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Jeon S, Park J, Likhite S, Moon JH, Shin D, Li L, Meyer KC, Lee JW, Lee SK. The postnatal injection of AAV9-FOXG1 rescues corpus callosum agenesis and other brain deficits in the mouse model of FOXG1 syndrome. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101275. [PMID: 39022742 PMCID: PMC11253142 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in the FOXG1 gene manifest as FOXG1 syndrome, a severe neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by structural brain anomalies, including agenesis of the corpus callosum, hippocampal reduction, and myelination delays. Despite the well-defined genetic basis of FOXG1 syndrome, therapeutic interventions targeting the underlying cause of the disorder are nonexistent. In this study, we explore the therapeutic potential of adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9)-mediated delivery of the FOXG1 gene. Remarkably, intracerebroventricular injection of AAV9-FOXG1 to Foxg1 heterozygous mouse model at the postnatal stage rescues a wide range of brain pathologies. This includes the amelioration of corpus callosum deficiencies, the restoration of dentate gyrus morphology in the hippocampus, the normalization of oligodendrocyte lineage cell numbers, and the rectification of myelination anomalies. Our findings highlight the efficacy of AAV9-based gene therapy as a viable treatment strategy for FOXG1 syndrome and potentially other neurodevelopmental disorders with similar brain malformations, asserting its therapeutic relevance in postnatal stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, FOXG1 Research Center, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jaein Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, FOXG1 Research Center, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Shibi Likhite
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Ji Hwan Moon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, FOXG1 Research Center, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Dongjun Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, FOXG1 Research Center, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Liwen Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, FOXG1 Research Center, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Kathrin C. Meyer
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Jae W. Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, FOXG1 Research Center, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Soo-Kyung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, FOXG1 Research Center, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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2
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Mortessagne P, Cartier E, Balia M, Fèvre M, Corailler F, Herry C, Abrous DN, Battefeld A, Pacary E. Genetic labeling of embryonically-born dentate granule neurons in young mice using the Penk Cre mouse line. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5022. [PMID: 38424161 PMCID: PMC10904803 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55299-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus is a mosaic of dentate granule neurons (DGNs) accumulated throughout life. While many studies focused on the morpho-functional properties of adult-born DGNs, much less is known about DGNs generated during development, and in particular those born during embryogenesis. One of the main reasons for this gap is the lack of methods available to specifically label and manipulate embryonically-born DGNs. Here, we have assessed the relevance of the PenkCre mouse line as a genetic model to target this embryonically-born population. In young animals, PenkCre expression allows to tag neurons in the DG with positional, morphological and electrophysiological properties characteristic of DGNs born during the embryonic period. In addition, PenkCre+ cells in the DG are distributed in both blades along the entire septo-temporal axis. This model thus offers new possibilities to explore the functions of this underexplored population of embryonically-born DGNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mortessagne
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Estelle Cartier
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maddalena Balia
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Murielle Fèvre
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fiona Corailler
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cyril Herry
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Djoher Nora Abrous
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Arne Battefeld
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Emilie Pacary
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
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Fan P, Lu Y, Wei H, Wang K, Jia P, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Wang T, Yang L, Zhao J, Zhang S, Lu H, Chen X, Liu Y, Zhang P. Metformin attenuates sevoflurane-induced neurogenesis damage and cognitive impairment: involvement of the Nrf2/G6PD pathway. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:2037-2053. [PMID: 37119382 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Anesthetics such as sevoflurane are commonly administered to infants and children. However, the possible neurotoxicity caused by prolonged or repetitive exposure to it should be a concern. The neuroprotective effects of metformin are observed in many models of neurological disorders. In this study, we investigated whether metformin could reduce the developmental neurotoxicity induced by sevoflurane exposure in neonatal rats and the potential mechanism. Postnatal day 7 (PND 7) Sprague-Dawley rats and neural stem cells (NSCs) were treated with normal saline or metformin before sevoflurane exposure. The Morris water maze (MWM) was used to observe spatial memory and learning at PND 35-42. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus at PND 14. MTT assays, immunofluorescence staining, and TUNEL staining were used to assess the viability, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of NSCs. Western blotting and ELISA were used to assess the protein expression of cleaved caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) pathway-related molecules. Exposure to sevoflurane resulted in late cognitive defects, impaired neurogenesis in both the SVZ and SGZ, reduced NSC viability and proliferation, increased NSC apoptosis, and decreased protein expression of G6PD in vitro. Metformin pretreatment attenuated sevoflurane-induced cognitive functional decline and neurogenesis inhibition. Metformin pretreatment also increased the protein expression of Nrf2 and G6PD. However, treatment with the Nrf2 inhibitor, ML385 or the G6PD inhibitor, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) reversed the protective effect of metformin on sevoflurane-induced NSC damage in vitro. Our findings suggested that metformin could reduce sevoflurane-induced neurogenesis damage and neurocognitive defects in the developing rat brain by influencing the Nrf2/G6PD signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 # West 5 road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Yuying Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 # West 5 road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Haidong Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 # West 5 road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Kui Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 # West 5 road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Pengyu Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 # West 5 road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 # West 5 road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 # West 5 road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Tianyue Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 # West 5 road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Liufei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 # West 5 road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 # West 5 road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Shuyue Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Key Academic Subject of Physiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76 # Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Haixia Lu
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Key Academic Subject of Physiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76 # Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Xinlin Chen
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Key Academic Subject of Physiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76 # Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Key Academic Subject of Physiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76 # Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Pengbo Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 # West 5 road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China.
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Sun D, Mei L, Xiong WC. Dorsal Dentate Gyrus, a Key Regulator for Mood and Psychiatric Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2023:S0006-3223(23)00009-4. [PMID: 36894487 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The dentate gyrus, a "gate" that controls the flow of information into the hippocampus, is critical for learning, memory, spatial navigation, and mood regulation. Several lines of evidence have demonstrated that deficits in dentate granule cells (DGCs) (e.g., loss of DGCs or genetic mutations in DGCs) contribute to the development of various psychiatric disorders, such as depression and anxiety disorders. Whereas ventral DGCs are believed to be critical for mood regulation, the functions of dorsal DGCs in this regard remain elusive. Here, we review the role of DGCs, in particular the dorsal DGCs, in the regulation of mood, their functional relationships with DGC development, and the contributions of dysfunctional DGCs to mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Sun
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
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5
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Pathological Nuclear Hallmarks in Dentate Granule Cells of Alzheimer’s Patients: A Biphasic Regulation of Neurogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112873. [PMID: 36361662 PMCID: PMC9654738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) of the human hippocampus is a complex and dynamic structure harboring mature and immature granular neurons in diverse proliferative states. While most mammals show persistent neurogenesis through adulthood, human neurogenesis is still under debate. We found nuclear alterations in granular cells in autopsied human brains, detected by immunohistochemistry. These alterations differ from those reported in pyramidal neurons of the hippocampal circuit. Aging and early AD chromatin were clearly differentiated by the increased epigenetic markers H3K9me3 (heterochromatin suppressive mark) and H3K4me3 (transcriptional euchromatin mark). At early AD stages, lamin B2 was redistributed to the nucleoplasm, indicating cell-cycle reactivation, probably induced by hippocampal nuclear pathology. At intermediate and late AD stages, higher lamin B2 immunopositivity in the perinucleus suggests fewer immature neurons, less neurogenesis, and fewer adaptation resources to environmental factors. In addition, senile samples showed increased nuclear Tau interacting with aged chromatin, likely favoring DNA repair and maintaining genomic stability. However, at late AD stages, the progressive disappearance of phosphorylated Tau forms in the nucleus, increased chromatin disorganization, and increased nuclear autophagy support a model of biphasic neurogenesis in AD. Therefore, designing therapies to alleviate the neuronal nuclear pathology might be the only pathway to a true rejuvenation of brain circuits.
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He Z. Selective effects of perinatal estrogen on proliferation and new neurons in hippocampus and piriform cortex of rats at weaning. Neurotoxicology 2022; 91:254-261. [PMID: 35618077 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent report links heightened prenatal amniotic estrogen levels to an increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this study, we examined the developmental effects of perinatal estrogen treatment on stem cell activity in weaned rats. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats received ethinyl estradiol (EE2, 10µg/kg/day) or vehicle orally from gestational day 6 until parturition. Offspring were then treated with the same daily dose from postnatal days (PNDs) 1-21. The effects of perinatal estrogen treatment on stem cell activities in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus and the piriform cortex were evaluated in male and female rat pups. RESULTS EE2 treatment increased the total Ki67-immunoreactive (Ki67-ir) cell counts in the SGZ of males and females (p<0.05). However, no treatment or sex differences were detectable in the density of the doublecortin (DCX)-immunoreactive (DCX-ir) deposits in the hippocampus. In the piriform cortex, no treatment or sex differences were detected in Ki67-ir cell counts. However, the EE2 treatment significantly reduced the DCX-ir cell count in male, but not female rats (male EE2 group=292±22/mm2, male vehicle group=402±19/mm2, female EE2 group=342±15/mm2, female vehicle group=331±9/mm2). CONCLUSIONS Perinatal estrogen treatment increased hippocampal Ki67-ir cell counts in both sexes and selectively reduced DCX-ir cell counts in the piriform cortex of males. These data suggest that exposure to abnormally high levels of estrogens early in life may have an impact on neural cell development. Alterations in development so early in life may have long-term cognitive impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z He
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA.
