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Welhaf MS, Wilks H, Aschenbrenner AJ, Balota DA, Schindler SE, Benzinger TLS, Gordon BA, Cruchaga C, Xiong C, Morris JC, Hassenstab J. Naturalistic assessment of reaction time variability in older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2024; 30:428-438. [PMID: 38282413 PMCID: PMC11078617 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617723011475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maintaining attention underlies many aspects of cognition and becomes compromised early in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). The consistency of maintaining attention can be measured with reaction time (RT) variability. Previous work has focused on measuring such fluctuations during in-clinic testing, but recent developments in remote, smartphone-based cognitive assessments can allow one to test if these fluctuations in attention are evident in naturalistic settings and if they are sensitive to traditional clinical and cognitive markers of AD. METHOD Three hundred and seventy older adults (aged 75.8 +/- 5.8 years) completed a week of remote daily testing on the Ambulatory Research in Cognition (ARC) smartphone platform and also completed clinical, genetic, and conventional in-clinic cognitive assessments. RT variability was assessed in a brief (20-40 seconds) processing speed task using two different measures of variability, the Coefficient of Variation (CoV) and the Root Mean Squared Successive Difference (RMSSD) of RTs on correct trials. RESULTS Symptomatic participants showed greater variability compared to cognitively normal participants. When restricted to cognitively normal participants, APOE ε4 carriers exhibited greater variability than noncarriers. Both CoV and RMSSD showed significant, and similar, correlations with several in-clinic cognitive composites. Finally, both RT variability measures significantly mediated the relationship between APOE ε4 status and several in-clinic cognition composites. CONCLUSIONS Attentional fluctuations over 20-40 seconds assessed in daily life, are sensitive to clinical status and genetic risk for AD. RT variability appears to be an important predictor of cognitive deficits during the preclinical disease stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Welhaf
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis. St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hannah Wilks
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis. St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew J Aschenbrenner
- Department of Neurology. Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David A Balota
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis. St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Suzanne E Schindler
- Department of Neurology. Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tammie L S Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian A Gordon
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis. St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology. Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jason Hassenstab
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis. St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology. Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Scott BM, Royall DR, Benge JF, Hilsabeck RC. Toward a cross-cultural understanding of intraindividual variability metrics. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2024; 46:382-392. [PMID: 38483215 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2024.2328870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Compare the construct validity and predictive utility of cognitive intraindividual variability (IIV) in a sample of community-dwelling Hispanic and non-Hispanic white (NHW) older adults. METHODS The present study included annual data from 651 older adult control participants (Hispanic = 293; NHW = 358) enrolled in the Texas Alzheimer's Research and Care Consortium for at least 5 years. Mean composite z-scores were calculated for attention, language, memory, and executive domains. IIV was calculated as was the standard deviation both within (IIV-Within) and between (IIV-Between) these domains. RESULTS At baseline, NHW individuals obtained significantly higher mean scores in each domain than their Hispanic counterparts. They also showed significantly greater variability within and between domains, except for IIV-Within the language domain which was significantly larger in the Hispanic group. IIV-Between domains was driven primarily by IIV-Within the executive function domain in the NHW cohort and by IIV-Within the language domain in the Hispanic cohort. In both groups, the addition of IIV-Within and IIV-Between cognitive domains at baseline significantly improved prediction of global cognitive status after 5 years above and beyond demographic characteristics, genetic and cardiovascular risk. However, IIV-Between domains was the strongest predictor in the NHW group, while IIV-Within the attention domain was the strongest predictor in the Hispanic group. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that, while IIV-Between domains is a promising adjunctive method for predicting future cognitive decline, its construct validity and predictive utility varies based on ethnic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie M Scott
- Dell Medical School, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Donald R Royall
- Departments of Psychiatry, Medicine, and Family & Community Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer`s and Neurodegenerative Disorders, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jared F Benge
- Dell Medical School, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Robin C Hilsabeck
- Dell Medical School, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Kim J, Keye SA, Pascual-Abreu M, Khan NA. Effects of an acute bout of cycling on different domains of cognitive function. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2024; 283:21-66. [PMID: 38538189 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The literature suggesting acute exercise benefits cognitive function has been largely confined to single cognitive domains and measures of reliant on measures of central tendencies. Furthermore, studies suggest cognitive intra-individual variability (IIV) to reflect cognitive efficiency and provide unique insights into cognitive function, but there is limited knowledge on the effects of acute exercise on IIV. To this end, this study examined the effects of acute exercise on three different cognitive domains, executive function, implicit learning, and hippocampal-dependent memory function using behavioral performance and event-related potentials (ERPs). Furthermore, this study also sought to explore the effects of an acute bout of exercise on IIV using the RIDE algorithm to separate signals into individuals components based on latency variability. Healthy adult participants (N=20; 26.3±4.8years) completed a randomized cross-over trial with seated rest or 30min of high intensity cycling. Before and after each condition, participants completed a cognitive battery consisting of the Eriksen Flanker task, implicit statistical learning task, and a spatial reconstruction task. While exercise did not affect Flanker or spatial reconstruction performance, there were exercise related decreases in accuracy (F=5.47; P=0.040), slowed reaction time (F=5.18; P=0.036), and decreased late parietal positivity (F=4.26; P=0.046). However, upon adjusting for performance and ERP variability, there were exercise related decreases in Flanker reaction time (F=24.00; P<0.001), and reduced N2 amplitudes (F=13.03; P=0.002), and slower P3 latencies (F=3.57; P=0.065) for incongruent trials. These findings suggest that acute exercise may impact cognitive IIV as an adaptation to maintain function following exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongwoon Kim
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Shelby A Keye
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Melannie Pascual-Abreu
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Naiman A Khan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.
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Xia X, Li Y, Chen S. Association between muscle strength and executive function in Tibetan adolescents at high altitude in China: Results from a cross-sectional study at 16-18 years of age. Am J Hum Biol 2023; 35:e23956. [PMID: 37421376 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, adolescents have shown a trend of decreasing muscle strength, especially in the upper limbs, and it affects the development of executive functions. However, few studies have been conducted on Tibetan adolescents in high-altitude regions of China. To this end, this study investigated upper limb muscle strength and executive function in Tibetan adolescents in Tibetan regions of China and analyzed the association between them. METHODS A three-stage stratified whole-group sampling method was used to test and investigate grip strength, executive function, and basic information in 1093 Tibetan adolescents from Tibet, a high-altitude region of China. A chi-square test and one-way ANOVA were used to compare the basic status and executive function of Tibetan adolescents with different muscle strength. Multiple linear regression analysis and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the correlations that existed between muscle strength and each sub-function of executive function. RESULTS The differences between the inconsistently and congruent reaction times of Tibetan adolescents with different grip strength levels ( P75 ) at high altitude in China were statistically significant (F-values of 32.596 and 31.580, respectively; P-values <.001). The differences between the 1-back and 2-back response times for the refresh memory function were also statistically significant (F-values of 9.055 and 6.610, respectively; P-values <.01). Linear regression analysis showed that after adjusting for the relevant covariates, the 1-back reaction time of Tibetan adolescents in the grip strength < P25 group increased by 91.72 ms (P < .01); the 2-back reaction time of Tibetan adolescents in the grip strength < P25 group increased by 105.25 ms (P < 0.01), using grip strength > P75 as the reference group. Logistic regression analysis showed that, after adjusting for relevant covariates, Tibetan adolescents in the grip strength < P25 group had a higher risk of developing 2-back dysfunction (OR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.24,2.88), using grip strength >P75 as the reference group (P < .01). The risk of cognitive flexibility dysfunction (OR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.16, 2.98) was also increased (P < .05). CONCLUSION There was a significant correlation between grip strength and executive function of refresh memory function and cognitive flexibility in Tibetan adolescents in high altitude areas of China. Those with higher upper limb muscle strength had shorter reaction time, that is, better executive function. In the future, we should focus on improving the upper limb muscle strength of Tibetan adolescents at high altitude in China to better promote the development of executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Xia
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Museum of East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonghui Li
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sitong Chen
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Saini F, Masina F, Wells J, Rosch R, Hamburg S, Startin C, Strydom A. The mismatch negativity as an index of cognitive abilities in adults with Down syndrome. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:9639-9651. [PMID: 37401006 PMCID: PMC10431748 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is associated with an ultra-high risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Understanding variability in pre-AD cognitive abilities may help understand cognitive decline in this population. The mismatch negativity (MMN) is an event-related potential component reflecting the detection of deviant stimuli that is thought to represent underlying memory processes, with reduced MMN amplitudes being associated with cognitive decline. To further understand the MMN in adults with DS without AD, we explored the relationships between MMN, age, and cognitive abilities (memory, language, and attention) in 27 individuals (aged 17-51) using a passive auditory oddball task. Statistically significant MMN was present only in 18 individuals up to 41 years of age and the latency were longer than canonical parameters reported in the literature. Reduced MMN amplitude was associated with lower memory scores, while longer MMN latencies were associated with poorer memory, verbal abilities, and attention. Therefore, the MMN may represent a valuable index of cognitive abilities in DS. In combination with previous findings, we hypothesize that while MMN response and amplitude may be associated with AD-related memory loss, MMN latency may be associated with speech signal processing. Future studies may explore the potential impact of AD on MMN in people with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedal Saini
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AB, UK
| | - Fabio Masina
- IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Via Alberoni, 70, 30126 Lido VE, Italy
| | - Jasmine Wells
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AB, UK
| | - Richard Rosch
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Golden Jubilee, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Sarah Hamburg
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AB, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Ct Rd, London W1T 7BN, UK
| | - Carla Startin
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AB, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Ct Rd, London W1T 7BN, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Roehampton, Grove House, Roehampton Lane, London, SW15 5PJ, UK
| | - André Strydom
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AB, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Ct Rd, London W1T 7BN, UK
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Deoni SCL, Burton P, Beauchemin J, Cano-Lorente R, De Both MD, Johnson M, Ryan L, Huentelman MJ. Neuroimaging and verbal memory assessment in healthy aging adults using a portable low-field MRI scanner and a web-based platform: results from a proof-of-concept population-based cross-section study. Brain Struct Funct 2023; 228:493-509. [PMID: 36352153 PMCID: PMC9646260 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02595-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Consumer wearables and health monitors, internet-based health and cognitive assessments, and at-home biosample (e.g., saliva and capillary blood) collection kits are increasingly used by public health researchers for large population-based studies without requiring intensive in-person visits. Alongside reduced participant time burden, remote and virtual data collection allows the participation of individuals who live long distances from hospital or university research centers, or who lack access to transportation. Unfortunately, studies that include magnetic resonance neuroimaging are challenging to perform remotely given the infrastructure requirements of MRI scanners, and, as a result, they often omit socially, economically, and educationally disadvantaged individuals. Lower field strength systems (< 100 mT) offer the potential to perform neuroimaging at a participant's home, enabling more accessible and equitable research. Here we report the first use of a low-field MRI "scan van" with an online assessment of paired-associate learning (PAL) to examine associations between brain morphometry and verbal memory performance. In a sample of 67 individuals, 18-93 years of age, imaged at or near their home, we show expected white and gray matter volume trends with age and find significant (p < 0.05 FWE) associations between PAL performance and hippocampus, amygdala, caudate, and thalamic volumes. High-quality data were acquired in 93% of individuals, and at-home scanning was preferred by all individuals with prior MRI at a hospital or research setting. Results demonstrate the feasibility of remote neuroimaging and cognitive data collection, with important implications for engaging traditionally under-represented communities in neuroimaging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C L Deoni
- Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Discovery & Tools, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 500 5th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| | - Phoebe Burton
- Advanced Baby Imaging Lab, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jennifer Beauchemin
- Advanced Baby Imaging Lab, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Rosa Cano-Lorente
- Advanced Baby Imaging Lab, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | | - Lee Ryan
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Jiang J, Fan L, Liu J. The knowledge domain of cognitive neuroscience of aging: A Scientometric and bibliometric analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:999594. [PMID: 36845653 PMCID: PMC9947251 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.999594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive neuroscience of aging (CNA) is a relatively young field compared with other branches of cognitive aging (CA). From the beginning of this century, scholars in CNA have contributed many valuable research to explain the cognitive ability decline in aging brains in terms of functional changes, neuromechanism, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, very few studies have systematically reviewed the research in the domain of CAN, with regard to its primary research topics, theories, findings, and future development. Therefore, this study used CiteSpace to conduct a bibliometric analysis of 1,462 published articles in CNA from Web of Science (WOS) and investigated the highly influential and potential research topics and theories of CNA, as well as important brain areas involved in CAN during 2000-2021. The results revealed that: (1) the research topics of "memory" and "attention" have been the focus of most studies, progressing into a fMRI-oriented stage; (2) the scaffolding theory and hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults model hold a key status in CNA, characterizing aging as a dynamic process and presenting compensatory relationships between different brain areas; and (3) age-related changes always occur in temporal (especially the hippocampus), parietal, and frontal lobes and the cognitive declines establish the compensation relationship between the anterior and posterior regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Jiang
- Research Institute of Foreign Language, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Fan
- National Research Center for Foreign Language Education, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Haidian, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Lin Fan,
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Foreign Studies, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Wootton O, Dalvie S, Susser E, Gur RC, Stein DJ. Within-individual variability in cognitive performance in schizophrenia: A narrative review of the key literature and proposed research agenda. Schizophr Res 2023; 252:329-334. [PMID: 36708623 PMCID: PMC9974859 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder and a leading cause of disability worldwide. Deficits in cognitive function are characteristic of schizophrenia and are predictors of functional outcomes in the disorder. Within-individual variability (WIV) in cognitive performance is elevated in schizophrenia and has been suggested to provide additional insight into cognitive function over and above mean performance measures. Despite growing interest in WIV in schizophrenia, research on the clinical significance and neural correlates of WIV in the disorder remains sparse. The present narrative review summarizes the key literature linking WIV in schizophrenia to clinical, neural, and genetic correlates. Here, we aim to highlight key knowledge gaps and provide directions for future research into WIV in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Wootton
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Shareefa Dalvie
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, South Africa
| | - Ezra Susser
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, USA
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa; SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, South Africa
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Hartle L, Martorelli M, Balboni G, Souza R, Charchat-Fichman H. Diagnostic accuracy of CompCog: reaction time as a screening measure for mild cognitive impairment. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2022; 80:570-579. [PMID: 35946705 PMCID: PMC9387195 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x-anp-2021-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reaction time is affected under different neurological conditions but has not been much investigated considering all types of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). OBJECTIVE This study investigated the diagnostic accuracy of CompCog, a computerized cognitive screening battery focusing on reaction time measurements. METHODS A sample of 52 older adults underwent neuropsychological assessments, including CompCog, and medical appointments, to be classified as a control group or be diagnosed with MCI. The accuracy of CompCog for distinguishing between the two groups was calculated. RESULTS The results from diagnostic accuracy analyses showed that the AUCs of ROC curves were as high as 0.915 (CI 0.837-0.993). The subtest with the highest sensitivity and specificity (choice reaction time subtest) had 91.7% sensitivity and 89.3% specificity. The logistic regression final model correctly classified 92.3% of individuals, with 92.9% specificity and 91.7% sensitivity, and included only four variables from different subtests. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the study showed that reaction time assessed through CompCog is a good screening measure to differentiate between normal aging and MCI. Reaction time measurements in milliseconds were more accurate than correct answers. This test can form part of routine clinical tests to achieve the objectives of screening for MCI, indicating further procedures for investigation and diagnosis and planning interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Hartle
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Psicologia, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
- Università degli Studi di Perugia, Dipartimento di Filosofia, scienze sociali, umane e della formazione, Perugia, Italia
| | - Marina Martorelli
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Psicologia, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
| | - Giulia Balboni
- Università degli Studi di Perugia, Dipartimento di Filosofia, scienze sociali, umane e della formazione, Perugia, Italia
| | - Raquel Souza
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Psicologia, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
| | - Helenice Charchat-Fichman
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Psicologia, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
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Cerino ES, Katz MJ, Wang C, Qin J, Gao Q, Hyun J, Hakun JG, Roque NA, Derby CA, Lipton RB, Sliwinski MJ. Variability in Cognitive Performance on Mobile Devices Is Sensitive to Mild Cognitive Impairment: Results From the Einstein Aging Study. Front Digit Health 2021; 3:758031. [PMID: 34927132 PMCID: PMC8677835 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2021.758031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: Within-person variability in cognitive performance has emerged as a promising indicator of cognitive health with potential to distinguish normative and pathological cognitive aging. We use a smartphone-based digital health approach with ecological momentary assessments (EMA) to examine differences in variability in performance among older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and those who were cognitively unimpaired (CU). Method: A sample of 311 systematically recruited, community-dwelling older adults from the Einstein Aging Study (Mean age = 77.46 years, SD = 4.86, Range = 70-90; 67% Female; 45% Non-Hispanic White, 40% Non-Hispanic Black) completed neuropsychological testing, neurological assessments, and self-reported questionnaires. One hundred individuals met Jak/Bondi criteria for MCI. All participants performed mobile cognitive tests of processing speed, visual short-term memory binding, and spatial working memory on a smartphone device up to six times daily for 16 days, yielding up to 96 assessments per person. We employed heterogeneous variance multilevel models using log-linear prediction of residual variance to simultaneously assess cognitive status differences in mean performance, within-day variability, and day-to-day variability. We further tested whether these differences were robust to the influence of environmental contexts under which assessments were performed. Results: Individuals with MCI exhibited greater within-day variability than those who were CU on ambulatory assessments that measure processing speed (p < 0.001) and visual short-term memory binding (p < 0.001) performance but not spatial working memory. Cognitive status differences in day-to-day variability were present only for the measure of processing speed. Associations between cognitive status and within-day variability in performance were robust to adjustment for sociodemographic and contextual variables. Conclusion: Our smartphone-based digital health approach facilitates the ambulatory assessment of cognitive performance in older adults and the capacity to differentiate individuals with MCI from those who were CU. Results suggest variability in mobile cognitive performance is sensitive to MCI and exhibits dissociative patterns by timescale and cognitive domain. Variability in processing speed and visual short-term memory binding performance may provide specific detection of MCI. The 16-day smartphone-based EMA measurement burst offers novel opportunity to leverage digital technology to measure performance variability across frequent assessments for studying cognitive health and identifying early clinical manifestations of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Cerino
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
- Center for Healthy Aging, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Mindy J. Katz
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Cuiling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Jiyue Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Qi Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Jinshil Hyun
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan G. Hakun
- Center for Healthy Aging, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Nelson A. Roque
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Carol A. Derby
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Richard B. Lipton
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Martin J. Sliwinski
- Center for Healthy Aging, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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11
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Hall SA, Bell RP, Davis SW, Towe SL, Ikner TP, Meade CS. Human immunodeficiency virus-related decreases in corpus callosal integrity and corresponding increases in functional connectivity. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:4958-4972. [PMID: 34382273 PMCID: PMC8449114 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
People living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) often have neurocognitive impairment. However, findings on HIV-related differences in brain network function underlying these impairments are inconsistent. One principle frequently absent from these reports is that brain function is largely emergent from brain structure. PLWH commonly have degraded white matter; we hypothesized that functional communities connected by degraded white matter tracts would show abnormal functional connectivity. We measured white matter integrity in 69 PLWH and 67 controls using fractional anisotropy (FA) in 24 intracerebral white matter tracts. Then, among tracts with degraded FA, we identified gray matter regions connected to these tracts and measured their functional connectivity during rest. Finally, we identified cognitive impairment related to these structural and functional connectivity systems. We found HIV-related decreased FA in the corpus callosum body (CCb), which coordinates activity between the left and right hemispheres, and corresponding increases in functional connectivity. Finally, we found that individuals with impaired cognitive functioning have lower CCb FA and higher CCb functional connectivity. This result clarifies the functional relevance of the corpus callosum in HIV and provides a framework in which abnormal brain function can be understood in the context of abnormal brain structure, which may both contribute to cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana A. Hall
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Ryan P. Bell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Simon W. Davis
- Department of NeurologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Sheri L. Towe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Taylor P. Ikner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Christina S. Meade
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Brain Imaging and Analysis CenterDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
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12
