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Actions and Consequences of Insulin in the Striatum. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030518. [PMID: 36979453 PMCID: PMC10046598 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin crosses the blood–brain barrier to enter the brain from the periphery. In the brain, insulin has well-established actions in the hypothalamus, as well as at the level of mesolimbic dopamine neurons in the midbrain. Notably, insulin also acts in the striatum, which shows abundant expression of insulin receptors (InsRs) throughout. These receptors are found on interneurons and striatal projections neurons, as well as on glial cells and dopamine axons. A striking functional consequence of insulin elevation in the striatum is promoting an increase in stimulated dopamine release. This boosting of dopamine release involves InsRs on cholinergic interneurons, and requires activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on dopamine axons. Opposing this dopamine-enhancing effect, insulin also increases dopamine uptake through the action of insulin at InsRs on dopamine axons. Insulin acts on other striatal cells as well, including striatal projection neurons and astrocytes that also influence dopaminergic transmission and striatal function. Linking these cellular findings to behavior, striatal insulin signaling is required for the development of flavor–nutrient learning, implicating insulin as a reward signal in the brain. In this review, we discuss these and other actions of insulin in the striatum, including how they are influenced by diet and other physio-logical states.
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O'Connor RM, Kenny PJ. Utility of 'substance use disorder' as a heuristic for understanding overeating and obesity. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 118:110580. [PMID: 35636576 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rates of obesity and obesity-associated diseases have increased dramatically in countries with developed economies. Substance use disorders (SUDs) are characterized by the persistent use of the substance despite negative consequences. It has been hypothesized that overconsumption of palatable energy dense food can elicit SUD-like maladaptive behaviors that contribute to persistent caloric intake beyond homeostatic need even in the face of negative consequences. Palatable food and drugs of abuse act on many of the same motivation-related circuits in the brain, and can induce, at least superficially, similar molecular, cellular, and physiological adaptations on these circuits. As such, applying knowledge about the neurobiological mechanisms of SUDs may serve as useful heuristic to better understand the persistent overconsumption of palatable food that contributes to obesity. However, many important differences exist between the actions of drugs of abuse and palatable food in the brain. This warrants caution when attributing weight gain and obesity to the manifestation of a putative SUD-related behavioral disorder. Here, we describe similarities and differences between compulsive drug use in SUDs and overconsumption in obesity and consider the merit of the concept of "food addiction".
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M O'Connor
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States of America
| | - Paul J Kenny
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States of America.
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Witek K, Wydra K, Filip M. A High-Sugar Diet Consumption, Metabolism and Health Impacts with a Focus on the Development of Substance Use Disorder: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142940. [PMID: 35889898 PMCID: PMC9323357 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates are important macronutrients in human and rodent diet patterns that play a key role in crucial metabolic pathways and provide the necessary energy for proper body functioning. Sugar homeostasis and intake require complex hormonal and nervous control to proper body energy balance. Added sugar in processed food results in metabolic, cardiovascular, and nervous disorders. Epidemiological reports have shown enhanced consumption of sweet products in children and adults, especially in reproductive age and in pregnant women, which can lead to the susceptibility of offspring’s health to diseases in early life or in adulthood and proneness to mental disorders. In this review, we discuss the impacts of high-sugar diet (HSD) or sugar intake during the perinatal and/or postnatal periods on neural and behavioural disturbances as well as on the development of substance use disorder (SUD). Since several emotional behavioural disturbances are recognized as predictors of SUD, we also present how HSD enhances impulsive behaviour, stress, anxiety and depression. Apart from the influence of HSD on these mood disturbances, added sugar can render food addiction. Both food and addictive substances change the sensitivity of the brain rewarding neurotransmission signalling. The results of the collected studies could be important in assessing sugar intake, especially via maternal dietary patterns, from the clinical perspective of SUD prevention or pre-existing emotional disorders. Methodology: This narrative review focuses on the roles of a high-sugar diet (HSD) and added sugar in foods and on the impacts of glucose and fructose on the development of substance use disorder (SUD) and on the behavioural predictors of drugs abuse. The literature was reviewed by two authors independently according to the topic of the review. We searched the PubMed and Scopus databases and Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute open access scientific journals using the following keyword search strategy depending on the theme of the chapter: “high-sugar diet” OR “high-carbohydrate diet” OR “sugar” OR “glucose” OR “fructose” OR “added sugar” AND keywords. We excluded inaccessible or pay-walled articles, abstracts, conference papers, editorials, letters, commentary, and short notes. Reviews, experimental studies, and epidemiological data, published since 1990s, were searched and collected depending on the chapter structure. After the search, all duplicates are thrown out and full texts were read, and findings were rescreened. After the selection process, appropriate papers were included to present in this review.
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Salinas-Velarde ID, Bernal-Morales B, Pacheco-Cabrera P, Sánchez-Aparicio P, Pascual-Mathey LI, Venebra-Muñoz A. Lower ΔFosB expression in the dopaminergic system after stevia consumption in rats housed under environmental enrichment conditions. Brain Res Bull 2021; 177:172-180. [PMID: 34624462 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) has been proven to reduce drug seeking and the development of addiction-related behaviors in rodent models, but the effects of EE on natural reward acquisition in the form of sweet beverages are poorly understood. Accumulating evidence shows that the intake of sugar, the main ingredient of sweet beverages, alters the dopaminergic system, leading to addiction-related physiological and molecular changes. Sugar in sweet beverages has been replaced with natural sweeteners, such as stevia extract, which has greater sweetener potential but no energy content. Our research group found that sucralose consumption increased the expression of ΔFosB in reward-related nuclei, suggesting activation of the dopaminergic system. The present study assessed the effects of EE on stevia consumption and the expression of ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens, caudate putamen, and prefrontal cortex. Sixteen male Wistar rats, 21 days old, were randomly assigned to an EE group (n = 8) or standard environment (SE) group (n = 8) and reared for 30 days. On postnatal day 52 (PND52), the brains of four animals in each housing condition were extracted to determine basal ΔFosB levels. Stevia consumption with intermittent access and ΔFosB immunoreactivity were measured for 21 days in the remainder of the rats. Compared with SE animals, EE animals exhibited a reduction of stevia consumption and alterations of ΔFosB immunoreactivity in the reward system. These results indicate that EE reduces stevia consumption and the stevia-induced ΔFosB expression, suggesting addiction-related changes in dopaminergic nuclei, which may be interpreted as a neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Daniel Salinas-Velarde
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Addiction and Brain Plasticity, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, State of Mexico, Mexico.
| | - Blandina Bernal-Morales
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Institute for Neuroethology, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Pablo Pacheco-Cabrera
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Institute for Neuroethology, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Pedro Sánchez-Aparicio
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Luz I Pascual-Mathey
- School of Pharmaceutic Biological Chemistry, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Arturo Venebra-Muñoz
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Addiction and Brain Plasticity, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, State of Mexico, Mexico.
