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Moore MJ, Mattingley JB, Demeyere N. Multivariate and network lesion mapping reveals distinct architectures of domain-specific post-stroke cognitive impairments. Neuropsychologia 2024; 204:109007. [PMID: 39362629 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.109007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 10/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to identify patterns of structural disconnection and multivariate lesion-behaviour relationships associated with post-stroke deficits across six commonly impacted cognitive domains: executive function, language, memory, numerical processing, praxis, and visuospatial attention. METHODS Stroke survivors (n = 593) completed a brief domain-specific cognitive assessment (the Oxford Cognitive Screen (OCS)) during acute hospitalisation. Network-level and multivariate (sparce canonical correlation) lesion mapping analyses were conducted to identify focal neural correlates and distributed patterns of structural disconnection associated with impairment on each of the 16 OCS measures. RESULTS Network-level and multivariate lesion mapping analyses identified significant correlates for 12/16 and 10/16 OCS measures, respectively which were largely consistent with correlates reported in past work. Language impairments were reliably localised to network- and voxel-level correlates centred in left fronto-temporal regions. Memory impairments were associated with disconnection in a large network of left hemisphere regions. Number processing deficits were associated with damage to voxels centred in the left insular/opercular cortex, as well as disconnection within the surrounding white matter tracts. Within the domain of attention, different subtypes of visuospatial neglect were linked to distinct but partially overlapping patterns of disconnection and voxel-level damage. Praxis impairment was not linked to any voxel-level regions but was significantly associated with disconnection within the left hemisphere dorsal attention network. CONCLUSION These results highlight the utility of routine, domain-specific cognitive assessment and imaging data for theoretically-driven lesion mapping analyses, while providing novel insight into the complex anatomical correlates of common and debilitating post-stroke cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Jane Moore
- Queensland Brain Institute & School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia.
| | - Jason B Mattingley
- Queensland Brain Institute & School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nele Demeyere
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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2
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Schmidt SNL, Sehrig S, Wolber A, Rockstroh B, Mier D. Nothing to lose? Neural correlates of decision, anticipation, and feedback in the balloon analog risk task. Psychophysiology 2024:e14660. [PMID: 39090795 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the subprocesses of risky decision making is a prerequisite for understanding (dys-)functional decisions. For the present fMRI study, we designed a novel variant of the balloon-analog-risk task (BART) that measures three phases: decision making, reward anticipation, and feedback processing. Twenty-nine healthy young adults completed the BART. We analyzed neural activity and functional connectivity. Parametric modulation allowed assessing changes in brain functioning depending on the riskiness of the decision. Our results confirm involvement of nucleus accumbens, insula, anterior cingulate cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in all subprocesses of risky decision-making. In addition, subprocesses were differentiated by the strength of activation in these regions, as well as by changes in activity and nucleus accumbens-connectivity by the riskiness of the decision. The presented fMRI-BART variant allows distinguishing activity and connectivity during the subprocesses of risky decision making and shows how activation and connectivity patterns relate to the riskiness of the decision. Hence, it is a useful tool for unraveling impairments in subprocesses of risky decision making in people with high risk behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Sehrig
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alexander Wolber
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Daniela Mier
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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3
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Waizman Y, Herschel E, Cárdenas SI, Vaccaro AG, Aviv EC, Sellery PE, Goldenberg D, Kaplan J, Saxbe DE. Neural correlates of inhibitory control in the context of infant cry and paternal postpartum mental health. Behav Brain Res 2024; 465:114947. [PMID: 38460795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibitory control, a form of self-regulation, may support sensitive parenting, but has been understudied in new fathers despite their pronounced risk for stress and mental health challenges. METHODS This study probed the neural correlates of inhibitory control and its associations to first-time fathers' postpartum mental health, focusing on depressive symptoms, state anxiety, and perceived stress. Six months after their child's birth, 38 fathers self-reported on their mood, anxiety, and stress, and performed a Go/No-Go fMRI task while listening to three sets of sounds (infant cry, pink noise, and silence). RESULTS Fathers' behavioral inhibition accuracy was consistent across the sound conditions, but their patterns of neural activation varied. Compared to the pink noise condition, fathers showed heightened engagement in prefrontal regulatory regions when self-regulating during the infant cry and silent conditions. When examining correct trials only, results in visual motor area and primary somatosensory cortex emerged only for infant cry and not for pink noise and silence. Moreover, fathers reporting higher levels of postpartum depression, state anxiety, and perceived stress showed greater activation in prefrontal regions when inhibiting during infant cry or silence. CONCLUSION This study is the first to underscore the complex interplay between the neural mechanisms related to inhibitory control and postpartum mental health and stress across varied auditory context, laying the groundwork for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Waizman
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, United States.
| | - Ellen Herschel
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Sofia I Cárdenas
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Anthony G Vaccaro
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Elizabeth C Aviv
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Pia E Sellery
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Diane Goldenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Jonas Kaplan
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Darby E Saxbe
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, United States
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4
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Moore MJ, Byrne J, Gibson EC, Ford L, Robinson GA. Hayling and stroop tests tap dissociable deficits and network-level neural correlates. Brain Struct Funct 2024; 229:879-896. [PMID: 38478051 PMCID: PMC11004053 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-024-02767-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Although many executive function screens have been developed, it is not yet clear whether these assessments are equally effective in detecting post-stroke deficits of initiation and inhibition. This study presents a comparative analysis of the Stroop and Hayling tests aiming to evaluate whether these tests measure the same underlying cognitive functions and to identify the neural correlates of the deficits detected by both tasks. Sixty six stroke survivors and 70 healthy ageing controls completed the Hayling and Stroop tests. Stroke patients were found to exhibit qualitative performance differences across analogous Stroop and Hayling Test metrics intended to tap initiation and inhibition. The Stroop test was found to have high specificity to abnormal performance, but low sensitivity relative to the Hayling Test. Minimal overlap was present between the network-level correlates of analogous Stroop and Hayling Test metrics. Hayling Task strategy use metrics were significantly associated with distinct patterns of disconnection in stroke survivors, providing novel insight into the neural correlates of fine-grained behavioural patterns. Overall, these findings strongly suggest that the functions tapped by the Stroop and Hayling Test are both behaviourally and anatomically dissociable. The Hayling Test was found to offer improved sensitivity and detail relative to the Stroop test. This novel demonstration of the Hayling Test within the stroke population suggests that this task represents an effective measure for quantifying post-stroke initiation and inhibition deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Jane Moore
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jessica Byrne
- Neuropsychology Research Unit, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Emily C Gibson
- Neuropsychology Research Unit, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Lucy Ford
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
- Neuropsychology Research Unit, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Gail A Robinson
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.
- Neuropsychology Research Unit, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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5
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Yan S, Zhao G, Zhang Q, Liu L, Bai X, Jin H. Altered resting-state brain function in endurance athletes. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae076. [PMID: 38494416 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous research has confirmed significant differences in regional brain activity and functional connectivity between endurance athletes and non-athletes. However, no studies have investigated the differences in topological efficiency of the brain functional network between endurance athletes and non-athletes. Here, we compared differences in regional activities, functional connectivity, and topological properties to explore the functional basis associated with endurance training. The results showed significant correlations between Regional Homogeneity in the motor cortex, visual cortex, cerebellum, and the training intensity parameters. Alterations in functional connectivity among the motor cortex, visual cortex, cerebellum, and the inferior frontal gyrus and cingulate gyrus were significantly correlated with training intensity parameters. In addition, the graph theoretical analysis results revealed a significant reduction in global efficiency among athletes. This decline is mainly caused by decreased nodal efficiency and nodal local efficiency of the cerebellar regions. Notably, the sensorimotor regions, such as the precentral gyrus and supplementary motor areas, still exhibit increased nodal efficiency and nodal local efficiency. This study not only confirms the improvement of regional activity in brain regions related to endurance training, but also offers novel insights into the mechanisms through which endurance athletes undergo changes in the topological efficiency of the brain functional network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Yan
- School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Guang Zhao
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Qihan Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Liqing Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Xuejun Bai
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Hua Jin
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
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6
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Smolders L, De Baene W, van der Hofstad R, Florack L, Rutten GJ. Working memory performance in glioma patients is associated with functional connectivity between the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and default mode network. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:1826-1839. [PMID: 37694505 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
In healthy subjects, activity in the default mode network (DMN) and the frontoparietal network (FPN) has consistently been associated with working memory (WM). In particular, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is important for WM. The functional-anatomical basis of WM impairment in glioma patients is, however, still poorly understood. We investigated whether WM performance of glioma patients is reflected in resting-state functional connectivity (FC) between the DMN and FPN, additionally focusing on the DLPFC. Resting-state functional MRI data were acquired from 45 glioma patients prior to surgery. WM performance was derived from a pre-operative N-back task. Scans were parcellated into ROIs using both the Gordon and Yeo atlas. FC was calculated as the average Pearson correlation between functional time series. The FC between right DLPFC and DMN was inversely related to WM performance for both the Gordon and Yeo atlas (p = .010). No association was found for FC between left DLPFC and DMN, nor between the whole FPN and DMN. The results are robust and not dependent on atlas choice or tumor location, as they hold for both the Gordon and Yeo atlases, and independently of location variables. Our findings show that WM performance of glioma patients can be quantified in terms of interactions between regions and large-scale networks that can be measured with resting-state fMRI. These group-based results are a necessary step toward development of biomarkers for clinical management of glioma patients, and provide additional evidence that global disruption of the DMN relates to cognitive impairment in glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Smolders
- Department of Neurosurgery, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter De Baene
- Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Remco van der Hofstad
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Florack
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Rutten
- Department of Neurosurgery, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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7
