolecular Sciences Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo (USP);
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sabrina F. Lisboa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- BioMolecular Sciences Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo (USP);
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10
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Sánchez-Sanz A, Posada-Ayala M, Sabín-Muñoz J, Fernández-Miranda I, Aladro-Benito Y, Álvarez-Lafuente R, Royuela A, García-Hernández R, la Fuente ORD, Romero J, García-Merino A, Sánchez-López AJ. Endocannabinoid levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of multiple sclerosis patients treated with dimethyl fumarate. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20300. [PMID: 36434122 PMCID: PMC9700785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21807-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS), a signalling network with immunomodulatory properties, is a potential therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis (MS). Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an approved drug for MS whose mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated; the possibility exists that its therapeutic effects could imply the ECS. With the aim of studying if DMF can modulate the ECS, the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), anandamide (AEA), oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 21 healthy donors (HD) and 32 MS patients at baseline and after 12 and 24 months of DMF treatment. MS patients presented lower levels of 2-AG and PEA compared to HD. 2-AG increased at 24 months, reaching HD levels. AEA and PEA remained stable at 12 and 24 months. OEA increased at 12 months and returned to initial levels at 24 months. Patients who achieved no evidence of disease activity (NEDA3) presented the same modulation over time as EDA3 patients. PEA was modulated differentially between females and males. Our results show that the ECS is dysregulated in MS patients. The increase in 2-AG and OEA during DMF treatment suggests a possible role of DMF in ECS modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Sánchez-Sanz
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, Madrid, Spain ,grid.5515.40000000119578126PhD Program in Molecular Biosciences, Doctoral School, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Posada-Ayala
- grid.449795.20000 0001 2193 453XFaculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Sabín-Muñoz
- grid.73221.350000 0004 1767 8416Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismael Fernández-Miranda
- grid.5515.40000000119578126PhD Program in Molecular Biosciences, Doctoral School, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain ,Lymphoma Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Aladro-Benito
- grid.411244.60000 0000 9691 6072Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Álvarez-Lafuente
- grid.414780.eGrupo de Investigación de Factores Ambientales en Enfermedades Degenerativas, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain ,grid.483890.e0000 0004 6095 7779Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Royuela
- Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth García-Hernández
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ofir Rodríguez-De la Fuente
- grid.73221.350000 0004 1767 8416Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Romero
- grid.449795.20000 0001 2193 453XFaculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio García-Merino
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, Madrid, Spain ,grid.73221.350000 0004 1767 8416Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain ,grid.483890.e0000 0004 6095 7779Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.5515.40000000119578126Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio José Sánchez-López
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, Madrid, Spain ,grid.483890.e0000 0004 6095 7779Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain ,Biobank, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Pusch LM, Riegler-Berket L, Oberer M, Zimmermann R, Taschler U. α/β-Hydrolase Domain-Containing 6 (ABHD6)- A Multifunctional Lipid Hydrolase. Metabolites 2022; 12:761. [PMID: 36005632 PMCID: PMC9412472 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
α/β-hydrolase domain-containing 6 (ABHD6) belongs to the α/β-hydrolase fold superfamily and was originally discovered in a functional proteomic approach designed to discover monoacylglycerol (MAG) hydrolases in the mouse brain degrading the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Subsequent studies confirmed that ABHD6 acts as an MAG hydrolase regulating cannabinoid receptor-dependent and -independent signaling processes. The enzyme was identified as a negative modulator of insulin secretion and regulator of energy metabolism affecting the pathogenesis of obesity and metabolic syndrome. It has been implicated in the metabolism of the lysosomal co-factor bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate and in the surface delivery of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-type glutamate receptors. Finally, ABHD6 was shown to affect cancer cell lipid metabolism and tumor malignancy. Here, we provide new insights into the experimentally derived crystal structure of ABHD6 and its possible orientation in biological membranes, and discuss ABHD6's functions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Maria Pusch
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lina Riegler-Berket
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Oberer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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12
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Feng Z, Sun R, Cong Y, Liu Z. Critical roles of G protein-coupled receptors in regulating intestinal homeostasis and inflammatory bowel disease. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:819-828. [PMID: 35732818 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00538-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a group of membrane proteins that mediate most of the physiological responses to various signaling molecules such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and environmental stimulants. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing disorder of the gastrointestinal tract and presents a spectrum of heterogeneous disorders falling under two main clinical subtypes including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The pathogenesis of IBD is multifactorial and is related to a genetically dysregulated mucosal immune response to environmental drivers, mainly microbiotas. Although many drugs, such as 5-aminosalicylic acid, glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, and biological agents, have been approved for IBD treatment, none can cure IBD permanently. Emerging evidence indicates significant associations between GPCRs and the pathogenesis of IBD. Here, we provide an overview of the essential physiological functions and signaling pathways of GPCRs and their roles in mucosal immunity and IBD regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongsheng Feng
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research, Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Ruicong Sun
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research, Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Zhanju Liu
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research, Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450014, China.
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13
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Maddukuri S, Patel J, Diaz DA, Chen KL, Wysocka M, Bax C, Li Y, Ravishankar A, Grinnell M, Zeidi M, Reddy N, Concha JSS, Bashir MM, Okawa J, White B, Werth VP. Cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R) distribution in dermatomyositis skin and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in vivo effects of Lenabasum TM. Arthritis Res Ther 2022; 24:12. [PMID: 34983619 PMCID: PMC8725283 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02665-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lenabasum is a cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R) reverse agonist that demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects in vivo and in vitro in dermatomyositis (DM) and is currently being investigated for therapeutic potential. The purpose of our study is to investigate CB2R distribution as well as the effects of lenabasum in DM. Methods Immunohistochemistry staining (IHC) was utilized to examine immune cell and cytokine production changes in lesional DM skin biopsies from lenabasum and placebo-treated patients. CB2R expression in various immune cell populations within DM skin was investigated with image mass cytometry (IMC), whereas flow cytometry elucidated CB2R expression in DM peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as well as cytokine production by CB2R-expressing cell populations. Results After 12 weeks of lenabasum treatment, IHC staining showed that CD4+ T cells, CB2R, IL-31, IFN-γ, and IFN-β cytokines were downregulated. IFN-γ and IFN-β mRNA decreased in lesional DM skin but not in PBMCs. IMC findings revealed that CB2R was upregulated in DM lesional skin compared to HC skin and DM PBMCs (p<0.05). In DM skin, CB2R was upregulated on dendritic cells, B cells, T cells, and macrophages while dendritic cells had the greatest expression in both DM skin and PBMCs (p<0.05). These CB2R+ cells in the skin produce IL-31, IL-4, IFN-γ, and IFN-β. Conclusion Our findings of differential CB2R expression based on location and cell type suggest modes by which lenabasum may exert anti-inflammatory effects in DM and highlights dendritic cells as potential therapeutic targets. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13075-021-02665-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spandana Maddukuri
- Department of Dermatology, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jay Patel
- Department of Dermatology, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - De Anna Diaz
- Department of Dermatology, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kristen L Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria Wysocka
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christina Bax
- Department of Dermatology, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yubin Li
- Department of Dermatology, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adarsh Ravishankar
- Department of Dermatology, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Madison Grinnell
- Department of Dermatology, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Majid Zeidi
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Nithin Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Josef Symon S Concha
- Department of Dermatology, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Muhammad M Bashir
- Department of Dermatology, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joyce Okawa
- Department of Dermatology, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Victoria P Werth
- Department of Dermatology, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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14
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Zhang H, Li X, Liao D, Luo P, Jiang X. Alpha/Beta-Hydrolase Domain-Containing 6: Signaling and Function in the Central Nervous System. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:784202. [PMID: 34925039 PMCID: PMC8675881 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.784202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling plays an important role in the central nervous system (CNS). α/β-Hydrolase domain-containing 6 (ABHD6) is a transmembrane serine hydrolase that hydrolyzes monoacylglycerol (MAG) lipids such as endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG). ABHD6 participates in neurotransmission, inflammation, brain energy metabolism, tumorigenesis and other biological processes and is a potential therapeutic target for various neurological diseases, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), multiple sclerosis (MS), epilepsy, mental illness, and pain. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of action and biological functions of ABHD6, particularly its mechanism of action in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases, and provides a theoretical basis for new pharmacological interventions via targeting of ABHD6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofuzi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaofan Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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15
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The Endocannabinoid System in Glial Cells and Their Profitable Interactions to Treat Epilepsy: Evidence from Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413231. [PMID: 34948035 PMCID: PMC8709154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological conditions. Yearly, five million people are diagnosed with epileptic-related disorders. The neuroprotective and therapeutic effect of (endo)cannabinoid compounds has been extensively investigated in several models of epilepsy. Therefore, the study of specific cell-type-dependent mechanisms underlying cannabinoid effects is crucial to understanding epileptic disorders. It is estimated that about 100 billion neurons and a roughly equal number of glial cells co-exist in the human brain. The glial population is in charge of neuronal viability, and therefore, their participation in brain pathophysiology is crucial. Furthermore, glial malfunctioning occurs in a wide range of neurological disorders. However, little is known about the impact of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) regulation over glial cells, even less in pathological conditions such as epilepsy. In this review, we aim to compile the existing knowledge on the role of the ECS in different cell types, with a particular emphasis on glial cells and their impact on epilepsy. Thus, we propose that glial cells could be a novel target for cannabinoid agents for treating the etiology of epilepsy and managing seizure-like disorders.