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7
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Early Life Events and Maturation of the Dentate Gyrus: Implications for Neurons and Glial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084261. [PMID: 35457079 PMCID: PMC9031216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG), an important part of the hippocampus, plays a significant role in learning, memory, and emotional behavior. Factors potentially influencing normal development of neurons and glial cells in the DG during its maturation can exert long-lasting effects on brain functions. Early life stress may modify maturation of the DG and induce lifelong alterations in its structure and functioning, underlying brain pathologies in adults. In this paper, maturation of neurons and glial cells (microglia and astrocytes) and the effects of early life events on maturation processes in the DG have been comprehensively reviewed. Early postnatal interventions affecting the DG eventually result in an altered number of granule neurons in the DG, ectopic location of neurons and changes in adult neurogenesis. Adverse events in early life provoke proinflammatory changes in hippocampal glia at cellular and molecular levels immediately after stress exposure. Later, the cellular changes may disappear, though alterations in gene expression pattern persist. Additional stressful events later in life contribute to manifestation of glial changes and behavioral deficits. Alterations in the maturation of neuronal and glial cells induced by early life stress are interdependent and influence the development of neural nets, thus predisposing the brain to the development of cognitive and psychiatric disorders.
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Uchida Y, Hashimoto T, Saito H, Takita K, Morimoto Y. Neonatal isoflurane exposure disturbs granule cell migration in the rat dentate gyrus. Biomed Res 2022; 43:1-9. [PMID: 35173111 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.43.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that neonatal isoflurane exposure causes behavioral abnormalities following neurodegeneration in animals and gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor activation during the synaptogenesis is considered to be one possible trigger. Additionally, the inhibitory effect of excitatory GABAA receptor signaling on the granule cell (GC) migration in the neonatal rat dentate gyrus (DG) was reported in a febrile seizure model. Then, we hypothesized that neonatal isoflurane exposure, which activates GABAA receptor, causes GC migration disturbances in the neonatal rat. Rat pups were injected with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and divided into five treatment groups, and double immunofluorescent staining targeting BrdU and homeobox prospero-like protein 1 (Prox1) was performed to examine the localization of BrdU/Prox1 colabeled cells, and then the GC migration was assessed. As a result, we found that the ectopic migration of GC after 2% isoflurane exposure on postnatal day 7 significantly increased after P21. The number of hilar ectopic GCs was influenced by the concentration of isoflurane and the exposure day but not by carbon dioxide exposure. Our main finding is that neonatal isoflurane anesthesia disturbs the migration of GCs in the rat DG, which may be one possible mechanism underlying the neurotoxicity following neonatal isoflurane anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Uchida
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hokkaido University Hospital
| | | | - Hitoshi Saito
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hokkaido University Hospital
| | - Koichi Takita
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hokkaido University Hospital
| | - Yuji Morimoto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hokkaido University Hospital
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Peyvandi Karizbodagh M, Sadr-Nabavi A, Hami J, Mohammadipour A, Khoshdel-Sarkarizi H, Kheradmand H, Fallahnezhad S, Mahmoudi M, Haghir H. Developmental regulation and lateralization of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the rat hippocampus. Neuropeptides 2021; 89:102183. [PMID: 34333368 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are expressed abundantly in the brain and play a crucial role in the regulation of central nervous system (CNS) development, learning, and memory. During early neuronal development, NMDARs modulate neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation and migration, and synaptogenesis. The present study aimed to examine the developmental expression of NMDARs subunits, NR1 and NR2B, in the developing hippocampus of neonatal rats during the first two postnatal weeks. Fifty-four male offspring were randomly divided into three age groups, postnatal days (P) 0, 7, and 14. Real-time-PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses were employed to examine and compare the hippocampal expression of the NMDA receptor subunits. The highest mRNA expression of NR1 and NR2B subunits was observed at P7, regardless of its laterality. The mRNA expression of both subunits in the right hippocampus was significantly higher than that of the left one at P0 and P7. Similarly, the highest protein level expression of NR1 and NR2B subunits was also observed at P7 in both sides hippocampi. Although the protein expression of NR1 was significantly higher on the right side in all studied days, the NR2B was significantly higher in the right hippocampus only at P7. The analysis of optical density (OD) has shown a marked increase in the distribution pattern of the NR1 and NR2B subunits at P7 in all hippocampal subregions. In conclusion, there is a marked right-left asymmetry in the expression of NR1 and NR2B subunits in the developing rat hippocampus, which might be considered as a probable mechanism for the lateral differences in the structure and function of the hippocampus in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Peyvandi Karizbodagh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ariane Sadr-Nabavi
- Medical Genetic Research Center (MGRC), School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Hami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universitäsmedizin Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Abbas Mohammadipour
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hoda Khoshdel-Sarkarizi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamed Kheradmand
- Hazrat Rasoul Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somaye Fallahnezhad
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Haghir
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Medical Genetic Research Center (MGRC), School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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10
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The Role of Klotho Protein Against Sevoflurane-Induced Neuronal Injury. Neurochem Res 2021; 47:315-326. [PMID: 34498160 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of general anesthetics on the developing brain have aroused much attention in recent years. Sevoflurane, a commonly used inhalation anesthetic especially in pediatric anesthesia, can induce developmental neurotoxicity. In this study, the differentially expressed mRNAs in the hippocampus of newborn rats exposed to 3% sevoflurane for 6 h were detected by RNA-Sequencing. Those data indicated that the mRNA of Klotho was increased after exposure to sevoflurane. Moreover, the protein expression of Klotho was assayed by Western Blot. Besides over-expression and under-expression of Klotho protein, we also detected changes of cell proliferation, ROS, JC-1, and Bcl-2/Bax ratio in PC12 cells exposed to sevoflurane. After exposure to 3% sevoflurane, the expression of Klotho protein increased in the hippocampus of neonatal rats. In PC12 cells, exposure to sevoflurane could increase cellular ROS level, reduce mitochondrial membrane potential and Bcl-2/Bax ratio. While overexpression of Klotho alleviated the above changes, knockdown of Klotho aggravated the injury of sevoflurane. Klotho protein could reduce oxidative stress and mitochondrial injury induced by sevoflurane in the neuron.