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Greenberg D, St. Peter JV. Sugars and Sweet Taste: Addictive or Rewarding? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189791. [PMID: 34574716 PMCID: PMC8468293 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The notion of food "addiction" often focuses on the overconsumption of sweet tasting foods or so-called sugar "addiction". In the extreme, some have suggested that sugar and sweet tastes elicit neural and behavioral responses analogous to those observed with drugs of abuse. These concepts are complicated by the decades long uncertainty surrounding the validity and reproducibility of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) methodologies used to characterize neurobiological pathways related to sugar and sweet taste stimuli. There are also questions of whether sweet taste or post-ingestion metabolic consequences of sugar intake would lead to addiction or excessive caloric intake. Here, we present a focused narrative review of literature related to the reward value of sweet taste which suggests that reward value can be confounded with the construct of "addictive potential". Our review seeks to clarify some key distinctions between these constructs and questions the applicability of the addiction construct to human over-eating behaviors. To adequately frame this broad discussion requires the flexibility offered by the narrative review paradigm. We present selected literature on: techniques used to link sugar and sweet tastes to addiction neurobiology and behaviors; sugar and sweet taste "addiction"; the relationship of low calorie sweetener (LCS) intake to addictive behaviors and total calorie intake. Finally, we examined the reward value of sweet tastes and contrasted that with the literature describing addiction. The lack of reproducibility of fMRI data remains problematic for attributing a common neurobiological pathway activation of drugs and foods as conclusive evidence for sugar or sweet taste "addiction". Moreover, the complicated hedonics of sweet taste and reward value are suggested by validated population-level data which demonstrate that the consumption of sweet taste in the absence of calories does not increase total caloric intake. We believe the neurobiologies of reward value and addiction to be distinct and disagree with application of the addiction model to sweet food overconsumption. Most hypotheses of sugar "addiction" attribute the hedonics of sweet foods as the equivalent of "addiction". Further, when addictive behaviors and biology are critically examined in totality, they contrast dramatically from those associated with the desire for sweet taste. Finally, the evidence is strong that responses to the palatability of sweets rather than their metabolic consequences are the salient features for reward value. Thus, given the complexity of the controls of food intake in humans, we question the usefulness of the "addiction" model in dissecting the causes and effects of sweet food over-consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Greenberg
- NutriSci Inc., Mt. Kisco, NY 10549, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(914)572-2972
| | - John V. St. Peter
- Deptartment of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
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Abrantes AM, Kunicki Z, Braun T, Miranda R, Blevins CE, Brick L, Thomas G, Marsh E, Feltus S, Stein MD. Daily associations between alcohol and sweets craving and consumption in early AUD recovery: Results from an ecological momentary assessment study. J Subst Abuse Treat 2021; 132:108614. [PMID: 34493429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alcohol cravings can predict relapse in persons with alcohol use disorder (AUD). Consuming sweets is a commonly recommend strategy to quell alcohol cravings in early recovery from AUD, yet research is equivocal on whether consuming sweets mitigates alcohol cravings or relapse risk. The current study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data to examine real-time alcohol cravings, sweet cravings, and consumption of sweets among adults in early recovery from AUD. METHODS We used EMA methods to follow 25 adults (n = 14 women, 56%; M. age 40, S.D. 10.68) recently discharged from a partial hospitalization program for AUD for 21 days. Prompts were sent to the participants for completion four times per day via a mobile app. EMA data were disaggregated prior to analysis to examine between- and within-person effects. A series of three mixed linear models tested: 1) the contemporaneous effect of sweet and alcohol cravings, 2) alcohol cravings predicting sweet consumption later in the day, and 3) sweet consumption predicting alcohol craving later in the day. RESULTS The results of the first model revealed alcohol cravings were associated with sweet cravings early in recovery. In the second model, no effect occurred between alcohol cravings earlier in the day predicting sweet consumption later in the day. The third model suggested consuming sweets earlier in the day predicted higher alcohol cravings later in the day. DISCUSSION Sweet craving and consumption are associated with alcohol cravings among adults in early recovery from AUD. These findings suggest consuming sweets may increase alcohol cravings. If future studies can replicate this result, consuming sweets in early recovery may emerge as a potential risk for relapse in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Abrantes
- Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, United States of America.
| | - Zachary Kunicki
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, United States of America
| | - Tosca Braun
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, United States of America; Centers for Diabetes and Weight Control, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Robert Miranda
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, United States of America; Centers for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Claire E Blevins
- Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, United States of America
| | - Leslie Brick
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, United States of America
| | - Graham Thomas
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, United States of America; Centers for Diabetes and Weight Control, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Eliza Marsh
- Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Sage Feltus
- Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Michael D Stein
- Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, United States of America; Department of Health Law, Policy, and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, United States of America
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Obesity and dietary fat influence dopamine neurotransmission: exploring the convergence of metabolic state, physiological stress, and inflammation on dopaminergic control of food intake. Nutr Res Rev 2021; 35:236-251. [PMID: 34184629 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422421000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to explore how metabolic changes induced by diets high in saturated fat (HFD) affect nucleus accumbens (NAc) dopamine neurotransmission and food intake, and to explore how stress and inflammation influence this process. Recent evidence linked diet-induced obesity and HFD with reduced dopamine release and reuptake. Altered dopamine neurotransmission could disrupt satiety circuits between NAc dopamine terminals and projections to the hypothalamus. The NAc directs learning and motivated behaviours based on homeostatic needs and psychological states. Therefore, impaired dopaminergic responses to palatable food could contribute to weight gain by disrupting responses to food cues or stress, which impacts type and quantity of food consumed. Specifically, saturated fat promotes neuronal resistance to anorectic hormones and activation of immune cells that release proinflammatory cytokines. Insulin has been shown to regulate dopamine neurotransmission by enhancing satiety, but less is known about effects of diet-induced stress. Therefore, changes to dopamine signalling due to HFD warrant further examination to characterise crosstalk of cytokines with endocrine and neurotransmitter signals. A HFD promotes a proinflammatory environment that may disrupt neuronal endocrine function and dopamine signalling that could be exacerbated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and κ-opioid receptor stress systems. Together, these adaptive changes may dysregulate eating by changing NAc dopamine during hedonic versus homeostatic food intake. This could drive palatable food cravings during energy restriction and hinder weight loss. Understanding links between HFD and dopamine neurotransmission will inform treatment strategies for diet-induced obesity and identify molecular candidates for targeted therapeutics.
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Neural mechanisms underlying the role of fructose in overfeeding. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 128:346-357. [PMID: 34182019 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fructose consumption has been linked with metabolic syndrome and obesity. Fructose-based sweeteners like high fructose corn syrup taste sweeter, improve food palatability, and are increasingly prevalent in our diet. The increase in fructose consumption precedes the rise in obesity and is a contributing driver to the obesity epidemic worldwide. The role of dietary fructose in obesity can be multifactorial by promoting visceral adiposity, hypertension, and insulin resistance. Interestingly, one emergent finding from human and animal studies is that dietary fructose promotes overfeeding. As the brain is a critical regulator of food intake, we reviewed the evidence that fructose can act in the brain and elucidated the major brain systems underlying fructose-induced overfeeding. We found that fructose acts on multiple interdependent brain systems to increase orexigenic drive and the incentive salience of food while decreasing the latency between food bouts and reducing cognitive control to disinhibit feeding. We concluded that the collective actions of fructose may promote feeding behavior by producing a hunger-like state in the brain.
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Chronic Red Bull Consumption during Adolescence: Effect on Mesocortical and Mesolimbic Dopamine Transmission and Cardiovascular System in Adult Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070609. [PMID: 34202876 PMCID: PMC8308486 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy drinks are very popular nonalcoholic beverages among adolescents and young adults for their stimulant effects. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of repeated intraoral Red Bull (RB) infusion on dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens shell and core and in the medial prefrontal cortex and on cardiac contractility in adult rats exposed to chronic RB consumption. Rats were subjected to 4 weeks of RB voluntary consumption from adolescence to adulthood. Monitoring of in vivo dopamine was carried out by brain microdialysis. In vitro cardiac contractility was studied on biomechanical properties of isolated left-ventricular papillary muscle. The main finding of the study was that, in treated animals, RB increased shell dopamine via a nonadaptive mechanism, a pattern similar to that of drugs of abuse. No changes in isometric and isotonic mechanical parameters were associated with chronic RB consumption. However, a prolonged time to peak tension and half-time of relaxation and a slower peak rate of tension fall were observed in RB-treated rats. It is likely that RB treatment affects left-ventricular papillary muscle contraction. The neurochemical results here obtained can explain the addictive properties of RB, while the cardiovascular investigation findings suggest a hidden papillary contractility impairment.