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16
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Visvanathar R, Papanikolaou M, Nôga DA, Pádua-Reis M, Tort ABL, Blunder M. Hippocampal Cb 2 receptors: an untold story. Rev Neurosci 2021; 33:413-426. [PMID: 34717053 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The field of cannabinoid research has been receiving ever-growing interest. Ongoing debates worldwide about the legislation of medical cannabis further motivates research into cannabinoid function within the central nervous system (CNS). To date, two well-characterized cannabinoid receptors exist. While most research has investigated Cb1 receptors (Cb1Rs), Cb2 receptors (Cb2Rs) in the brain have started to attract considerable interest in recent years. With indisputable evidence showing the wide-distribution of Cb2Rs in the brain of different species, they are no longer considered just peripheral receptors. However, in contrast to Cb1Rs, the functionality of central Cb2Rs remains largely unexplored. Here we review recent studies on hippocampal Cb2Rs. While conflicting results about their function have been reported, we have made significant progress in understanding the involvement of Cb2Rs in modulating cellular properties and network excitability. Moreover, Cb2Rs have been shown to be expressed in different subregions of the hippocampus, challenging our prior understanding of the endocannabinoid system. Although more insight into their functional roles is necessary, we propose that targeting hippocampal Cb2Rs may offer novel therapies for diseases related to memory and adult neurogenesis deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Visvanathar
- Behavioral Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Papanikolaou
- Behavioral Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Diana Aline Nôga
- Behavioral Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marina Pádua-Reis
- Behavioral Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Martina Blunder
- Behavioral Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Giorgi V, Marotto D, Batticciotto A, Atzeni F, Bongiovanni S, Sarzi-Puttini P. Cannabis and Autoimmunity: Possible Mechanisms of Action. Immunotargets Ther 2021; 10:261-271. [PMID: 34322454 PMCID: PMC8313508 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s267905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical cannabis (MC) describes the usually inhaled or ingested use of a cannabis plant or cannabis extract for medicinal purposes. The action of whole cannabis plants is extremely complex because their large number of active compounds not only bind to a plethora of different receptors but also interact with each other both synergistically and otherwise. Renewed interest in the medicinal properties of cannabis has led to increasing research into the practical uses of cannabis derivatives, and it has been found that the endocannabinoid system (particularly CB2 receptor activation) is a possible target for the treatment of inflammatory and the autoimmune diseases related to immune cell activation. However, in vivo findings still lack, creating difficulties in applying translational cannabinoid research to human immune functions. In this review, we summarized the main mechanisms of action of medical cannabis plant especially regarding the immune system and the endocannabinoid system, looking at preliminary clinical data in three most important autoimmune diseases of three different specialities: rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Giorgi
- Rheumatology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan University School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Marotto
- Rheumatology Unit, ATS Sardegna, P. Dettori Hospital, Tempio Pausania, Italy
| | - Alberto Batticciotto
- Rheumatology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, ASST Settelaghi, Ospedale Di Circolo - Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy
| | - Fabiola Atzeni
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sara Bongiovanni
- Rheumatology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan University School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Piercarlo Sarzi-Puttini
- Rheumatology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan University School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
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18
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Bononi G, Tuccinardi T, Rizzolio F, Granchi C. α/β-Hydrolase Domain (ABHD) Inhibitors as New Potential Therapeutic Options against Lipid-Related Diseases. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9759-9785. [PMID: 34213320 PMCID: PMC8389839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Much of the experimental evidence in the literature has linked altered lipid metabolism to severe diseases such as cancer, obesity, cardiovascular pathologies, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, targeting key effectors of the dysregulated lipid metabolism may represent an effective strategy to counteract these pathological conditions. In this context, α/β-hydrolase domain (ABHD) enzymes represent an important and diversified family of proteins, which are involved in the complex environment of lipid signaling, metabolism, and regulation. Moreover, some members of the ABHD family play an important role in the endocannabinoid system, being designated to terminate the signaling of the key endocannabinoid regulator 2-arachidonoylglycerol. This Perspective summarizes the research progress in the development of ABHD inhibitors and modulators: design strategies, structure-activity relationships, action mechanisms, and biological studies of the main ABHD ligands will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bononi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy.,Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University, 30123 Venezia, Italy
| | - Carlotta Granchi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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19
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Wilkerson JL, Bilbrey JA, Felix JS, Makriyannis A, McMahon LR. Untapped endocannabinoid pharmacological targets: Pipe dream or pipeline? Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 206:173192. [PMID: 33932409 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been established that the endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) system plays key modulatory roles in a wide variety of pathological conditions. The endocannabinoid system comprises both cannabinoid receptors, their endogenous ligands including 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), N-arachidonylethanolamine (anandamide, AEA), and enzymes that regulate the synthesis and degradation of endogenous ligands which include diacylglycerol lipase alpha (DAGL-α), diacylglycerol lipase beta (DAGL-β), fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), α/β hydrolase domain 6 (ABHD6). As the endocannabinoid system exerts considerable involvement in the regulation of homeostasis and disease, much effort has been made towards understanding endocannabinoid-related mechanisms of action at cellular, physiological, and pathological levels as well as harnessing the various components of the endocannabinoid system to produce novel therapeutics. However, drug discovery efforts within the cannabinoid field have been slower than anticipated to reach satisfactory clinical endpoints and raises an important question into the validity of developing novel ligands that therapeutically target the endocannabinoid system. To answer this, we will first examine evidence that supports the existence of an endocannabinoid system role within inflammatory diseases, neurodegeneration, pain, substance use disorders, mood disorders, as well as metabolic diseases. Next, this review will discuss recent clinical studies, within the last 5 years, of cannabinoid compounds in context to these diseases. We will also address some of the challenges and considerations within the cannabinoid field that may be important in the advancement of therapeutics into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Wilkerson
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Joshua A Bilbrey
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jasmine S Felix
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lance R McMahon
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Duffy SS, Hayes JP, Fiore NT, Moalem-Taylor G. The cannabinoid system and microglia in health and disease. Neuropharmacology 2021; 190:108555. [PMID: 33845074 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have yielded significant advances in our understanding of microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia are key players in CNS development, immune surveillance, and the maintenance of proper neuronal function throughout life. In the healthy brain, homeostatic microglia have a unique molecular signature. In neurological diseases, microglia become activated and adopt distinct transcriptomic signatures, including disease-associated microglia (DAM) implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. Homeostatic microglia synthesise the endogenous cannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol and anandamide and express the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 at constitutively low levels. Upon activation, microglia significantly increase their synthesis of endocannabinoids and upregulate their expression of CB2 receptors, which promote a protective microglial phenotype by enhancing their production of neuroprotective factors and reducing their production of pro-inflammatory factors. Here, we summarise the effects of the microglial cannabinoid system in the CNS demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis, the neurodegenerative diseases Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain, and psychiatric disorders including depression, anxiety and schizophrenia. We discuss the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in regulating microglial activity and highlight the need to further investigate their specific microglia-dependent immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Duffy
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jessica P Hayes
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Nathan T Fiore
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Gila Moalem-Taylor
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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21
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Reynoso-Moreno I, Tietz S, Vallini E, Engelhardt B, Gertsch J, Chicca A. Selective Endocannabinoid Reuptake Inhibitor WOBE437 Reduces Disease Progression in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:765-779. [PMID: 33860200 PMCID: PMC8033750 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
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The modulation of
the endocannabinoid system (ECS) has shown positive
results in animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS) and immune and
inflammatory disorders. However, chronic administration of CB1 receptor
agonists and degrading enzyme inhibitors can lead to CB1 receptor
desensitization and sedation. WOBE437 is the prototype of a new class
of ECS modulators named selective endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitors
(SERIs), which mildly and selectively increase central endocannabinoid
levels with a self-limiting mode of action. In previous studies, WOBE437
demonstrated analgesic, anxiolytic, and anti-inflammatory effects.