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Watermeyer T, Massa F, Goerdten J, Stirland L, Johansson B, Muniz-Terrera G. Cognitive Dispersion Predicts Grip Strength Trajectories in Men but not Women in a Sample of the Oldest Old Without Dementia. Innov Aging 2021; 5:igab025. [PMID: 34549095 PMCID: PMC8448440 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igab025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Grip strength is a reliable marker of biological vitality and it typically demonstrates an expected decline in older adults. According to the common-cause hypothesis, there is also a significant association between cognitive and physical function in older adults. Some specific cognitive functions have been shown to be associated with grip strength trajectories with most research solely focused on cutoff points or mean cognitive performance. In the present study, we examine whether a measure of cognitive dispersion might be more informative. We therefore used an index that quantifies dispersion in cognitive scores across multiple cognitive tests, shown to be associated with detrimental outcomes in older adults. Research Design and Methods Using repeated grip strength measures from men and women aged 80 and older, free of dementia in the OCTO-Twin study, we estimated aging-related grip strength trajectories. We examined the association of cognitive dispersion and mean cognitive function with grip strength level and aging-related rate of change, accounting for known risk factors. Results Cognitive dispersion was associated with grip strength trajectories in men and the association varied by mean cognitive performance, whereas we found no association in women. Discussion and Implications Our results provide evidence of a sex-specific vitality association between cognitive dispersion and aging-related trajectories of grip strength. Our results support the call for integration of sex and gender in health promotion and intervention research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamlyn Watermeyer
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Fernando Massa
- Instituto de Estadistica, Universidad de la Republica del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jantje Goerdten
- Department of Epidemiological Methods and Etiological Research, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Lucy Stirland
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Boo Johansson
- Department of Psychology & Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), University of Gothenburg, Goethenburg, Sweden
| | - Graciela Muniz-Terrera
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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13
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Zammit AR, Piccinin AM, Duggan EC, Koval A, Clouston S, Robitaille A, Brown CL, Handschuh P, Wu C, Jarry V, Finkel D, Graham RB, Muniz-Terrera G, Praetorius Björk M, Bennett D, Deeg DJ, Johansson B, Katz MJ, Kaye J, Lipton RB, Martin M, Pederson NL, Spiro A, Zimprich D, Hofer SM. A Coordinated Multi-study Analysis of the Longitudinal Association Between Handgrip Strength and Cognitive Function in Older Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 76:229-241. [PMID: 31187137 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbz072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Handgrip strength, an indicator of overall muscle strength, has been found to be associated with slower rate of cognitive decline and decreased risk for cognitive impairment and dementia. However, evaluating the replicability of associations between aging-related changes in physical and cognitive functioning is challenging due to differences in study designs and analytical models. A multiple-study coordinated analysis approach was used to generate new longitudinal results based on comparable construct-level measurements and identical statistical models and to facilitate replication and research synthesis. METHODS We performed coordinated analysis on 9 cohort studies affiliated with the Integrative Analysis of Longitudinal Studies of Aging and Dementia (IALSA) research network. Bivariate linear mixed models were used to examine associations among individual differences in baseline level, rate of change, and occasion-specific variation across grip strength and indicators of cognitive function, including mental status, processing speed, attention and working memory, perceptual reasoning, verbal ability, and learning and memory. Results were summarized using meta-analysis. RESULTS After adjustment for covariates, we found an overall moderate association between change in grip strength and change in each cognitive domain for both males and females: Average correlation coefficient was 0.55 (95% CI = 0.44-0.56). We also found a high level of heterogeneity in this association across studies. DISCUSSION Meta-analytic results from nine longitudinal studies showed consistently positive associations between linear rates of change in grip strength and changes in cognitive functioning. Future work will benefit from the examination of individual patterns of change to understand the heterogeneity in rates of aging and health-related changes across physical and cognitive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R Zammit
- Saul B. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | | | - Emily C Duggan
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Canada
| | - Andriy Koval
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Canada
| | - Sean Clouston
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, New York
| | - Annie Robitaille
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Philipp Handschuh
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Germany
| | - Chenkai Wu
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Health Sciences and Practice, New York Medical College, Valhalla.,School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis
| | - Valérie Jarry
- Research Center on Aging, Integrated Academic Health Center and Social Services in the Eastern Townships, Sherbrooke, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Deborah Finkel
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Southeast, New Albany
| | | | | | - Marcus Praetorius Björk
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.,Centre for Ageing and Health, AgeCap, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dorly J Deeg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Boo Johansson
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.,Centre for Ageing and Health, AgeCap, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mindy J Katz
- Saul B. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Jeffrey Kaye
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Richard B Lipton
- Saul B. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Mike Martin
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nancy L Pederson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Avron Spiro
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts.,Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), Department of Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Massachusetts.,Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel Zimprich
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Germany
| | - Scott M Hofer
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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14
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Osawa Y, Tian Q, An Y, Studenski SA, Resnick SM, Ferrucci L. Longitudinal Associations Between Brain Volume and Knee Extension Peak Torque. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:286-290. [PMID: 32333769 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle strength and brain volume decline with aging; changes in the brain manifested as change in volume may play a role in age-related strength loss, but this hypothesis has never been tested longitudinally. We examined longitudinal associations between brain volume changes and knee extension peak torque change in participants of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. METHODS Brain volumes and isokinetic concentric knee extension peak torque at 30 deg/s were measured in 678 participants (55.2% women; baseline age, 50.1-97.2 years; median follow-up time in those who visited two or more times (n = 375, 4.0 [interquartile range {IQR}, 2.3-5.0] years). Correlations between longitudinal changes in brain volumes and knee extension peak torque were examined using bivariate linear mixed-effects models, adjusted for baseline age, sex, race, education, and intracranial volume. RESULTS Greater decline in muscle strength was associated with greater atrophies in global gray matter, temporal lobe, frontal gray matter, temporal gray matter, superior frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, and occipital pole (r ranging from .30 to .77, p < .05). After multiple comparison adjustment, only larger decrease in middle temporal gyrus remained significantly related to larger decrease in muscle strength (q = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS In older adults, declines in knee extension muscle strength co-occurred with atrophies in frontal, temporal, and occipital gray matter. These findings support the idea that age-related knee extension muscle strength is linked with atrophy in some specific brain regions related to motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Osawa
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qu Tian
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yang An
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stephanie A Studenski
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Susan M Resnick
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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15
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Chiang HL, Lin HY, Tseng WYI, Hwang-Gu SL, Shang CY, Gau SSF. Neural substrates underpinning intra-individual variability in children with ADHD: A voxel-based morphometry study. J Formos Med Assoc 2021; 121:546-556. [PMID: 34210586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Increased intra-individual variability (IIV) in reaction time (RT) is a key feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, little is known about neurobiology underpinnings of IIV in ADHD. METHODS We assessed 55 youths with ADHD, and 55 individually-matched typically developing control (TDC) with the MRI and Conners' Continuous Performance Test. The ex-Gaussian distribution of RT was estimated to capture IIV with the parameters σ (sigma) and τ (tau). The regional brain volumes, analyzed by voxel-based morphometry, were correlated with IIV parameters. RESULTS We found both distinct and shared correlations among ADHD and TDC. For grey matter, there were significant σ-by-group interactions in the cingulate cortex and thalamus and also a τ-by-group interaction in the right inferior frontal gyrus. There was also shared negative associations between σ and regional volumes of the right posterior cerebellum and a positive association between τ and the right anterior insula. For white matter, there was a significant σ-by-group interaction in the genu of the corpus callosum and significant τ-by-group interactions in the right anterior corona radiata, the left splenium of the corpus callosum, and bilateral posterior cerebellum. There were also shared patterns that increased τ was associated with increased regional volumes of the right anterior corona radiata and decreased regional volumes of the right posterior limb of the internal capsule. CONCLUSION This study highlights that brain regions responsible for the motor, salience processing and multimodal information integration are associated with increased IIV in youths with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Ling Chiang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yuan Lin
- Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre and Adult Neurodevelopment and Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wen-Yih Isaac Tseng
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shoou-Lian Hwang-Gu
- Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yung Shang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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16
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Clark BC, Carson RG. Sarcopenia and Neuroscience: Learning to Communicate. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:1882-1890. [PMID: 33824986 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 1990s and early 2000s, the common definition for sarcopenia was age-related loss of skeletal muscle, and low levels of muscle mass were central to sarcopenia diagnosis. In more recent consensus definitions, however, low muscle strength displaces low muscle mass as a defining feature of sarcopenia. The change stems from growing evidence that muscle weakness is a better predictor of adverse health outcomes (e.g., mobility limitations) than muscle mass. This evidence accompanies an emerging recognition that central neural mechanisms are critical determinants of age-related changes in strength and mobility that can occur independently of variations in muscle mass. However, strikingly little practical attention is typically given to the potential role of the central nervous system in the aetiology or remediation of sarcopenia (i.e., low muscle function). In this article, we provide an overview of some mechanisms that mediate neural regulation of muscle contraction and control, and highlight the specific contributions of neural hypoexcitability, dopaminergic dysfunction, and degradation of functional and structural brain connectivity in relation to sarcopenia. We aim to enhance the lines of communication between the domains of sarcopenia and neuroscience. We believe that appreciation of the neural regulation of muscle contraction and control is fundamental to understanding sarcopenia and to developing targeted therapeutic strategies for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Clark
- Ohio Musculoskeletal & Neurological Institute and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard G Carson
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
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17
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Corpus callosum size, hypnotic susceptibility and empathy in women with alleged mediumship: a controlled study. Explore (NY) 2021; 18:217-225. [PMID: 33478904 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Evidence indicates that highly hypnotizable subjects may have larger area of the rostrum of the corpus callosum (CC). Mediumship can be defined as the alleged ability to communicate regularly with deceased personalities, and self-hypnosis is postulated as an underlying mechanism for this ability. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the CC area, hypnotic susceptibility, self-reported dissociation, and empathy in alleged mediums in comparison with healthy, non-medium controls. METHODS The study sample consisted of 16 Spiritist mediums (medium group (MG)) and 16 non-medium controls. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed to measure the CC areas (total and subdivisions). The Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility was used to assess hypnotizability, and self-reported measures were used to investigate anomalous experiences, mental health using the Self-Reporting Questionnaire-SRQ, dissociative experiences using the Dissociative Experiences Scale, and empathy using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. RESULTS No between-group differences were found in the total or subdivided CC areas or in hypnotizability, with both groups showing intermediate levels. The rostrum of the CC area and hypnotizability were not correlated. The MG presented with significantly more anomalous experiences, but the two groups had similar scores for dissociation, empathy, and mental health. CONCLUSION The normal CC areas found in the MG are in contrast with the abnormal results typically observed in subjects with psychotic and dissociative disorders. Although hypnotizability was not different between groups, further studies are needed to replicate these findings in other samples.