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Wakabayashi KT, Feja M, Leigh MPK, Baindur AN, Suarez M, Meyer PJ, Bass CE. Chemogenetic Activation of Mesoaccumbal Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Projections Selectively Tunes Responses to Predictive Cues When Reward Value Is Abruptly Decreased. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:366-375. [PMID: 33168181 PMCID: PMC8570639 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesolimbic circuits regulate the attribution of motivational significance to incentive cues that predict reward, yet this network also plays a key role in adapting reward-seeking behavior when the contingencies linked to a cue unexpectedly change. Here, we asked whether mesoaccumbal GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) projections enhance adaptive responding to incentive cues of abruptly altered reward value, and whether these effects were distinct from global activation of all ventral tegmental area GABA circuits. METHODS We used a viral targeting system to chemogenetically activate mesoaccumbal GABA projections in male rats during a novel cue-dependent operant value-shifting task, in which the volume of a sucrose reward associated with a predictive cue is suddenly altered, from the beginning and throughout the session. We compared the results with global activation of ventral tegmental area GABA neurons, which will activate local inhibitory circuits and long loop projections. RESULTS We found that activation of mesoaccumbal GABA projections decreases responding to incentive cues associated with smaller-than-expected rewards. This tuning of behavioral responses was specific to cues associated with smaller-than-expected rewards but did not impact measures related to consuming the reward. In marked contrast, activating all ventral tegmental area GABA neurons resulted in a uniform decrease in responding to incentive cues irrespective of changes in the size of the reward. CONCLUSIONS Targeted activation of mesoaccumbal GABA neurons facilitates adaptation in reward-seeking behaviors. This suggests that these projections may play a very specific role in associative learning processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken T Wakabayashi
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Malte Feja
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Martin P K Leigh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Ajay N Baindur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Mauricio Suarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Paul J Meyer
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Caroline E Bass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.
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Yin KJ, Xie DY, Zhao L, Fan G, Ren JN, Zhang LL, Pan SY. Effects of different sweeteners on behavior and neurotransmitters release in mice. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2019; 57:113-121. [PMID: 31975714 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-04036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Four natural sweeteners (sucrose, stevioside, maltose and xylitol) and six artificial sweeteners (acesulfame, sucralose, aspartame, cyclamate, saccharin and neotame) were used to study the effects of different sweeteners on the behavior and neurotransmitter release of mice with two-bottle preference experiments. The results showed that very significant preference behavior for 8% sucrose solution, 0.3% stevioside solution, 10 mM acesulfame, 10 mM sucralose and 10 mM aspartame solutions (p < 0.01) was observed on mice. Long-term exposure of sucrose solution and acesulfame solution can affect the behavioral indicators such as solution consumption, feed intake, body weight and the release of neurotransmitters in mice. The solution consumption and the release of neurotransmitters were significantly greater (p < 0.05) than that of the control group (water group), but there was no significant difference in feed intake. The acesulfame-A and acesulfame-B groups had no significant difference on the consumption of solution and feed intake, but there was significant difference in the release of neurotransmitters. The result also showed that different sweetener solutions with similar sweetness had the same effect on the neurotransmitters release, and it can be inferred that mice have an addictive behavioral characteristic to sucrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Jing Yin
- 1College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Ding-Yuan Xie
- 1College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Lei Zhao
- 2Food and Agriculture Standardization Institute, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing, 102200 China
| | - Gang Fan
- 1College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Jing-Nan Ren
- 1College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Lu-Lu Zhang
- 1College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Si-Yi Pan
- 1College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070 China
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The impact of sugar consumption on stress driven, emotional and addictive behaviors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 103:178-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Towards a Translational Approach to Food Addiction: Implications for Bulimia Nervosa. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-019-00264-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Ribeiro A, Igual-Perez MJ, Santos Silva E, Sokal EM. Childhood Fructoholism and Fructoholic Liver Disease. Hepatol Commun 2019; 3:44-51. [PMID: 30619993 PMCID: PMC6312651 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging entity, becoming the most prevalent pediatric chronic liver disease. Its broad spectrum of histological findings, comorbidities, and complications, including cirrhosis and liver failure, can occur in childhood, emphasizing the severity of pediatric NAFLD. Current lifestyle and diet modifications have been linked to the increasing prevalence of NAFLD, including the rise of fructose consumption, a monosaccharide present in foods that contain added sugar, such as sugar‐sweetened beverages. Excessive fructose consumption is believed to cause addiction like alcohol and other drugs. As such, the new term “fructoholism” refers to the consumption of a substance (fructose) that can cause psychological and physical damage and become a major public health concern, highlighting the seriousness of the excessive consumption of fructose in the pediatric age. Hepatic fructose metabolization leads to hepatic steatosis and progression to fibrosis through mechanisms comparable to alcoholic liver disease, hence the term “fructoholic liver disease.” Conclusion: The importance of implementing reliable global strategies, such as education campaigns to promote healthy diet, increasing taxes on foods that contain added sugars, subsidies to promote accessibility to fruit and vegetables, and strict food industry regulation to reduce sugar intake in children and adolescents, cannot be overemphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Ribeiro
- Service de Gastroentérologie et Hépatologie Pédiatrique Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium
| | - Maria-Jose Igual-Perez
- Service de Gastroentérologie et Hépatologie Pédiatrique Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium
| | - Ermelinda Santos Silva
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department Centro Materno-Infantil do Norte, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto Porto Portugal
| | - Etienne M Sokal
- Service de Gastroentérologie et Hépatologie Pédiatrique Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium
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15
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Wiss DA, Avena N, Rada P. Sugar Addiction: From Evolution to Revolution. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:545. [PMID: 30464748 PMCID: PMC6234835 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The obesity epidemic has been widely publicized in the media worldwide. Investigators at all levels have been looking for factors that have contributed to the development of this epidemic. Two major theories have been proposed: (1) sedentary lifestyle and (2) variety and ease of inexpensive palatable foods. In the present review, we analyze how nutrients like sugar that are often used to make foods more appealing could also lead to habituation and even in some cases addiction thereby uniquely contributing to the obesity epidemic. We review the evolutionary aspects of feeding and how they have shaped the human brain to function in "survival mode" signaling to "eat as much as you can while you can." This leads to our present understanding of how the dopaminergic system is involved in reward and its functions in hedonistic rewards, like eating of highly palatable foods, and drug addiction. We also review how other neurotransmitters, like acetylcholine, interact in the satiation processes to counteract the dopamine system. Lastly, we analyze the important question of whether there is sufficient empirical evidence of sugar addiction, discussed within the broader context of food addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Wiss
- Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nicole Avena
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pedro Rada
- School of Medicine, University of Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