Here, we tested the therapeutic potential of WOBE437 in a clinically
relevant mouse model of MS (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis).
C57BL/6 mice were administered WOBE437 (10 mg/kg, 20 days) or vehicle
using two therapeutic options: (1) starting the treatment at the disease
onset or (2) before reaching the peak of the disease. In both strategies,
WOBE437 significantly reduced disease severity and accelerated recovery
through CB1 and CB2 receptor-dependent mechanisms. At the peak of
the disease, WOBE437 increased endocannabinoid levels in the cerebellum,
concurring with a reduction of central nervous system (CNS)-infiltrating
immune cells and lower microglial proliferation. At the end of treatment,
endocannabinoid levels were mildly increased in brain, cerebellum,
and plasma of WOBE437-treated mice, without desensitization of CB1
receptor in the brain and cerebellum. In a mouse model of spasticity
(Straub test), WOBE437 (10 mg/kg) induced significant muscle relaxation
without eliciting the typical sedative effects associated with muscle
relaxants or CB1 receptor agonists. Collectively, our results show
that WOBE437 (and SERIs) may represent a novel therapeutic strategy
for slowing MS progression and control major symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Reynoso-Moreno
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Tietz
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Erika Vallini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Chicca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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22
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Miralpeix C, Reguera AC, Fosch A, Casas M, Lillo J, Navarro G, Franco R, Casas J, Alexander SPH, Casals N, Rodríguez-Rodríguez R. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1C negatively regulates the endocannabinoid hydrolase ABHD6 in mice, depending on nutritional status. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:1507-1523. [PMID: 33444462 PMCID: PMC9328656 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose The enzyme α/β‐hydrolase domain containing 6 (ABHD6), a new member of the endocannabinoid system, is a promising therapeutic target against neuronal‐related diseases. However, how ABHD6 activity is regulated is not known. ABHD6 coexists in protein complexes with the brain‐specific carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1C (CPT1C). CPT1C is involved in neuro‐metabolic functions, depending on brain malonyl–CoA levels. Our aim was to study CPT1C–ABHD6 interaction and determine whether CPT1C is a key regulator of ABHD6 activity depending on nutritional status. Experimental Approach Co‐immunoprecipitation and FRET assays were used to explore ABHD6 interaction with CPT1C or modified malonyl–CoA‐insensitive or C‐terminal truncated CPT1C forms. Cannabinoid CB1 receptor‐mediated signalling was investigated by determining cAMP levels. A novel highly sensitive fluorescent method was optimized to measure ABHD6 activity in non‐neuronal and neuronal cells and in brain tissues from wild‐type (WT) and CPT1C–KO mice. Key Results CPT1C interacted with ABHD6 and negatively regulated its hydrolase activity, thereby regulating 2‐AG downstream signalling. Accordingly, brain tissues of CPT1C–KO mice showed increased ABHD6 activity. CPT1C malonyl–CoA sensing was key to the regulatory role on ABHD6 activity and CB1 receptor signalling. Fasting, which attenuates brain malonyl–CoA, significantly increased ABHD6 activity in hypothalamus from WT, but not CPT1C–KO, mice. Conclusions and Implications Our finding that negative regulation of ABHD6 activity, particularly in the hypothalamus, is sensitive to nutritional status throws new light on the characterization and the importance of the proteins involved as potential targets against diseases affecting the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Miralpeix
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain.,INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ana Cristina Reguera
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Anna Fosch
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Maria Casas
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain.,Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jaume Lillo
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rafael Franco
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Josefina Casas
- Department on Biomedical Chemistry, Research Unit of BioActive Molecules, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Núria Casals
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosalía Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
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Kokona D, Spyridakos D, Tzatzarakis M, Papadogkonaki S, Filidou E, Arvanitidis KI, Kolios G, Lamani M, Makriyannis A, Malamas MS, Thermos K. The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol and dual ABHD6/MAGL enzyme inhibitors display neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory actions in the in vivo retinal model of AMPA excitotoxicity. Neuropharmacology 2021; 185:108450. [PMID: 33450278 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system has been shown to be a putative therapeutic target for retinal disease. Here, we aimed to investigate the ability of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and novel inhibitors of its metabolic enzymes, α/β-hydrolase domain-containing 6 (ABHD6) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), a) to protect the retina against excitotoxicity and b) the mechanisms involved in the neuroprotection. Sprague-Dawley rats, wild type and Akt2-/- C57BL/6 mice were intravitreally administered with phosphate-buffered saline or (RS)-α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid hydrobromide (AMPA). 2-AG was intravitreally co-administered with AMPA in the absence and presence of AM251 or AM630 (cannabinoid 1 and 2 receptor antagonists, respectively) or Wortmannin [Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K)/Akt inhibitor]. Inhibitors of ABHD6 and dual ABHD6/MAGL (AM12100 and AM11920, respectively) were co-administered with AMPA intravitreally in rats. Immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies raised against retinal neuronal markers (bNOS), microglia (Iba1) and macroglia (GFAP). TUNEL assay and real-time PCR were also employed. The CB2 receptor was expressed in rat retina (approx. 62% of CB1 expression). 2-AG attenuated the AMPA-induced increase in TUNEL+ cells. 2-AG activation of both CB1 and CB2 receptors and the PI3K/Akt downstream signaling pathway, as substantiated by the use of Akt2-/- mice, afforded neuroprotection against AMPA excitotoxicity. AM12100 and AM11920 attenuated the AMPA-induced glia activation and produced a dose-dependent partial neuroprotection, with the dual inhibitor AM11920 being more efficacious. These results show that 2-AG has the pharmacological profile of a putative therapeutic for retinal diseases characterized by neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, when administered exogenously or by the inhibition of its metabolic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Kokona
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, 71003, Greece.
| | - Dimitris Spyridakos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, 71003, Greece.
| | - Manolis Tzatzarakis
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, 71003, Greece.
| | - Sofia Papadogkonaki
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, 71003, Greece.
| | - Eirini Filidou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, 68100, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos I Arvanitidis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, 68100, Greece.
| | - George Kolios
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, 68100, Greece.
| | - Manjunath Lamani
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Michael S Malamas
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Kyriaki Thermos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, 71003, Greece.