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11
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Pléau C, Peret A, Pearlstein E, Scalfati T, Vigier A, Marti G, Michel FJ, Marissal T, Crépel V. Dentate Granule Cells Recruited in the Home Environment Display Distinctive Properties. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:609123. [PMID: 33519383 PMCID: PMC7843370 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.609123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dentate granule cells (DGCs) play a crucial role in learning and memory. Many studies have described the role and physiological properties of these sparsely active neurons using different behavioral contexts. However, the morpho-functional features of DGCs recruited in mice maintained in their home cage (without training), considered as a baseline condition, have not yet been established. Using fosGFP transgenic mice, we observed ex vivo that DGCs recruited in animals maintained in the home cage condition are mature neurons that display a longer dendritic tree and lower excitability compared with non-activated cells. The higher GABAA receptor-mediated shunting inhibition contributes to the lower excitability of DGCs activated in the home environment by shifting the input resistance towards lower values. Remarkably, that shunting inhibition is neither observed in non-activated DGCs nor in DGCs activated during training in virtual reality. In short, our results suggest that strong shunting inhibition and reduced excitability could constitute a distinctive neural signature of mature DGCs recruited in the context of the home environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Pléau
- INMED, INSERM UMR1249, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Angélique Peret
- INMED, INSERM UMR1249, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | | | - Thomas Scalfati
- INMED, INSERM UMR1249, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Vigier
- INMED, INSERM UMR1249, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Thomas Marissal
- INMED, INSERM UMR1249, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Valérie Crépel
- INMED, INSERM UMR1249, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
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12
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Ton ST, Adamczyk NS, Gerling JP, Vaagenes IC, Wu JY, Hsu K, O’Brien TE, Tsai SY, Kartje GL. Dentate Gyrus Proliferative Responses After Traumatic Brain Injury and Binge Alcohol in Adult Rats. Neurosci Insights 2020; 15:2633105520968904. [PMID: 33241218 PMCID: PMC7672731 DOI: 10.1177/2633105520968904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury is a significant public health issue that results in serious disability in survivors. Traumatic brain injury patients are often intoxicated with alcohol when admitted to the hospital; however, it is not clear how acute intoxication affects recovery from a traumatic brain injury. Our group has previously shown that binge alcohol prior to traumatic brain injury resulted in long-term impairment in a fine sensorimotor task that was correlated with a decreased proliferative and neuroblast response from the subventricular zone. However, whether binge alcohol prior to traumatic brain injury affects the proliferative response in the hippocampal dentate gyrus is not yet known. METHODS Male rats underwent binge alcohol (3 g/kg/day) by gastric gavage for 3 days prior to traumatic brain injury. Cell proliferation was labeled by BrdU injections following traumatic brain injury. Stereological quantification and immunofluorescence confocal analysis of BrdU+ cells in the hippocampal dorsal dentate gyrus was performed at 24 hours, 1 week and 6 weeks post traumatic brain injury. RESULTS We found that either traumatic brain injury alone or binge alcohol alone significantly increased dentate gyrus proliferation at 24 hours and 1 week. However, a combined binge alcohol and traumatic brain injury regimen resulted in decreased dentate gyrus proliferation at 24 hours post-traumatic brain injury. At the 6 week time point, binge alcohol overall reduced the number of BrdU+ cells. Furthermore, more BrdU+ cells were found in the dentate hilar region of alcohol traumatic brain injury compared to vehicle traumatic brain injury groups. The location and double-labeling of these mismigrated BrdU+ cells was consistent with hilar ectopic granule cells. CONCLUSION The results from this study showed that pre-traumatic brain injury binge alcohol impacts the injury-induced proliferative response in the dentate gyrus in the short-term and may affect the distribution of newly generated cells in the dentate gyrus in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son T Ton
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | | | - Jack P Gerling
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Ian C Vaagenes
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Joanna Y Wu
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Kevin Hsu
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Timothy E O’Brien
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, and Institute of Environmental Sustainability, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shih-Yen Tsai
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Gwendolyn L Kartje
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
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13
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Premachandran H, Zhao M, Arruda-Carvalho M. Sex Differences in the Development of the Rodent Corticolimbic System. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:583477. [PMID: 33100964 PMCID: PMC7554619 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.583477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a growing body of research has shown sex differences in the prevalence and symptomatology of psychopathologies, such as depression, anxiety, and fear-related disorders, all of which show high incidence rates in early life. This has highlighted the importance of including female subjects in animal studies, as well as delineating sex differences in neural processing across development. Of particular interest is the corticolimbic system, comprising the hippocampus, amygdala, and medial prefrontal cortex. In rodents, these corticolimbic regions undergo dynamic changes in early life, and disruption to their normative development is believed to underlie the age and sex-dependent effects of stress on affective processing. In this review, we consolidate research on sex differences in the hippocampus, amygdala, and medial prefrontal cortex across early development. First, we briefly introduce current principles on sexual differentiation of the rodent brain. We then showcase corticolimbic regional sex differences in volume, morphology, synaptic organization, cell proliferation, microglia, and GABAergic signaling, and explain how these differences are influenced by perinatal and pubertal gonadal hormones. In compiling this research, we outline evidence of what and when sex differences emerge in the developing corticolimbic system, and illustrate how temporal dynamics of its maturational trajectory may differ in male and female rodents. This will help provide insight into potential neural mechanisms underlying sex-specific critical windows for stress susceptibility and behavioral emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mudi Zhao
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maithe Arruda-Carvalho
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
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14
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Araki T, Ikegaya Y, Koyama R. The effects of microglia‐ and astrocyte‐derived factors on neurogenesis in health and disease. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 54:5880-5901. [PMID: 32920880 PMCID: PMC8451940 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal neurogenesis continues throughout life and has been suggested to play an essential role in maintaining spatial cognitive function under physiological conditions. An increasing amount of evidence has indicated that adult neurogenesis is tightly controlled by environmental conditions in the neurogenic niche, which consists of multiple types of cells including microglia and astrocytes. Microglia maintain the environment of neurogenic niche through their phagocytic capacity and interaction with neurons via fractalkine‐CX3CR1 signaling. In addition, microglia release growth factors such as brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α to support the development of adult born neurons. Astrocytes also manipulate neurogenesis by releasing various soluble factors including adenosine triphosphate and lactate. Whereas, under pathological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, depression, and epilepsy, microglia and astrocytes play a leading role in inflammation and are involved in attenuating the normal process of neurogenesis. The modulation of glial functions on neurogenesis in these brain diseases are attracting attention as a new therapeutic target. This review describes how these glial cells play a role in adult hippocampal neurogenesis in both health and disease, especially focusing glia‐derived factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Araki
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks Suita City Osaka Japan
| | - Ryuta Koyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
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15
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Kerloch T, Clavreul S, Goron A, Abrous DN, Pacary E. Dentate Granule Neurons Generated During Perinatal Life Display Distinct Morphological Features Compared With Later-Born Neurons in the Mouse Hippocampus. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:3527-3539. [PMID: 30215686 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In nonhuman mammals and in particular in rodents, most granule neurons of the dentate gyrus (DG) are generated during development and yet little is known about their properties compared with adult-born neurons. Although it is generally admitted that these populations are morphologically indistinguishable once mature, a detailed analysis of developmentally born neurons is lacking. Here, we used in vivo electroporation to label dentate granule cells (DGCs) generated in mouse embryos (E14.5) or in neonates (P0) and followed their morphological development up to 6 months after birth. By comparison with mature retrovirus-labeled DGCs born at weaning (P21) or young adult (P84) stages, we provide the evidence that perinatally born neurons, especially embryonically born cells, are morphologically distinct from later-born neurons and are thus easily distinguishable. In addition, our data indicate that semilunar and hilar GCs, 2 populations in ectopic location, are generated during the embryonic and the neonatal periods, respectively. Thus, our findings provide new insights into the development of the different populations of GCs in the DG and open new questions regarding their function in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kerloch
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Solène Clavreul
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Adeline Goron
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Djoher Nora Abrous
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Emilie Pacary
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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16
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Baradaran R, Khoshdel‐Sarkarizi H, Kargozar S, Hami J, Mohammadipour A, Sadr‐Nabavi A, Peyvandi Karizbodagh M, Kheradmand H, Haghir H. Developmental regulation and lateralisation of the α7 and α4 subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in developing rat hippocampus. Int J Dev Neurosci 2020; 80:303-318. [DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Baradaran
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology School of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Hoda Khoshdel‐Sarkarizi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology School of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Saeid Kargozar
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG) Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology School of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Javad Hami
- Department of Anatomical Sciences School of Medicine Birjand University of Medical Sciences Birjand Iran
| | - Abbas Mohammadipour
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology School of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Ariane Sadr‐Nabavi
- Department of Medical Genetics School of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Medical Genetic Research Center (MGRC) School of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | | | - Hamed Kheradmand
- Hazrat Rasoul Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Hossein Haghir
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology School of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Medical Genetic Research Center (MGRC) School of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