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18
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Huynh-Le MP, Tibbs MD, Karunamuni R, Salans M, Tringale KR, Yip A, Connor M, Simon AB, Vitzthum LK, Reyes A, Macari AC, Moiseenko V, McDonald CR, Hattangadi-Gluth JA. Microstructural Injury to Corpus Callosum and Intrahemispheric White Matter Tracts Correlate With Attention and Processing Speed Decline After Brain Radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 110:337-347. [PMID: 33412257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The corpus callosum (CC) and intrahemispheric white matter tracts (IHWM) subserve critical aspects of attention and processing speed. We analyzed imaging biomarkers of microstructural injury within these regions and association with attention and processing speed performance before and after radiation therapy in primary brain tumor patients. METHODS AND MATERIALS In a prospective clinical trial, 44 primary brain tumor patients underwent cognitive testing and magnetic resonance imaging/diffusion-weighted imaging at baseline (pre-radiation therapy) and 3-, 6-, and 12-months post-radiation therapy. CC (subregions, total) and IHWM tracts (left/right without CC, total) were autosegmented; tumor, tumor bed, and edema were censored. Biomarkers included volume changes (cm3), mean diffusivity ([MD]; higher values indicate white matter injury), fractional anisotropy ([FA]; lower values indicate white matter injury). Reliable-change indices measured changes in attention (Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale [WAIS-IV] digits-forward; Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Trail Making [D-KEFS-TM] visual-scanning), and processing speed (WAIS-IV coding; D-KEFS-TM number-sequencing, letter-sequencing), accounting for practice effects. Linear mixed-effects models evaluated associations between mean radiation dose and biomarkers (volume, MD, FA) and imaging biomarkers and neurocognitive performance. Statistics were corrected for multiple comparisons. RESULTS Processing speed declined at 6 months following radiation therapy (number sequencing, letter sequencing; P < .04). Seizures and antiepileptic drug therapy were associated with lower visual-scanning attention reliable-change indices at 6 months (P = .039). Higher radiation dose correlated with smaller midanterior CC volume (P = .023); lower FA in posterior CC, anterior CC, and total CC (all P < .03); and higher MD in anterior CC (P = .012). Smaller midanterior CC and left IHWM volume correlated with worse processing speed (coding, letter-sequencing, number-sequencing; all P < .03). Higher FA in right, left, and total IHWM correlated with better coding scores (all P < .01). Lower FA in total IHWM (P = .009) was associated with worse visual-scanning attention scores. Higher FA in midposterior CC (P = .029) correlated with better digits-forward attention scores. CONCLUSIONS The CC demonstrated radiation dose-dependent atrophy and WM injury. Microstructural injury within the CC and IHWM was associated with attention and processing speed decline after radiation therapy. These areas represent possible avoidance regions for preservation of attention and processing speed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle D Tibbs
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Roshan Karunamuni
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Mia Salans
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kathryn R Tringale
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Anthony Yip
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Michael Connor
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Aaron B Simon
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Lucas K Vitzthum
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Anny Reyes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Anna Christina Macari
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Vitali Moiseenko
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Carrie R McDonald
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jona A Hattangadi-Gluth
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
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19
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Watermeyer T, Marroig A, Ritchie CW, Ritchie K, Blennow K, Muniz-Terrera G. Cognitive Dispersion Is Not Associated with Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease: Results from the European Prevention of Alzheimer's Dementia (EPAD) v500.0 Cohort. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:185-194. [PMID: 32955462 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive dispersion, variation in performance across cognitive domains, is posited as a non-invasive and cost-effective marker of early neurodegeneration. Little work has explored associations between cognitive dispersion and Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers in healthy older adults. Even less is known about the influence or interaction of biomarkers reflecting brain pathophysiology or other risk factors on cognitive dispersion scores. OBJECTIVE The main aim of this study was to examine whether higher cognitive dispersion was associated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of amyloid-β (Aβ42), total tau (t-tau), phosphorylated tau (p-tau), and amyloid positivity in a cohort of older adults at various severities of AD. A secondary aim was to explore which AD risk factors were associated with cognitive dispersion scores. METHODS Linear and logistic regression analyses explored the associations between dispersion and CSF levels of Aβ42, t-tau, and p-tau and amyloid positivity (Aβ42 < 1000 pg/ml). Relationships between sociodemographics, APOEɛ4 status, family history of dementia, and levels of depression and dispersion were also assessed. RESULTS Dispersion did not emerge as associated with any of the analytes nor amyloid positivity. Older (β= -0.007, SE = 0.002, p = 0.001) and less educated (β= -0.009, SE = 0.003, p = 0.009) individuals showed greater dispersion. CONCLUSION Dispersion was not associated with AD pathology, but was associated with age and years of education, highlighting individual differences in cognitive aging. The use of this metric as a screening tool for existing AD pathology is not supported by our analyses. Follow-up work will determine if dispersion scores can predict changes in biomarker levels and/or positivity status longitudinally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam Watermeyer
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
| | | | - Craig W Ritchie
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen Ritchie
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,French National Institute of Medical Research INSERM Unit Neuropsychiatry, Montpellier, France
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Graciela Muniz-Terrera
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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20
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Bastos MAV, Bastos PRHDO, e Paez LEF, de Souza EO, Bogo D, Perdomo RT, Portella RB, Ozaki JGO, Iandoli D, Lucchetti G. "Seat of the soul"? The structure and function of the pineal gland in women with alleged spirit possession-Results of two experimental studies. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01693. [PMID: 32506697 PMCID: PMC7375051 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cultural traditions attribute to pineal gland an important role for spiritual experiences. Mediumship and spirit possession are cultural phenomena found worldwide which have been described as having dissociative and psychotic-like characteristics, but with nonpathological aspects. A sympathetic activation pattern in response to spirit possession has been reported in some studies, but empirical data on pineal gland is scarce in this context. METHODS We aimed to investigate pineal gland and pituitary volumes, as well as urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels in 16 alleged mediums (Medium Group-MG) compared with 16 healthy nonmedium controls (Control Group) (Experiment 1). Furthermore, we aimed to evaluate urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and stress reactivity in GM (n = 10) under different physiological conditions (Experiment 2). RESULTS In Experiment 1, MG presented higher scores of anomalous experiences, but there were no between-group differences regarding mental health or subjective sleep quality. Similar pineal gland and pituitary volumes were observed between groups. There were no between-group differences in urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin collected under equivalent baseline conditions. In Experiment 2, the rise of anxiety and heart rate in response to mediumistic experience was intermediate between a nonstressful control task (reading) and a stressful control task (Trier Social Stress Test-TSST). No significant differences were observed in 6-sulfatoxymelatonin urinary levels between the three conditions. The pattern of stress reactivity during the TSST was normal, but with an attenuated salivary cortisol response. CONCLUSION The normal neuroimaging and stress reactivity findings in MG contrast with the abnormal results usually observed in subjects with psychotic and dissociative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Danielle Bogo
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesFederal University of Mato Grosso do SulCampo GrandeBrazil
| | - Renata Trentin Perdomo
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesFederal University of Mato Grosso do SulCampo GrandeBrazil
| | | | | | - Décio Iandoli
- School of MedicineAnhanguera‐Uniderp UniversityCampo GrandeBrazil
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21
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Hassan EB, Imani M, Duque G. Is Physical Frailty a Neuromuscular Condition? J Am Med Dir Assoc 2020; 20:1556-1557. [PMID: 31780040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2019.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Bani Hassan
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mahdi Imani
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, Victoria, Australia.
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22
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Munoz E, Stawski RS, Sliwinski MJ, Smyth JM, MacDonald SWS. The Ups and Downs of Cognitive Function: Neuroticism and Negative Affect Drive Performance Inconsistency. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 75:263-273. [PMID: 29590450 PMCID: PMC7179809 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gby032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Response time inconsistency (RTI)-or trial-to-trial variability in speeded performance-is increasingly recognized as an indicator of transient lapses of attention, cognitive health status, and central nervous system integrity, as well as a potential early indicator of normal and pathological cognitive aging. Comparatively, little research has examined personality predictors of RTI across adulthood. METHODS We evaluated the association between the personality trait neuroticism and RTI in a community-dwelling sample of 317 adults between the ages of 19-83 and tested for two indirect pathways through negative affect (NA) and cognitive interference (CI). RESULTS The personality trait neuroticism predicted greater RTI independent of mean response time performance and demographic covariates; the results were age-invariant. Furthermore, NA (but not CI) accounted for this association and moderated mediation model results indicated that older adults were more vulnerable to the adverse effects of NA. DISCUSSION Neuroticism predicts greater RTI irrespective of mean performance and this effect is driven largely by heightened negative emotionality that may be particularly detrimental for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Munoz
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside
| | - Robert S Stawski
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis
| | - Martin J Sliwinski
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies and Center for Healthy Aging
| | - Joshua M Smyth
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
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23
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Loughrey DG, Mihelj E, Lawlor BA. Age-related hearing loss associated with altered response efficiency and variability on a visual sustained attention task. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2019; 28:1-25. [PMID: 31868123 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2019.1704393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the association between age-related hearing loss (ARHL) and differences in response efficiency and variability on a sustained attention task. The study population comprised 32 participants in a hearing loss group (HLG) and 34 controls without hearing loss (CG). Mean reaction time (RT) and accuracy were recorded to assess response efficiency. RT variability was decomposed to examine temporal aspects of variability associated with neural arousal and top-down executive control of vigilant attention. The HLG had a significantly longer mean RT, possibly reflecting a strategic approach to maintain accuracy. The HLG also demonstrated altered variability (indicative of greater decline in neural arousal) but maintained executive control that was significantly predictive of poorer response efficiency. Adults with ARHL may rely on higher-order attention networks to compensate for decline in both peripheral sensory function and in subcortical arousal systems which mediate lower-order automatic neurocognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Loughrey
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland/University of California , San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ernest Mihelj
- Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Brian A Lawlor
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland/University of California, San Francisco. Mercer's Institute for Successful Ageing, St James Hospital , Dublin, Ireland
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24
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Booth T, Dykiert D, Corley J, Gow AJ, Morris Z, Muñoz Maniega S, Royle NA, Del C Valdés Hernández M, Starr JM, Penke L, Bastin ME, Wardlaw JM, Deary IJ. Reaction time variability and brain white matter integrity. Neuropsychology 2019; 33:642-657. [PMID: 31246073 PMCID: PMC6683973 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Mean speed of responding is the most commonly used measure in the assessment of reaction time (RT). An alternative measure is intraindividual variability (IIV): the inconsistency of responding across multiple trials of a test. IIV has been suggested as an important indicator of central nervous system functioning, and as such, there has been increasing interest in the associations between IIV and brain imaging metrics. Results however, have been inconsistent. The present seeks to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the associations between a variety of measures of brain white matter integrity and individual differences in choice RT (CRT) IIV. Method: MRI brain scans of members of the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 were assessed to obtain measures of the volume and severity of white matter hyperintensities, and the integrity of brain white matter tracts. CRT was assessed with a 4 CRT task on a separate occasion. Data were analyzed using multiple regression (N range = 358–670). Results: Greater volume of hyperintensities and more severe hyperintensities in frontal regions were associated with higher CRT IIV. White matter tract integrity, as assessed by both fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity, showed the smallest effect sizes in associations with CRT IIV. Associations with hyperintensities were attenuated and no longer significant after controlling for M CRT. Conclusions: Taken together, the results of the present study suggested that IIV was not incrementally predictive of white matter integrity over mean speed. This is in contrast to previous reports, and highlights the need for further study. Variability in speeded cognitive test performance has been argued to be a potential early marker of cognitive decline and progression into mild cognitive impairment in aging. Evidence as to the robustness of the relationship, and the potential neurological underpinnings is varied. Our results suggest that average speeded performance, not variability, may be more reliably related to various measures of the brain. These findings are in contrast to much of the extant literature, highlighting the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Booth