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24
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García-Baos A, Alegre-Zurano L, Cantacorps L, Martín-Sánchez A, Valverde O. Role of cannabinoids in alcohol-induced neuroinflammation. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 104:110054. [PMID: 32758518 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol is a psychoactive substance highly used worldwide, whose harmful use might cause a broad range of mental and behavioural disorders. Underlying brain impact, the neuroinflammatory response induced by alcohol is recognised as a key contributing factor in the progression of other neuropathological processes, such as neurodegeneration. These sequels are determined by multiple factors, including age of exposure. Strikingly, it seems that the endocannabinoid system modulation could regulate the alcohol-induced neuroinflammation. Although direct CB1 activation can worsen alcohol consequences, targeting other components of the expanded endocannabinoid system may counterbalance the pro-inflammatory response. Indeed, specific modulations of the expanded endocannabinoid system have been proved to exert anti-inflammatory effects, primarily through the CB2 and PPARγ signalling. Among them, some endo- and exogeneous cannabinoids can block certain pro-inflammatory mediators, such as NF-κB, thereby neutralizing the neuroinflammatory intracellular cascades. Furthermore, a number of cannabinoids are able to activate complementary anti-inflammatory pathways, which are necessary for the transition from chronically overactivated microglia to a regenerative microglial phenotype. Thus, cannabinoid modulation provides cooperative anti-inflammatory mechanisms that may be advantageous to resolve a pathological neuroinflammation in an alcohol-dependent context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba García-Baos
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Alegre-Zurano
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lídia Cantacorps
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Martín-Sánchez
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroscience Research Programme, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Valverde
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroscience Research Programme, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
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25
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Rizzo MD, Henriquez JE, Blevins LK, Bach A, Crawford RB, Kaminski NE. Targeting Cannabinoid Receptor 2 on Peripheral Leukocytes to Attenuate Inflammatory Mechanisms Implicated in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 15:780-793. [PMID: 32409991 PMCID: PMC7666101 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09918-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection affects an estimated 38 million people. Approximately 50% of HIV patients exhibit neurocognitive dysfunction termed HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND). HAND is a consequence of chronic low-level neuroinflammation due to HIV entry into the brain. Initially, monocytes become activated in circulation and traffic to the brain. Monocytes, when activated, become susceptible to infection by HIV and can then carry the virus across the blood brain barrier. Once in the brain, activated monocytes secrete chemokines, which recruit virus-specific CD8+ T cells into the brain to further promote neuroinflammation. HAND is closely linked to systemic inflammation driven, in part, by HIV but is also due to persistent translocation of microorganisms across the GI tract. Persistent anti-viral responses in the GI tract compromise microbial barrier integrity. Indeed, HIV patients can exhibit remarkably high levels of activated (CD16+) monocytes in circulation. Recent studies, including our own, show that HIV patients using medical marijuana exhibit lower levels of circulating CD16+ monocytes than non-cannabis using HIV patients. Cannabis is a known immune modulator, including anti-inflammatory properties, mediated, in part, by ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), as well as less characterized minor cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol (CBD), terpenes and presumably other cannabis constituents. The immune modulating activity of THC is largely mediated through cannabinoid receptors (CB) 1 and 2, with CB1 also responsible for the psychotropic properties of cannabis. Here we discuss the anti-inflammatory properties of cannabinoids in the context of HIV and propose CB2 as a putative therapeutic target for the treatment of neuroinflammation. Graphical Abstract HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder is a systemic inflammatory disease leading to activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, monocytes and T cells. Monocyte and CD8 T cell migration across the BBB and interaction with astrocytes promotes neurotoxic inflammatory mediators release. CB2 ligands are proposed as therapeutics capable of suppressing systemic and localized inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Rizzo
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Cell & Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Joseph E Henriquez
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Lance K Blevins
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Anthony Bach
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Center for Research on Ingredient Safety, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Robert B Crawford
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Norbert E Kaminski
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Center for Research on Ingredient Safety, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Druggable Targets in Endocannabinoid Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1274:177-201. [PMID: 32894511 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50621-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis and cannabinoid-based extracts have long been utilized for their perceived therapeutic value, and support for the legalization of cannabis for medicinal purposes continues to increase worldwide. Since the discovery of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as the primary psychoactive component of cannabis over 50 years ago, substantial effort has been directed toward detection of endogenous mediators of cannabinoid activity. The discovery of anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol as two endogenous lipid mediators of cannabinoid-like effects (endocannabinoids) has inspired exponential growth in our understanding of this essential pathway, as well as the pathological conditions that result from dysregulated endocannabinoid signaling. This review examines current knowledge of the endocannabinoid system including metabolic enzymes involved in biosynthesis and degradation and their receptors, and evaluates potential druggable targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Maramai S, Brindisi M. Targeting Endocannabinoid Metabolism: an Arrow with Multiple Tips Against Multiple Sclerosis. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1985-2003. [PMID: 32762071 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system. At present, there is no definitive cure, and the few available disease-modifying options display either poor efficacy or life-threatening side effects. There is clear evidence that relapsing-remitting clinical attacks in MS are driven by inflammatory demyelination and that the subsequent disease steps, being irresponsive to immunotherapy, result from neurodegeneration. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) stands halfway between three key pathomechanisms underlying MS, namely inflammation, neurodegeneration and oxidative stress, thus representing a kingpin for the identification of novel therapeutic targets in MS. This review summarizes the current state of the art in the field of endocannabinoid metabolism modulators and their in vivo effects on relevant animal models. We also highlight key molecular underpinnings of their therapeutic efficacy as well as the potential to turn them into promising clinical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Maramai
- Department of Excellence of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
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The Treatment of Cognitive, Behavioural and Motor Impairments from Brain Injury and Neurodegenerative Diseases through Cannabinoid System Modulation-Evidence from In Vivo Studies. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082395. [PMID: 32726998 PMCID: PMC7464236 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases or traumatic brain injury are associated with cognitive, motor and behavioural changes that influence the quality of life of the patients. Although different therapeutic strategies have been developed and tried until now to decrease the neurological decline, no treatment has been found to cure these pathologies. In the last decades, the implication of the endocannabinoid system in the neurological function has been extensively studied, and the cannabinoids have been tried as a new promising potential treatment. In this study, we aimed to overview the recent available literature regarding in vivo potential of natural and synthetic cannabinoids with underlying mechanisms of action for protecting against cognitive decline and motor impairments. The results of studies on animal models showed that cannabinoids in traumatic brain injury increase neurobehavioral function, working memory performance, and decrease the neurological deficit and ameliorate motor deficit through down-regulation of pro-inflammatory markers, oedema formation and blood–brain barrier permeability, preventing neuronal cell loss and up-regulating the levels of adherence junction proteins. In neurodegenerative diseases, the cannabinoids showed beneficial effects in decreasing the motor disability and disease progression by a complex mechanism targeting more signalling pathways further than classical receptors of the endocannabinoid system. In light of these results, the use of cannabinoids could be beneficial in traumatic brain injuries and multiple sclerosis treatment, especially in those patients who display resistance to conventional treatment.