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Guo T, Schwieter JW, Liu H. fMRI reveals overlapping and non-overlapping neural bases of domain-general and emotional conflict control. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14355. [PMID: 37254582 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study uses functional magnetic resonance image (fMRI) to examine the overlapping and specific neural correlates of contextualized emotional conflict control and domain-general conflict control. During a performance on emotional and domain-general conflict tasks, conjunction analyses showed that neural areas distributed in the frontoparietal network were engaged in both processes, supporting the notion that similar neural mechanisms are implemented in these two types of control. Importantly, disjunction analyses revealed a broader neural recruitment of emotional conflict control compared to domain-general conflict control as shown by the possible lateralization of the lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC), such that emotional conflict control significantly involved the left lPFC while domain-general conflict control seemly involved the right lPFC. Results of generalized psychophysiological interaction (gPPI) analyses further demonstrated that emotional conflict control, compared to domain-general conflict control, elicited broader synergistic activities in individuals' brain networks. Together, these findings offer novel and compelling neural evidence that furthers our understanding of the complex relationship between domain-general and emotional conflict control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Guo
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, China
| | - John W Schwieter
- Language Acquisition, Cognition, and Multilingualism Laboratory, Bilingualism Matters @ Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Linguistics and Languages, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, China
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8
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Tjokrowijoto P, Phillips M, Ceslis A, Henderson RD, McCombe PA, Robinson GA. Sensitivity and specificity of the ECAS in identifying executive function and social cognition deficits in MND. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2023; 24:466-474. [PMID: 36967700 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2023.2188053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Motor neurone disease [MND] encompasses broad cognitive impairments, which are not fully captured by most screening tools. This study evaluated the specificity and sensitivity of the Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioral ALS Screen [ECAS] in detecting impairments in executive function and social cognition. Methods: Participants (MND = 64; Healthy Controls = 45) completed the ECAS and standard neuropsychology tests of executive function and social cognition. Sensitivity and specificity of the ECAS were assessed at three levels (ALS-Specific score, executive function domain score, individual subtests: social cognition, inhibition, working memory, alternation). Results: MND patients were impaired on standard social cognition, initiation, visuomotor alternation, and verbal learning tests but not on inhibition or working memory tests, relative to controls. ECAS results revealed that the ALS-Specific score was high in specificity but low-to-moderately sensitive in identifying social cognition, inhibition, and working memory deficits, and that both sensitivity and specificity were high for identifying alternation deficits. The ECAS executive function domain score was high in specificity but poor in sensitivity for all four executive function domain subtests. The individual ECAS subtests were highly specific with good sensitivity, but the social cognition subtest lacked sensitivity. Conclusions: Impairments in social cognition may go undetected when using the ECAS as a screening tool. Thus, social cognition may need to be considered as a standalone component, distinct from the other executive functions. In addition, the test itself may need to be adjusted to encompass other aspects of social cognition that are affected in MND.Key messagesCognitive screening tools are key to detect cognitive changes in MND, with the domains most affected being executive functions, language, and social cognition.The ECAS measure, developed for MND, has good specificity but lacks sensitivity to impairments in social cognition.Clinical implications are that cognitive impairments in social cognition may not be identified in MND patients by the ECAS.Adjustment to the ECAS cognitive screening tool widely-used in MND is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Tjokrowijoto
- Neuropsychology Research Unit, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mia Phillips
- Neuropsychology Research Unit, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Amelia Ceslis
- Neuropsychology Research Unit, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert D Henderson
- Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Wesley Medical Research, The Wesley Hospital, Brisbane, Australia, and
| | - Pamela A McCombe
- Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Wesley Medical Research, The Wesley Hospital, Brisbane, Australia, and
| | - Gail A Robinson
- Neuropsychology Research Unit, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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9
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Forestier C, de Chanaleilles M, Bartoletti R, Cheval B, Chalabaev A, Deschamps T. Are trait self-control and self-control resources mediators of relations between executive functions and health behaviors? PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 67:102410. [PMID: 37665871 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated associations between executive functions (i.e., inhibition, working memory, cognitive flexibility) and individual differences in self-control and health behaviors. We examined whether executive functions predict physical activity, sedentary activity, and healthy and unhealthy diets, and whether trait self-control and self-control resources mediate these associations. Three hundred and eighty-five participants completed a questionnaire assessing trait self-control and self-control resources, physical activity, sedentary activity, and healthy and unhealthy diets. They also performed three randomly ordered cognitive tasks, a stop-signal task (i.e., inhibition), a letter memory task (i.e., updating), and a number-letter task (i.e., switching). Structural equation modeling revealed that self-control resources predicted positively physical activity (R2 = 0.08), negatively sedentary activity (R2 = 0.03) and positively healthy diet (R2 = 10). Moreover, trait self-control predicted positively healthy diet (R2 = 0.10) and negatively unhealthy diet (R2 = 0.19). Moreover, analyses revealed that switching significantly predicted self-control resources, and highlighted three totally mediated relations between this executive function and physical activity, sedentary activity and healthy diet. However, no evidence was found supporting associations between inhibition and updating, and health behaviors, or relations mediated by self-control for these executive functions. The findings suggest the importance of trait self-control and self-control resources for health behavior adoption and pave the way for studies exploring the role of the executive functions in an affective context. Open materials [https://osf.io/hpsjw/].
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Forestier
- Laboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance, MIP - EA4334, Le Mans Université, Nantes Université, Le Mans, Nantes, France.
| | | | | | - Boris Cheval
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratory for the Study of Emotion Elicitation and Expression (E3Lab), Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Thibault Deschamps
- Laboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance, MIP - EA4334, Le Mans Université, Nantes Université, Le Mans, Nantes, France
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10
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Sambol S, Suleyman E, Scarfo J, Ball M. A true reflection of executive functioning or a representation of task-specific variance? Re-evaluating the unity/diversity framework. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2023; 236:103934. [PMID: 37156119 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The unity/diversity framework, originally published by Miyake et al. (2000) has become the most cited model of executive functioning. Consequently, when researchers operationalise executive function (EF) they often exclusively assess the three "core" EFs: updating, shifting, and inhibition. However, rather than core EFs representing domain general cognitive abilities, these three EFs may instead represent specific procedural skills from the overlapping methodologies of the tasks selected. In this study, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) which showed both the traditional three-factor and nested-factor model from the unity/diversity framework failed to reach satisfactory levels of fit. Subsequently, an exploratory factor analysis supported a three-factor model reflecting: an expanded working memory factor, a combined shifting/inhibition factor representing cognitive flexibility, and a factor comprised solely of the Stroop task. These results demonstrate that working memory remains the most robustly operationalised EF construct, whereas shifting and inhibition may represent task-specific mechanisms of a broader domain-general cognitive flexibility factor. Ultimately, there is little evidence to suggest that updating, shifting, and inhibition encapsulates all core EFs. Further research is needed to develop an ecologically valid model of executive functioning that captures the cognitive abilities associated with real world goal-directed behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stjepan Sambol
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Emra Suleyman
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica Scarfo
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle Ball
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Lowe MS, Buchwald A. Role of cognitive control in resolving two types of conflict during spoken word production. LANGUAGE, COGNITION AND NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 38:1082-1097. [PMID: 37927968 PMCID: PMC10622112 DOI: 10.1080/23273798.2023.2202917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
A theoretically- and clinically-important issue for understanding word retrieval is how speakers resolve conflict during linguistic tasks. This study investigated two types of conflict resolution: prepotent conflict, when one dominant incorrect response must be suppressed; and underdetermined conflict, when multiple reasonable responses compete. The congruency sequence effect paradigm was used to assess trial-to-trial changes in reaction time and accuracy during word production tasks with either prepotent or underdetermined conflict. Pictures were named faster on trials with low-conflict as compared to high-conflict regardless of conflict type. This effect was modulated by the amount of conflict experienced on the previous trial for both tasks. These results suggest that resolution of underdetermined and prepotent conflict may engage the same general cognitive mechanism. This work expands our understanding of the relationship between cognitive control and word production and can inform clinical approaches for people with anomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Steinberg Lowe
- Department of Linguistics and Communication Disorders, Queens College, City University of New York
| | - Adam Buchwald
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University
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12
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Shekari E, Nozari N. A narrative review of the anatomy and function of the white matter tracts in language production and comprehension. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1139292. [PMID: 37051488 PMCID: PMC10083342 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1139292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Much is known about the role of cortical areas in language processing. The shift towards network approaches in recent years has highlighted the importance of uncovering the role of white matter in connecting these areas. However, despite a large body of research, many of these tracts' functions are not well-understood. We present a comprehensive review of the empirical evidence on the role of eight major tracts that are hypothesized to be involved in language processing (inferior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, extreme capsule, middle longitudinal fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus, arcuate fasciculus, and frontal aslant tract). For each tract, we hypothesize its role based on the function of the cortical regions it connects. We then evaluate these hypotheses with data from three sources: studies in neurotypical individuals, neuropsychological data, and intraoperative stimulation studies. Finally, we summarize the conclusions supported by the data and highlight the areas needing further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Shekari
- Department of Neuroscience, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazbanou Nozari
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition (CNBC), Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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13
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Okayasu M, Inukai T, Tanaka D, Tsumura K, Shintaki R, Takeda M, Nakahara K, Jimura K. The Stroop effect involves an excitatory-inhibitory fronto-cerebellar loop. Nat Commun 2023; 14:27. [PMID: 36631460 PMCID: PMC9834394 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35397-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Stroop effect is a classical, well-known behavioral phenomenon in humans that refers to robust interference between language and color information. It remains unclear, however, when the interference occurs and how it is resolved in the brain. Here we show that the Stroop effect occurs during perception of color-word stimuli and involves a cross-hemispheric, excitatory-inhibitory loop functionally connecting the lateral prefrontal cortex and cerebellum. Participants performed a Stroop task and a non-verbal control task (which we term the Swimmy task), and made a response vocally or manually. The Stroop effect involved the lateral prefrontal cortex in the left hemisphere and the cerebellum in the right hemisphere, independently of the response type; such lateralization was absent during the Swimmy task, however. Moreover, the prefrontal cortex amplified cerebellar activity, whereas the cerebellum suppressed prefrontal activity. This fronto-cerebellar loop may implement language and cognitive systems that enable goal-directed behavior during perceptual conflicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Okayasu
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tensei Inukai
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Daiki Tanaka
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kaho Tsumura
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Reiko Shintaki
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masaki Takeda
- Research Center for Brain Communication, Kochi University of Technology, Kami, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Nakahara
- Research Center for Brain Communication, Kochi University of Technology, Kami, Japan
| | - Koji Jimura
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan.
- Research Center for Brain Communication, Kochi University of Technology, Kami, Japan.
- Department of Informatics, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan.