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology
| | | | - Janie Corley
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology
| | - Alan J Gow
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology
| | - Zoe Morris
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, The University of Edinburgh
| | | | | | | | | | - Lars Penke
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology
| | - Mark E Bastin
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, The University of Edinburgh
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology
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Kundu S, Ghodadra A, Fakhran S, Alhilali LM, Rohde GK. Assessing Postconcussive Reaction Time Using Transport-Based Morphometry of Diffusion Tensor Images. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019; 40:1117-1123. [PMID: 31196860 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cognitive deficits are among the most commonly reported post-concussive symptoms, yet the underlying microstructural injury is poorly understood. Our aim was to discover white matter injury underlying reaction time in mild traumatic brain injury DTI by applying transport-based morphometry. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this retrospective study, we performed DTI on 64 postconcussive patients (10-28 years of age; 69% male, 31% female) between January 2006 and March 2013. We measured the reaction time percentile by using Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing. Using the 3D transport-based morphometry technique we developed, we mined fractional anisotropy maps to extract the common microstructural injury associated with reaction time percentile in an automated manner. Permutation testing established statistical significance of the extracted injuries. We visualized the physical substrate responsible for reaction time through inverse transport-based morphometry transformation. RESULTS The direction in the transport space most correlated with reaction time was significant after correcting for covariates of age, sex, and time from injury (Pearson r = 0.44, P < .01). Inverting the computed direction using transport-based morphometry illustrates physical shifts in fractional anisotropy in the corpus callosum (increase) and within the optic radiations, corticospinal tracts, and anterior thalamic radiations (decrease) with declining reaction time. The observed shifts are consistent with biologic pathways underlying the visual-spatial interpretation and response-selection aspects of reaction time. CONCLUSIONS Transport-based morphometry discovers complex white matter injury underlying postconcussive reaction time in an automated manner. The potential influences of edema and axonal loss are visualized in the visual-spatial interpretation and response-selection pathways. Transport-based morphometry can bridge the gap between brain microstructure and function in diseases in which the structural basis is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kundu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University and Medical Scientist Training Program (S.K.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - A Ghodadra
- Department of Radiology (A.G.), Banner Health and Hospital Systems, Mesa, Arizona
| | - S Fakhran
- Department of Neuroradiology (S.F.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - L M Alhilali
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering (G.K.R.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - G K Rohde
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering (G.K.R.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Phibbs S, Stawski RS, MacDonald SW, Munoz E, Smyth JM, Sliwinski MJ. The influence of social support and perceived stress on response time inconsistency. Aging Ment Health 2019; 23:214-221. [PMID: 29171959 PMCID: PMC8864726 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2017.1399339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lack of social support and high levels of stress represent potentially modifiable risk factors for cognitive aging. In this study we examined the relationships between these two risk factors and response time inconsistency (RTI), or trial-to-trial variability in choice response time tasks. RTI is an early indicator of declining cognitive health, and examining the influence of modifiable psychosocial risk factors on RTI is important for understanding and promoting cognitive health during adulthood and old age. METHODS Using data from a community sample study (n = 317; Mage = 49, range = 19-83), we examined the effects of social support, including size of network and satisfaction with support, global perceived stress, and their interactions on RTI. RESULTS Neither size of network nor satisfaction with support was associated with RTI independent of perceived stress. Stress was positively associated with increased RTI on all tasks, independent of social support. Perceived stress did not interact with either dimension of social support to predict RTI, and perceived stress effects were invariant across age and sex. CONCLUSION Perceived stress, but not social support, may be a unique and modifiable risk factor for normal and pathological cognitive aging. Discussion focuses on the importance of perceived stress and its impact on RTI in supporting cognitive health in adulthood and old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandi Phibbs
- Department of Health Science and Recreation, San José State University, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Robert S. Stawski
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, School of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Munoz
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Joshua M. Smyth
- College of Health and Human Development, Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Martin J. Sliwinski
- College of Health and Human Development, Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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27
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Ahn JI, Yu ST, Sung G, Choi TK, Lee KS, Bang M, Lee SH. Intra-individual variability in neurocognitive function in schizophrenia: relationships with the corpus callosum. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2019; 283:1-6. [PMID: 30447489 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia not only have impairments in neurological function, but also have instability and variability in neurocognitive function. However, previous researchers have not fully studied the relationships between dispersion across multiple neurocognitive domains and white matter (WM) structures of the brain. This study focuses on intra-individual variability (IIV) in patients with schizophrenia and its relationship with WM integrity of the corpus callosum (CC). Thirty-eight patients with schizophrenia were enrolled in the study. All subjects underwent assessments of neurocognitive function using the Korean-Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (K-WAIS-R) and the severity of clinical symptoms using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). IIV across subtests of the K-WAIS-R was calculated using the Holtzer's equation. Tract-based spatial statistics were used to analyze diffusion tensor images. In subjects with schizophrenia, a negative correlation was found between IIV in performance intelligence quotient (PIQ) and fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the genu of the CC. In addition, FA values of the same region were negatively correlated with the total and subscale scores of positive symptoms and general psychopathology from the PANSS. Our findings suggest that the genu of the CC may play an important role in IIV in PIQ and symptomatology in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-In Ahn
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Taek Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gyhye Sung
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; Department of Clinical and Counselling Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tai-Kiu Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kang-Soo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minji Bang
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Hyuk Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Costa AS, Dogan I, Schulz JB, Reetz K. Going beyond the mean: Intraindividual variability of cognitive performance in prodromal and early neurodegenerative disorders. Clin Neuropsychol 2019; 33:369-389. [PMID: 30663511 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2018.1533587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intraindividual variability (IIV), generally defined as short-term variations in behavior, has been proposed as a sign of subtle early impairment in neurodegenerative disorders, presumably associated with the disintegration of neuronal network connectivity. We aim to provide a review of IIV as a sensitive cognitive marker in prodromal neurodegenerative disorders. METHOD A narrative review focusing not only on theoretical and methodological definitions, including an overview on the neural correlates of IIV, but mainly on results from population-based and clinical-based studies on the role of IIV as a reliable predictor of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and conversion to dementia in neurodegenerative disorders, mostly Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. RESULTS Most studies focus on MCI and Alzheimer's disease and demonstrate that IIV is a reliable cognitive marker. IIV is partly more sensitive than mean performance in the prediction of cognitive impairment or progressive deterioration and is independent of socio-demographic variables and disease mediators (e.g., genetic susceptibility). Neuroimaging data, mostly from healthy subjects, suggest a relationship between IIV and dysfunction of the default mode network, presumably mediated by white matter disintegration in frontal and parietal areas. CONCLUSIONS IIV measures may provide valuable information about diagnosis and progression in prodromal stages of neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, further conceptual and methodological clarifications are needed to justify the inclusion of IIV as a sensible cognitive marker in routine clinical neuropsychological assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Costa
- a Neurocognition Unit, Department of Neurology , Hospital de Braga , Braga , Portugal.,b Department of Neurology , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany.,c JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Imis Dogan
- b Department of Neurology , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany.,c JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Jörg B Schulz
- b Department of Neurology , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany.,c JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Kathrin Reetz
- b Department of Neurology , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany.,c JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
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Carment L, Abdellatif A, Lafuente-Lafuente C, Pariel S, Maier MA, Belmin J, Lindberg PG. Manual Dexterity and Aging: A Pilot Study Disentangling Sensorimotor From Cognitive Decline. Front Neurol 2018; 9:910. [PMID: 30420830 PMCID: PMC6215834 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Manual dexterity measures can be useful for early detection of age-related functional decline and for prediction of cognitive decline. However, what aspects of sensorimotor function to assess remains unclear. Manual dexterity markers should be able to separate impairments related to cognitive decline from those related to healthy aging. In this pilot study, we aimed to compare manual dexterity components in patients diagnosed with cognitive decline (mean age: 84 years, N = 11) and in age comparable cognitively intact elderly subjects (mean age: 78 years, N = 11). In order to separate impairments due to healthy aging from deficits due to cognitive decline we also included two groups of healthy young adults (mean age: 26 years, N = 10) and middle-aged adults (mean age: 41 years, N = 8). A comprehensive quantitative evaluation of manual dexterity was performed using three tasks: (i) visuomotor force tracking, (ii) isochronous single finger tapping with auditory cues, and (iii) visuomotor multi-finger tapping. Results showed a highly significant increase in force tracking error with increasing age. Subjects with cognitive decline had increased finger tapping variability and reduced ability to select the correct tapping fingers in the multi-finger tapping task compared to cognitively intact elderly subjects. Cognitively intact elderly subjects and those with cognitive decline had prolonged force release and reduced independence of finger movements compared to young adults and middle-aged adults. The findings suggest two different patterns of impaired manual dexterity: one related to cognitive decline and another related to healthy aging. Manual dexterity tasks requiring updating of performance, in accordance with (temporal or spatial) task rules maintained in short-term memory, are particularly affected in cognitive decline. Conversely, tasks requiring online matching of motor output to sensory cues were affected by age, not by cognitive status. Remarkably, no motor impairments were detected in patients with cognitive decline using clinical scales of hand function. The findings may have consequences for the development of manual dexterity markers of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loic Carment
- Inserm U894, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Abir Abdellatif
- Plateforme de Recherche Clinique en Gériatrie, Hôpitaux universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, APHP, Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Carmelo Lafuente-Lafuente
- Service de Gériatrie à orientation Cardiologique et Neurologique, Sorbonne Université, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, APHP, Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Sylvie Pariel
- Département de soins ambulatoires, Hôpitaux universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, APHP, Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Marc A Maier
- FR3636 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Department of Life Sciences, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Joël Belmin
- Service de Gériatrie à orientation Cardiologique et Neurologique, Sorbonne Université, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, APHP, Ivry-sur-Seine, France
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Carson RG. Get a grip: individual variations in grip strength are a marker of brain health. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 71:189-222. [PMID: 30172220 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Demonstrations that grip strength has predictive power in relation to a range of health conditions-even when these are assessed decades later-has motivated claims that hand-grip dynamometry has the potential to serve as a "vital sign" for middle-aged and older adults. Central to this belief has been the assumption that grip strength is a simple measure of physical performance that provides a marker of muscle status in general, and sarcopenia in particular. It is now evident that while differences in grip strength between individuals are influenced by musculoskeletal factors, "lifespan" changes in grip strength within individuals are exquisitely sensitive to integrity of neural systems that mediate the control of coordinated movement. The close and pervasive relationships between age-related declines in maximum grip strength and expressions of cognitive dysfunction can therefore be understood in terms of the convergent functional and structural mediation of cognitive and motor processes by the human brain. In the context of aging, maximum grip strength is a discriminating measure of neurological function and brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Carson
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK; School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia.