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Cannabinoid Receptor 1/miR-30b-5p Axis Governs Macrophage NLRP3 Expression and Inflammasome Activation in Liver Inflammatory Disease. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 20:725-738. [PMID: 32408051 PMCID: PMC7225604 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nod-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) has been regarded as an important initiator or promoter in multiple inflammatory diseases. However, the relationship between cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome and the corresponding molecular mechanism in liver inflammation remain unclear. Mouse liver injury models were induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or methionine-choline-deficient and high fat (MCDHF) diet. Human liver tissues were obtained from patients with different chronic liver diseases. CB1 expression was increased in liver tissue and macrophages of CCl4- and MCDHF-treated mice, positively correlated with NLRP3. CB1 agonist ACEA (Arachiodonyl-2’-Chloroethylamide) promoted NLRP3 expression and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages. CB1 blockade with its antagonist AM281 reduced NLRP3 expression, inflammasome activation, and liver inflammation in CCl4- and MCDHF-treated mice. MicroRNA-30b-5p (miR-30b-5p), screened by the intersection of bioinformatics databases and downregulated miRNAs in injured liver, negatively correlated with NLRP3 in mouse and human liver. miR-30b-5p was involved in CB1-mediated activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages by directly targeting NLRP3. Importantly, administration of miR-30b-5p agomir targeted NLRP3 and attenuated liver inflammation in the injured liver. Altogether, CB1/miR-30b-5p axis modulates NLRP3 expression and NLPR3 inflammasome activation in macrophages during liver inflammation, which provides a potential target for liver disease.
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30
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Deng H, Li W. Therapeutic potential of targeting α/β-Hydrolase domain-containing 6 (ABHD6). Eur J Med Chem 2020; 198:112353. [PMID: 32371333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
α/β-Hydrolase domain 6 (ABHD6) is a transmembrane serine hydrolase that hydrolyzes monoacylglycerol (MAG) lipids, particularly the endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), in both central and peripheral tissues. ABHD6 and its substrates have been shown to be involved in the modulation of various (patho)physiological processes, including neurotransmission, inflammation, insulin secretion, adipose browning, food intake, autoimmune disorders, as well as neurological and metabolic diseases, making this enzyme a promising therapeutic target to treat several diseases. This review will focus on the molecular mechanism, biological functions and pathological roles of ABHD6, as well as recent efforts to develop ABHD6 inhibitors, providing a strong basis for the development of small molecules by targeting ABHD6 to treat diverse diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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Biliktu M, Senol SP, Temiz-Resitoglu M, Guden DS, Horat MF, Sahan-Firat S, Sevim S, Tunctan B. Pharmacological inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase attenuates chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by modulating inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways in an inflammasome-dependent and -independent manner. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 28:1509-1524. [PMID: 32128702 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00691-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to determine the effect of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibition on chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of multiple sclerosis (MS), associated with changes in inflammasome-dependent and -independent inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways in the CNS of mice. C57BL/6 mice were used to induce chronic EAE by using an injection of MOG35-55 peptide/PT. Animals were observed daily and scored for EAE signs for 25 days after immunization. Following the induction of EAE, the scores were increased after 9 days and reached peak value as determined by ≥ 2 or ≤ 3 with 8% mortality rate on day 17. On day 17, mice were administered daily PBS, DMSO, or TPPU (a potent sEH inhibitor) (1, 3, or 10 mg/kg) until the end of the study. TPPU only at 3 mg/kg dose decreased the AUC values calculated from EAE scores obtained during the disease compared to EAE and vehicle control groups. On day 25, TPPU also caused an increase in the PPARα/β/γ and NLRC3 proteins and a decrease in the proteins of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB p65, p-NF-κB p65, iNOS/nNOS, COX-2, NLRC4, ASC, caspase-1 p20, IL-1β, caspase-11 p20, NOX subunits (gp91phox and p47phox), and nitrotyrosine in addition to 14,15-DHET and IL-1β levels compared to EAE and vehicle control groups. Our findings suggest that pharmacological inhibition of sEH attenuates chronic EAE likely because of enhanced levels of anti-inflammatory EETs in addition to PPARα/β/γ and NLRC3 expression associated with suppressed inflammatory TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signalling pathway, NLRC4/ASC/pro-caspase-1 inflammasome, caspase-11 inflammasome, and NOX activity that are responsible for inflammatory mediator formation in the CNS of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Biliktu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33160, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Sefika Pinar Senol
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33160, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Meryem Temiz-Resitoglu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33160, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Demet Sinem Guden
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33160, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Furkan Horat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33160, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Seyhan Sahan-Firat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33160, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Serhan Sevim
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Bahar Tunctan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33160, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey.
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Feliu A, Mestre L, Carrillo-Salinas FJ, Yong VW, Mecha M, Guaza C. 2-arachidonoylglycerol reduces chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan production by astrocytes and enhances oligodendrocyte differentiation under inhibitory conditions. Glia 2020; 68:1255-1273. [PMID: 31894889 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The failure to remyelinate and regenerate is a critical impediment to recovery in multiple sclerosis (MS), resulting in severe dysfunction and disability. The chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) that accumulate in MS lesions are thought to be linked to the failure to regenerate, impeding oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation and neuronal growth. The potential of endocannabinoids to influence MS progression may reflect their capacity to enhance repair processes. Here, we investigated how 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) may affect the production of the CSPGs neurocan and brevican by astrocytes in culture. In addition, we studied whether 2-AG promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation under inhibitory conditions in vitro. Following treatment with 2-AG or by enhancing its endogenous tone through the use of inhibitors of its hydrolytic enzymes, CSPG production by rat and human TGF-β1 stimulated astrocytes was reduced. These effects of 2-AG might reflect its influence on TGF-β1/SMAD pathway, signaling that is involved in CSPG upregulation. The matrix generated from 2-AG-treated astrocytes is less inhibitory to oligodendrocyte differentiation and significantly, 2-AG administration directly promotes the differentiation of rat and human oligodendrocytes cultured under inhibitory conditions. Overall, the data obtained favor targeting the endocannabinoid system to neutralize CSPG accumulation and to enhance oligodendrocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Feliu
- Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Neuroimmunology Group, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leyre Mestre
- Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Neuroimmunology Group, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Miriam Mecha
- Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Neuroimmunology Group, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Guaza
- Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Neuroimmunology Group, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Cannabinoids and the expanded endocannabinoid system in neurological disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 16:9-29. [DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0284-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hussain MT, Greaves DR, Iqbal AJ. The Impact of Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Deficiency on Neutrophil Recruitment and Inflammation. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:1025-1029. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.5024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Tayab Hussain
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Greaves
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Asif Jilani Iqbal
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Martínez-Torres S, Cutando L, Pastor A, Kato A, Sakimura K, de la Torre R, Valjent E, Maldonado R, Kano M, Ozaita A. Monoacylglycerol lipase blockade impairs fine motor coordination and triggers cerebellar neuroinflammation through cyclooxygenase-2. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:399-409. [PMID: 31251974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is the main enzyme implicated in the degradation of the most abundant endocannabinoid in the brain, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), producing arachidonic acid (AA) and glycerol. MAGL pharmacological inhibition with JZL184 or genetic deletion results in an exacerbated 2-AG signaling and reduced synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs), due to the reduced AA precursor levels. We found that acute JZL184 administration, previously described to exert anti-inflammatory effects, and MAGL knockout (KO) mice display cerebellar, but not hippocampal, microglial reactivity, accompanied with increased expression of the mRNA levels of neuroinflammatory markers, such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Notably, this neuroinflammatory phenotype correlated with relevant motor coordination impairment in the beam-walking and the footprint tests. Treatment with the COX-2 inhibitor NS398 during 5 days prevented the deficits in cerebellar function and the cerebellar microglia reactivity in MAGL KO, without affecting hippocampal reactivity. Altogether, this study reveals the brain region-specific response to MAGL inhibition, with an important role of COX-2 in the cerebellar deficits associated, which should be taken into account for the use of MAGL inhibitors as anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Martínez-Torres