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Yan H, Lau WKW, Eickhoff SB, Long J, Song X, Wang C, Zhao J, Feng X, Huang R, Wang M, Zhang X, Zhang R. Charting the neural circuits disruption in inhibitory control and its subcomponents across psychiatric disorders: A neuroimaging meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 119:110618. [PMID: 36002101 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibitory control, comprising cognitive inhibition and response inhibition, showed consistent deficits among several major psychiatric disorders. We aim to identify the trans-diagnostic convergence of neuroimaging abnormalities underlying inhibitory control across psychiatric disorders. METHODS Inhibitory control tasks neuroimaging, including functional magnetic resonance imaging, single-photon emission computed tomography, and positron emission tomography articles published in PubMed and Web of Science before April 2020 comparing healthy controls with patients with several psychiatric disorders were searched. RESULTS 146 experiments on 2653 patients with different disorders and 2764 control participants were included. Coordinates of case-control differences coded by diagnosis and inhibitory control components were analyzed using activation likelihood estimation. A robust trans-diagnostic pattern of aberrant brain activation in the bilateral cingulate gyri extending to medial frontal gyri, right insula, bilateral lentiform nuclei, right inferior frontal gyrus, right precuneus extending to inferior parietal lobule, and right supplementary motor area were detected. Frontostriatal pathways are the commonly disrupted neural circuits in the inhibitory control across psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, Patients showed aberrant activation in the dorsal frontal inhibitory system in cognitive inhibition, while in the frontostriatal system in response inhibition across disorders. CONCLUSION Consistent with the Research Domain Criteria initiative, current findings show that psychiatric disorders may be productively formulated as a phenotype of trans-diagnostic neurocircuit disruption. Our results provide new insights for future research into mental disorders with inhibition-related dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Yan
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Science and Education, The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou, PR China
| | - Way K W Lau
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behavior (INM-7), Research Center Jüelich, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jixin Long
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoqi Song
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chanyu Wang
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiubo Zhao
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Psychiatry, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiangang Feng
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Psychiatry, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ruiwang Huang
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Maosheng Wang
- Department of Science and Education, The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhang
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Psychiatry, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Ruibin Zhang
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Psychiatry, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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15
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Rodríguez-Nieto G, Seer C, Sidlauskaite J, Vleugels L, Van Roy A, Hardwick R, Swinnen S. Inhibition, Shifting and Updating: Inter and intra-domain commonalities and differences from an executive functions activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Neuroimage 2022; 264:119665. [PMID: 36202157 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive functions are higher-order mental processes that support goal-directed behavior. Among these processes, Inhibition, Updating, and Shifting have been considered core executive domains. In this meta-analysis, we comprehensively investigate the neural networks of these executive domains and we synthesize for the first time the neural convergences and divergences among the most frequently used executive paradigms within those domains. A systematic search yielded 1055 published neuroimaging studies (including 26,191 participants in total). Our study revealed that a fronto-parietal network was shared by the three main domains. Furthermore, we executed conjunction analyses among the paradigms of the same domain to extract the core distinctive components of the main executive domains. This approach showed that Inhibition and Shifting are characterized by a strongly lateralized neural activation in the right and left hemisphere, respectively. In addition, both networks overlapped with the Updating network but not with each other. Remarkably, our study detected heterogeneity among the paradigms from the same domain. More specifically, analysis of Inhibition tasks revealed differing activations for Response Inhibition compared to Interference Control paradigms, suggesting that Inhibition encompasses relatively heterogeneous sub-functions. Shifting analyses revealed a bilateral overlap of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task with the Updating network, but this pattern was absent for Rule Switching and Dual Task paradigms. Moreover, our Updating meta-analyses revealed the neural signatures associated with the specific modules of the Working Memory model from Baddeley and Hitch. To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive meta-analysis of executive functions to date. Its paradigm-driven analyses provide a unique contribution to a better understanding of the neural convergences and divergences among executive processes that are relevant for clinical applications, such as cognitive enhancement and neurorehabilitation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Rodríguez-Nieto
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101 box 1501, Leuven 3001, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Oude Markt 13, Leuven 5005, Belgium
| | - Caroline Seer
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101 box 1501, Leuven 3001, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Oude Markt 13, Leuven 5005, Belgium
| | - Justina Sidlauskaite
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101 box 1501, Leuven 3001, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Oude Markt 13, Leuven 5005, Belgium
| | - Lore Vleugels
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101 box 1501, Leuven 3001, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Oude Markt 13, Leuven 5005, Belgium; Institute of Neuroscience, UC Louvain, Av. Mounier 54, Bruxelles 1200, Belgium
| | - Anke Van Roy
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101 box 1501, Leuven 3001, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Oude Markt 13, Leuven 5005, Belgium
| | - Robert Hardwick
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101 box 1501, Leuven 3001, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Oude Markt 13, Leuven 5005, Belgium; Institute of Neuroscience, UC Louvain, Av. Mounier 54, Bruxelles 1200, Belgium
| | - Stephan Swinnen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101 box 1501, Leuven 3001, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Oude Markt 13, Leuven 5005, Belgium.
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16
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Vilca LW. The moderating role of sex in the relationship between executive functions and academic procrastination in undergraduate students. Front Psychol 2022; 13:928425. [PMID: 36072020 PMCID: PMC9444057 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.928425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine if sex plays a moderating role in the relationship between executive functions and academic procrastination in 106 university students of both genders (28.3% male and 71.7% female) between the ages of 18 and 30 years (M = 19.7; SD = 2.7). The Academic Procrastination Scale and the Neuropsychological Battery of Executive Functions and Frontal Lobes (BANFE-2) were used to measure the variables. The results of the study showed that the degree of prediction of the tasks linked to the orbitomedial cortex (involves the orbitofrontal cortex [OFC] and the medial prefrontal cortex [mPFC]) on academic procrastination is significantly moderated by the sex of the university students (β3 = 0.53; p < 0.01). For men, the estimated effect of the tasks linked to the orbitomedial cortex on the degree of academic procrastination is −0.81. For women, the estimated effect of the tasks linked to the orbitomedial cortex on the degree of academic procrastination is −0.28. In addition, it was shown that sex does not play a moderating role in the relationship between the tasks linked to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and academic procrastination (β3 = 0.12; p > 0.05). It was also determined that sex does not play a moderating role in the relationship between the tasks linked to the anterior prefrontal cortex (aPFC) and academic procrastination (β3 = 0.05; p > 0.05). It is concluded that only the executive functions associated with the orbitomedial cortex are moderated by the sex of the university students, where the impact of the tasks linked to the orbitomedial cortex on academic procrastination in men is significantly greater than in women.
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17
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Crum J, Zhang X, Noah A, Hamilton A, Tachtsidis I, Burgess PW, Hirsch J. An Approach to Neuroimaging Interpersonal Interactions in Mental Health Interventions. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:669-679. [PMID: 35144035 PMCID: PMC9271588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional paradigms in clinical neuroscience tend to be constrained in terms of ecological validity, raising several challenges to studying the mechanisms mediating treatments and outcomes in clinical settings. Addressing these issues requires real-world neuroimaging techniques that are capable of continuously collecting data during free-flowing interpersonal interactions and that allow for experimental designs that are representative of the clinical situations in which they occur. METHODS In this work, we developed a paradigm that fractionates the major components of human-to-human verbal interactions occurring in clinical situations and used functional near-infrared spectroscopy to assess the brain systems underlying clinician-client discourse (N = 30). RESULTS Cross-brain neural coupling between people was significantly greater during clinical interactions compared with everyday life verbal communication, particularly between the prefrontal cortex (e.g., inferior frontal gyrus) and inferior parietal lobule (e.g., supramarginal gyrus). The clinical tasks revealed extensive increases in activity across the prefrontal cortex, especially in the rostral prefrontal cortex (area 10), during periods in which participants were required to silently reason about the dysfunctional cognitions of the other person. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates a novel experimental approach to investigating the neural underpinnings of interpersonal interactions that typically occur in clinical settings, and its findings support the idea that particular prefrontal systems might be critical to cultivating mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Crum
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Xian Zhang
- Brain Function Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Adam Noah
- Brain Function Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Antonia Hamilton
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ilias Tachtsidis
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W Burgess
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joy Hirsch
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Brain Function Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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18
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Yang J, Shao Y, Shen YK, Zhu HS, Li B, Yu QY, Kang M, Xu SH, Ying P, Ling Q, Zou J, Wei H, He YL. Altered Intrinsic Brain Activity in Patients With Toothache Using the Percent Amplitude of a Fluctuation Method: A Resting-State fMRI Study. Front Neurol 2022; 13:934501. [PMID: 35812119 PMCID: PMC9259968 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.934501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The percent amplitude of fluctuation (PerAF) technique was utilized to evaluate the neural functions of specific cerebrum areas in patients with toothache (TA). Patients and Methods An aggregation of 18 patients with TA (eight males and 10 females) were included in the study. We also recruited 18 healthy controls (HCs; eight men and 10 women) aligned for sex and age. Resting functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) scans were obtained. Then, we utilized the PerAF method and a support vector machine (SVM) to analyze the image data and measure neural abnormalities in related cerebrum areas. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was utilized to appraise the two data sets. Results The PerAF signals in the right dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus (RDSFG) and the right posterior central gyrus (RPCG) of TA sufferers were lower than HC signals. These results may reveal neural dysfunctions in relevant cerebrum regions. The AUC values of PerAF in the two areas were 0.979 in the RDSFG and 0.979 in the RPCG. The SVM results suggested that PerAF could be utilized to distinguish the TA group from HCs with a sensitivity of 75.00%, a specificity of 66.67%, and an accuracy of 70.83%. Conclusion Patients with TA had marked differences in PerAF values in some regions of the cerebrum. Changes in PerAF values represented distinctions in blood oxygen level dependent semaphore intensity, which reflected the overactivity or inactivation of some cerebrum areas in those suffering from TA. At the same time, we analyzed the PerAF values of TAs with ROC curve, which can be helpful for the diagnosis of TA severity and subsequent treatment. Our results may help to elucidate the pathological mechanism of TA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yan-Kun Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong-Shui Zhu
- The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiu-Yue Yu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Min Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - San-Hua Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ping Ying
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qian Ling
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jie Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu-Lin He
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Yu-Lin He
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Horne KS, Gibson EC, Byrne J, Bender JR, Robinson GA. Post-stroke apathy: A case series investigation of neuropsychological and lesion characteristics. Neuropsychologia 2022; 171:108244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Schumacher R, Halai AD, Lambon Ralph MA. Assessing executive functions in post-stroke aphasia-utility of verbally based tests. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac107. [PMID: 35602650 PMCID: PMC9118101 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly acknowledged that, often, patients with post-stroke aphasia not only have language impairments but also deficits in other cognitive domains (e.g. executive functions) that influence recovery and response to therapy. Many assessments of executive functions are verbally based and therefore usually not administered in this patient group. However, the performance of patients with aphasia in such tests might provide valuable insights both from a theoretical and clinical perspective. We aimed to elucidate (i) if verbal executive tests measure anything beyond the language impairment in patients with chronic post-stroke aphasia, (ii) how performance in such tests relates to performance in language tests and nonverbal cognitive functions, and (iii) the neural correlates associated with performance in verbal executive tests. In this observational study, three commonly used verbal executive tests were administered to a sample of patients with varying aphasia severity. Their performance in these tests was explored by means of principal component analyses, and the relationships with a broad range of background tests regarding their language and nonverbal cognitive functions were elucidated with correlation analyses. Furthermore, lesion analyses were performed to explore brain-behaviour relationships. In a sample of 32 participants, we found that: (i) a substantial number of patients with aphasia were able to perform the verbal executive tests; (ii) variance in performance was not explained by the severity of an individual's overall language impairment alone but was related to two independent behavioural principal components per test; (iii) not all aspects of performance were related to the patient's language abilities; and (iv) all components were associated with separate neural correlates, some overlapping partly in frontal and parietal regions. Our findings extend our clinical and theoretical understanding of dysfunctions beyond language in patients with aphasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Schumacher
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ajay D. Halai
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A. Lambon Ralph
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom
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21
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Is Early Bilingual Experience Associated with Greater Fluid Intelligence in Adults? LANGUAGES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/languages7020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that early bilingual experience constrains the development of attentional processes in infants, and that some of these early bilingual adaptations could last into adulthood. However, it is not known whether the early adaptations in the attentional domain alter more general cognitive abilities. If they do, then we would expect that bilingual adults who learned their second language early in life would score more highly across cognitive tasks than bilingual adults who learned their second language later in life. To test this hypothesis, 170 adult participants were administered a well-established (non-verbal) measure of fluid intelligence: Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM). Fluid intelligence (the ability to solve novel reasoning problems, independent of acquired knowledge) is highly correlated with numerous cognitive abilities across development. Performance on the RAPM was greater in bilinguals than monolinguals, and greater in ‘early bilinguals’ (adults who learned their second language between 0–6 years) than ‘late bilinguals’ (adults who learned their second language after age 6 years). The groups did not significantly differ on a proxy of socioeconomic status. These results suggest that the difference in fluid intelligence between bilinguals and monolinguals is not a consequence of bilingualism per se, but of early adaptive processes. However, the finding may depend on how bilingualism is operationalized, and thus needs to be replicated with a larger sample and more detailed measures.