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Ramos-Lopez O, Panduro A, Rivera-Iñiguez I, Roman S. Dopamine D2 receptor polymorphism (C957T) is associated with sugar consumption and triglyceride levels in West Mexicans. Physiol Behav 2018; 194:532-537. [PMID: 30008437 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variations in the dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) may alter dopamine signaling and modify the rewarding effects of food. This study aimed to analyze the association of the C957T DRD2 polymorphism with sugar consumption in West Mexican subjects. In a cross-sectional and analytical study, a total of 215 Mexican subjects were enrolled. DRD2 genotyping was performed by an allelic discrimination assay. Habitual dietary intake and the biochemical profile were evaluated. Genotype frequencies of the C957T DRD2 polymorphism were CC (12.1%), CT (40.9%) and TT (47.0%). Carriers of the CC genotype had a higher intake of sugar (g/day) than heterozygotes (67.4 g vs. 41.3 g, p = 0.001) and TT homozygotes (67.4 g vs. 45.2 g, p = 0.004). Also, the habitual consumption of soda (daily or at least 3 times per week) was more frequent among CC genotype carriers compared with heterozygotes (81% vs. 51%, p = 7.5 × 10-6) and TT homozygotes (81% vs. 57%, p = 2.4 × 10-4). Furthermore, the CC genotype was associated with elevated serum triglyceride levels (>150 mg/dL) than the CT genotype (OR = 2.80, 95% CI 1.08-7.24, p = 0.034). In conclusion, our results suggest a genetic background associated with sugar consumption among West Mexicans, which may contribute to increases in serum triglyceride levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Ramos-Lopez
- Department of Molecular Biology in Medicine, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, "Fray Antonio Alcalde", Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Arturo Panduro
- Department of Molecular Biology in Medicine, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, "Fray Antonio Alcalde", Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ingrid Rivera-Iñiguez
- Department of Molecular Biology in Medicine, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, "Fray Antonio Alcalde", Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Sonia Roman
- Department of Molecular Biology in Medicine, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, "Fray Antonio Alcalde", Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Hussain Y, Krishnamurthy S. Piracetam attenuates binge eating disorder related symptoms in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 169:35-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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18
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Kosheleff AR, Araki J, Hsueh J, Le A, Quizon K, Ostlund SB, Maidment NT, Murphy NP. Pattern of access determines influence of junk food diet on cue sensitivity and palatability. Appetite 2018; 123:135-145. [PMID: 29248689 PMCID: PMC5817006 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Like drug addiction, cues associated with palatable foods can trigger food-seeking, even when sated. However, whether susceptibility to the motivating influence of food-related cues is a predisposing factor in overeating or a consequence of poor diet is difficult to determine in humans. Using a rodent model, we explored whether a highly palatable 'junk food' diet impacts responses to reward-paired cues in a Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer test, using sweetened condensed milk (SCM) as the reward. The hedonic impact of SCM consumption was also assessed by analyzing licking microstructure. METHODS To probe the effects of pattern and duration of junk food exposure, we provided rats with either regular chow ad libitum (controls) or chow plus access to junk food for either 2 or 24 h per day for 1, 3, or 6 weeks. We also examined how individual susceptibility to weight gain related to these measures. RESULTS Rats provided 24 h access to the junk food diet were insensitive to the motivational effects of a SCM-paired cue when tested sated even though their hedonic experience upon reward consumption was similar to controls. In contrast, rats provided restricted, 2 h access to junk food exhibited a cue generalization phenotype under sated conditions, lever-pressing with increased vigor in response to both a SCM-paired cue, and a cue not previously paired with reward. Hedonic response was also significantly higher in these animals relative to controls. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that the pattern of junk food exposure differentially alters the hedonic impact of palatable foods and susceptibility to the motivating influence of cues in the environment to promote food-seeking actions when sated, which may be consequential for understanding overeating and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa R Kosheleff
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Dr. South, MRL #2762, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Jingwen Araki
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Dr. South, MRL #2762, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jennifer Hsueh
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Dr. South, MRL #2762, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Andrew Le
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Dr. South, MRL #2762, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kevin Quizon
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Dr. South, MRL #2762, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sean B Ostlund
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Dr. South, MRL #2762, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, 3111 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility 837 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Nigel T Maidment
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Dr. South, MRL #2762, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Niall P Murphy
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Dr. South, MRL #2762, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Leigh SJ, Morris MJ. The role of reward circuitry and food addiction in the obesity epidemic: An update. Biol Psychol 2018; 131:31-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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20
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Kosheleff AR, Araki J, Tsan L, Chen G, Murphy NP, Maidment NT, Ostlund SB. Junk Food Exposure Disrupts Selection of Food-Seeking Actions in Rats. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:350. [PMID: 30166974 PMCID: PMC6106797 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that repeated consumption of highly palatable, nutritionally poor "junk food" diets can produce deficits in cognition and behavioral control. We explored whether long-term junk-food diet exposure disrupts rats' ability to make adaptive choices about which foods to pursue based on (1) expected reward value (outcome devaluation test) and (2) cue-evoked reward expectations (Pavlovian-to-instrumental test). Rats were initially food restricted and trained on two distinct response-outcome contingencies (e.g., left press chocolate pellets, and right press sweetened condensed milk) and stimulus-outcome contingencies (e.g., white noise chocolate pellets, and clicker sweetened condensed milk). They were then given 6 weeks of unrestricted access to regular chow alone (controls) or chow and either 1 or 24 h access to junk food per day. Subsequent tests of decision making revealed that rats in both junk-food diet groups were impaired in selecting actions based on either expected food value or the presence of food-paired cues. These data demonstrate that chronic junk food consumption can disrupt the processes underlying adaptive control over food-seeking behavior. We suggest that the resulting dysregulation of food seeking may contribute to overeating and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa R Kosheleff
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jingwen Araki
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Linda Tsan
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Grace Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Niall P Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nigel T Maidment
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sean B Ostlund
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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21
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Meyers AM, Mourra D, Beeler JA. High fructose corn syrup induces metabolic dysregulation and altered dopamine signaling in the absence of obesity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190206. [PMID: 29287121 PMCID: PMC5747444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) to metabolic disorder and obesity, independent of high fat, energy-rich diets, is controversial. While high-fat diets are widely accepted as a rodent model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) and metabolic disorder, the value of HFCS alone as a rodent model of DIO is unclear. Impaired dopamine function is associated with obesity and high fat diet, but the effect of HFCS on the dopamine system has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to test the effect of HFCS on weight gain, glucose regulation, and evoked dopamine release using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. Mice (C57BL/6) received either water or 10% HFCS solution in combination with ad libitum chow for 15 weeks. HFCS consumption with chow diet did not induce weight gain compared to water, chow-only controls but did induce glucose dysregulation and reduced evoked dopamine release in the dorsolateral striatum. These data show that HFCS can contribute to metabolic disorder and altered dopamine function independent of weight gain and high-fat diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. Meyers
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University New York, Flushing, New York, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Devry Mourra
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University New York, Flushing, New York, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeff A. Beeler
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University New York, Flushing, New York, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Reichelt AC, Rank MM. The impact of junk foods on the adolescent brain. Birth Defects Res 2017; 109:1649-1658. [DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. Reichelt