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-NeuroPhar, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Cutando
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-NeuroPhar, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Antoni Pastor
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ako Kato
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emmanuel Valjent
- IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-NeuroPhar, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Andrés Ozaita
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-NeuroPhar, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Wu MM, Zhang X, Asher MJ, Thayer SA. Druggable targets of the endocannabinoid system: Implications for the treatment of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Brain Res 2019; 1724:146467. [PMID: 31539547 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) affects nearly half of all HIV-infected individuals. Synaptodendritic damage correlates with neurocognitive decline in HAND, and many studies have demonstrated that HIV-induced neuronal injury results from excitotoxic and inflammatory mechanisms. The endocannabinoid (eCB) system provides on-demand protection against excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation. Here, we discuss evidence of the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of the eCB system from in vitro and in vivo studies. We examine the pharmacology of the eCB system and evaluate the therapeutic potential of drugs that modulate eCB signaling to treat HAND. Finally, we provide perspective on the need for additional studies to clarify the role of the eCB system in HIV neurotoxicity and speculate that strategies that enhance eCB signaling might slow cognitive decline in HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah M Wu
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Melissa J Asher
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Stanley A Thayer
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Gonçalves ED, Dutra RC. Cannabinoid receptors as therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases: where do we stand? Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1845-1853. [PMID: 31158514 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Described during the late 1980s and 1990s, cannabinoid receptors (CB1R and CB2R) are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) activated by endogenous ligands and cannabinoid drug compounds, such as Δ9-THC. Whereas CB1R has a role in the regulation of neurotransmission in different brain regions and mainly mediates the psychoactive effects of cannabinoids, CB2R is found predominantly in the cells and tissues of the immune system and mediates anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory processes. Studies have demonstrated that CB1R and CB2R can affect the activation of T cells, B cells, monocytes, and microglial cells, inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine expression and upregulating proresolution mediators. Thus, in this review, we summarize the mechanisms by which CBRs interact with the autoimmune environment and the potential to suppress the development and activation of autoreactive cells. Finally, we highlight how the modulation of CB1R and CB2R is advantageous in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine D Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Campus of Araranguá, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, SC, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rafael C Dutra
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Campus of Araranguá, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, SC, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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38
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Cao JK, Kaplan J, Stella N. ABHD6: Its Place in Endocannabinoid Signaling and Beyond. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:267-277. [PMID: 30853109 PMCID: PMC6445269 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling system modulates neurotransmission and inflammation, among other physiological functions. Its newest member, α/β-hydrolase domain-containing 6 (ABHD6), has emerged as a promising therapeutic target to treat several devastating diseases, including epilepsy. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that mediate and control eCB signaling and, within it, the specific role of ABHD6. We also discuss how ABHD6 controls the abundance of additional lipids and the trafficking of ionotropic receptors to plasma membranes. We finish with several unexplored questions regarding this novel enzyme. Our current understanding of the molecular mechanism and biological function of ABHD6 provides a strong foundation for the development of small-molecule therapeutics to treat devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joshua Kaplan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Kapellos TS, Taylor L, Feuerborn A, Valaris S, Hussain MT, Rainger GE, Greaves DR, Iqbal AJ. Cannabinoid receptor 2 deficiency exacerbates inflammation and neutrophil recruitment. FASEB J 2019; 33:6154-6167. [PMID: 30799631 PMCID: PMC6629158 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802524r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor (CB)2 is an immune cell–localized GPCR that has been hypothesized to regulate the magnitude of inflammatory responses. However, there is currently no consensus as to the mechanism by which CB2 mediates its anti-inflammatory effects in vivo. To address this question, we employed a murine dorsal air pouch model with wild-type and CB2−/− 8–12-wk-old female and male C57BL/6 mice and found that acute neutrophil and lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus Chi monocyte recruitment in response to Zymosan was significantly enhanced in CB2−/− mice. Additionally, levels of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and the chemokines C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)2, CCL4, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 in CB2−/− pouch exudates were elevated at earlier time points. Importantly, using mixed bone marrow chimeras, we revealed that the proinflammatory phenotype in CB2−/− mice is neutrophil-intrinsic rather than stromal cell–dependent. Indeed, neutrophils isolated from CB2−/− mice exhibited an enhanced migration-related transcriptional profile and increased adhesive phenotype, and treatment of human neutrophils with a CB2 agonist blocked their endothelial transmigration. Overall, we have demonstrated that CB2 plays a nonredundant role during acute neutrophil mobilization to sites of inflammation and, as such, it could represent a therapeutic target for the development of novel anti-inflammatory compounds to treat inflammatory human diseases.—Kapellos, T. S., Taylor, L., Feuerborn, A., Valaris, S., Hussain, M. T., Rainger, G. E., Greaves, D. R., Iqbal, A. J. Cannabinoid receptor 2 deficiency exacerbates inflammation and neutrophil recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore S Kapellos
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis Taylor
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Feuerborn
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia Valaris
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed T Hussain
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - G E Rainger
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David R Greaves
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Asif J Iqbal
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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40
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Ilyasov AA, Milligan CE, Pharr EP, Howlett AC. The Endocannabinoid System and Oligodendrocytes in Health and Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:733. [PMID: 30416422 PMCID: PMC6214135 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid-based interventions are being explored for central nervous system (CNS) pathologies such as neurodegeneration, demyelination, epilepsy, stroke, and trauma. As these disease states involve dysregulation of myelin integrity and/or remyelination, it is important to consider effects of the endocannabinoid system on oligodendrocytes and their precursors. In this review, we examine research reports on the effects of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) components on oligodendrocytes and their precursors, with a focus on therapeutic implications. Cannabinoid ligands and modulators of the endocannabinoid system promote cell signaling in oligodendrocyte precursor survival, proliferation, migration and differentiation, and mature oligodendrocyte survival and myelination. Agonist stimulation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) at both CB1 and CB2 receptors counter apoptotic processes via Akt/PI3K, and promote proliferation via Akt/mTOR and ERK pathways. CB1 receptors in radial glia promote proliferation and conversion to progenitors fated to become oligodendroglia, whereas CB2 receptors promote OPC migration in neonatal development. OPCs produce 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), stimulating cannabinoid receptor-mediated ERK pathways responsible for differentiation to arborized, myelin basic protein (MBP)-producing oligodendrocytes. In cell culture models of excitotoxicity, increased reactive oxygen species, and depolarization-dependent calcium influx, CB1 agonists improved viability of oligodendrocytes. In transient and permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion models of anoxic stroke, WIN55212-2 increased OPC proliferation and maturation to oligodendroglia, thereby reducing cerebral tissue damage. In several models of rodent encephalomyelitis, chronic treatment with cannabinoid agonists ameliorated the damage by promoting OPC survival and oligodendrocyte function. Pharmacotherapeutic strategies based upon ECS and oligodendrocyte production and survival should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Ilyasov