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22
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Smith-Spark JH, Gordon R. Automaticity and Executive Abilities in Developmental Dyslexia: A Theoretical Review. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12040446. [PMID: 35447978 PMCID: PMC9030885 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive difficulties are well documented in developmental dyslexia but they present a challenge to dyslexia theory. In this paper, the Model of the Control of Action is proposed as a theoretical explanation of how and why deficits in both automaticity and executive abilities are apparent in the cognitive profiles of dyslexia and how these deficits might relate to literacy difficulties. This theoretical perspective is used to consider evidence from different cognitive domains. The neuroanatomical underpinnings of automaticity and executive abilities are then discussed in relation to the understanding of dyslexia. Links between reading, writing, and executive function are considered. The reviewed evidence suggests that dyslexia theory should consider an interaction between procedural learned behaviour (automaticity) and higher-order (executive) abilities. The capacity to handle environmental interference, develop and engage adaptive strategies accordingly, and plan actions all require interactions between the cerebellum and the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Difficulties in these areas might explain both impairments in the cumulative development of literacy skills in childhood and general task management in everyday life in adulthood. It is suggested that improved measures are required to assess this cerebellar–PFC interaction and to allow early identification of future literacy difficulties, allowing implementation of timely interventions and reasonable adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H. Smith-Spark
- Division of Psychology, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London SE1 0AA, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Rebecca Gordon
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Institute of Education, University College London, London WC1H 0AA, UK;
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23
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Alateeq H, Azuma T. Words Versus Pictures: Bilingual Performance on Verbal and Pictorial Measures of Executive Functions. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2022; 65:1087-1103. [PMID: 35180004 DOI: 10.1044/2021_jslhr-21-00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined bilinguals' performance on functional executive function map tasks such as the Zoo Map from the Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome and the extent to which working memory, set-shifting, and inhibition measures predicted bilinguals' performance on these tasks. Additionally, we explored the utility of pictorial map tasks as a measure of complex executive function in bilinguals. We hypothesized that bilinguals would perform better on the pictorial map tasks due to the reduced language processing demand. METHOD The analyses included 131 bilingual young adults who completed a comprehensive language history questionnaire, an English proficiency test, a battery of working memory and executive function tasks, and verbal and pictorial map tasks. RESULTS Contrary to predictions, bilinguals' performance on the verbal maps did not differ significantly from that on the pictorial maps. Two multiple regression models significantly predicted performance on the verbal and pictorial maps, accounting for 7%-25% of the variance in the map scores. Working memory and interference control were the most prominent predictors within these models. CONCLUSIONS In our study, bilinguals' performance on the verbal maps did not differ significantly from that on the pictorial maps. Additionally, English proficiency did not correlate with the participants' verbal map scores. These results suggest that executive function map tasks (e.g., the Zoo Map) are a useful clinical tool for assessing executive function in bilinguals. The findings of this study are discussed in light of the current literature on executive functions in bilinguals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halah Alateeq
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe
| | - Tamiko Azuma
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe
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24
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Moore MJ, Demeyere N. Lesion symptom mapping of domain-specific cognitive impairments using routine imaging in stroke. Neuropsychologia 2022; 167:108159. [PMID: 35041840 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This large-scale lesion-symptom mapping study investigates the necessary neuro-anatomical substrates of 5 cognitive domains frequently affected post stroke: Language, Attention, Praxis, Number, and Memory. This study aims to demonstrate the validity of using routine clinical brain imaging and standard bedside cognitive screening data from a large, real-world patient cohort for lesion-symptom mapping. PATIENTS AND METHODS Behavioural cognitive screening data from the Oxford Cognitive Screen and routine clinical neuroimaging from 573 acute patients was used in voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping analyses. Patients were classed as impaired or not on each of the subtests within 5 cognitive domains. RESULTS Distinct patterns of lesion damage were associated with different domains. Language functions were associated with damage to left hemisphere fronto-temporal areas. Visuo-spatial functions were associated with damage to posterior occipital areas (Visual Field) and the right temporo-parietal region (Visual Neglect). Different memory impairments were linked to distinct voxel clusters within the left insular and opercular cortices. Deficits which were not associated with localised voxels (e.g. executive function, praxis) represent distributed, bilateral functions. DISCUSSION The standardised, brief Oxford Cognitive Screen was able to reliably differentiate distinct neural correlates critically involved in supporting domain-specific cognitive abilities. CONCLUSION By demonstrating and replicating known brain anatomy correlates within real-life clinical cohorts using routinely collected scans and standard bedside screens, we open up VLSM techniques to a wealth of clinically relevant studies which can capitalise on using existing clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Jane Moore
- University of Oxford, Department of Experimental Psychology, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Oxford, OX2 6GG, United Kingdom
| | - Nele Demeyere
- University of Oxford, Department of Experimental Psychology, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Oxford, OX2 6GG, United Kingdom.
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Does older adults' cognition particularly suffer from stress? A systematic review of acute stress effects on cognition in older age. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:583-602. [PMID: 34896431 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This literature review provides the first comprehensive qualitative and quantitative systematic synthesis of acute laboratory stress effects on older adults' cognition by specifying the direction and magnitude of those effects both overall and for different cognitive processes separately. A systematic literature search was performed, and effect sizes estimated whenever possible. We found meta-analytical evidence that stress has negative effects on older adults' verbal fluency (gadj = -0.53, 95 % CI [-2.70, 1.63]), null-to-negative effects on episodic memory (gadj = -0.26, 95 % CI [-0.44, -0.08]), null effects on executive functions (gadj = 0.07, 95 % CI [-0.31, 0.46]), and enhancing effects on working memory (gadj = 0.16, 95 % CI [-0.01, 0.33]). Relating these findings to those in young adults, notable differences emerged for some cognitive functions, such as opposing effects on working memory between age groups. Our review further reveals that stress effects on older adults' memory retention, associative memory, prospective memory, interference control or cognitive flexibility are heavily understudied. We provide a conceptual and methodological framework for future studies in older adults.