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17
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Lei S, Lu P, Lu Y, Zheng J, Li W, Wang N, Zhang H, Li R, Wang K, Wen J, Wei H, Zhang Y, Qiu Z, Xu J, Lv H, Chen X, Liu Y, Zhang P. Dexmedetomidine Alleviates Neurogenesis Damage Following Neonatal Midazolam Exposure in Rats through JNK and P38 MAPK Pathways. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:579-591. [PMID: 31999428 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Midazolam, a widely used anesthetic, inhibits proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs) and induces neuroapoptosis in neonates. Dexmedetomidine, an effective auxiliary medicine in clinical anesthesia, protects the developing brain against volatile anesthetic-induced neuroapoptosis. Whether dexmedetomidine protects against neurogenesis damage induced by midazolam remains unknown. This study aims to clarify the protective effect of dexmedetomidine on midazolam-induced neurogenesis damage and explore its potential mechanism. Postnatal 7-day-old Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and cultured NSCs were treated with either normal saline, midazolam, or dexmedetomidine combined with midazolam. The rats were sacrificed at 1, 3, and 7 days after treatment. Cell proliferation was assessed by 5-bromodeoxyurdine (BrdU) incorporation. Cell viability was determined using MTT assay. Cell differentiation and apoptosis were detected by immunofluorescent staining and terminal dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL), respectively. The protein levels of p-JNK, p-P38, and cleaved caspase-3 were quantified using Western blotting. Midazolam decreased cell proliferation and increased cell apoptosis in the subventricular zone (SVZ), the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus, and cultured NSCs. Moreover, midazolam decreased cell viability and increased the expression of p-JNK and p-P38 in cultured NSCs. Co-treatment with dexmedetomidine attenuated midazolam-induced changes in cell proliferation, viability, apoptosis, and protein expression of p-JNK and p-P38 in cultured NSCs. Midazolam and dexmedetomidine did not affect the differentiation of the cultured NSCs. These results indicate that dexmedetomidine alleviated midazolam-induced neurogenesis damage via JNK and P38 MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
| | - Pan Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
| | - Juan Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
| | - Weisong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
| | - Kui Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
| | - Jieqiong Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
| | - Haidong Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
| | - Zhengguo Qiu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
| | - Haixia Lv
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Key Academic Subject of Physiology of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710016, China
| | - Xinlin Chen
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Key Academic Subject of Physiology of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710016, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Key Academic Subject of Physiology of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710016, China
| | - Pengbo Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
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18
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Zhao Z, Li B, Wu Y, Chen X, Guo Y, Shen Y, Huang H. Ketamine affects the integration of developmentally generated granule neurons in the adult stage. BMC Neurosci 2019; 20:60. [PMID: 31852437 PMCID: PMC6921590 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-019-0542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketamine has been reported to cause neonatal neurotoxicity in a variety of developing animal models. Various studies have been conducted to study the mechanism of neurotoxicity for general anesthetic use during the neonatal period. Previous experiments have suggested that developmentally generated granule neurons in the hippocampus dentate gyrus (DG) supported hippocampus-dependent memory. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether ketamine affects the functional integration of developmentally generated granule neurons in the DG. For this purpose,the postnatal day 7 (PND-7) Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into the control group and the ketamine group (rats who received 4 injections of 40 mg/kg ketamine at 1 h intervals). To label dividing cells, BrdU was administered for three consecutive days after the ketamine exposure; NeuN+/BrdU+cells were observed by using immunofluorescence. To evaluate the developmentally generated granule neurons that support hippocampus-dependent memory, spatial reference memory was tested by using Morris Water Maze at 3 months old, after which the immunofluorescence was used to detect c-Fos expression in the NeuN+/BrdU+ cells. The expression of caspase-3 was measured by western blot to detect the apoptosis in the hippocampal DG. RESULTS The present results showed that the neonatal ketamine exposure did not influence the survival rate of developmentally generated granule neurons at 2 and 3 months old, but ketamine interfered with the integration of these neurons into the hippocampal DG neural circuits and caused a deficit in hippocampal-dependent spatial reference memory tasks. CONCLUSIONS In summary, these findings may promote more studies to investigate the neurotoxicity of ketamine in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanqiang Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangning Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangning Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuqing Wu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xujun Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangning Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangning Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangning Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Li W, Li H, Wei H, Lu Y, Lei S, Zheng J, Lu H, Chen X, Liu Y, Zhang P. 17β-Estradiol Treatment Attenuates Neurogenesis Damage and Improves Behavior Performance After Ketamine Exposure in Neonatal Rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:251. [PMID: 31263401 PMCID: PMC6585163 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine exposure disturbed normal neurogenesis in the developing brain and resulted in subsequent neurocognitive deficits. 17β-estradiol provides robust neuroprotection in a variety of brain injury models in animals of both sexes and attenuates neurodegeneration induced by anesthesia agents. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether 17β-estradiol could attenuate neonatal ketamine exposure-disturbed neurogenesis and behavioral performance. We treated 7-day-old (Postnatal day 7, PND 7) Sprague-Dawley rats and neural stem cells (NSCs) with either normal saline, ketamine, or 17β-estradiol before/after ketamine exposure, respectively. At PND 14, the rats were decapitated to detect neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus by immunofluorescence staining. The proliferation, neuronal differentiation, and apoptosis of NSCs were assessed by immunohistochemistry method and TUNEL assay, respectively. The protein levels of cleaved caspase-3 in vivo in addition to GSK-3β and p-GSK-3β in vitro were examined by western blotting. Spatial learning and memory abilities were assessed by Morris water maze (MWM) test at PND 42–47. Ketamine exposure decreased cell proliferation in the SVZ and SGZ, inhibited NSC proliferation and neuronal differentiation, promoted NSC apoptosis and led to adult cognitive deficits. Furthermore, ketamine increased cleaved caspase-3 in vivo and decreased the expression of p-GSK-3β in vitro. Treatment with 17β-estradiol could attenuate ketamine-induced changes both in vivo and in vitro. For the first time we showed that 17β-estradiol alleviated ketamine-induced neurogenesis inhibition and cognitive dysfunction in the developing rat brain. Moreover, the protection of 17β-estradiol was associated with GSK-3β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huixian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haidong Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shan Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haixia Lu
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Key Academic Subject, Physiology of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinlin Chen
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Key Academic Subject, Physiology of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Key Academic Subject, Physiology of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pengbo Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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20
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Morales AV, Mira H. Adult Neural Stem Cells: Born to Last. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:96. [PMID: 31214589 PMCID: PMC6557982 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of new neurons is a lifelong process in many vertebrate species that provides an extra level of plasticity to several brain circuits. Frequently, neurogenesis in the adult brain is considered a continuation of earlier developmental processes as it relies in the persistence of neural stem cells, similar to radial glia, known as radial glia-like cells (RGLs). However, adult RGLs are not just leftovers of progenitors that remain in hidden niches in the brain after development has finished. Rather, they seem to be specified and set aside at specific times and places during embryonic and postnatal development. The adult RGLs present several cellular and molecular properties that differ from those observed in developmental radial glial cells such as an extended cell cycle length, acquisition of a quiescence state, a more restricted multipotency and distinct transcriptomic programs underlying those cellular processes. In this minireview, we will discuss the recent attempts to determine how, when and where are the adult RGLs specified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixa V Morales
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Helena Mira
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
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21
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Youssef M, Atsak P, Cardenas J, Kosmidis S, Leonardo ED, Dranovsky A. Early life stress delays hippocampal development and diminishes the adult stem cell pool in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4120. [PMID: 30858462 PMCID: PMC6412041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40868-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life stress predisposes to mental illness and behavioral dysfunction in adulthood, but the mechanisms underlying these persistent effects are poorly understood. Stress throughout life impairs the structure and function of the hippocampus, a brain system undergoing considerable development in early life. The long-term behavioral consequences of early life stress may therefore be due in part to interference with hippocampal development, in particular with assembly of the dentate gyrus (DG) region of the hippocampus. We investigated how early life stress produces long-term alterations in DG structure by examining DG assembly and the generation of a stable adult stem cell pool in routine housing and after stress induced by the limited bedding/nesting paradigm in mice. We found that early life stress leads to a more immature, proliferative DG than would be expected for the animal's age immediately after stress exposure, suggesting that early life stress delays DG development. Adult animals exposed to early life stress exhibited a reduction in the number of DG stem cells, but unchanged neurogenesis suggesting a depletion of the stem cell pool with compensation in the birth and survival of adult-born neurons. These results suggest a developmental mechanism by which early life stress can induce long-term changes in hippocampal function by interfering with DG assembly and ultimately diminishing the adult stem cell pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Youssef
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Piray Atsak
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jovani Cardenas
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Stylianos Kosmidis
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - E David Leonardo
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Alex Dranovsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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22