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Center for Research on Substance Use and Addiction, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Carolanne E Milligan
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States.,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Emily P Pharr
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States.,Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Multiple Sclerosis Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Allyn C Howlett
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Center for Research on Substance Use and Addiction, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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Manterola A, Bernal-Chico A, Cipriani R, Ruiz A, Pérez-Samartín A, Moreno-Rodríguez M, Hsu KL, Cravatt BF, Brown JM, Rodríguez-Puertas R, Matute C, Mato S. Re-examining the potential of targeting ABHD6 in multiple sclerosis: Efficacy of systemic and peripherally restricted inhibitors in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neuropharmacology 2018; 141:181-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Deregulation of the endocannabinoid system and therapeutic potential of ABHD6 blockade in the cuprizone model of demyelination. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 157:189-201. [PMID: 30075103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of unknown etiology in which tissue pathology suggests both immune-dependent attacks to oligodendroglia and primary oligodendrocyte demise. The endocannabinoid system has been crucially involved in the control of autoimmune demyelination and cannabinoid-based therapies exhibit therapeutic potential, but also limitations, in MS patients. In this context, growing evidence suggests that targeting the hydrolysis of the main endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) may offer a more favorable benefit-to-risk balance in MS than existing cannabinoid medicines. Here we evaluated the modulation of endocannabinoid signaling and the therapeutic potential of targeting the 2-AG hydrolytic enzyme alpha/beta-hydrolase domain-containing 6 (ABHD6) in the cuprizone model of non-immune dependent demyelination. The concentrations of N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide, AEA) and its congener N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) were reduced following 6 weeks of cuprizone feeding. Deregulation of AEA and PEA levels was not due to differences in the expression of the hydrolytic and biosynthetic enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase and N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-phospholipase D, respectively. Conversely, we measured elevated transcript levels of 2-AG hydrolytic enzymes monoacylglycerol lipase, ABHD6 and ABHD12 without changes in bulk 2-AG concentration. Upregulated CB1 and CB2 receptors expression, ascribed in part to microglia, was also detected in the brain of cuprizone-treated mice. Administration of an ABHD6 inhibitor partially attenuated myelin damage, astrogliosis and microglia/macrophage reactivity associated to cuprizone feeding. However, ABHD6 blockade was ineffective at engaging protective or differentiation promoting effects in oligodendrocyte cultures. These results show specific alterations of the endocannabinoid system and modest beneficial effects resulting from ABHD6 inactivation in a relevant model of primary demyelination.
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Drehmer MN, Muniz YCN, Marrero AR, Löfgren SE. Gene Expression of ABHD6, a Key Factor in the Endocannabinoid System, Can Be Modulated by Female Hormones in Human Immune Cells. Biochem Genet 2018; 57:35-45. [PMID: 30006903 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-018-9871-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the main risk factors for the development of an autoimmune disease is to be a woman. Much attention has been given to the involvement of female hormones in their etiology and sexual bias, although the mechanisms behind this potentially strong contribution in disease susceptibility are poorly understood. ABHD6 gene was recently identified as a risk factor for system lupus erythematosus and the risk was correlated with overexpression of the gene. ABHD6 is an enzyme that degrades the 2-arachidonoylglycerol, an endocannabinoid with immunomodulatory effects. Thus its degradation could contribute to immune dysregulation and development of autoimmune reactions. Sex hormones, such as estrogens, are believed to regulate important genes in the endocannabinoid pathway. However, no study was available regarding the effect of these hormones in human immune cells. In this study, ABHD6 expression was evaluated by quantitative PCR in leukocytes from healthy male and females and in the presence of estrogen or progesterone (PG). A statistical increase in ABHD6 expression could be detected in women. In the presence of estrogen or PG, a statistical upregulation of ABHD6 was observed, and in a sex-dependent manner, as only female cells responded to stimulation. Our results suggest that female hormones can promote the overexpression of ABHD6 in immune cells. This can potentially contribute to a pro-inflammatory scenario and partially explain the association of this gene in the development of LES, a highly female-biased disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Nunes Drehmer
- Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Centro de Ciências Biológicas (CCB), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Sala 301B, Florianópolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Yara Costa Netto Muniz
- Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Centro de Ciências Biológicas (CCB), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Sala 301B, Florianópolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Andrea Rita Marrero
- Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Centro de Ciências Biológicas (CCB), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Sala 301B, Florianópolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Sara Emelie Löfgren
- Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Centro de Ciências Biológicas (CCB), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Sala 301B, Florianópolis, 88040-900, Brazil.
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Wan X, Pei W, Shahzad KA, Zhang L, Song S, Jin X, Wang L, Zhao C, Shen C. A Tolerogenic Artificial APC Durably Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Directly and Selectively Modulating Myelin Peptide–Autoreactive CD4+and CD8+T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1194-1210. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Pei W, Wan X, Shahzad KA, Zhang L, Song S, Jin X, Wang L, Zhao C, Shen C. Direct modulation of myelin-autoreactive CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in EAE mice by a tolerogenic nanoparticle co-carrying myelin peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complexes, CD47 and multiple regulatory molecules. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:3731-3750. [PMID: 29983566 PMCID: PMC6027825 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s164500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Numerous nanomaterials have been reported in the treatment of multiple sclerosis or experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). But most of these nanoscale therapeutics deliver myelin antigens together with toxins or cytokines and underlay the cellular uptake and induction of tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells by which they indirectly induce T cell tolerance. This study focuses on the on-target and direct modulation of myelin-autoreactive T cells and combined use of multiple regulatory molecules by generating a tolerogenic nanoparticle. Materials and methods Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA-NPs) were fabricated by co-coupling MOG40–54/H-2Db-Ig dimer, MOG35–55/I-Ab multimer, anti-Fas, PD-L1-Fc and CD47-Fc and encapsulating transforming growth factor-β1. The resulting 217 nm tolerogenic nanoparticles (tNPs) were administered intravenously into MOG35–55 peptide-induced EAE mice, which was followed by the investigation of therapeutic outcomes and the in vivo mechanism. Results Four infusions of the tNPs durably ameliorated EAE with a marked reduction of clinical score, neuroinflammation and demyelination. They were distributed in secondary lymphoid tissues, various organs and brain after intravenous injection, with retention over 36 h, and made contacts with CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Two injections of the tNPs markedly decreased the MOG35–55-reactive Th1 and Th17 cells and MOG40–55-reactive Tc1 and Tc17 cells, increased regulatory T cells, inhibited T cell proliferation and elevated T cell apoptosis in spleen. Transforming growth factor-β1 and interleukin-10 were upregulated in the homogenates of central nervous system and supernatant of spleen cells. Conclusion Our data suggest a novel therapeutic nanoparticle to directly modulate autoreactive T cells by surface presentation of multiple ligands and paracrine release of cytokine in the antigen-specific combination immunotherapy for T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiya Pei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China,
| | - Xin Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China,
| | - Khawar Ali Shahzad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China,
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China,
| | - Shilong Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China,
| | - Xiaoxiao Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China,
| | - Limin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China,
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China,
| | - Chuanlai Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China,