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Goenarjo R, Dupuy O, Fraser S, Berryman N, Perrochon A, Bosquet L. Cardiorespiratory fitness and prefrontal cortex oxygenation during Stroop task in older males. Physiol Behav 2021; 242:113621. [PMID: 34648819 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the current study was to assess whether executive function and prefrontal oxygenation are dependent on fitness level and age in older adults. METHODS Twenty-four healthy males aged between 55 and 69 years old were recruited for this study. They were stratified by age, leading to the creation of two groups: 55-60 years old and 61-69 years old. A median split based on CRF created higher- and lower-fit categories of participants. Cerebral oxygenation was assessed using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during a computerized Stroop task. Accuracy (% of correct responses) and reaction times (ms) were used as behavioural indicators of cognitive performances. Changes in oxygenated (∆[HbO2]) and deoxygenated (∆[HHb]) hemoglobin were measured to capture neural changes. Repeated measures ANOVAs (CRF × Age × Stroop conditions) were performed to test the null hypothesis of an absence of interaction between CRF, Age and executive performance. RESULTS We also found an interaction between CRF and age on reaction times (p = .001), in which higher fitness levels were related to faster reaction times in the 61-69 year olds but not in the 55-60 year olds. Regarding ΔHHb, the ANOVA revealed a main effect of CRF in the right PFC (p = .04), in which higher-fit participants had a greater Δ[HHb] than the lower-fit (d = 1.5). We also found fitness by age interaction for Δ[HHb] in the right PFC (p = .04). CONCLUSION Our results support the positive association of CRF on cerebral oxygenation and Stroop performance in healthy older males. They indicated that high-fit individuals performed better in the 61-69 year olds group, but not in the 55-60 years old group. We also observed a greater PFC oxygenation change (as measured by Δ[HHb]) in the high-fit individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Goenarjo
- Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6314), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Olivier Dupuy
- Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6314), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Ecole de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'Activité Physique (EKSAP), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Sarah Fraser
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (Ontario), Canada
| | - Nicolas Berryman
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Département des Sciences de l'activité physique, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Anaïck Perrochon
- Laboratoire HAVAE (EA 6310), Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Laurent Bosquet
- Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6314), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Ecole de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'Activité Physique (EKSAP), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
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Coubard OA, Ober KM, Gaumet M, Urbanski M, Amato JN, Chapron V, Weiss N, Kinugawa K, Weissenborn K, Thabut D. Standardization of the psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score in a French population. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257136. [PMID: 34506569 PMCID: PMC8432843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES) has previously been standardized in thirteen countries on three continents, confirming its status of gold standard test to detect minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE). In the meantime, performance has also been shown to vary with variables such as age, education, and barely sex. The present study aimed at standardizing the PHES in a French population. One hundred and ninety-six French healthy participants completed a French version of the paper-and-pencil PHES, involving five tests and six measures. Importantly, the balance was perfect between all levels of the three controlled factors, which were sex, age (seven decade-levels from 20–29 to 80–89 years), and education (two levels below or above 12 years of education). Raw measures were transformed to fit the normal distribution. ANOVAs on transformed variables showed no effect of sex, but an effect of age on all measures, and of education on five measures. Multiple or simple regressions were completed to build up normograms. Thorough analysis of variability within each test failed to find outliers that may bias the results. Comparison between French and seminal German data showed that they highly fitted though cultural and cognitive style specificities could be observed. This is the first study to standardize the PHES in a French population and to extensively explore the effects of sex, age and education using perfectly balanced samples. Subtle differences between countries of the same continent emphasize the need to build up normative data in each country to get accurate PHES in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kinga M. Ober
- The Neuropsychological Laboratory, CNS-Fed, Paris, France
| | - Marie Gaumet
- The Neuropsychological Laboratory, CNS-Fed, Paris, France
| | - Marika Urbanski
- Service de Médecine et de Réadaptation Gériatrique et Neurologique, Hôpitaux de Saint-Maurice, Saint-Maurice, France
| | | | | | - Nicolas Weiss
- Department of Neurology & Institut de Cardiométabolisme et Nutrition, Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Brain Liver Pitié-Salpêtrière (BLIPS) Study Group, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, UMR_S 938 INSERM-Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Kiyoka Kinugawa
- Functional Explorations and Sleep Investigation Unit for Older Patients, AP-HP, Ivry-sur-Seine, France
- Biological Adaptation and Aging, UMR 8256, CNRS-Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Dominique Thabut
- Brain Liver Pitié-Salpêtrière (BLIPS) Study Group, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, UMR_S 938 INSERM-Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Service d’Hépato-gastro-entérologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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Yamaya N, Tsuchiya K, Takizawa I, Shimoda K, Kitazawa K, Tozato F. Effect of one-session focused attention meditation on the working memory capacity of meditation novices: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e2288. [PMID: 34343414 PMCID: PMC8413779 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have revealed that one-session focused attention meditation (FAM) can improve top-down attention control, which is one of the factors of working memory capacity (WMC). In addition, FAM shares various neural substrates, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), with WMC. Thus, we hypothesized that one-session FAM would improve WMC by activating the DLPFC evoked by the top-down attention control. In this study, we examined whether FAM modified WMC in individuals with little to no meditation experience. METHODS The participants were randomly assigned to either the FAM group (N = 13) or the control group (N = 17) who engaged in random thinking (i.e., mind-wandering). Before and after each 15-min intervention, the participants' WMC was measured according to the total number of correct answers in the Reading Span Test. During each intervention, functional near-infrared spectroscopy was employed to measure the blood flow in the participants' DLPFC and determine the top-down attention control effect. RESULTS In the FAM group, WMC increased, and the bilateral DLPFC was activated during the intervention. As for the control group, WMC decreased after the intervention, and the bilateral DLPFC was not activated during the intervention. A correlation was also found among all participants between the increase in WMC and the activation of the bilateral DLPFC. CONCLUSION The study findings suggest that top-down attention control during FAM can activate the bilateral DLPFC and increase WMC among meditation novices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriki Yamaya
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of MedicineGunma UniversityMaebashiJapan
| | - Kenji Tsuchiya
- Department of Rehabilitation SciencesGunma University Graduate School of Health SciencesMaebashiJapan
| | - Ibuki Takizawa
- Department of Occupational TherapyUmayabashi HospitalMaebashiJapan
| | - Kaori Shimoda
- Department of Rehabilitation SciencesGunma University Graduate School of Health SciencesMaebashiJapan
| | - Kazuki Kitazawa
- Department of Occupational TherapyGeriatrics Institute and HospitalMaebashiJapan
| | - Fusae Tozato
- Department of Health SciencesNagano University of Health and MedicineNaganoJapan
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Gao Q, Huang Y, Xiang Y, Yang C, Zhang M, Guo J, Wang H, Yu J, Cui Q, Chen H. Altered dynamics of functional connectivity density associated with early and advanced stages of motor training in tennis and table tennis athletes. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:1323-1334. [PMID: 32748323 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00331-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Until now, knowledge about the effects of motor training on the temporal dynamics of the brain functional organization is still limited. Here we combined dynamic functional connectivity density (dFCD) mapping and k-means clustering analyses to explore how early and advanced stages of motor training affected the brain dynamic FC architecture and dynamic states in little-ball athletes using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data of student-athletes (SA), elite athletes (EA) and non-athlete healthy controls (NC). The ANOVA analysis demonstrated the levels of dFCD variability in the EA group had the trend to regress to the NC group levels in all statistically significant regions. Specifically, the brain regions responsible for the basic motor and sensory innervations showed more stabilized dFCD variability in EA and NC compared with SA. The results supported the idea of a stronger efficiency of functional networks and an automation process of new motor skills in EA. Furthermore, EA and NC had the increased dFCD variability in brain regions responsible for top-down visual-motor control compared with SA; while EA exhibited more flexible alterations in FCD status levels and the equilibrium probability in the long run compared with SA and NC. This suggested that regions involved in higher functions of visual-motor control exhibited more flexibility in functional regulation with other brain networks in EA. Our findings suggested the diversity and specialization of fluctuating dynamic brain adaption induced by motor training in different training stages, and highlighted the effect of motor training stages on brain functional adaption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Gao
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.,The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Yue Huang
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.,The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Yu Xiang
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.,The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Chengbo Yang
- The Third Department of Physical Education and Training, Chengdu Sport University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Mu Zhang
- Information Technology Center, Chengdu Sport University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingpu Guo
- The Third Department of Physical Education and Training, Chengdu Sport University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu Wang
- The Third Department of Physical Education and Training, Chengdu Sport University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiali Yu
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Qian Cui
- School of Public Affairs and Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Huafu Chen
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
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Mole J, Foley J, Shallice T, Cipolotti L. The left frontal lobe is critical for the AH4 fluid intelligence test. INTELLIGENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2021.101564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Kang SH, Park YH, Kim JP, Kim JS, Kim CH, Jang H, Kim HJ, Koh SB, Na DL, Chin J, Seo SW. Cortical neuroanatomical changes related to specific neuropsychological deficits in subcortical vascular cognitive impairment. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 30:102685. [PMID: 34215155 PMCID: PMC8102616 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Poor performances in neuropsychological tests were associated with cortical atrophy. Neural substrates in Aβ (−) SVCI differed from those in ADCI. Neural substrate of episodic memory was frontal regions in Aβ (−) SVCI. Neural substrates of three neuropsychological tests showed laterality.
Objective Neuropsychological test-specific neural substrates in subcortical vascular cognitive impairment (SVCI) are expected to differ from those in Alzheimer’s disease-related cognitive impairment (ADCI) but the details are unclear. To determine neural substrates related to cerebral small vessel disease, we investigated the correlations between cognitive dysfunctions measured by standardized neuropsychological tests and cortical thickness in a large sample of participants with amyloid negative (Aβ (−)) SVCI. Methods One hundred ninety-eight participants with Aβ (−) SVCI were recruited from the memory clinic between November 2007 to August 2018. To acquire neural substrates, we performed linear regression using the scores of each neuropsychological test as a predictor, cortical thickness as an outcome, and age, sex, education years, intracranial volume and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) as confounders. Results Poor performances in each neuropsychological test were associated with cortical atrophy in certain brain regions regardless of WMH. Especially, not the medial temporal but the frontal and posterior cingulate regions with cortical atrophy were mainly associated with memory impairment. Poor performance in animal fluency was more likely to be associated with cortical atrophy in the left hemisphere, while poor performance in the visuospatial memory test was more likely to be associated with cortical atrophy in the right hemisphere. Conclusions Our findings suggested that cortical atrophy was an important factor of cognitive impairment in Aβ (−) SVCI regardless of WMH. Furthermore, our findings might give clinicians a better understanding of specific neural substrates of neuropsychological deficits in patients with SVCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hoon Kang
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Department of Neurology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yu Hyun Park
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jun Pyo Kim
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Kim
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Chi Hun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hyemin Jang
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Seong-Beom Koh
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Duk L Na
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Juhee Chin
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea.