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Zapara TA, Romashchenko AV, Proskura AL, Ratushnyak AS. Effect of physical activity on structural asymmetry of mouse hippocampus. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2019. [DOI: 10.18699/vj18.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The relevance of studies of adult neurogenesis is evident in connection with the potential use of these new neurons to replace neurons lost in the process of life. Despite considerable efforts, little is known about the fnal fate of these cells, the functional signifcance of their connections and the regulation of their development. It is known that physical activity signifcantly increases the number of fssile progenitors, the precursors of new neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. The existing immunohistochemical methods for labeling new neurons do not allow tracing the temporal dynamics of changes in the volume of brain structures in the same animal, induced by external impacts, such as voluntary exercise. This makes it an urgent task to develop and improve methods for longterm control of changes that occur in the adult hippocampus due to the induction of neurogenesis. The main purpose of this work was to noninvasively track, by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the temporal dynamics of changes in the volume of the hippocampus in the same animals that had voluntary physical activity. It was found that voluntary exercise did not change the total volume of the mouse hippocampus. However, the difference in the volume ratio between the right and left parts of the hippocampus was signifcantly lower compared with the control group. The reconstruction and analysis of proteinprotein interactions that ensure the survival of a large number of new neurons and their integration into existing neural networks in the hippocampus have been carried out. The proposed approach allows the noninvasive registration of changes in the ratio of the volumes of these paired brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. A. Zapara
- The Institute of Computational Technologies, SB RAS
| | - A. V. Romashchenko
- The Institute of Computational Technologies, SB RAS; Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS
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Imura T, Kobayashi Y, Suzutani K, Ichikawa‐Tomikawa N, Chiba H. Differential expression of a stress‐regulated gene Nr4a2 characterizes early‐ and late‐born hippocampal granule cells. Hippocampus 2018; 29:539-549. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Imura
- Department of Basic PathologyFukushima Medical University School of Medicine Fukushima Japan
- Department of Human PathologyKyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyoto Japan
- Department of Pathology and Applied NeurobiologyKyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyoto Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Basic PathologyFukushima Medical University School of Medicine Fukushima Japan
| | - Ken Suzutani
- Department of Basic PathologyFukushima Medical University School of Medicine Fukushima Japan
| | - Naoki Ichikawa‐Tomikawa
- Department of Basic PathologyFukushima Medical University School of Medicine Fukushima Japan
| | - Hideki Chiba
- Department of Basic PathologyFukushima Medical University School of Medicine Fukushima Japan
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24
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Sadeghi A, Esfandiary E, Hami J, Khanahmad H, Hejazi Z, Mardani M, Razavi S. The effects of maternal diabetes and insulin treatment on neurogenesis in the developing hippocampus of male rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 91:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Youssef M, Krish VS, Kirshenbaum GS, Atsak P, Lass TJ, Lieberman SR, Leonardo ED, Dranovsky A. Ablation of proliferating neural stem cells during early life is sufficient to reduce adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Hippocampus 2018; 28:586-601. [PMID: 29742815 PMCID: PMC6167166 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Environmental exposures during early life, but not during adolescence or adulthood, lead to persistent reductions in neurogenesis in the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). The mechanisms by which early life exposures lead to long-term deficits in neurogenesis remain unclear. Here, we investigated whether targeted ablation of dividing neural stem cells during early life is sufficient to produce long-term decreases in DG neurogenesis. Having previously found that the stem cell lineage is resistant to long-term effects of transient ablation of dividing stem cells during adolescence or adulthood (Kirshenbaum, Lieberman, Briner, Leonardo, & Dranovsky, ), we used a similar pharmacogenetic approach to target dividing neural stem cells for elimination during early life periods sensitive to environmental insults. We then assessed the Nestin stem cell lineage in adulthood. We found that the adult neural stem cell reservoir was depleted following ablation during the first postnatal week, when stem cells were highly proliferative, but not during the third postnatal week, when stem cells were more quiescent. Remarkably, ablating proliferating stem cells during either the first or third postnatal week led to reduced adult neurogenesis out of proportion to the changes in the stem cell pool, indicating a disruption of the stem cell function or niche following stem cell ablation in early life. These results highlight the first three postnatal weeks as a series of sensitive periods during which elimination of dividing stem cells leads to lasting alterations in adult DG neurogenesis and stem cell function. These findings contribute to our understanding of the relationship between DG development and adult neurogenesis, as well as suggest a possible mechanism by which early life experiences may lead to lasting deficits in adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Youssef
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Varsha S. Krish
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Greer S. Kirshenbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Piray Atsak
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara J. Lass
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sophie R. Lieberman
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - E. David Leonardo
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alex Dranovsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
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26
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Cahill SP, Yu RQ, Green D, Todorova EV, Snyder JS. Early survival and delayed death of developmentally-born dentate gyrus neurons. Hippocampus 2017; 27:1155-1167. [PMID: 28686814 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The storage and persistence of memories depends on plasticity in the hippocampus. Adult neurogenesis produces new neurons that mature through critical periods for plasticity and cellular survival, which determine their contributions to learning and memory. However, most granule neurons are generated prior to adulthood; the maturational timecourse of these neurons is poorly understood compared to adult-born neurons but is essential to identify how the dentate gyrus (DG), as a whole, contributes to behavior. To characterize neurons born in the early postnatal period, we labeled DG neurons born on postnatal day 6 (P6) with BrdU and quantified maturation and survival across early (1 hr to 8 weeks old) and late (2-6 months old) cell ages. We find that the dynamics of developmentally-born neuron survival is essentially the opposite of neurons born in adulthood: P6-born neurons did not go through a period of cell death during their immature stages (from 1 to 8 weeks). In contrast, 17% of P6-born neurons died after reaching maturity, between 2 and 6 months of age. Delayed death was evident from the loss of BrdU+ cells as well as pyknotic BrdU+ caspase3+ neurons within the superficial granule cell layer. Patterns of DCX, NeuN, and activity-dependent Fos expression indicate that developmentally-born neurons mature over several weeks and a sharp peak in zif268 expression at 2 weeks suggests that developmentally-born neurons mature faster than adult-born neurons (which peak at 3 weeks). Collectively, our findings are relevant for understanding how developmentally-born DG neurons contribute to memory and disorders throughout the lifespan. High levels of early survival and zif268 expression may promote learning, while also rendering neurons sensitive to insults at defined stages. Late neuronal death in young adulthood may result in the loss of hundreds of thousands of DG neurons, which could impact memory persistence and contribute to hippocampal/DG atrophy in disorders such as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaina P Cahill
- Department of Psychology & Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ru Qi Yu
- Department of Psychology & Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dylan Green
- Department of Psychology & Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Evgenia V Todorova
- Department of Psychology & Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason S Snyder
- Department of Psychology & Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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27
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Pretreatment with minocycline restores neurogenesis in the subventricular zone and subgranular zone of the hippocampus after ketamine exposure in neonatal rats. Neuroscience 2017; 352:144-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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28
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Parisot J, Flore G, Bertacchi M, Studer M. COUP-TFI mitotically regulates production and migration of dentate granule cells and modulates hippocampal Cxcr4 expression. Development 2017; 144:2045-2058. [PMID: 28506990 DOI: 10.1242/dev.139949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Development of the dentate gyrus (DG), the primary gateway for hippocampal inputs, spans embryonic and postnatal stages, and involves complex morphogenetic events. We have previously identified the nuclear receptor COUP-TFI as a novel transcriptional regulator in the postnatal organization and function of the hippocampus. Here, we dissect its role in DG morphogenesis by inactivating it in either granule cell progenitors or granule neurons. Loss of COUP-TFI function in progenitors leads to decreased granule cell proliferative activity, precocious differentiation and increased apoptosis, resulting in a severe DG growth defect in adult mice. COUP-TFI-deficient cells express high levels of the chemokine receptor Cxcr4 and migrate abnormally, forming heterotopic clusters of differentiated granule cells along their paths. Conversely, high COUP-TFI expression levels downregulate Cxcr4 expression, whereas increased Cxcr4 expression in wild-type hippocampal cells affects cell migration. Finally, loss of COUP-TFI in postmitotic cells leads to only minor and transient abnormalities, and to normal Cxcr4 expression. Together, our results indicate that COUP-TFI is required predominantly in DG progenitors for modulating expression of the Cxcr4 receptor during granule cell neurogenesis and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gemma Flore
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, Naples 80131 Italy
| | | | - Michèle Studer
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice 06100, France
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29
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White ER, Pinar C, Bostrom CA, Meconi A, Christie BR. Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Produces Long-Lasting Deficits in Synaptic Plasticity in the Female Juvenile Hippocampus. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:1111-1123. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. White
- Division of Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cristina Pinar
- Division of Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Crystal A. Bostrom
- Division of Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alicia Meconi
- Division of Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian R. Christie
- Division of Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Brain Health and Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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30
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Abstract
Epileptogenesis, which can be initiated by brain insults or gene mutations in the normal brain, is defined as the gradual (months to years) process of epilepsy development that begins before the first epileptic seizure. Epileptogenic changes include induction of immediate early genes, post-translational modification of ion-channel functions, neuronal death, gliosis, and reorganization of neural circuits. Each of these changes alone or in combination can contribute to an epileptogenic focus, which is defined by the minimal cortical region that is necessary and sufficient to induce synchronized epileptic bursting activity in neurons. Therefore to discover and develop anti-epileptogenic drugs it is essential to unveil the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the development of epileptogenic foci. Among the epileptogenic changes, abnormally appended excitatory recurrent circuits can directly cause synchronized bursting of neuron activity. Here, I will introduce and discuss the mechanisms underlying the development of two representative abnormal neural circuits, namely, hippocampal mossy fiber sprouting and ectopic granule cells, which are found in the dentate gyrus of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and its animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Koyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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31