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Zareie P, Sadegh M, Palizvan MR, Moradi-Chameh H. Anticonvulsive effects of endocannabinoids; an investigation to determine the role of regulatory components of endocannabinoid metabolism in the Pentylenetetrazol induced tonic- clonic seizures. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:939-948. [PMID: 29504066 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide are two major endocannabinoids produced, released and eliminated by metabolic pathways. Anticonvulsive effect of 2-AG and CB1 receptor is well-established. Herein, we designed to investigate the anticonvulsive influence of key components of the 2-AG and anandamide metabolism. Tonic-clonic seizures were induced by an injection of Pentylenetetrazol (80 mg/kg, i.p.) in adult male Wistar rats. Delay and duration for the seizure stages were considered for analysis. Monoacylglycerol lipase blocker (JJKK048; 1 mg/kg) or alpha/beta hydroxylase domain 6 blocker (WWL70; 5 mg/kg) were administrated alone or with 2-AG to evaluate the anticonvulsive potential of these enzymes. To determine the CB1 receptor involvement, its blocker (MJ15; 3 mg/kg) was administrated associated with JJKK048 or WWL70. To assess anandamide anticonvulsive effect, anandamide membrane transporter blocker (LY21813240; 2.5 mg/kg) was used alone or associated with MJ15. Also, fatty acid amide hydrolase blocker (URB597; 1 mg/kg; to prevent intracellular anandamide hydrolysis) were used alone or with AMG21629 (transient receptor potential vanilloid; TRPV1 antagonist; 3 mg/kg). All compounds were dissolved in DMSO and injected i.p., before the Pentylenetetrazol. Both JJKK048 and WWL70 revealed anticonvulsive effect. Anticonvulsive effect of JJKK048 but not WWL70 was CB1 receptor dependent. LY2183240 showed CB1 receptor dependent anticonvulsive effect. However, URB597 revealed a TRPV1 dependent proconvulsive effect. It seems extracellular accumulation of 2-AG or anandamide has anticonvulsive effect through the CB1 receptor, while intracellular anandamide accumulation is proconvulsive through TRPV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Zareie
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sadegh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Palizvan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Homeira Moradi-Chameh
- Division of Fundamental Neurobiology, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Baggelaar MP, Maccarrone M, van der Stelt M. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol: A signaling lipid with manifold actions in the brain. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 71:1-17. [PMID: 29751000 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is a signaling lipid in the central nervous system that is a key regulator of neurotransmitter release. 2-AG is an endocannabinoid that activates the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. It is involved in a wide array of (patho)physiological functions, such as emotion, cognition, energy balance, pain sensation and neuroinflammation. In this review, we describe the biosynthetic and metabolic pathways of 2-AG and how chemical and genetic perturbation of these pathways has led to insight in the biological role of this signaling lipid. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic benefits of modulating 2-AG levels in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Baggelaar
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; European Centre for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, via del Fosso del Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands..
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Enhanced endocannabinoid tone as a potential target of pharmacotherapy. Life Sci 2018; 204:20-45. [PMID: 29729263 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is up-regulated in numerous pathophysiological states such as inflammatory, neurodegenerative, gastrointestinal, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, pain, and cancer. It has been suggested that this phenomenon primarily serves an autoprotective role in inhibiting disease progression and/or diminishing signs and symptoms. Accordingly, enhancement of endogenous endocannabinoid tone by inhibition of endocannabinoid degradation represents a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of many diseases. Importantly, this allows for the avoidance of unwanted psychotropic side effects that accompany exogenously administered cannabinoids. The effects of endocannabinoid metabolic pathway modulation are complex, as endocannabinoids can exert their actions directly or via numerous metabolites. The two main strategies for blocking endocannabinoid degradation are inhibition of endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes and inhibition of endocannabinoid cellular uptake. To date, the most investigated compounds are inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), an enzyme that degrades the endocannabinoid anandamide. However, application of FAAH inhibitors (and consequently other endocannabinoid degradation inhibitors) in medicine became questionable due to a lack of therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials and serious adverse effects evoked by one specific compound. In this paper, we discuss multiple pathways of endocannabinoid metabolism, changes in endocannabinoid levels across numerous human diseases and corresponding experimental models, pharmacological strategies for enhancing endocannabinoid tone and potential therapeutic applications including multi-target drugs with additional targets outside of the endocannabinoid system (cyclooxygenase-2, cholinesterase, TRPV1, and PGF2α-EA receptors), and currently used medicines or medicinal herbs that additionally enhance endocannabinoid levels. Ultimately, further clinical and preclinical studies are warranted to develop medicines for enhancing endocannabinoid tone.
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Wen J, Jones M, Tanaka M, Selvaraj P, Symes AJ, Cox B, Zhang Y. WWL70 protects against chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain in mice by cannabinoid receptor-independent mechanisms. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:9. [PMID: 29310667 PMCID: PMC5759843 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting the endocannabinoid system has emerged as an effective strategy for the treatment of inflammatory and neurological diseases. Unlike the inhibition of the principal 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG) hydrolytic enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), which leads to 2-AG overload and cannabinoid receptor desensitization, selective inhibition of the minor 2-AG hydrolytic enzyme alpha, beta-hydrolase domain 6 (ABHD6) can provide therapeutic benefits without producing cannabimimetic side effects. We have shown that inhibition of ABHD6 significantly reduces neuroinflammation and exerts neuroprotection in animal models of traumatic brain injury and multiple sclerosis. However, the role of ABHD6 inhibition on neuropathic pain has not been explored. METHODS Neuropathic pain was induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the mouse sciatic nerve and examined by Hargreaves and Von Frey tests. Activation of inflammatory cells and the production of cytokines and chemokines in the spinal cord dorsal horn, dorsal root ganglion (DRG), and sciatic nerve were assessed by qRT-PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunohistochemistry. The levels of 2-AG and arachidonic acid (AA) in sciatic nerve were quantified by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS Treatment with the selective ABHD6 inhibitor WWL70 significantly alleviated CCI-induced thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia. Microglia activation, macrophage infiltration, and the production of nociceptive mediators were reduced in the ipsilateral lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn, DRG, and sciatic nerve of WWL70-treated animals. The diminished cytokine and chemokine production is likely due to the inhibitory effect of WWL70 on NF-κB phosphorylation. Surprisingly, the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of WWL70 were not reversed by addition of the cannabinoid receptor antagonists. Treatment with WWL70 did not alter the levels of 2-AG, AA, and the phosphorylation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), but significantly reduced the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E synthase-2 (PGES2) in the injured sciatic nerve. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals a novel mechanism for the antinociceptive effect of the 2-AG catabolic enzyme ABHD6 inhibitor WWL70. Understanding the interaction between endocannabinoid and eicosanoid pathways might provide a new avenue for the treatment of inflammatory and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wen
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Melissa Jones
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Mikiei Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Prabhuanand Selvaraj
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Aviva J Symes
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Brian Cox
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Yumin Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA. .,Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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Integrating Endocannabinoid Signaling and Cannabinoids into the Biology and Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:80-102. [PMID: 28745306 PMCID: PMC5719095 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to stress is an undeniable, but in most cases surmountable, part of life. However, in certain individuals, exposure to severe or cumulative stressors can lead to an array of pathological conditions including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), characterized by debilitating trauma-related intrusive thoughts, avoidance behaviors, hyperarousal, as well as depressed mood and anxiety. In the context of the rapidly changing political and legal landscape surrounding use of cannabis products in the USA, there has been a surge of public and research interest in the role of cannabinoids in the regulation of stress-related biological processes and in their potential therapeutic application for stress-related psychopathology. Here we review the current state of knowledge regarding the effects of cannabis and cannabinoids in PTSD and the preclinical and clinical literature on the effects of cannabinoids and endogenous cannabinoid signaling systems in the regulation of biological processes related to the pathogenesis of PTSD. Potential therapeutic implications of the reviewed literature are also discussed. Finally, we propose that a state of endocannabinoid deficiency could represent a stress susceptibility endophenotype predisposing to the development of trauma-related psychopathology and provide biologically plausible support for the self-medication hypotheses used to explain high rates of cannabis use in patients with trauma-related disorders.
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