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences; RMIT University; Melbourne VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Michelle M. Rank
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences; RMIT University; Melbourne VIC 3083 Australia
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23
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Stice E, Yokum S, Gau JM. Gymnemic acids lozenge reduces short-term consumption of high-sugar food: A placebo controlled experiment. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:1496-1502. [PMID: 28944714 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117728541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Gymnemic acids (GA) suppress sweet taste and reduce consumption of high-sugar foods (HSF) which has been attributed to the reduction in pleasure. Herein we tested whether GA reduces the desire to eat HSF, before any HSF is tasted post GA dosing, which would implicate another mechanism of action not previously examined. In this double-blind experiment, 67 adults selected a favourite candy, consumed one standardized serving, rated candy pleasantness along with desire for more candy, and were randomly assigned to consume a GA or placebo lozenge. They subsequently completed candy desire ratings and were offered additional candy servings, one at a time. If an offering was accepted, it was consumed, pleasantness and desire ratings were reported, and another serving was offered. The GA lozenge versus the placebo produced a 31% reduction in participants who chose to eat the first candy offering after GA dosing and produced a 44% reduction in total candy intake. GA versus placebo participants who ate at least one optional serving reported reduced candy pleasantness, though reductions in reported desire did not reach significance. The GA lozenge reduced candy consumption and desire for candy, providing novel evidence that blockade of sweet taste receptors reduces desire for sweet food, even before the food is tasted after GA dosing. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT02744885.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Stice
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Sonja Yokum
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Jeff M Gau
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, Oregon, USA
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24
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Miranda MI, Rangel-Hernández JA, Vera-Rivera G, García-Medina NE, Soto-Alonso G, Rodríguez-García G, Núñez-Jaramillo L. The role of dopamine D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens during taste-aversive learning and memory extinction after long-term sugar consumption. Neuroscience 2017; 359:142-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Cuesto G, Everaerts C, León LG, Acebes A. Molecular bases of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder: shedding light on the darkness. J Neurogenet 2017; 31:266-287. [PMID: 28762842 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2017.1353092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Eating-disorders (EDs) consequences to human health are devastating, involving social, mental, emotional, physical and life-threatening aspects, concluding on impairment and death in cases of extreme anorexia nervosa. It also implies that people suffering an ED need to find psychiatric and psychological help as soon as possible to achieve a fully physical and emotional recovery. Unfortunately, to date, there is a crucial lack of efficient clinical treatment to these disorders. In this review, we present an overview concerning the actual pharmacological and psychological treatments, the knowledge of cells, circuits, neuropeptides, neuromodulators and hormones in the human brain- and other organs- underlying these disorders, the studies in animal models and, finally, the genetic approaches devoted to face this challenge. We will also discuss the need for new perspectives, avenues and strategies to be developed in order to pave the way to novel and more efficient therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Cuesto
- a Centre for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands , Institute of Biomedical Technologies, University of La Laguna , Tenerife , Spain
| | - Claude Everaerts
- b Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation , UMR 6265 CNRS, UMR 1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Dijon , France
| | - Leticia G León
- c Cancer Pharmacology Lab , AIRC Start Up Unit, University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Angel Acebes
- a Centre for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands , Institute of Biomedical Technologies, University of La Laguna , Tenerife , Spain
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26
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Accumbal Cholinergic Interneurons Differentially Influence Motivation Related to Satiety Signaling. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0328-16. [PMID: 28497110 PMCID: PMC5422920 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0328-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Satiety, rather than all or none, can instead be viewed as a cumulative decrease in the drive to eat that develops over the course of a meal. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is known to play a critical role in this type of value reappraisal, but the underlying circuits that influence such processes are unclear. Although NAc cholinergic interneurons (CINs) comprise only a small proportion of NAc neurons, their local impact on reward-based processes provides a candidate cell population for investigating the neural underpinnings of satiety. The present research therefore aimed to determine the role of NAc-CINs in motivation for food reinforcers in relation to satiety signaling. Through bidirectional control of CIN activity in mice, we show that when motivated by food restriction, increasing CIN activity led to a reduction in palatable food consumption while reducing CIN excitability enhanced food intake. These activity-dependent changes developed only late in the session and were unlikely to be driven by the innate reinforcer strength, suggesting that CIN modulation was instead impacting the cumulative change in motivation underlying satiety signaling. We propose that on a circuit level, an overall increase in inhibitory tone onto NAc output neurons played a role in the behavioral results, as activating NAc-CINs led to an inhibition of medium spiny neurons that was dependent on nicotinic receptor activation. Our results reveal an important role for NAc-CINs in controlling motivation for food intake and additionally provide a circuit-level framework for investigating the endogenous cholinergic circuits that signal satiety.
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27
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Soto M, Chaumontet C, Even PC, Azzout-Marniche D, Tomé D, Fromentin G. Metabolic effects of intermittent access to caloric or non-caloric sweetened solutions in mice fed a high-caloric diet. Physiol Behav 2017; 175:47-55. [PMID: 28347724 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human consumption of obesogenic diets and soft drinks, sweetened with different molecules, is increasing worldwide, and increases the risk of metabolic diseases. We hypothesized that the chronic consumption of caloric (sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), maltodextrin) and non-caloric (sucralose) solutions under 2-hour intermittent access, alongside the consumption of a high-fat high-sucrose diet, would result in differential obesity-associated metabolic abnormalities in mice. Male C57BL/6 mice had ad libitum access to an HFHS diet and to water (water control group). In addition, some mice had access, 2h/day, 5days/week (randomly chosen) for 12weeks, to different solutions: i) a sucrose solution (2.1kJ/ml), ii) an HFCS solution (2.1kJ/ml), iii) a maltodextrin solution (2.1kJ/ml) and a sucralose solution (60mM) (n=15/group). Despite no changes in total caloric intake, 2h-intermittent access to the sucrose, HFCS or maltodextrin solutions led to increased body weight and accumulation of lipids in the liver when compared to the group consuming water only. The HFCS and sucrose solutions induced a higher fat mass in various fat depots, glucose intolerance, increased glucose oxidation at the expense of lipid oxidation, and a lower hypothalamic expression of NPY in the fasted state. HFCS also reduced proopiomelanocortin expression in the hypothalamus. 2h-intermittent access to sucralose did not result in significant changes in body composition, but caused a stronger expression of CART in the hypothalamus. Finally, sucrose intake showed a trend to increase the expression of various receptors in the nucleus accumbens, linked to dopamine, opioid and endocannabinoid signaling. In conclusion, 2h-intermittent access to caloric solutions (especially those sweetened with sucrose and HFCS), but not sucralose, resulted in adverse metabolic consequences in high-fat high-sucrose-fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Soto
- AgroParisTech, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F-75005 Paris, France; INRA, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Chaumontet
- AgroParisTech, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F-75005 Paris, France; INRA, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Patrick C Even
- AgroParisTech, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F-75005 Paris, France; INRA, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Dalila Azzout-Marniche
- AgroParisTech, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F-75005 Paris, France; INRA, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Tomé
- AgroParisTech, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F-75005 Paris, France; INRA, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Fromentin
- AgroParisTech, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F-75005 Paris, France; INRA, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F-75005 Paris, France.