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea; Samsung Alzheimer Research Center and Center for Clinical Epidemiology Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
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Mole J, Mead S, Rudge P, Nihat A, Mok T, Collinge J, Caine D. Cognitive decline heralds onset of symptomatic inherited prion disease. Brain 2021; 144:989-998. [PMID: 33844831 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical effectiveness of any disease-modifying treatment for prion disease, as for other neurodegenerative disorders, will depend on early treatment before damage to neural tissue is irrevocable. Thus, there is a need to identify markers that predict disease onset in healthy at-risk individuals. Whilst imaging and neurophysiological biomarkers have shown limited use in this regard, we recently reported progressive neurophysiological changes in individuals with the inherited prion disease mutation P102L. We have also previously demonstrated a signature pattern of fronto-parietal dysfunction in mild prion disease. Here we address whether these cognitive features anticipate the onset of symptoms in a unique sample of patients with inherited prion disease. In the cross-sectional analysis, we analysed the performance of patients at three time points in the course of disease onset: prior to symptoms (n = 27), onset of subjective symptoms without positive clinical findings (n = 8) and symptomatic with positive clinical findings (n = 24). In the longitudinal analysis, we analysed data from 24 patients who were presymptomatic at the time of recruitment and were followed up over a period of up to 17 years, of whom 16 remained healthy and eight converted to become symptomatic. In the cross-sectional analysis, the key finding was that, relative to a group of 25 healthy non-gene carrier controls, patients with subjective symptoms but without positive clinical findings were impaired on a smaller but similar set of tests (Trail Making Test part A, Stroop test, Performance IQ, gesture repetition, figure recall) to those previously found to be impaired in mild prion disease. In the longitudinal analysis, Trail Making Test parts A and B, Stroop test and Performance IQ scores significantly discriminated between patients who remained presymptomatic and those who converted, even before the converters reached criteria for formal diagnosis. Notably, performance on the Stroop test significantly discriminated between presymptomatic patients and converters before the onset of clinical symptoms [area under the curve = 0.83 (95% confidence interval, 0.62-1.00), P = 0.009]. Thus, we report here, for the first time, neuropsychological abnormalities in healthy patients prior to either symptom onset or clinical diagnosis of inherited prion disease. This constitutes an important component of an evolving profile of clinical and biomarker abnormalities in this crucial group for preventive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Mole
- Department of Neuropsychology, NHNN, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Simon Mead
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (UCLH), London, UK
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Peter Rudge
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (UCLH), London, UK
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Akin Nihat
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (UCLH), London, UK
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Tzehow Mok
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (UCLH), London, UK
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - John Collinge
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (UCLH), London, UK
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Diana Caine
- Department of Neuropsychology, NHNN, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (UCLH), London, UK
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Farré‐Colomés À, Gerhardt S, Luderer M, Sobanski E, Kiefer F, Vollstädt‐Klein S. Common and distinct neural connectivity in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and alcohol use disorder studied using resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:948-960. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.14593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Àlvar Farré‐Colomés
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg Mannheim Germany
| | - Sarah Gerhardt
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg Mannheim Germany
| | - Mathias Luderer
- Department of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt Germany
| | - Esther Sobanski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg Mannheim Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Medical Center Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg Mannheim Germany
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN) Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg Mannheim Germany
- Feuerlein Center on Translational Addiction Medicine University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Sabine Vollstädt‐Klein
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg Mannheim Germany
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN) Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg Mannheim Germany
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Müller SM, Wegmann E, García Arias M, Bernabéu Brotóns E, Marchena Giráldez C, Brand M. Deficits in executive functions but not in decision making under risk in individuals with problematic social-network use. Compr Psychiatry 2021; 106:152228. [PMID: 33581450 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2021.152228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tendency to strive for immediate gratification by neglecting potential negative long-term outcomes characterizes addictive behaviors, such as substance use or gaming disorder. Problematic social-network use is currently discussed as another potential addictive behavior, which is considered to result from an imbalance between affective and cognitive processes, indicated by traits such as increased impulsivity and/or decreased executive functions and decision-making abilities. METHODS This study investigates the respective functions in social-network users by use of the Cards and Lottery Task (CLT) - a decision-making task under risk conditions in which options contain conflicting immediate and long-term outcomes at the same time. A sample of German and Spanish participants (N = 290) performed the CLT as well as the Modified Card Sorting Test (MCST), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS), the short Internet Addiction Test specified for social-networking (sIAT-SNS), and screeners on other potentially problematic behaviors. RESULTS Comparing extreme groups based on sIAT-SNS scores (1SD above/below mean), individuals with problematic social-network use (n = 56), as compared to those with non-problematic social-network use (n = 50), showed increased attentional impulsivity and reduced executive functions. No differences were observed in decision-making performance. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that problematic social-network use is related to attentional rather than general decision-making deficits. Furthermore, problematic social-network use is likely to co-occur with other problematic Internet-use behaviors, particularly gaming or shopping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke M Müller
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany
| | - Elisa Wegmann
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - María García Arias
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Matthias Brand
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany.
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Klírová M, Voráčková V, Horáček J, Mohr P, Jonáš J, Dudysová DU, Kostýlková L, Fayette D, Krejčová L, Baumann S, Laskov O, Novák T. Modulating Inhibitory Control Processes Using Individualized High Definition Theta Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (HD θ-tACS) of the Anterior Cingulate and Medial Prefrontal Cortex. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:611507. [PMID: 33859554 PMCID: PMC8042221 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.611507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased frontal midline theta activity generated by the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is induced by conflict processing in the medial frontal cortex (MFC). There is evidence that theta band transcranial alternating current stimulation (θ-tACS) modulates ACC function and alters inhibitory control performance during neuromodulation. Multi-electric (256 electrodes) high definition θ-tACS (HD θ-tACS) using computational modeling based on individual MRI allows precise neuromodulation targeting of the ACC via the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and optimizes the required current density with a minimum impact on the rest of the brain. We therefore tested whether the individualized electrode montage of HD θ-tACS with the current flow targeted to the mPFC-ACC compared with a fixed montage (non-individualized) induces a higher post-modulatory effect on inhibitory control. Twenty healthy subjects were randomly assigned to a sequence of three HD θ-tACS conditions (individualized mPFC-ACC targeting; non-individualized MFC targeting; and a sham) in a double-blind cross-over study. Changes in the Visual Simon Task, Stop Signal Task, CPT III, and Stroop test were assessed before and after each session. Compared with non-individualized θ-tACS, the individualized HD θ-tACS significantly increased the number of interference words and the interference score in the Stroop test. The changes in the non-verbal cognitive tests did not induce a parallel effect. This is the first study to examine the influence of individualized HD θ-tACS targeted to the ACC on inhibitory control performance. The proposed algorithm represents a well-tolerated method that helps to improve the specificity of neuromodulation targeting of the ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Klírová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Psychiatry, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Veronika Voráčková
- National Institute of Mental Health, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Psychiatry, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiří Horáček
- National Institute of Mental Health, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Psychiatry, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavel Mohr
- National Institute of Mental Health, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Psychiatry, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Juraj Jonáš
- National Institute of Mental Health, Prague, Czechia
| | - Daniela Urbaczka Dudysová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Psychiatry, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lenka Kostýlková
- National Institute of Mental Health, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Psychiatry, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Dan Fayette
- National Institute of Mental Health, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Psychiatry, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | | | | | - Olga Laskov
- National Institute of Mental Health, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Psychiatry, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Novák
- National Institute of Mental Health, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Psychiatry, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Phonemic fluency quantity and quality: Comparing patients with PSP, Parkinson's disease and focal frontal and subcortical lesions. Neuropsychologia 2021; 153:107772. [PMID: 33549583 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) can be difficult to distinguish from Parkinson's disease (PD), but has a much graver prognosis. PSP is characterised severely reduced output on measures of phonemic fluency, suggesting that it may be a specific marker of PSP. However, reduced phonemic fluency has also been noted in PD, and very few studies have actually compared phonemic fluency in PSP and PD. Although anecdotal reports suggest that phonemic fluency output in PSP may have specific characteristics, with more low-frequency words and perseverative errors, no study to date has formally explored this. Further investigation into phonemic fluency output and its cognitive and neuroanatomical correlates is now critical for improving our understanding of the verbal fluency in PSP. In this study, we compared phonemic fluency characteristics (including quantity, frequency and error rates) in patients with PSP, PD and focal frontal or subcortical lesions, and age- and education-matched healthy controls. We then compared these characteristics with performance on extensive neuropsychological testing. We found that PSP patients generated significantly fewer words than patients with PD and patients with right frontal focal lesions, and healthy controls. Phonemic fluency was also significantly reduced in patients with left frontal and subcortical focal lesions. However, there were no significant group differences in word frequency or error rates. Phonemic fluency was best predicted by performance on the Vocabulary and Hayling neuropsychological tests. We argue that these findings provide important evidence that reduced phonemic fluency is a hallmark of PSP and argue that the specificity of this impairment betrays an underlying impairment in energization, reflecting dysfunction of left frontal and subcortical networks.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Weigl Colour-Form Sorting Test is a brief, widely used test of executive function. So far, it is unknown whether this test is specific to frontal lobe damage. Our aim was to investigate Weigl performance in patients with focal, unilateral, left or right, frontal, or non-frontal lesions. METHOD We retrospectively analysed data from patients with focal, unilateral, left or right, frontal (n = 37), or non-frontal (n = 46) lesions who had completed the Weigl. Pass/failure (two correct solutions/less than two correct solutions) and errors were analysed. RESULTS A greater proportion of frontal patients failed the Weigl than non-frontal patients, which was highly significant (p < 0.001). In patients who failed the test, a significantly greater proportion of frontal patients provided the same solution twice. No significant differences in Weigl performance were found between patients with left versus right hemisphere lesions or left versus right frontal lesions. There was no significant correlation between performance on the Weigl and tests tapping fluid intelligence. CONCLUSIONS The Weigl is specific to frontal lobe lesions and not underpinned by fluid intelligence. Both pass/failure on this test and error types are informative. Hence, the Weigl is suitable for assessing frontal lobe dysfunction.
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Periáñez JA, Lubrini G, García-Gutiérrez A, Ríos-Lago M. Construct Validity of the Stroop Color-Word Test: Influence of Speed of Visual Search, Verbal Fluency, Working Memory, Cognitive Flexibility, and Conflict Monitoring. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2021; 36:99-111. [PMID: 32514527 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acaa034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 85 years after the description of the Stroop interference effect, there is still a lack of consensus regarding the cognitive constructs underlying scores from standardized versions of the test. The present work aimed to clarify the cognitive mechanisms underlying direct (word-reading, color-naming, and color-word) and derived scores (interference, difference, ratio, and relative scores) from Golden's standardized version of the test. METHOD After a comprehensive review of the literature, five cognitive processes were selected for analysis: speed of visual search, phonemic verbal fluency, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and conflict monitoring. These constructs were operationalized by scoring five cognitive tasks (WAIS-IV Digit Symbol, phonemic verbal fluency [letter A], WAIS-IV Digit Span, TMT B-A, and reaction times to the incongruent condition of a computerized Stroop task, respectively). About 83 healthy individuals (mean age = 25.2 years) participated in the study. Correlation and regression analyses were used to clarify the contribution of the five cognitive processes on the prediction of Stroop scores. RESULTS Data analyses revealed that Stroop word-reading reflected speed of visual search. Stroop color-naming reflected working memory and speed of visual search. Stroop color-word reflected working memory, conflict monitoring, and speed of visual search. Whereas the interference score was predicted by both conflict monitoring and working memory, the ratio score (color-word divided by color-naming) was predicted by conflict monitoring alone. CONCLUSION The present results will help neuropsychologists to interpret altered patient scores in terms of a failure of the cognitive mechanisms detailed here, benefitting from the solid background of preceding experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Periáñez
- Department Experimental Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Genny Lubrini
- Department Experimental Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana García-Gutiérrez
- Department Experimental Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Ríos-Lago
- Department Basic Psychology II, UNED, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Brain Damage Service, Beata Maria Ana Hospital, 28007 Madrid, Spain
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Friehs MA, Klaus J, Singh T, Frings C, Hartwigsen G. Perturbation of the right prefrontal cortex disrupts interference control. Neuroimage 2020; 222:117279. [PMID: 32828926 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Resolving cognitive interference is central for successful everyday cognition and behavior. The Stroop task is a classical measure of cognitive interference. In this task, participants have to resolve interference on a trial-by-trial basis and performance is also influenced by the trial history, as reflected in sequence effects. Previous neuroimaging studies have associated the left and right prefrontal cortex with successful performance in the Stroop task. Yet, the causal relevance of both regions for interference processing remains largely unclear. We probed the functional relevance of the left and right prefrontal cortex for interference control. In three sessions, 25 healthy participants received online repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and sham stimulation over the vertex. During each session, participants completed a verbal-response Stroop task. Relative to sham rTMS and rTMS over the left prefrontal cortex, rTMS over the right prefrontal cortex selectively disrupted the Stroop sequence effect (i.e., the congruency sequence effect; CSE). This effect was specific to sequential modulations of interference since rTMS did not affect the Stroop performance in the ongoing trial. Our results demonstrate the functional relevance of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for the processing of interference control. This finding points towards process-specific lateralization within the prefrontal cortex. The observed process- and site-specific TMS effect provides new insights into the neurophysiological underpinnings of Stroop task performance and more general, the role of the prefrontal cortex in the processing of interference control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian A Friehs
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Methodology, Trier University, Germany.