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Ángel Latorre-Roman P, Robles-Fuentes A, García-Pinillos F, Salas-Sánchez J. Reaction Times of Preschool Children on the Ruler Drop Test: A Cross-Sectional Study With Reference Values. Percept Mot Skills 2018; 125:866-878. [PMID: 30032724 DOI: 10.1177/0031512518789563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reaction time (RT) tasks assess several brain functions, and a slow RT can be due to various brain diseases, disorders, and acquired conditions. This study examined age and gender differences in RTs of Spanish preschool children on the ruler drop test (RDT) and presents norm-referenced results. Participants were 3,741 children (1,845 girls and 1,896 boys; mean [M] age = 55.93, standard deviation [ SD] = 11.14 months; M body mass index = 15.94, SD = 1.91 kg/m2), selected from 51 schools in southern Spain. We measured RT with the RDT, and we collected both right- and left-hand data. We expressed normative mean RDT values of both hands according to gender and age in percentiles. Based on mean RDT scores, girls exhibited a poorer performance than boys aged 4 years ( p = .032, Cohen's d = - 0.122) and 5 years ( p = .001, Cohen's d = -0.194). For the whole group, RDT performance was faster with increased age, from the age of five years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Felipe García-Pinillos
- 2 Department of Physical Education, Sport and Recreation, Universidad de La Fontera, Temuco, Chile
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32
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Chopra S, Shaw M, Shaw T, Sachdev PS, Anstey KJ, Cherbuin N. More highly myelinated white matter tracts are associated with faster processing speed in healthy adults. Neuroimage 2018; 171:332-340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Intraindividual Variability in Inhibition and Prospective Memory in Healthy Older Adults: Insights from Response Regularity and Rapidity. J Intell 2018; 6:jintelligence6010013. [PMID: 31162440 PMCID: PMC6480743 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence6010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful prospective memory (PM) performance relies on executive functions, including inhibition. However, PM and inhibition are usually assessed in separate tasks, and analytically the focus is either on group differences or at most on interindividual differences. Conjoint measures of PM and inhibition performance that take into account intraindividual variability (IIV) are thus missing. In the present study, we assessed healthy older adults' level of performance and IIV in both inhibition and PM using a classical Go/NoGo task. We also created a prospective Go/NoGo version that embeds a PM component into the task. Using dynamic structural equation modeling, we assessed the joint effects of mean level (μ), an indicator of amplitude of fluctuations in IIV (or net IIV; intraindividual standard deviation, iSD), and an indicator of time dependency in IIV (the autoregressive parameter ϕ) in reaction times (RTs) on inhibition and PM performance. Results indicate that higher inhibition failure, but not IIV, predicted PM errors, corroborating the current literature on the involvement of prepotent response inhibition in PM processes. In turn, fastest RT latency (μ) and increased net IIV (iSD) were consistently associated with prepotent response inhibition failure, while coherence in RT pattern (ϕ) was beneficial to inhibition performance when the task was novel. Time-dependent IIV (ϕ) appears to reflect an adaptive exploration of strategies to attain optimal performance, whereas increased net IIV (iSD) may indicate inefficient sustained cognitive processes when performance is high. We discuss trade-off processes between competing tasks.
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Clark US, Arce Rentería M, Hegde RR, Morgello S. Early Life Stress-Related Elevations in Reaction Time Variability Are Associated with Brain Volume Reductions in HIV+ Adults. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:6. [PMID: 29441001 PMCID: PMC5797588 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is burgeoning evidence that, among HIV+ adults, exposure to high levels of early life stress (ELS) is associated with increased cognitive impairment as well as brain volume abnormalities and elevated neuropsychiatric symptoms. Currently, we have a limited understanding of the degree to which cognitive difficulties observed in HIV+ High-ELS samples reflect underlying neural abnormalities rather than increases in neuropsychiatric symptoms. Here, we utilized a behavioral marker of cognitive function, reaction time intra-individual variability (RT-IIV), which is sensitive to both brain volume reductions and neuropsychiatric symptoms, to elucidate the unique contributions of brain volume abnormalities and neuropsychiatric symptoms to cognitive difficulties in HIV+ High-ELS adults. We assessed the relation of RT-IIV to neuropsychiatric symptom levels and total gray and white matter volumes in 44 HIV+ adults (26 with high ELS). RT-IIV was examined during a working memory task. Self-report measures assessed current neuropsychiatric symptoms (depression, stress, post-traumatic stress disorder). Magnetic resonance imaging was used to quantify total gray and white matter volumes. Compared to Low-ELS participants, High-ELS participants exhibited elevated RT-IIV, elevated neuropsychiatric symptoms, and reduced gray and white matter volumes. Across the entire sample, RT-IIV was significantly associated with gray and white matter volumes, whereas significant associations with neuropsychiatric symptoms were not observed. In the High-ELS group, despite the presence of elevated neuropsychiatric symptom levels, brain volume reductions explained more than 13% of the variance in RT-IIV, whereas neuropsychiatric symptoms explained less than 1%. Collectively, these data provide evidence that, in HIV+ High-ELS adults, ELS-related cognitive difficulties (as indexed by RT-IIV) exhibit strong associations with global brain volumes, whereas ELS-related elevations in neuropsychiatric symptoms appear to contribute minimally to these cognitive difficulties. Such findings support a growing body of evidence indicating that high ELS exposure is a significant risk factor for neurocognitive dysfunction in HIV+ adults. Further, these data highlight the need to better understand how ELS-related pathophysiological mechanisms contribute to volumetric and other neural abnormalities in HIV+ individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uraina S Clark
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Rachal R Hegde
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Susan Morgello
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Hines LJ, Miller EN, Hinkin CH, Alger JR, Barker P, Goodkin K, Martin EM, Maruca V, Ragin A, Sacktor N, Sanders J, Selnes O, Becker JT. Cortical brain atrophy and intra-individual variability in neuropsychological test performance in HIV disease. Brain Imaging Behav 2017; 10:640-51. [PMID: 26303224 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-015-9441-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To characterize the relationship between dispersion-based intra-individual variability (IIVd) in neuropsychological test performance and brain volume among HIV seropositive and seronegative men and to determine the effects of cardiovascular risk and HIV infection on this relationship. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was used to acquire high-resolution neuroanatomic data from 147 men age 50 and over, including 80 HIV seropositive (HIV+) and 67 seronegative controls (HIV-) in this cross-sectional cohort study. Voxel Based Morphometry was used to derive volumetric measurements at the level of the individual voxel. These brain structure maps were analyzed using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM2). IIVd was measured by computing intra-individual standard deviations (ISD's) from the standardized performance scores of five neuropsychological tests: Wechsler Memory Scale-III Visual Reproduction I and II, Logical Memory I and II, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III Letter Number Sequencing. Total gray matter (GM) volume was inversely associated with IIVd. Among all subjects, IIVd -related GM atrophy was observed primarily in: 1) the inferior frontal gyrus bilaterally, the left inferior temporal gyrus extending to the supramarginal gyrus, spanning the lateral sulcus; 2) the right superior parietal lobule and intraparietal sulcus; and, 3) dorsal/ventral regions of the posterior section of the transverse temporal gyrus. HIV status, biological, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) variables were not linked to IIVd -related GM atrophy. IIVd in neuropsychological test performance may be a sensitive marker of cortical integrity in older adults, regardless of HIV infection status or CVD risk factors, and degree of intra-individual variability links with volume loss in specific cortical regions; independent of mean-level performance on neuropsychological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay J Hines
- Semel Institute for Neurosciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Sanford Brain and Spine Center, Sanford Health, Fargo, ND, USA. .,Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Fargo, ND, USA.