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28
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Nicola SM. Reassessing wanting and liking in the study of mesolimbic influence on food intake. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R811-R840. [PMID: 27534877 PMCID: PMC5130579 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00234.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Humans and animals such as rats and mice tend to overconsume calorie-dense foods, a phenomenon that likely contributes to obesity. One often-advanced explanation for why we preferentially consume sweet and fatty foods is that they are more "rewarding" than low-calorie foods. "Reward" has been subdivided into three interdependent psychological processes: hedonia (liking a food), reinforcement (formation of associations among stimuli, actions, and/or the food), and motivation (wanting the food). Research into these processes has focused on the mesolimbic system, which comprises both dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area and neurons in their major projection target, the nucleus accumbens. The mesolimbic system and closely connected structures are commonly referred to as the brain's "reward circuit." Implicit in this title is the assumption that "rewarding" experiences are generally the result of activity in this circuit. In this review, I argue that food intake and the preference for calorie-dense foods can be explained without reference to subjective emotions. Furthermore, the contribution of mesolimbic dopamine to food intake and preference may not be a general one of promoting or coordinating behaviors that result in the most reward or caloric intake but may instead be limited to the facilitation of a specific form of neural computation that results in conditioned approach behavior. Studies on the neural mechanisms of caloric intake regulation must address how sensory information about calorie intake affects not just the mesolimbic system but also many other forms of computation that govern other types of food-seeking and food-oriented behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem M Nicola
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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Rotella FM, Olsson K, Martinez N, Mordo A, Kohen I, Aminov A, Pagirsky J, Yu A, Vig V, Bodnar RJ. Muscarinic, nicotinic and GABAergic receptor signaling differentially mediate fat-conditioned flavor preferences in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 150-151:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Reichelt AC. Adolescent Maturational Transitions in the Prefrontal Cortex and Dopamine Signaling as a Risk Factor for the Development of Obesity and High Fat/High Sugar Diet Induced Cognitive Deficits. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:189. [PMID: 27790098 PMCID: PMC5061823 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescence poses as both a transitional period in neurodevelopment and lifestyle practices. In particular, the developmental trajectory of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a critical region for behavioral control and self-regulation, is enduring, not reaching functional maturity until the early 20 s in humans. Furthermore, the neurotransmitter dopamine is particularly abundant during adolescence, tuning the brain to rapidly learn about rewards and regulating aspects of neuroplasticity. Thus, adolescence is proposed to represent a period of vulnerability towards reward-driven behaviors such as the consumption of palatable high fat and high sugar diets. This is reflected in the increasing prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents as they are the greatest consumers of “junk foods”. Excessive consumption of diets laden in saturated fat and refined sugars not only leads to weight gain and the development of obesity, but experimental studies with rodents indicate they evoke cognitive deficits in learning and memory process by disrupting neuroplasticity and altering reward processing neurocircuitry. Consumption of these high fat and high sugar diets have been reported to have a particularly pronounced impact on cognition when consumed during adolescence, demonstrating a susceptibility of the adolescent brain to enduring cognitive deficits. The adolescent brain, with heightened reward sensitivity and diminished behavioral control compared to the mature adult brain, appears to be a risk for aberrant eating behaviors that may underpin the development of obesity. This review explores the neurodevelopmental changes in the PFC and mesocortical dopamine signaling that occur during adolescence, and how these potentially underpin the overconsumption of palatable food and development of obesogenic diet-induced cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Reichelt
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Meydan C, Shenhar-Tsarfaty S, Soreq H. MicroRNA Regulators of Anxiety and Metabolic Disorders. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:798-812. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Carreiro AL, Dhillon J, Gordon S, Jacobs AG, Higgins KA, McArthur BM, Redan BW, Rivera RL, Schmidt LR, Mattes RD. The Macronutrients, Appetite, and Energy Intake. Annu Rev Nutr 2016; 36:73-103. [PMID: 27431364 PMCID: PMC4960974 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-121415-112624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Each of the macronutrients-carbohydrate, protein, and fat-has a unique set of properties that influences health, but all are a source of energy. The optimal balance of their contribution to the diet has been a long-standing matter of debate. Over the past half century, thinking has progressed regarding the mechanisms by which each macronutrient may contribute to energy balance. At the beginning of this period, metabolic signals that initiated eating events (i.e., determined eating frequency) were emphasized. This was followed by an orientation to gut endocrine signals that purportedly modulate the size of eating events (i.e., determined portion size). Most recently, research attention has been directed to the brain, where the reward signals elicited by the macronutrients are viewed as potentially problematic (e.g., contribute to disordered eating). At this point, the predictive power of the macronutrients for energy intake remains limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia L Carreiro
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Jaapna Dhillon
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Susannah Gordon
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Ashley G Jacobs
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Kelly A Higgins
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | | | - Benjamin W Redan
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Rebecca L Rivera
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Leigh R Schmidt
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Richard D Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Optogenetically-induced tonic dopamine release from VTA-nucleus accumbens projections inhibits reward consummatory behaviors. Neuroscience 2016; 333:54-64. [PMID: 27421228 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent optogenetic studies demonstrated that phasic dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens may play a causal role in multiple aspects of natural and drug reward-related behaviors. The role of tonic dopamine release in reward consummatory behavior remains unclear. The current study used a combinatorial viral-mediated gene delivery approach to express ChR2 on mesolimbic dopamine neurons in rats. We used optical activation of this dopamine circuit to mimic tonic dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens and to explore the causal relationship between this form of dopamine signaling within the ventral tegmental area (VTA)-nucleus accumbens projection and consumption of a natural reward. Using a two bottle choice paradigm (sucrose vs. water), the experiments revealed that tonic optogenetic stimulation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission significantly decreased reward consummatory behaviors. Specifically, there was a significant decrease in the number of bouts, licks and amount of sucrose obtained during the drinking session. Notably, activation of VTA dopamine cell bodies or dopamine terminals in the nucleus accumbens resulted in identical behavioral consequences. No changes in water intake were evident under the same experimental conditions. Collectively, these data demonstrate that tonic optogenetic stimulation of VTA-nucleus accumbens dopamine release is sufficient to inhibit reward consummatory behavior, possibly by preventing this circuit from engaging in phasic activity that is thought to be essential for reward-based behaviors.
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Rather ZA, Chowta MN, Bolumbu G, Rakesh KB. Evaluation of acute effects of melatonin on ethanol drinking in ethanol naïve rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2016; 47:383-7. [PMID: 26288469 PMCID: PMC4527058 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.161259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective was to evaluate the acute effect of melatonin on ethanol drinking in ethanol naïve rats and to determine the specificity of the effect of melatonin on ethanol intake as compared to an intake of plain tap water or sugar water. Materials and Methods: A total of three experiments (2 weeks duration each) using different drinking solutions (ethanol, plain tap water, sugar water) was conducted in individually housed male wistar rats of 5 weeks age. Each animal had access to bottles containing drinking solutions for 2 h a day. In each experiment, on day 1, day 2, day 4, day 5, day 8, day 9, day 11, day 12 rats received drinking solutions. Each individual rat received single doses of saline, melatonin (50 mg and 100 mg/kg), and naltrexone on day 2, 5, 9, and 12, 1-h before receiving drinking solution. The order of drug administration is permuted such a way that each animal received the drugs in a different order in different experiments. Results: Melatonin has significantly decreased ethanol consumption by the rats and effect is dose-dependent. Naltrexone also has caused a significant reduction in the ethanol consumption. The maximum reduction in ethanol consumption was seen with melatonin 100 mg/kg dose compared to melatonin 50 mg/kg and naltrexone. There was no statistically significant effect of melatonin on plain water and sugar solution intake. Conclusions: Melatonin decreases ethanol consumption in ethanol naïve rats. The effect of melatonin is similar to naltrexone affecting selectively ethanol consumption, but not plain water and sugar water consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahoor Ahmad Rather
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mukta N Chowta
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ganaraja Bolumbu
- Department of Physiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - K B Rakesh
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Patrono E, Gasbarri A, Tomaz C, Nishijo H. Transitionality in addiction: A "temporal continuum" hypotheses involving the aberrant motivation, the hedonic dysregulation, and the aberrant learning. Med Hypotheses 2016; 93:62-70. [PMID: 27372858 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is a chronic compulsion and relapsing disorder. It involves several brain areas and circuits, which encode vary functions such as reward, motivation, and memory. Drug addiction is defined as a "pathological pattern of use of a substance", characterized by the loss of control on drug-taking-related behaviors, the pursuance of those behaviors even in the presence of negative consequences, and a strong motivated activity to assume substances. Three different theories guide experimental research on drug addiction. Each of these theories consider singles features, such as an aberrant motivation, a hedonic dysregulation, and an aberrant habit learning as the main actor to explain the entire process of the addictive behaviors. The major goal of this study is to present a new hypotheses of transitionality from a controlled use to abuse of addictive substances trough the overview of the three different theories, considering all the single features of each single theory together on the same "temporal continuum" from use to abuse of addictive substances. Recently, it has been suggested that common neural systems may be activated by natural and pharmacological stimuli, raising the hypotheses that binge-eating disorders could be considered as addictive behaviors. The second goal of this study is to present evidences in order to highlight a possible psycho-bio-physiological superimposition between drug and "food addiction". Finally, interesting questions are brought up starting from last findings about a theoretical/psycho-bio-physiological superimposition between drug and "food addiction" and their possibly same transitionality along the same "temporal continuum" from use to abuse of addictive substances in order to investigate new therapeutic strategies based on new therapeutic strategies based on the individual moments characterizing the transition from the voluntary intake of substances to the maladaptive addictive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Patrono
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Antonella Gasbarri
- Department of Applied Clinical Science and Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, Italy
| | - Carlos Tomaz
- Primate Center and Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil; Neuroscience Research Group, UNICEUMA, São Luis, MA, Brazil
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Modulators Reduce Sugar Intake. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150270. [PMID: 27028298 PMCID: PMC4814119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess sugar consumption has been shown to contribute directly to weight gain, thus contributing to the growing worldwide obesity epidemic. Interestingly, increased sugar consumption has been shown to repeatedly elevate dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), in the mesolimbic reward pathway of the brain similar to many drugs of abuse. We report that varenicline, an FDA-approved nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) partial agonist that modulates dopamine in the mesolimbic reward pathway of the brain, significantly reduces sucrose consumption, especially in a long-term consumption paradigm. Similar results were observed with other nAChR drugs, namely mecamylamine and cytisine. Furthermore, we show that long-term sucrose consumption increases α4β2 * and decreases α6β2* nAChRs in the nucleus accumbens, a key brain region associated with reward. Taken together, our results suggest that nAChR drugs such as varenicline may represent a novel treatment strategy for reducing sugar consumption.