| | - Jana Klaus
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Tarini Singh
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Halle University, Germany
| | - Christian Frings
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Methodology, Trier University, Germany
| | - Gesa Hartwigsen
- Lise Meitner Research Group Cognition and Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Germany
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Spagna A, Wu T, Kim K, Fan J. Supramodal executive control of attention: Evidence from unimodal and crossmodal dual conflict effects. Cortex 2020; 133:266-276. [PMID: 33157346 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although we have demonstrated that the executive control of attention acts supramodally as shown by significant correlation between conflict effect measures in visual and auditory tasks, no direct evidence of the equivalence in the computational mechanisms governing the allocation of executive control resources within and across modalities has been found. Here, in two independent groups of 40 participants each, we examined the interaction effect of conflict processing in both unimodal (visual) and crossmodal (visual and auditory) dual-conflict paradigms (flanker conflict processing in Task 1 and then in the following Task 2) with a manipulation of the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA). In both the unimodal and the crossmodal dual-conflict paradigms, the conflict processing of Task 1 significantly interfered with the processing of Task 2 when the SOA was short, as shown by an additive interference effect of Task 1 on Task 2 under the time constraints. These results suggest that there is a unified supramodal entity that supports conflict processing by implementing comparable mechanisms in unimodal and crossmodal scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Spagna
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University in the City University of New York, NY, USA.
| | - Tingting Wu
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, The City University of New York, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Kevin Kim
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, The City University of New York, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, The City University of New York, Queens, NY, USA
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Task context load induces reactive cognitive control: An fMRI study on cortical and brain stem activity. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 19:945-965. [PMID: 30659515 PMCID: PMC6711881 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-019-00691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive control is a highly dynamic process that relies on flexible engagement of prefrontal areas and of neuromodulatory systems in order to adapt to changing demands. A range of internal and external factors come into play when individuals engage in a task requiring cognitive control. Here we investigated whether increased working memory (WM) demands would induce a flexible change in cognitive control mode in young healthy individuals. We developed a novel variant of the well-known AX–continuous performance task (AX-CPT). We manipulated the cognitive demands of maintaining task-relevant contextual information and studied the impact of this manipulation on behavior and brain activity. We expected that low WM load would allow for a more effortful, proactive strategy, while high WM load would induce a strategy of less effortful, stimulus-driven reactive control. In line with our hypothesis, a web-based experiment revealed that increased load was associated with more reactive behavioral responses, and this finding was independently replicated in behavioral data acquired in the MRI scanner. The results from brain activity showed that the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was activated by cues in the proactive mode and by probes in the reactive mode. The analysis of task-induced brain stem activity indicated that both the dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems are involved in updating context representations, and that, respectively, these systems mediate a gating signal to the control network and are involved in the dynamic regulation of task engagement.
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Mole J, Foddai E, Chan E, Xu T, Cipolotti L. Is the Brixton Spatial Anticipation Test sensitive to frontal dysfunction? Evidence from patients with frontal and posterior lesions. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2020; 42:531-543. [PMID: 32619157 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2020.1776223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Brixton Spatial Anticipation Test is a widely used neuropsychological test, thought to assess executive functions and to be sensitive to frontal lobe lesions. Our aim was to investigate Brixton performance in patients with focal frontal or posterior lesions and healthy controls. METHOD We compared performance on the Brixton in a sample of 24 frontal patients, 18 posterior patients and 22 healthy controls. Both overall performance (total number of errors) and error types were analyzed. RESULTS We found no significant differences between frontal and posterior patients and healthy controls in overall Brixton performance. Moreover, our error analysis showed no difference between frontal patients, posterior patients and healthy controls. The only exception was that posterior patients had a greater tendency to guess and make more errors when following specific rules than healthy controls but this was no longer significant once fluid intelligence was controlled for. We also found no significant difference between the performance of patients with left lateral (n = 11), right lateral (n = 10) or superior medial (n = 18) frontal lesions and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS The Brixton test is not sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction. It is likely that the test draws on a range of cognitive abilities not specific to frontal lobe lesions. Hence, caution should be taken when drawing conclusions about its neural substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Mole
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery , London, UK.,Institute of Neurology, University College London , London, UK
| | - Eleonora Foddai
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery , London, UK
| | - Edgar Chan
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery , London, UK.,Institute of Neurology, University College London , London, UK
| | - Tianbo Xu
- Institute of Neurology, University College London , London, UK
| | - Lisa Cipolotti
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery , London, UK.,Institute of Neurology, University College London , London, UK
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Varkovetski M, Pihkanen K, Shanker S, Parris BA, Gurr B. What type of inhibition underpins performance on Luria's Fist-Edge-Palm task? J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2020; 42:544-555. [PMID: 32586188 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2020.1776846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Fist-Edge-Palm task is a motor sequencing task believed to be sensitive to frontal lobe impairment. The present study aimed to investigate the inhibitory processes underlying successful execution of this task. METHOD Seventy-two healthy participants were asked to perform the Fist-Edge-Palm task paced at 120 bpms, 60 bpms and self-paced. They also completed assessments sensitive to recently dissociated forms of inhibition (the Hayling Sentence Completion Test and the Stroop Color-Word Test) that have recently been shown to be differentially lateralized (the right and left Prefrontal Cortex, respectively), and Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence test. RESULTS Analysis revealed that performance on the Hayling Sentence Completion Test predicted the amount of crude errors and the overall score on the Fist-Edge-Palm task, and that pacing condition had no effect on this outcome. Neither the Stroop Color-Word Test nor Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test predicted performance on the Fist-Edge-Palm task. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with some previous neuroimaging findings, the present findings suggest that Fist-Edge-Palm task performance relies on right lateralized inhibitory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaisla Pihkanen
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University , Poole, UK
| | - Shanti Shanker
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University , Poole, UK.,Community Brain Injury and Adult Neuropsychology Poole Hospital, Dorset Healthcare University NHS Foundation Trust , Poole, UK
| | | | - Birgit Gurr
- Community Brain Injury and Adult Neuropsychology Poole Hospital, Dorset Healthcare University NHS Foundation Trust , Poole, UK
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Navarro-Main B, Jiménez-Roldán L, González Leon P, Castaño-León AM, Lagares A, Pérez-Nuñez Á. Neuropsychological management of the awake patient surgery: A protocol based on 3-year experience with glial tumors. Neurocirugia (Astur) 2020; 31:279-288. [PMID: 32317143 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucir.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glial brain tumours usually require neurosurgical treatment and they are associated with cognitive, emotional and behavioural impairments. Awake intraoperative brain mapping is the gold standard technique used to optimize the onco-functional balance. Neuropsychological assessment and intervention have relevance in this type of procedures. Currently, there is a lack of protocolled structure for the neuropsychological intervention being able to satisfy patient needs. METHOD A retrospective descriptive study of 52 patients was performed, all of them with a diagnosis of glial tumour. The structure of the protocol developed in our centre is reported, also data of neuropsychological evaluation, comparing baseline performance with both immediate posterior performance, and long term performance. RESULTS We describe our experience in each step of the intervention, highlighting the development of eight neurocognitive protocols for intraoperative brain mapping. The results of the neuropsychological examination objectify deficits in the immediate after surgery assessment which are reduced in the long-term assessment. CONCLUSIONS We emphasize the need of providing and structuring the cognitive and emotional aspects of patients suffering from any pathology that entails acquired brain damage in hospital environment. This type of approach is aimed at increasing the quality of life of cancer patients by structuring and optimizing tasks during their surgical intervention and attending to the neuropsychological difficulties they suffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Navarro-Main
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica i+12, Madrid, España; Departamento de Psicología Básica II, Facultad de Psicología UNED, Madrid, España.