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Beining M, Jungenitz T, Radic T, Deller T, Cuntz H, Jedlicka P, Schwarzacher SW. Adult-born dentate granule cells show a critical period of dendritic reorganization and are distinct from developmentally born cells. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:1427-1446. [PMID: 27514866 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1285-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Adult-born dentate granule cells (abGCs) exhibit a critical developmental phase during function integration. The time window of this phase is debated and whether abGCs become indistinguishable from developmentally born mature granule cells (mGCs) is uncertain. We analyzed complete dendritic reconstructions from abGCs and mGCs using viral labeling. AbGCs from 21-77 days post intrahippocampal injection (dpi) exhibited comparable dendritic arbors, suggesting that structural maturation precedes functional integration. In contrast, significant structural differences were found compared to mGCs: AbGCs had more curved dendrites, more short terminal segments, a different branching pattern, and more proximal terminal branches. Morphological modeling attributed these differences to developmental dendritic pruning and postnatal growth of the dentate gyrus. We further correlated GC morphologies with the responsiveness to unilateral medial perforant path stimulation using the immediate-early gene Arc as a marker of synaptic activation. Only abGCs at 28 and 35 dpi but neither old abGCs nor mGCs responded to stimulation with a remodeling of their dendritic arbor. Summarized, abGCs stay distinct from mGCs and their dendritic arbor can be shaped by afferent activity during a narrow critical time window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Beining
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. .,Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Deutschordenstr. 46, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. .,Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Tassilo Jungenitz
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tijana Radic
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Deller
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hermann Cuntz
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Deutschordenstr. 46, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter Jedlicka
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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32
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Kajimoto K, Valenzuela CF, Allan AM, Ge S, Gu Y, Cunningham LA. Prenatal alcohol exposure alters synaptic activity of adult hippocampal dentate granule cells under conditions of enriched environment. Hippocampus 2016; 26:1078-87. [PMID: 27009742 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) results in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), which is characterized by a wide range of cognitive and behavioral deficits that may be linked to impaired hippocampal function and adult neurogenesis. Preclinical studies in mouse models of FASD indicate that PAE markedly attenuates enrichment-mediated increases in the number of adult-generated hippocampal dentate granule cells (aDGCs), but whether synaptic activity is also affected has not been studied. Here, we utilized retroviral birth-dating coupled with whole cell patch electrophysiological recordings to assess the effects of PAE on enrichment-mediated changes in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity as a function of DGC age. We found that exposure to an enriched environment (EE) had no effect on baseline synaptic activity of 4- or 8-week-old aDGCs from control mice, but significantly enhanced the excitatory/inhibitory ratio of synaptic activity in 8-week-old aDGCs from PAE mice. In contrast, exposure to EE significantly enhanced the excitatory/inhibitory ratio of synaptic activity in older pre-existing DGCs situated in the outer dentate granule cell layer (i.e., those generated during embryonic development; dDGCs) in control mice, an effect that was blunted in PAE mice. These findings indicate distinct electrophysiological responses of hippocampal DGCs to behavioral challenge based on cellular ontogenetic age, and suggest that PAE disrupts EE-mediated changes in overall hippocampal network activity. These findings may have implications for future therapeutic targeting of hippocampal dentate circuitry in clinical FASD. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Kajimoto
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, New Mexico
| | - C Fernando Valenzuela
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, New Mexico
| | - Andrea M Allan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, New Mexico
| | - Shaoyu Ge
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, New Mexico.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, New Mexico.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Lee Anna Cunningham
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, New Mexico
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33
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Simon R, Baumann L, Fischer J, Seigfried FA, De Bruyckere E, Liu P, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Schwegler H, Britsch S. Structure-function integrity of the adult hippocampus depends on the transcription factor Bcl11b/Ctip2. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 15:405-19. [PMID: 26915960 PMCID: PMC4832350 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The dentate gyrus is one of the only two brain regions where adult neurogenesis occurs. Throughout life, cells of the neuronal stem cell niche undergo proliferation, differentiation and integration into the hippocampal neural circuitry. Ongoing adult neurogenesis is a prerequisite for the maintenance of adult hippocampal functionality. Bcl11b, a zinc finger transcription factor, is expressed by postmitotic granule cells in the developing as well as adult dentate gyrus. We previously showed a critical role of Bcl11b for hippocampal development. Whether Bcl11b is also required for adult hippocampal functions has not been investigated. Using a tetracycline‐dependent inducible mouse model under the control of the forebrain‐specific CaMKIIα promoter, we show here that the adult expression of Bcl11b is essential for survival, differentiation and functional integration of adult‐born granule cell neurons. In addition, Bcl11b is required for survival of pre‐existing mature neurons. Consequently, loss of Bcl11b expression selectively in the adult hippocampus results in impaired spatial working memory. Together, our data uncover for the first time a specific role of Bcl11b in adult hippocampal neurogenesis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Simon
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Ulm University, Ulm
| | - L Baumann
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Ulm University, Ulm.,Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen
| | - J Fischer
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Ulm University, Ulm
| | - F A Seigfried
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Ulm University, Ulm.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - E De Bruyckere
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Ulm University, Ulm
| | - P Liu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - N A Jenkins
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - N G Copeland
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - H Schwegler
- Institute of Anatomy, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - S Britsch
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Ulm University, Ulm
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34
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Sajo M, Sugiyama H, Yamamoto H, Tanii T, Matsuki N, Ikegaya Y, Koyama R. Neuraminidase-Dependent Degradation of Polysialic Acid Is Required for the Lamination of Newly Generated Neurons. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146398. [PMID: 26731280 PMCID: PMC4701216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal granule cells (GCs) are generated throughout the lifetime and are properly incorporated into the innermost region of the granule cell layer (GCL). Hypotheses for the well-regulated lamination of newly generated GCs suggest that polysialic acid (PSA) is present on the GC surface to modulate GC-to-GC interactions, regulating the process of GC migration; however, direct evidence of this involvement is lacking. We show that PSA facilitates the migration of newly generated GCs and that the activity of N-acetyl-α-neuraminidase 1 (NEU1, sialidase 1) cleaves PSA from immature GCs, terminating their migration in the innermost GCL. Developing a migration assay of immature GCs in vitro, we found that the pharmacological depletion of PSA prevents the migration of GCs, whereas the inhibition of PSA degradation with a neuraminidase inhibitor accelerates this migration. We found that NEU1 is highly expressed in immature GCs. The knockdown of NEU1 in newly generated GCs in vivo increased PSA presence on these cells, and attenuated the proper termination of GC migration in the innermost GCL. In conclusion, this study identifies a novel mechanism that underlies the proper lamination of newly generated GCs through the modulation of PSA presence by neuronal NEU1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Sajo
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yamamoto
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takashi Tanii
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Matsuki
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuta Koyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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35
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Kuhn HG. Control of Cell Survival in Adult Mammalian Neurogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:cshperspect.a018895. [PMID: 26511628 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The fact that continuous proliferation of stem cells and progenitors, as well as the production of new neurons, occurs in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) raises several basic questions concerning the number of neurons required in a particular system. Can we observe continued growth of brain regions that sustain neurogenesis? Or does an elimination mechanism exist to maintain a constant number of cells? If so, are old neurons replaced, or are the new neurons competing for limited network access among each other? What signals support their survival and integration and what factors are responsible for their elimination? This review will address these and other questions regarding regulatory mechanisms that control cell-death and cell-survival mechanisms during neurogenesis in the intact adult mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Georg Kuhn
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 90, Sweden
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36
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Sex differences in cell genesis, hippocampal volume and behavioral outcomes in a rat model of neonatal HI. Exp Neurol 2015; 275 Pt 2:285-95. [PMID: 26376217 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) of the brain in near-term and term infants is a leading cause of infant mortality and lifelong disability but current therapeutic approaches remain limited. Males consistently display greater vulnerability to the deleterious consequences of HI in both humans and animal models. Neurogenesis increases after neonatal HI and offers a potential therapeutic target for recovery. The steroid hormone estradiol has been extensively explored as a neuroprotectant in adult models of stroke but with mixed results. Less consideration has been afforded to this naturally occurring agent in the developing brain, which has unique challenges from the adult. Using a model of term HI in the rat we have explored the impact of this insult on cell genesis in the hippocampus of males and females and the ability of estradiol treatment immediately after insult to restore function. Both short-term (3 days) and long-term (7 days) post-injury were assessed and revealed that only females had markedly increased cell genesis on the short-term but both sexes were increased long-term. A battery of behavioral tests revealed motor impairment in males and compromised episodic memory while both sexes were modestly impaired in spatial memory. Juvenile social play was also depressed in both sexes after HI. Estradiol therapy improved behavioral performance in both sexes but did not reverse a deficit in hippocampal volume ipsilateral to the insult. Thus the effects of estradiol do not appear to be via cell death or proliferation but rather involve other components of neural functioning.