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Klenowski PM, Shariff MR, Belmer A, Fogarty MJ, Mu EWH, Bellingham MC, Bartlett SE. Prolonged Consumption of Sucrose in a Binge-Like Manner, Alters the Morphology of Medium Spiny Neurons in the Nucleus Accumbens Shell. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:54. [PMID: 27047355 PMCID: PMC4803740 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The modern diet has become highly sweetened, resulting in unprecedented levels of sugar consumption, particularly among adolescents. While chronic long-term sugar intake is known to contribute to the development of metabolic disorders including obesity and type II diabetes, little is known regarding the direct consequences of long-term, binge-like sugar consumption on the brain. Because sugar can cause the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) similarly to drugs of abuse, we investigated changes in the morphology of neurons in this brain region following short- (4 weeks) and long-term (12 weeks) binge-like sucrose consumption using an intermittent two-bottle choice paradigm. We used Golgi-Cox staining to impregnate medium spiny neurons (MSNs) from the NAc core and shell of short- and long-term sucrose consuming rats and compared these to age-matched water controls. We show that prolonged binge-like sucrose consumption significantly decreased the total dendritic length of NAc shell MSNs compared to age-matched control rats. We also found that the restructuring of these neurons resulted primarily from reduced distal dendritic complexity. Conversely, we observed increased spine densities at the distal branch orders of NAc shell MSNs from long-term sucrose consuming rats. Combined, these results highlight the neuronal effects of prolonged binge-like intake of sucrose on NAc shell MSN morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Klenowski
- Translational Research Institute and Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Masroor R Shariff
- Translational Research Institute and Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Arnauld Belmer
- Translational Research Institute and Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew J Fogarty
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Erica W H Mu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark C Bellingham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Selena E Bartlett
- Translational Research Institute and Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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38
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Franklin JL, Mirzaei M, Wearne TA, Sauer MK, Homewood J, Goodchild AK, Haynes PA, Cornish JL. Quantitative shotgun proteomics reveals extensive changes to the proteome of the orbitofrontal cortex in rats that are hyperactive following withdrawal from a high sugar diet. Proteomics 2016; 16:657-73. [PMID: 26621205 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In most Westernized societies, there has been an alarming increase in the consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks. For many adults these drinks represent a substantial proportion of their total daily caloric intake. Here we investigated whether extended exposure to sugar changes behavior and protein expression in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8 per group) were treated for 26 days with either water or a 10% sucrose solution. Locomotor behavior was measured on the first and last day of treatment, then 1 week after treatment. Following the 1-week period free from treatment, sucrose treated rats were significantly more active than the control. Two hours following final behavioral testing, brains were rapidly removed and prepared for proteomic analysis of the OFC. Label free quantitative shotgun proteomic analyses of three rats from each group found 290 proteins were differentially expressed in the sucrose treated group when compared to the control group. Major changes in the proteome were seen in proteins related to energy metabolism, mitochondrial function and the cellular response to stress. This research does not seek to suggest that sugar will cause specific neurological disorders, however similar changes in proteins have been seen in neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane L Franklin
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Travis A Wearne
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Melanie K Sauer
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Judi Homewood
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ann K Goodchild
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul A Haynes
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Reichelt AC, Abbott KN, Westbrook RF, Morris MJ. Differential motivational profiles following adolescent sucrose access in male and female rats. Physiol Behav 2016; 157:13-9. [PMID: 26826605 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents are the highest consumers of sugar sweetened drinks. Excessive consumption of such drinks is a likely contributor to the development of obesity and may be associated with enduring changes in the systems involved in reward and motivation. We examined the impact of daily sucrose consumption in young male and female rats (N=12 per group) across the adolescent period on the motivation to perform instrumental responses to gain food rewards as adults. Rats were or were not exposed to a sucrose solution for 2 h each day for 28 days across adolescence [postnatal days (P) 28-56]. They were then trained as adults (P70 onward) to lever press for a palatable 15% cherry flavored sucrose reward and tested on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule to assess motivation to respond for reinforcement. Female rats exposed to sucrose had higher breakpoints on the PR schedule than controls, whereas male rats exposed to sucrose had lower breakpoints than controls. These results show that consumption of sucrose during adolescence produced sex-specific behavioral changes in responding for sucrose as adults.
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Abstract
Affective disorders such as anxiety, phobia and depression are a leading cause of disabilities worldwide. Monoamine neuromodulators are used to treat most of them, with variable degrees of efficacy. Here, we review and interpret experimental findings about the relation of neuromodulation and emotional feelings, in pursuit of two goals: (a) to improve the conceptualisation of affective/emotional states, and (b) to develop a descriptive model of basic emotional feelings related to the actions of neuromodulators. In this model, we hypothesize that specific neuromodulators are effective for basic emotions. The model can be helpful for mental health professionals to better understand the affective dynamics of persons and the actions of neuromodulators - and respective psychoactive drugs - on this dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fushun Wang
- Professor of Psychology, Director of the Institute of Emotional Psychology, Nanjing University of Traditional Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd, Qixia district, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China 210023. E-mail:
| | - Alfredo Pereira
- Adjunct Professor, Department of Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus of Rubião Jr, 18618-970 - Botucatu - São Paulo - Brasil
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42
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Westwater ML, Fletcher PC, Ziauddeen H. Sugar addiction: the state of the science. Eur J Nutr 2016; 55:55-69. [PMID: 27372453 PMCID: PMC5174153 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE As obesity rates continue to climb, the notion that overconsumption reflects an underlying 'food addiction' (FA) has become increasingly influential. An increasingly popular theory is that sugar acts as an addictive agent, eliciting neurobiological changes similar to those seen in drug addiction. In this paper, we review the evidence in support of sugar addiction. METHODS We reviewed the literature on food and sugar addiction and considered the evidence suggesting the addictiveness of highly processed foods, particularly those with high sugar content. We then examined the addictive potential of sugar by contrasting evidence from the animal and human neuroscience literature on drug and sugar addiction. RESULTS We find little evidence to support sugar addiction in humans, and findings from the animal literature suggest that addiction-like behaviours, such as bingeing, occur only in the context of intermittent access to sugar. These behaviours likely arise from intermittent access to sweet tasting or highly palatable foods, not the neurochemical effects of sugar. CONCLUSION Given the lack of evidence supporting it, we argue against a premature incorporation of sugar addiction into the scientific literature and public policy recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L. Westwater
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB UK ,Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ UK
| | - Paul C. Fletcher
- Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ UK ,Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK ,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB21 5EF UK
| | - Hisham Ziauddeen
- Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ UK ,Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK ,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB21 5EF UK ,Box 189, Herchel Smith Building, West Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB21 5DS UK
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Abstract
Binge eating is seen across the spectrum of eating disorder diagnoses as well as among individuals who do not meet diagnostic criteria. Analyses of the specific types of foods that are frequently binged upon reveal that sugar-rich items feature prominently in binge-type meals, making the effects of binge consumption of sugar an important focus of study. One avenue to do this involves the use of animal models. Foundational and recent studies of animal models of sugar bingeing, both outlined here, lend insight into the various neurotransmitters and neuropeptides that may participate in or be altered by this behavior. Further, several preclinical studies incorporating sugar bingeing paradigms have explored the utility of pharmacological agents that target such neural systems for reducing sugar bingeing in an effort to enhance clinical treatment. Indeed, the translational implications of findings generated using animal models of sugar bingeing are considered here, along with potential avenues for further study.