| | - Luis Jiménez-Roldán
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica i+12, Madrid, España; Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina UCM, Madrid, España
| | - Pedro González Leon
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica i+12, Madrid, España; Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina UCM, Madrid, España
| | - Ana M Castaño-León
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica i+12, Madrid, España; Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina UCM, Madrid, España
| | - Alfonso Lagares
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica i+12, Madrid, España; Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina UCM, Madrid, España
| | - Ángel Pérez-Nuñez
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica i+12, Madrid, España; Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina UCM, Madrid, España
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Montembeault M, Sayah S, Rinaldi D, Le Toullec B, Bertrand A, Funkiewiez A, Saracino D, Camuzat A, Couratier P, Chouly M, Hannequin D, Aubier-Girard C, Pasquier F, Delbeuck X, Colliot O, Batrancourt B, Azuar C, Lévy R, Dubois B, Le Ber I, Migliaccio R. Cognitive inhibition impairments in presymptomatic C9orf72 carriers. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2020; 91:366-372. [PMID: 32054668 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2019-322242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate cognitive inhibition in presymptomatic C9orf72 mutation carriers (C9+) and its associated neuroanatomical correlates. METHODS Thirty-eight presymptomatic C9orf72 mutation carriers (C9+, mean age 38.2±8.0 years) and 22 C9- controls from the PREV-DEMALS cohort were included in this study. They underwent a cognitive inhibition assessment with the Hayling Sentence Completion Test (HSCT; time to completion (part B-part A); error score in part B) as well as a 3D MRI. RESULTS C9+ individuals younger than 40 years had higher error scores (part B) but equivalent HSCT time to completion (part B-part A) compared to C9- individuals. C9+ individuals older than 40 years had both higher error scores and longer time to completion. HSCT time to completion significantly predicted the proximity to estimated clinical conversion from presymptomatic to symptomatic phase in C9+ individuals (based on the average age at onset of affected relatives in the family). Anatomically, we found that HSCT time to completion was associated with the integrity of the cerebellum. CONCLUSION The HSCT represents a good marker of cognitive inhibition impairments in C9+ and of proximity to clinical conversion. This study also highlights the key role of the cerebellum in cognitive inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Montembeault
- Inserm U1127, Institut du Cerveau, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,FrontLab, Paris, France.,Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sabrina Sayah
- Inserm U1127, Institut du Cerveau, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Daisy Rinaldi
- Inserm U1127, Institut du Cerveau, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Reference Centre for Rare of Early Onset Dementias, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Le Toullec
- Inserm U1127, Institut du Cerveau, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Reference Centre for Rare of Early Onset Dementias, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anne Bertrand
- Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle Épinière, FrontLAB, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Aramis Project Team, Inria Research Center of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Funkiewiez
- Reference Centre for Rare of Early Onset Dementias, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Dario Saracino
- Inserm U1127, Institut du Cerveau, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Reference Centre for Rare of Early Onset Dementias, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Aramis Project Team, Inria Research Center of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Camuzat
- Inserm U1127, Institut du Cerveau, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Couratier
- Centre de Référence SLA et autres maladies du motoneurone, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, Limoges, France.,Centre de Compétence Démences Rares, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Marianne Chouly
- Centre de Référence SLA et autres maladies du motoneurone, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, Limoges, France.,Centre de Compétence Démences Rares, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Didier Hannequin
- Centre National de Référence pour les Malades Alzheimer Jeunes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, INSERM 1245, Rouen, France.,Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Carole Aubier-Girard
- Centre National de Référence pour les Malades Alzheimer Jeunes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, INSERM 1245, Rouen, France.,Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Florence Pasquier
- Université de Lille, INSERM U1171, Centre de la mémoire (CMRR), Centre national de référence pour les malades Alzheimer jeunes (CNRMAJ), CHU Lille, Development of Innovative Strategies for a Transdisciplinary approach to ALZheimer's disease (DistAlz), Lille, France
| | - Xavier Delbeuck
- Université de Lille, INSERM U1171, Centre de la mémoire (CMRR), Centre national de référence pour les malades Alzheimer jeunes (CNRMAJ), CHU Lille, Development of Innovative Strategies for a Transdisciplinary approach to ALZheimer's disease (DistAlz), Lille, France
| | - Olivier Colliot
- Inserm U1127, Institut du Cerveau, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Aramis Project Team, Inria Research Center of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Batrancourt
- Inserm U1127, Institut du Cerveau, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,FrontLab, Paris, France
| | - Carole Azuar
- Inserm U1127, Institut du Cerveau, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,FrontLab, Paris, France.,Reference Centre for Rare of Early Onset Dementias, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Richard Lévy
- Inserm U1127, Institut du Cerveau, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,FrontLab, Paris, France.,Reference Centre for Rare of Early Onset Dementias, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Inserm U1127, Institut du Cerveau, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,Reference Centre for Rare of Early Onset Dementias, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Inserm U1127, Institut du Cerveau, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,FrontLab, Paris, France.,Reference Centre for Rare of Early Onset Dementias, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Raffaella Migliaccio
- Inserm U1127, Institut du Cerveau, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France .,Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,FrontLab, Paris, France.,Reference Centre for Rare of Early Onset Dementias, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex cancels out the cost of selective retrieval on subsequent analogical reasoning. Neuropsychologia 2020; 141:107431. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Interactions of impulsivity, general executive functions, and specific inhibitory control explain symptoms of social-networks-use disorder: An experimental study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3866. [PMID: 32123268 PMCID: PMC7052241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60819-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
While the use of social media and online-communication applications has become an integral part of everyday life, some individuals suffer from an excessive, uncontrolled use of social media despite experiencing negative consequences. In accordance with neuropsychological models of addiction, we assume the tendency of a social-networks-use disorder to be related to an interplay of predisposing personality traits (e.g., impulsivity), and reductions in cognitive functions (e.g., executive functions, inhibitory control). The current study makes first strides towards examining this interplay. In addition to a newly developed social-networks-specific auditory Go-NoGo paradigm, other neuropsychological paradigms were used. Impulsivity and social-networks-use-disorder symptoms were assessed by standardized questionnaires. The results show that the symptom severity of a social-networks-use disorder is mainly associated with attentional impulsivity. General executive functions and specific inhibitory control of social-networks-related cues have no direct effect on symptom severity. However, moderated regression analyses emphasize that increased symptom severity is associated with higher attentional impulsivity, especially if there are additionally reductions in executive functions or specific inhibitory control. The results complement previous findings and inform future research on social-networks-use disorder. The findings support the applicability of theoretical models of addictive behaviors to the social-networks-use disorder and point to social-networks-related specificities regarding attention-related facets.
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48
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Lesion configuration effect on stroke-related cardiac autonomic dysfunction. Brain Res 2020; 1733:146711. [PMID: 32035088 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autonomic nervous system (ANS) malfunction is a common sequel of stroke. The impact of lesion configuration on the expression of stroke-related ANS malfunction is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between stroke location and ANS malfunction, as reflected in cardiac rhythm control. METHODS 25 patients in the subacute phase post first-ever ischemic stroke were recruited for the study. Heart rate monitor (RS800CX) was used to record RR intervals analyzed as heart rate variability (HRV) parameters. Lesion data derived from follow-up CT scans of the brain was used for voxel-based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM) analysis (MEDx software, Medical Numerics) to identify voxels of the normalized brain where damage exerts a significant impact on the HRV scores. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION ANS control of the cardiac rhythm, as expressed in the HRV, was affected by damage to a large array of cortical and subcortical structures in the right hemisphere. In the left hemisphere only damage confined to a small set of subcortical structures was shown to exert a significant impact on the recorded HRV measures. In addition, VLSM analysis disclosed a different pattern of cerebral control over two widely used standard time-dependent measures of the HRV - SDNN and RMSSD, with the former being sensitive to damage in a much larger array of structures in both hemispheres.
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Cipolotti L, Molenberghs P, Dominguez J, Smith N, Smirni D, Xu T, Shallice T, Chan E. Fluency and rule breaking behaviour in the frontal cortex. Neuropsychologia 2020; 137:107308. [PMID: 31866432 PMCID: PMC6996283 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Design (DF) and phonemic fluency tests (FAS; D-KEFS, 2001) are commonly used to investigate voluntary generation. Despite this, several important issues remain poorly investigated. In a sizeable sample of patients with focal left or right frontal lesion we established that voluntary generation performance cannot be accounted for by fluid intelligence. For DF we found patients performed significantly worse than healthy controls (HC) only on the switch condition. However, no significant difference between left and right frontal patients was found. In contrast, left frontal patients were significantly impaired when compared with HC and right frontal patients on FAS. These lateralization findings were complemented, for the first time, by three neuroimaging; investigations. A traditional frontal subgrouping method found significant differences on FAS between patients with or without Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus lesions involving BA 44 and/or 45. Parcel Based Lesion Symptom Mapping (PLSM) found lower scores on FAS were significantly associated with damage to posterior Left Middle Frontal Gyrus. An increase in rule break errors, so far only anecdotally reported, was associated with damage to the left dorsal anterior cingulate and left body of the corpus callosum, supporting the idea that conflict resolution and monitoring impairments may play a role. Tractwise statistical analysis (TSA) revealed that patients with disconnection; in the left anterior thalamic projections, frontal aslant tract, frontal; orbitopolar tract, pons, superior longitudinal fasciculus I and II performed significantly worse than patients without disconnection in these tracts on FAS. In contrast, PLSM and TSA analyses did not reveal any significant relationship between lesion location and performance on the DF switch condition. Overall, these findings suggest DF may have limited utility as a tool in detecting lateralized frontal executive dysfunction, whereas FAS and rule break behavior appears to be linked to a set of well localized left frontal grey matter regions and white matter tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Cipolotti
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
| | | | - Juan Dominguez
- School of Psychology and Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Australia
| | - Nicola Smith
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Daniela Smirni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e della Formazione, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Tianbo Xu
- Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Tim Shallice
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK; International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA-ISAS), Trieste, Italy
| | - Edgar Chan
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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50
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Wu ZM, Wang P, Yang L, Liu L, Sun L, An L, Cao QJ, Chan RCK, Yang BR, Wang YF. Altered brain white matter microstructural asymmetry in children with ADHD. Psychiatry Res 2020; 285:112817. [PMID: 32035376 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine brain white matter integrity in children with ADHD. METHODS In a cohort of children with ADHD (n = 83) and healthy controls (n = 122), we used tract-based spatial statistics on Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) data to obtain the mean fractional anisotropy (FA) in 40 bilateral regions of interest (ROIs). Lateralization Index (LI) was calculated. The difference in LI between groups and correlations between the LI of each ROI and ADHD symptom scores as well as cognitive function were examined. RESULTS Children with ADHD had significantly greater LI at the posterior thalamic radiation (PTR) compared with healthy controls (mean LI in ADHD = 0.0096; in Control = 0.0044, p = 0.0143), and LI of the external capsule (EC) was significantly correlated with inattention symptoms in both groups (β = -0.00059, p = 0.0181). LI of the PTR was significantly correlated with inhibitory function in healthy controls (β = -0.0008510, p = 0.0248), but not in children with ADHD. CONCLUSION We found increased brain white matter asymmetry (leftward) in children with ADHD compared with healthy controls at the posterior thalamic radiation. Leftward lateralization of FA values at the external capsule was negatively correlated with ADHD symptoms in both children with ADHD and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Min Wu
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China; Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Peng Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Li Yang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Li Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Li An
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qing-Jiu Cao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin-Rang Yang
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Yu-Feng Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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