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Radic T, Al-Qaisi O, Jungenitz T, Beining M, Schwarzacher SW. Differential Structural Development of Adult-Born Septal Hippocampal Granule Cells in the Thy1-GFP Mouse, Nuclear Size as a New Index of Maturation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135493. [PMID: 26267362 PMCID: PMC4534292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is frequently studied in the mouse hippocampus. We examined the morphological development of adult-born, immature granule cells in the suprapyramidal blade of the septal dentate gyrus over the period of 7–77 days after mitosis with BrdU-labeling in 6-weeks-old male Thy1-GFP mice. As Thy1-GFP expression was restricted to maturated granule cells, it was combined with doublecortin-immunolabeling of immature granule cells. We developed a novel classification system that is easily applicable and enables objective and direct categorization of newborn granule cells based on the degree of dendritic development in relation to the layer specificity of the dentate gyrus. The structural development of adult-generated granule cells was correlated with age, albeit with notable differences in the time course of development between individual cells. In addition, the size of the nucleus, immunolabeled with the granule cell specific marker Prospero-related homeobox 1 gene, was a stable indicator of the degree of a cell's structural maturation and could be used as a straightforward parameter of granule cell development. Therefore, further studies could employ our doublecortin-staging system and nuclear size measurement to perform investigations of morphological development in combination with functional studies of adult-born granule cells. Furthermore, the Thy1-GFP transgenic mouse model can be used as an additional investigation tool because the reporter gene labels granule cells that are 4 weeks or older, while very young cells could be visualized through the immature marker doublecortin. This will enable comparison studies regarding the structure and function between young immature and older matured granule cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Radic
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, NeuroScience Center, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Omar Al-Qaisi
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, NeuroScience Center, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tassilo Jungenitz
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, NeuroScience Center, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marcel Beining
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, NeuroScience Center, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephan W. Schwarzacher
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, NeuroScience Center, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Venkataramanappa S, Simon R, Britsch S. Ex utero electroporation and organotypic slice culture of mouse hippocampal tissue. J Vis Exp 2015:52550. [PMID: 25866930 PMCID: PMC4401203 DOI: 10.3791/52550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse genetics offers a powerful tool determining the role of specific genes during development. Analyzing the resulting phenotypes by immunohistochemical and molecular methods provides information of potential target genes and signaling pathways. To further elucidate specific regulatory mechanisms requires a system allowing the manipulation of only a small number of cells of a specific tissue by either overexpression, ablation or re-introduction of specific genes and follow their fate during development. To achieve this ex utero electroporation of hippocampal structures, especially the dentate gyrus, followed by organotypic slice culture provides such a tool. Using this system to generate mosaic deletions allows determining whether the gene of interest regulates cell-autonomously developmental processes like progenitor cell proliferation or neuronal differentiation. Furthermore it facilitates the rescue of phenotypes by re-introducing the deleted gene or its target genes. In contrast to in utero electroporation the ex utero approach improves the rate of successfully targeting deeper layers of the brain like the dentate gyrus. Overall ex utero electroporation and organotypic slice culture provide a potent tool to study regulatory mechanisms in a semi-native environment mirroring endogenous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth Simon
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Ulm;
| | - Stefan Britsch
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Ulm
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Koyama R. [Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying aberrant network reorganization in the epileptic brain]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2014; 134:1171-7. [PMID: 25366914 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.14-00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Well-refined wiring of neural circuits is fundamental to proper brain function. Aberrantly formed neural circuits may induce epileptiform discharges of neurons. Therefore, elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the development of aberrant neural circuitry will advance the understanding and prevention of epilepsy. The dentate gyrus has been suggested to serve as a gate that prevents the propagation of epileptiform activity from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus. Within the dentate gyrus is the dentate granule cell layer, which consists of densely packed granule cells that maintain intrinsically low-firing properties and rarely exhibit burst discharges synchronized with other neurons. Additionally, granule cells form abundant synaptic inputs to inhibitory interneurons in the dentate hilus, a fraction of which provide feedback inhibition back to the granule cells. Network reorganization of the dentate gyrus in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and in corresponding animal models was reported. Specifically, mossy fiber sprouting and the emergence of ectopic granule cells contribute to the observed phenotypes. This paper reviews the expanding literature on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of aberrant hippocampal networks and their role in epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Koyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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Aprea J, Nonaka-Kinoshita M, Calegari F. Generation and characterization of Neurod1-CreER(T2) mouse lines for the study of embryonic and adult neurogenesis. Genesis 2014; 52:870-8. [PMID: 24913893 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurod1 is a transcription factor involved in several developmental programs of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, neurosensory, and central nervous system. In the brain, Neurod1 has been shown to be essential for neurogenesis as well as migration, maturation, and survival of newborn neurons during development and adulthood. Interestingly, Neurod1 expression is maintained in a subset of fully mature neurons where its function remains unclear. To study the role of Neurod1, systems are required that allow the temporal and spatial genetic manipulation of Neurod1-expressing cells. To this aim, we have generated four Neurod1-CreER(T2) mouse lines in which CreER(T2) expression, although at different levels, is restricted within areas of physiological Neurod1 expression and Neurod1 positive cells. In particular, the different levels of CreER(T2) expression in different mouse lines offers the opportunity to select the one that is more suited for a given experimental approach. Hence, our Neurod1-CreER(T2) lines provide valuable new tools for the manipulation of newborn neurons during development and adulthood as well as for studying the subpopulation of mature neurons that retain Neurod1 expression throughout life. In this context, we here report that Neurod1 is not only expressed in immature newborn neurons of the adult hippocampus, as already described, but also in fully mature granule cells of the dentate gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Aprea
- DFG-Research Center and Cluster of Excellence for Regenerative Therapies, Dresden, Germany
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41
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Hami J, Kheradmand H, Haghir H. Sex differences and laterality of insulin receptor distribution in developing rat hippocampus: an immunohistochemical study. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:100-8. [PMID: 24573599 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the regional distribution of insulin receptor in various portions of newborn rat hippocampus on postnatal days 0 (P0), 7 (P7), and 14 (P14) between male/female and right/left hippocampi. We found that the number of insulin receptor (InsR)-immunoreactive-positive (InsR+) cells in CA1 continued to increase until P7 and remained unchanged thereafter. A marked increase in distribution of InsR+ cells in CA3 from P0 to P14 was observed, although there was a significant decline in the number of InsR+ cells in dentate gyrus (DG) at the same time. No differences between the right/left and male/female hippocampi were detected at P0 (P > 0.05). Seven-day-old female rats showed a higher number of labeled cells in the left than in the right hippocampus. Moreover, the differences between the number of InsR+ cells in area CA1 and CA3 were statistically significant between males and females (P < 0.05). At P14, the number of InsR+ cells was significantly higher in CA1 and DG of males, especially in the right one (P < 0.05). These results indicate the existence of a differential distribution pattern of InsR between the left/right and male/female hippocampi. Together with other mechanisms, these differences may underlie sexual dimorphism and left/right asymmetry in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Hami
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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42
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Saaltink DJ, Vreugdenhil E. Stress, glucocorticoid receptors, and adult neurogenesis: a balance between excitation and inhibition? Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:2499-515. [PMID: 24522255 PMCID: PMC4055840 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons in the mature brain, has attracted considerable attention in the last decade. One of the earliest identified and most profound factors that affect adult neurogenesis both positively and negatively is stress. Here, we review the complex interplay between stress and adult neurogenesis. In particular, we review the role of the glucocorticoid receptor, the main mediator of the stress response in the proliferation, differentiation, migration, and functional integration of newborn neurons in the hippocampus. We review a multitude of mechanisms regulating glucocorticoid receptor activity in relationship to adult neurogenesis. We postulate a novel concept in which the level of glucocorticoid receptor expression directly regulates the excitation-inhibition balance, which is key for proper neurogenesis. We furthermore argue that an excitation-inhibition dis-balance may underlie aberrant functional integration of newborn neurons that is associated with psychiatric and paroxysmal brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk-Jan Saaltink
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden University Medical Center/Leiden Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Hami J, Kheradmand H, Haghir H. Gender differences and lateralization in the distribution pattern of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in developing rat hippocampus: an immunohistochemical study. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 34:215-26. [PMID: 24287499 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-0005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Numerous investigators have provided data supporting essential roles for insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in development of the brain. The aim of this study was to immunohistochemically determine the distinct regional distribution pattern of IGF-1 receptor (IGF-IR) expression in various portions of newborn rat hippocampus on postnatal days 0 (P0), 7 (P7), and 14 (P14), with comparison between male/female and right/left hippocampi. We found an overall significant increase in distribution of IGF-IR-positive (IGF-IR+) cells in CA1 from P0 until P14. Although, no marked changes in distribution of IGF-IR+ cells in areas CA2 and CA3 were observed; IGF-IR+ cells in DG decreased until P14. The smallest number of immunoreactive cells was present in CA2 and the highest number in DG at P0. Moreover, in CA1, CA3, and DG, the number of IGF-IR+ cells was markedly higher in both sides of the hippocampus in females. Our data also showed a higher mean number of IGF-IR+ cells in the left hippocampus of female at P7. By contrast, male pups showed a significantly higher number of IGF-IR+ cells in the DG of the right hippocampus. At P14, the mean number of immunoreactive cells in CA1, CA3, and DG areas found to be significantly increased in left side of hippocampus of males, compared to females. These results indicate the existence of a differential distribution pattern of IGF-IR between left-right and male-female hippocampi. Together with other mechanisms, these differences may underlie sexual dimorphism and left-right asymmetry in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Hami