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44
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Rodent models of impulsive–compulsive behaviors in Parkinson's disease: How far have we reached? Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:561-573. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Brownley KA, Peat CM, La Via M, Bulik CM. Pharmacological approaches to the management of binge eating disorder. Drugs 2015; 75:9-32. [PMID: 25428709 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-014-0327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the USA, binge eating disorder (BED) is the most common eating disorder, with a lifetime prevalence of ~3.5 % in adult women, 2.0 % in adult men, and 1.6 % in adolescents. BED is characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating that are accompanied by a sense of loss of control over eating and result in marked psychological distress. BED is highly co-morbid with obesity and with depression and other psychiatric conditions, and it is associated with substantial role impairment. Currently, there are no US FDA-approved pharmacological treatments for BED. Animal and human studies implicate underlying dysregulation in dopamine, opioid, acetylcholine, and serotonin neurocircuitry within brain reward regions in the pathogenesis and maintenance of BED. To date, the efficacy of various agents that target these and other neurotransmitter systems involved in motivated feeding behavior, mood regulation, and impulse control have been investigated in the treatment of BED. Several antidepressant and anticonvulsant agents have demonstrated efficacy in reducing binge eating frequency, but only in limited cases have these effects resulted in patients achieving abstinence, which is the primary goal of treatment; they also range from less (fluvoxamine) to more (topiramate) effective in achieving weight loss that is both clinically meaningful and significantly greater than placebo. Collectively, the literature on pharmacological treatment approaches to BED is limited in that very few agents have been studied in multiple, confirmatory trials with adequate follow up, and almost none have been evaluated in large patient samples that are diverse with respect to age, sex, and ethnicity. In addition, prior trials have not adequately addressed, through study design, the high placebo response commonly observed in this patient population. Several novel agents are in various phases of testing, and recent animal studies focusing on glutamate-signaling circuits linking the amygdala to the lateral hypothalamus offer new avenues for exploration and potential therapeutic development. Studies of newly FDA-approved medications for long-term obesity treatment and further explorations of dietary supplements and neutraceuticals with appetite- and mood-altering properties may also be worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Brownley
- Department of Psychiatry, CB #7175, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7175, USA,
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Muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptor antagonists differentially mediate acquisition of fructose-conditioned flavor preference and quinine-conditioned flavor avoidance in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 123:239-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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47
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Ziauddeen H, Alonso-Alonso M, Hill JO, Kelley M, Khan NA. Obesity and the neurocognitive basis of food reward and the control of intake. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:474-86. [PMID: 26178031 PMCID: PMC4496739 DOI: 10.3945/an.115.008268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rising prevalence of obesity, hedonic eating has become an important theme in obesity research. Hedonic eating is thought to be that driven by the reward of food consumption and not metabolic need, and this has focused attention on the brain reward system and how its dysregulation may cause overeating and obesity. Here, we begin by examining the brain reward system and the evidence for its dysregulation in human obesity. We then consider the issue of how individuals are able to control their hedonic eating in the present obesogenic environment and compare 2 contrasting perspectives on the control of hedonic eating, specifically, enhanced control of intake via higher cognitive control and loss of control over intake as captured by the food addiction model. We conclude by considering what these perspectives offer in terms of directions for future research and for potential interventions to improve control over food intake at the population and the individual levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Ziauddeen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom;
| | - Miguel Alonso-Alonso
- Laboratory of Bariatric and Nutritional Neuroscience, Center for the Study of Nutrition Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - James O Hill
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Michael Kelley
- Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company, Chicago, IL; and
| | - Naiman A Khan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL
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Lardeux S, Kim JJ, Nicola SM. Intermittent-access binge consumption of sweet high-fat liquid does not require opioid or dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens. Behav Brain Res 2015; 292:194-208. [PMID: 26097003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Binge eating disorders are characterized by episodes of intense consumption of high-calorie food. In recently developed animal models of binge eating, rats given intermittent access to such food escalate their consumption over time. Consumption of calorie-dense food is associated with neurochemical changes in the nucleus accumbens, including dopamine release and alterations in dopamine and opioid receptor expression. Therefore, we hypothesized that binge-like consumption on intermittent access schedules is dependent on opioid and/or dopamine neurotransmission in the accumbens. To test this hypothesis, we asked whether injection of dopamine and opioid receptor antagonists into the core and shell of the accumbens reduced consumption of a sweet high-fat liquid in rats with and without a history of intermittent binge access to the liquid. Although injection of a μ opioid agonist increased consumption, none of the antagonists (including μ opioid, δ opioid, κ opioid, D1 dopamine and D2 dopamine receptor antagonists, as well as the broad-spectrum opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone) reduced consumption, and this was the case whether or not the animals had a prior history of intermittent access. These results suggest that consumption of sweet, fatty food does not require opioid or dopamine receptor activation in the accumbens even under intermittent access conditions that resemble human binge episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Lardeux
- Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - James J Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Saleem M Nicola
- Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
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Differences in bingeing behavior and cocaine reward following intermittent access to sucrose, glucose or fructose solutions. Neuroscience 2015; 301:213-20. [PMID: 26079112 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Daily intermittent access to sugar solutions results in intense bouts of sugar intake (i.e. bingeing) in rats. Bingeing on sucrose, a disaccharide of glucose and fructose, has been associated with a "primed" mesolimbic dopamine (DA) pathway. Recent studies suggest glucose and fructose engage brain reward and energy-sensing mechanisms in opposing ways and may drive sucrose intake through unique neuronal circuits. Here, we examined in male Sprague-Dawley rats whether or not (1) intermittent access to isocaloric solutions of sucrose, glucose or fructose results in distinctive sugar-bingeing profiles and (2) previous sugar bingeing alters cocaine locomotor activation and/or reward, as determined by conditioned place preference (CPP). To encourage bingeing, rats were given 24-h access to water and 12-h-intermittent access to chow plus an intermittent bottle that contained water (control) or 8% solutions of sucrose, glucose or fructose for 9days, followed by ad libitum chow diet and a 10-day cocaine (15mg/kg; i.p.) CPP paradigm. By day 4 of the sugar-bingeing diet, sugar bingeing in the fructose group surpassed the glucose group, with the sucrose group being intermediate. All three sugar groups had similar chow and water intake throughout the diet. In contrast, controls exhibited chow bingeing by day 5 without altering water intake. Similar magnitudes of cocaine CPP were observed in rats with a history of sucrose, fructose or chow (control) bingeing. Notably, the glucose-bingeing rats did not demonstrate a significant cocaine CPP despite showing similar cocaine-induced locomotor activity as the other diet groups. Overall, these results show that fructose and glucose, the monosaccharide components of sucrose, produce divergent degrees of bingeing and cocaine reward.
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Binge eating in pre-clinical models. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:504-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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