| | - Eric N Miller
- Semel Institute for Neurosciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charles H Hinkin
- Semel Institute for Neurosciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeffery R Alger
- The Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Barker
- Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karl Goodkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | | | - Victoria Maruca
- Department of Psychology, Spalding University, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ann Ragin
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Ned Sacktor
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joanne Sanders
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ola Selnes
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James T Becker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Merritt VC, Rabinowitz AR, Arnett PA. The Influence of the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) Gene on Subacute Post-Concussion Neurocognitive Performance in College Athletes. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2017; 33:36-46. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acx051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Wong NML, Ma EPW, Lee TMC. The Integrity of the Corpus Callosum Mitigates the Impact of Blood Pressure on the Ventral Attention Network and Information Processing Speed in Healthy Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:108. [PMID: 28484386 PMCID: PMC5402183 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a risk factor for cognitive impairment in older age. However, evidence of the neural basis of the relationship between the deterioration of cognitive function and elevated blood pressure is sparse. Based on previous research, we speculate that variations in brain connectivity are closely related to elevated blood pressure even before the onset of clinical conditions and apparent cognitive decline in individuals over 60 years of age. Forty cognitively healthy adults were recruited. Each received a blood pressure test before and after the cognitive assessment in various domains. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) data were collected. Our findings confirm that elevated blood pressure is associated with brain connectivity variations in cognitively healthy individuals. The integrity of the splenium of the corpus callosum is closely related to individual differences in systolic blood pressure. In particular, elevated systolic blood pressure is related to resting-state ventral attention network (VAN) and information processing speed. Serial mediation analyses have further revealed that lower integrity of the splenium statistically predicts elevated systolic blood pressure, which in turn predicts weakened functional connectivity (FC) within the VAN and eventually poorer processing speed. The current study sheds light on how neural correlates are involved in the impact of elevated blood pressure on cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichol M L Wong
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong.,Laboratory of Social Cognitive Affective Neuroscience, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong.,Institute of Clinical Neuropsychology, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ernie Po-Wing Ma
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong.,Laboratory of Social Cognitive Affective Neuroscience, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong.,Institute of Clinical Neuropsychology, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tatia M C Lee
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong.,Laboratory of Social Cognitive Affective Neuroscience, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong.,Institute of Clinical Neuropsychology, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong.,The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
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Halliday DWR, Stawski RS, MacDonald SWS. Cognitively-Impaired-Not-Demented Status Moderates the Time-Varying Association between Finger Tapping Inconsistency and Executive Performance. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2017; 32:110-116. [PMID: 27737850 PMCID: PMC5860477 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acw084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Response time inconsistency (RTI) in cognitive performance predicts deleterious health outcomes in late-life; however, RTI estimates are often confounded by additional influences (e.g., individual differences in learning). Finger tapping is a basic sensorimotor measure largely independent of higher-order cognition that may circumvent such confounds of RTI estimates. We examined the within-person coupling of finger-tapping mean and RTI on working memory, and the moderation of these associations by cognitive status. METHOD A total of 262 older adults were recruited and classified as controls, cognitively-impaired-not-demented (CIND) unstable or CIND stable. Participants completed finger-tapping and working-memory tasks during multiple weekly assessments, repeated annually for 4 years. RESULTS Within-person coupling estimates from multilevel models indicated that on occasions when RTI was greater, working-memory response latency was slower for the CIND-stable, but not for the CIND-unstable or control individuals. CONCLUSIONS The finger-tapping task shows potential for minimizing confounds on RTI estimates, and for yielding RTI estimates sensitive to central nervous system function and cognitive status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew W R Halliday
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 2Y2
- Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 2Y2
| | - Robert S Stawski
- School of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Stuart W S MacDonald
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 2Y2
- Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 2Y2
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Haynes BI, Bunce D, Kochan NA, Wen W, Brodaty H, Sachdev PS. Associations between reaction time measures and white matter hyperintensities in very old age. Neuropsychologia 2017; 96:249-255. [PMID: 28115193 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In old age, a relationship has been reported between intraindividual variability (IIV) in reaction time and white matter integrity as evidenced by white matter hyperintensities (WMH). However, it is unclear how far such associations are due to incipient neurodegenerative pathology in the samples investigated. The present study examined the relationship between IIV and WMH in older individuals (N=526) drawn from the Sydney Memory and Ageing Study. Using a complex reaction time (RT) task, greater IIV and mean-RT were related to a higher WMH burden in the frontal lobe. Critically, significant associations remained having taken future dementia into account suggesting that they were not explained by incipient dementia. Additionally, independent measures of executive function accounted for the association between RT metrics and WHM. The results are consistent with the view that frontally-supported cognitive processes are involved in IIV-WMH relations, and that RT measures are sensitive to compromise in white matter structures in non-demented older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky I Haynes
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - David Bunce
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Centre for Health Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Nicole A Kochan
- Centre for Health Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Health Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Health Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Academic Department for Old Age Psychiatry, Prince of Wales Hospital, Avoca Street, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Health Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
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Structural Organization of the Corpus Callosum Predicts Attentional Shifts after Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation. J Neurosci 2016; 35:15353-68. [PMID: 26586822 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2610-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied over the right posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in healthy participants has been shown to trigger a significant rightward shift in the spatial allocation of visual attention, temporarily mimicking spatial deficits observed in neglect. In contrast, rTMS applied over the left PPC triggers a weaker or null attentional shift. However, large interindividual differences in responses to rTMS have been reported. Studies measuring changes in brain activation suggest that the effects of rTMS may depend on both interhemispheric and intrahemispheric interactions between cortical loci controlling visual attention. Here, we investigated whether variability in the structural organization of human white matter pathways subserving visual attention, as assessed by diffusion magnetic resonance imaging and tractography, could explain interindividual differences in the effects of rTMS. Most participants showed a rightward shift in the allocation of spatial attention after rTMS over the right intraparietal sulcus (IPS), but the size of this effect varied largely across participants. Conversely, rTMS over the left IPS resulted in strikingly opposed individual responses, with some participants responding with rightward and some with leftward attentional shifts. We demonstrate that microstructural and macrostructural variability within the corpus callosum, consistent with differential effects on cross-hemispheric interactions, predicts both the extent and the direction of the response to rTMS. Together, our findings suggest that the corpus callosum may have a dual inhibitory and excitatory function in maintaining the interhemispheric dynamics that underlie the allocation of spatial attention. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) controls allocation of attention across left versus right visual fields. Damage to this area results in neglect, characterized by a lack of spatial awareness of the side of space contralateral to the brain injury. Transcranial magnetic stimulation over the PPC is used to study cognitive mechanisms of spatial attention and to examine the potential of this technique to treat neglect. However, large individual differences in behavioral responses to stimulation have been reported. We demonstrate that the variability in the structural organization of the corpus callosum accounts for these differences. Our findings suggest novel dual mechanism of the corpus callosum function in spatial attention and have broader implications for the use of stimulation in neglect rehabilitation.
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van Belle J, van Hulst BM, Durston S. Developmental differences in intra-individual variability in children with ADHD and ASD. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015; 56:1316-26. [PMID: 25871802 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intra-individual variability reflects temporal variation within an individual's performance on a cognitive task. Children with developmental disorders, such as ADHD and ASD show increased levels of intra-individual variability. In typical development, intra-individual variability decreases sharply between the ages 6 and 20. The tight link between intra-individual variability and age has led to the suggestion that it may be marker of neural development. As there is accumulating evidence that ADHD and ASD are characterised by atypical neurodevelopmental trajectories, we set out to explore developmental changes in intra-individual variability in subjects with ADHD and ASD. METHOD We used propensity score matching to match a cross-sectional sample of children with ADHD, ASD and control subjects (N = 405, aged 6-19 years old) for age, IQ and gender. We used ex-Gaussian distribution parameters to characterise intra-individual variability on fast responses (sigma) and slow responses (tau). RESULT Results showed that there was a similar decrease in mean response times with age across groups, and an interaction between age and group for measures of variability, where there was a much lower rate of change in the variability parameters (sigma and tau) for subjects with ASD compared with the other two groups. Subjects with ADHD had higher intra-individual variability, reflected by both sigma and tau, but the rate of decrease in variability with age was similar to that of the controls. CONCLUSION These results suggest that subjects with ADHD, ASD and controls differ in the rate at which intra-individual variability decreases during development, and support the idea that intra-individual variability may be a marker of neural development, mimicking the neurodevelopmental changes in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna van Belle
- NICHE Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Magnus Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Branko M van Hulst
- NICHE Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Magnus Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Durston
- NICHE Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Magnus Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Sundgren M, Wahlin Å, Maurex L, Brismar T. Event related potential and response time give evidence for a physiological reserve in cognitive functioning in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2015; 356:107-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Dennis M, Cirino PT, Simic N, Juranek J, Taylor WP, Fletcher JM. White and grey matter relations to simple, choice, and cognitive reaction time in spina bifida. Brain Imaging Behav 2015; 10:238-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-015-9388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tarnanas I, Papagiannopoulos S, Kazis D, Wiederhold M, Widerhold B, Tsolaki M. Reliability of a novel serious game using dual-task gait profiles to early characterize aMCI. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:50. [PMID: 25954193 PMCID: PMC4406069 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: As the population of older adults is growing, the interest in a simple way to detect characterize amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), a prodromal stage of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is becoming increasingly important. Serious game (SG) -based cognitive and motor performance profiles while performing everyday activities and dual-task walking (DTW) “motor signatures” are two very promising markers that can be detected in predementia states. We aim to compare the consistency, or conformity, of measurements made by a custom SG with DTW (NAV), a SG without DTW (DOT), neuropsychological measures and genotyping as markers for early detection of aMCI. Methods: The study population included three groups: early AD (n = 86), aMCI (n = 65), and healthy control subjects (n = 76), who completed the custom SG tasks in three separate sessions over a 3-month period. Outcome measures were neuropsychological data across-domain and within-domain intra-individual variability (IIV) and DOT and NAV latency-based and accuracy-based IIV. IIV reflects a transient, within-person change in behavioral performance, either during different cognitive domains (across-domain) or within the same domain (within-domain). Test–retest reliability of the DOT and NAV markers were assessed using an intraclass correlation (ICC) analysis. Results: Results indicated that performance data, such as the NAV latency-based and accuracy-based IIV, during the task displayed greater reliability across sessions compared to DOT. During the NAV task-engagement, the executive function, planning, and motor performance profiles exhibited moderate to good reliability (ICC = 0.6–0.8), while during DOT, executive function and spatial memory accuracy profiles exhibited fair to moderate reliability (ICC = 0.3–0.6). Additionally, reliability across tasks was more stable when three sessions were used in the ICC calculation relative to two sessions. Discussion: Our findings suggest that “motor signature” data during the NAV tasks were a more reliable marker for early diagnosis of aMCI than DOT. This result accentuates the importance of utilizing motor performance data as a metric for aMCI populations where memory decline is often the behavioral outcome of interest. In conclusion, custom SG with DTW performance data provide an ecological and reliable approach for cognitive assessment across multiple sessions and thus can be used as a useful tool for tracking longitudinal change in observational and interventional studies on aMCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Tarnanas
- 3rd Department of Neurology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sotirios Papagiannopoulos
- 3rd Department of Neurology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kazis
- 3rd Department of Neurology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mark Wiederhold
- Division of Cognitive and Restorative Neurology, Virtual Reality Medical Center San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brenda Widerhold
- Virtual Reality Medical Institute, Brussels Life Sciences Incubator, Catholic University's Woluwe Campus Brussels, Belgium
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- 3rd Department of Neurology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki, Greece
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Wang XD, Ren M, Zhu MW, Gao WP, Zhang J, Shen H, Lin ZG, Feng HL, Zhao CJ, Gao K. Corpus callosum atrophy associated with the degree of cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer's dementia or mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis of the region of interest structural imaging studies. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 63:10-9. [PMID: 25748753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Individual structural neuroimaging studies of the corpus callosum (CC) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with the region of interest (ROI) analysis have yielded inconsistent findings. The aim of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis of structural imaging studies using ROI technique to measure the CC midsagittal area changes in patients with AD or MCI. Databases of PubMed, the Cochrane Library, the ISI Web of Science, and Science Direct from inception to June 2014 were searched with key words "corpus callosum" or "callosal", plus "Alzheimer's disease" or "mild cognitive impairment". Twenty-three studies with 603 patients with AD, 146 with MCI, and 638 healthy controls were included in this meta-analysis. Effect size was used to measure the difference between patients with AD or MCI and healthy controls. Significant callosal atrophy was found in MCI patients with an effect size of -0.36 (95% CI, -0.57 to -0.14; P = 0.001). The degree of the CC atrophy in mild AD was less severe than that in moderate AD with a mean effect size -0.69 (95% CI, -0.89 to -0.49) versus -0.92 (95% CI, -1.16 to -0.69), respectively. Comparing with healthy controls, patients with MCI had atrophy in the anterior portion of the CC (i.e., rostrum and genu). In contrast, patients with AD had atrophy in both anterior and posterior portions (i.e., splenium). These results suggest that callosal atrophy may be related to the degree of cognitive decline in patients with MCI and AD, and it may be used as a biomarker for patients with cognitive deficit even before meeting the criteria for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dong Wang
- Departments of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Ming Ren
- Departments of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandon Province, PR China
| | - Min-Wei Zhu
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Wen-Peng Gao
- Bio-X Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Hong Shen
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Zhi-Guo Lin
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Hong-Lin Feng
- Departments of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China.