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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44
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Schmidt-Salzmann C, Li L, Bischofberger J. Functional properties of extrasynaptic AMPA and NMDA receptors during postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis. J Physiol 2013; 592:125-40. [PMID: 24218546 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.267203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian hippocampus, new granule cells are continuously generated throughout life. Although it is well known that they rapidly form several thousand new glutamatergic synapses, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. As extrasynaptic NMDA receptors are believed to support the generation of new spines, we have studied the functional properties of extrasynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors in newborn granule cells in juvenile rats during and after synaptic integration. Using the fast application of glutamate to outside-out membrane patches, we show that all immature granule cells express functional AMPA and NMDA receptors. The density of AMPA receptors was small in cells starting to receive excitatory synaptic input (∼30 pS μm(-2)) but substantially increased during synaptic integration to finally reach ∼120 pS μm(-2) in fully mature cells. Interestingly, AMPA receptors showed a biphasic change in desensitization time constant which was slowest during synaptic integration and substantially faster before and afterwards. This was paralleled by a change in the non-desensitizing current component which was maximal during synaptic integration and about 50% smaller afterwards. Surprisingly, the NMDA receptor kinetics and density in young cells was already comparable to mature cells (∼10 pS μm(-2)), leading to an enhanced NMDA/AMPA receptor density ratio. Similar to somatic outside-out patches, iontophoretic application of glutamate onto dendrites also revealed an enhanced dendritic NMDA/AMPA ratio in young cells. These data indicate that prolonged AMPA receptor currents in newly generated young granule cells might support the effective activation of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors and therefore constitute a competitive advantage over mature cells for new synapse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Schmidt-Salzmann
- J. Bischofberger: Department of Biomedicine, Physiological Institute, University of Basel, Pestalozzistr. 20, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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45
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46
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Waddell J, Bowers JM, Edwards NS, Jordan CL, McCarthy MM. Dysregulation of neonatal hippocampal cell genesis in the androgen insensitive Tfm rat. Horm Behav 2013; 64:144-52. [PMID: 23747829 PMCID: PMC3753588 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The first two weeks of life are a critical period for hippocampal development. At this time gonadal steroid exposure organizes sex differences in hippocampal sensitivity to activational effects of steroids, hippocampal cell morphology and hippocampus dependent behaviors. Our laboratory has characterized a robust sex difference in neonatal neurogenesis in the hippocampus that is mediated by estradiol. Here, we extend our knowledge of this sex difference by comparing the male and female hippocampus to the androgen insensitive testicular feminized mutant (Tfm) rat. In the neonatal Tfm rat hippocampus, fewer newly generated cells survive compared to males or females. This deficit in cell genesis is partially recovered with the potent androgen DHT, but is more completely recovered following estradiol administration. Tfm rats do not differ from males or females in the level of endogenous estradiol in the neonatal hippocampus, suggesting other mechanisms mediate a differential sensitivity to estradiol in male, female and Tfm hippocampus. We also demonstrate disrupted performance on a hippocampal-dependent contextual fear discrimination task. Tfm rats generalize fear across contexts, and do not exhibit significant loss of fear during extinction exposure. These results extend prior reports of exaggerated response to stress in Tfm rats, and following gonadectomy in normal male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaylyn Waddell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland, Baltimore, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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47
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Filová B, Ostatníková D, Celec P, Hodosy J. The effect of testosterone on the formation of brain structures. Cells Tissues Organs 2013; 197:169-77. [PMID: 23306974 DOI: 10.1159/000345567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been confirmed in several studies that testosterone can significantly affect brain development. Following metabolism of this hormone by 5α-reductase to dihydrotestosterone, testosterone may act via androgen receptors, or after conversion by aromatase to estradiol, it may act via estrogen receptors. The parts of the brain which are changed under the influence of sex hormones are known as sexually dimorphic nuclei, especially in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus. Nevertheless, evidence suggests that testosterone also influences the structure of the hippocampus, specifically CA1 and CA3 areas of the hippocampus, as well as the amygdala. These brain areas are designed to convert information from short-term into long-term memory. In this review, we summarize the effects of testosterone on the organization of brain structures with respect to spatial cognitive abilities in small rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Filová
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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48
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Oh JE, Chambwe N, Klein S, Gal J, Andrews S, Gleason G, Shaknovich R, Melnick A, Campagne F, Toth M. Differential gene body methylation and reduced expression of cell adhesion and neurotransmitter receptor genes in adverse maternal environment. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e218. [PMID: 23340501 PMCID: PMC3566713 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2012.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life adversity, including adverse gestational and postpartum maternal environment, is a contributing factor in the development of autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety and depression but little is known about the underlying molecular mechanism. In a model of gestational maternal adversity that leads to innate anxiety, increased stress reactivity and impaired vocal communication in the offspring, we asked if a specific DNA methylation signature is associated with the emergence of the behavioral phenotype. Genome-wide DNA methylation analyses identified 2.3% of CpGs as differentially methylated (that is, differentially methylated sites, DMSs) by the adverse environment in ventral-hippocampal granule cells, neurons that can be linked to the anxiety phenotype. DMSs were typically clustered and these clusters were preferentially located at gene bodies. Although CpGs are typically either highly methylated or unmethylated, DMSs had an intermediate (20-80%) methylation level that may contribute to their sensitivity to environmental adversity. The adverse maternal environment resulted in either hyper or hypomethylation at DMSs. Clusters of DMSs were enriched in genes that encode cell adhesion molecules and neurotransmitter receptors; some of which were also downregulated, indicating multiple functional deficits at the synapse in adversity. Pharmacological and genetic evidence links many of these genes to anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-e Oh
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA,Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA. E-mail: or
| | - N Chambwe
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Klein
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Gal
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Andrews
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - G Gleason
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Shaknovich
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Melnick
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - F Campagne
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Toth
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA,Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA. E-mail: or
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Shivaraj MC, Marcy G, Low G, Ryu JR, Zhao X, Rosales FJ, Goh ELK. Taurine induces proliferation of neural stem cells and synapse development in the developing mouse brain. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42935. [PMID: 22916184 PMCID: PMC3423436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid present in high concentrations in mammalian tissues. It has been implicated in several processes involving brain development and neurotransmission. However, the role of taurine in hippocampal neurogenesis during brain development is still unknown. Here we show that taurine regulates neural progenitor cell (NPC) proliferation in the dentate gyrus of the developing brain as well as in cultured early postnatal (P5) hippocampal progenitor cells and hippocampal slices derived from P5 mice brains. Taurine increased cell proliferation without having a significant effect on neural differentiation both in cultured P5 NPCs as well as cultured hippocampal slices and in vivo. Expression level analysis of synaptic proteins revealed that taurine increases the expression of Synapsin 1 and PSD 95. We also found that taurine stimulates the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 indicating a possible role of the ERK pathway in mediating the changes that we observed, especially in proliferation. Taken together, our results demonstrate a role for taurine in neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation in developing brain and suggest the involvement of the ERK1/2 pathways in mediating these actions. Our study also shows that taurine influences the levels of proteins associated with synapse development. This is the first evidence showing the effect of taurine on early postnatal neuronal development using a combination of in vitro, ex-vivo and in vivo systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattu Chetana Shivaraj
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorder, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guillaume Marcy
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorder, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guoliang Low
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorder, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jae Ryun Ryu
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorder, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xianfeng Zhao
- Cognition Center of Excellence, Abbott Nutrition Research & Development, Asia Pacific Center, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Francisco J. Rosales
- Cognition Center of Excellence, Abbott Nutrition Research & Development, Asia Pacific Center, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eyleen L. K. Goh
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorder, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- A*STAR-Duke-NUS Neuroscience Research Partnership, Proteos, Singapore, Singapore
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50
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GABAergic excitation after febrile seizures induces ectopic granule cells and adult epilepsy. Nat Med 2012; 18:1271-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.2850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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