| | - Chang-Jiu Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China.
| | - Keming Gao
- Mood and Anxiety Clinic in the Mood Disorder Program, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Zhang J, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhou X, Shu N, Wang Y, Zhang Z. White matter integrity disruptions associated with cognitive impairments in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes 2014; 63:3596-605. [PMID: 24947353 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with a twofold increased risk of dementia and can affect many cognitive abilities, but its underlying cause is still unclear. In this study, we used a combination of a battery of neuropsychological tests and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to explore how T2DM affects white matter (WM) integrity and cognition in 38 T2DM patients and 34 age-, sex-, and education-matched normal control subjects. A battery of neuropsychological tests was used to assess a wide range of cognitive functions. Tract-based spatial statistics combined with region of interest-wise (ROI-wise) analysis of mean values of DTI metrics in ROIs was used to compare group differences of DTI metrics on WM skeletons to identify severely disrupted WM tracts in T2DM. We found that T2DM patients showed 1) various cognitive impairments, including executive function, spatial processing, attention, and working memory deficits; 2) widespread WM disruptions, especially in the whole corpus callosum, the left anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC.L), and external capsule (EC); and 3) a positive correlation between executive function and WM integrity in the ALIC.L and the left EC. In conclusion, T2DM patients show various cognitive impairments and widespread WM integrity disruptions, which we attribute to demyelination. Moreover, executive dysfunction closely correlates with WM abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ni Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongyan Wang
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Cyprien F, Courtet P, Poulain V, Maller J, Meslin C, Bonafé A, Le Bars E, Ancelin ML, Ritchie K, Artero S. Corpus callosum size may predict late-life depression in women: a 10-year follow-up study. J Affect Disord 2014; 165:16-23. [PMID: 24882172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research on late-life depression (LLD) pathophysiology suggests the implication of abnormalities in cerebral white matter and particularly in interhemispheric transfer. Corpus callosum (CC) is the main brain interhemispheric commissure. Hence, we investigated the association between baseline CC measures and risk of LDD. METHODS We studied 467 non-demented individuals without LLD at baseline from a cohort of elderly community-dwelling people (the ESPRIT study). LLD was assessed at year 2, 4, 7 and 10 of the study follow-up. At baseline, T1-weighted magnetic resonance images were manually traced to measure the mid-sagittal areas of the anterior, mid and posterior CC. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models stratified by sex were used to predict LLD incidence over 10 years. RESULTS A significant interaction between gender and CC size was found (p=0.02). LLD incidence in elderly women, but not in men, was significantly associated with smaller anterior (HR 1.37 [1.05-1.79] p=0.017), mid (HR 1.43 [1.09-1.86] p=0.008), posterior (HR 1.39 [1.12-1.74] p=0.002) and total (HR 1.53 [1.16-2.00] p=0.002) CC areas at baseline in Cox models adjusted for age, education, global cognitive impairment, ischemic pathologies, left-handedness, white matter lesion, intracranial volume and past depression. LIMITATIONS The main limitation was the retrospective assessment of major depression. CONCLUSION Smaller CC size is a predictive factor of incident LLD over 10 years in elderly women independently of cognitive deterioration. Our finding suggests a possible role of CC and reduced interhemispheric connectivity in LLD pathophysiology. Extensive explorations are needed to clarify the mechanisms leading to CC morphometric changes in mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Cyprien
- Inserm, U1061, La Colombière Hospital, Montpellier F-34093, France; University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier F-34000, France; CHRU Carémeau, Nîmes, France
| | - Philippe Courtet
- Inserm, U1061, La Colombière Hospital, Montpellier F-34093, France; University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier F-34000, France; CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Vanessa Poulain
- Inserm, U1061, La Colombière Hospital, Montpellier F-34093, France
| | - Jerome Maller
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred & Monash University School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chantal Meslin
- Centre for Mental Health Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Alain Bonafé
- University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier F-34000, France; CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Marie-Laure Ancelin
- Inserm, U1061, La Colombière Hospital, Montpellier F-34093, France; University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier F-34000, France
| | - Karen Ritchie
- Inserm, U1061, La Colombière Hospital, Montpellier F-34093, France; University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier F-34000, France; Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, St Mary׳s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvaine Artero
- Inserm, U1061, La Colombière Hospital, Montpellier F-34093, France; University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier F-34000, France.
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Ramchurn A, de Fockert JW, Mason L, Darling S, Bunce D. Intraindividual reaction time variability affects P300 amplitude rather than latency. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:557. [PMID: 25120458 PMCID: PMC4114286 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural correlates of intraindividual response variability were investigated in a serial choice reaction time (CRT) task. Reaction times (RTs) from the faster and slower portions of the RT distribution for the task were separately aggregated and associated P300 event-related potentials computed. Independent behavioral measures of executive function and IQ were also recorded. Across frontal, fronto-central, central, centro-parietal and parietal scalp regions, P300 amplitudes were significantly greater for faster relative to slower behavioral responses. However, P300 peak amplitude latencies did not differ according to the speed of the behavioral RT. Importantly, controlling for select independent measures of executive function attenuated shared variance in P300 amplitude for faster and slower trials. The findings suggest that P300 amplitude rather than latency is associated with the speed of behavioral RTs, and the possibility that fluctuations in executive control underlie variability in speeded responding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Ramchurn
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of LondonLondon, Greater London, UK
| | - Jan W. de Fockert
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of LondonLondon, Greater London, UK
| | - Luke Mason
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of LondonLondon, Greater London, UK
| | - Stephen Darling
- Division of Psychology and Sociology, Queen Margaret UniversityEdinburgh, UK
| | - David Bunce
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of LeedsLeeds, UK
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Michmizos KP, Krebs HI. Reaction time in ankle movements: a diffusion model analysis. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:3475-88. [PMID: 25030966 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-4032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Reaction time (RT) is one of the most commonly used measures of neurological function and dysfunction. Despite the extensive studies on it, no study has ever examined the RT in the ankle. Twenty-two subjects were recruited to perform simple, 2- and 4-choice RT tasks by visually guiding a cursor inside a rectangular target with their ankle. RT did not change with spatial accuracy constraints imposed by different target widths in the direction of the movement. RT increased as a linear function of potential target stimuli, as would be predicted by Hick-Hyman law. Although the slopes of the regressions were similar, the intercept in dorsal-plantar (DP) direction was significantly smaller than the intercept in inversion-eversion (IE) direction. To explain this difference, we used a hierarchical Bayesian estimation of the Ratcliff's (Psychol Rev 85:59, 1978) diffusion model parameters and divided processing time into cognitive components. The model gave a good account of RTs, their distribution and accuracy values, and hence provided a testimony that the non-decision processing time (overlap of posterior distributions between DP and IE < 0.045), the boundary separation (overlap of the posterior distributions < 0.1) and the evidence accumulation rate (overlap of the posterior distributions < 0.01) components of the RT accounted for the intercept difference between DP and IE. The model also proposed that there was no systematic change in non-decision processing time or drift rate when spatial accuracy constraints were altered. The results were in agreement with the memory drum hypothesis and could be further justified neurophysiologically by the larger innervation of the muscles controlling DP movements. This study might contribute to assessing deficits in sensorimotor control of the ankle and enlighten a possible target for correction in the framework of our on-going effort to develop robotic therapeutic interventions to the ankle of children with cerebral palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos P Michmizos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA,
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A systematic review of the evidence that brain structure is related to muscle structure and their relationship to brain and muscle function in humans over the lifecourse. BMC Geriatr 2014; 14:85. [PMID: 25011478 PMCID: PMC4105796 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2318-14-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An association between cognition and physical function has been shown to exist but the roles of muscle and brain structure in this relationship are not fully understood. A greater understanding of these relationships may lead to identification of the underlying mechanisms in this important area of research. This systematic review examines the evidence for whether: a) brain structure is related to muscle structure; b) brain structure is related to muscle function; and c) brain function is related to muscle structure in healthy children and adults. METHODS Medline, Embase, CINAHL and PsycINFO were searched on March 6th 2014. A grey literature search was performed using Google and Google Scholar. Hand searching through citations and references of relevant articles was also undertaken. RESULTS 53 articles were included in the review; mean age of the subjects ranged from 8.8 to 85.5 years old. There is evidence of a positive association between both whole brain volume and white matter (WM) volume and muscle size. Total grey matter (GM) volume was not associated with muscle size but some areas of regional GM volume were associated with muscle size (right temporal pole and bilateral ventromedial prefrontal cortex). No evidence was found of a relationship between grip strength and whole brain volume however there was some evidence of a positive association with WM volume. Conversely, there is evidence that gait speed is positively associated with whole brain volume; this relationship may be driven by total WM volume or regional GM volumes, specifically the hippocampus. Markers of brain ageing, that is brain atrophy and greater accumulation of white matter hyperintensities (WMH), were associated with grip strength and gait speed. The location of WMH is important for gait speed; periventricular hyperintensities and brainstem WMH are associated with gait speed but subcortical WMH play less of a role. Cognitive function does not appear to be associated with muscle size. CONCLUSION There is evidence that brain structure is associated with muscle structure and function. Future studies need to follow these interactions longitudinally to understand potential causal relationships.
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