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Huang F, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Liu X, Liang Y, Qian J, Tu J, Tang X, Zhang C, Fang B. Comprehensive evaluation of the mechanism of Banxia Baizhu Tianma Decoction in ameliorating posterior circulation ischemia vertigo based on integrating fecal short-chain fatty acids and 16S rRNA sequencing. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 247:116195. [PMID: 38810328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Posterior circulation ischemia vertigo (PCIV) is vertebrobasilar insufficiency resulting in vertigo. Banxia Baizhu Tianma Decoction (BBTD) is broadly applied to treat PCIV in China, but its efficacy and detailed mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of BBTD on PCIV, and identify important gut microbiota and its derived short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) changes and the detailed mechanism through 16 S rRNA sequencing with SCFAs profiling. In this study, the model of PCIV was established by surgical ligation of the right subclavian artery (RSCA) and right common carotid artery (RCCA). We found that BBTD administration effectively reduced the volume of cerebral infarction and improved neurologic functions, reduced neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammatory. Moreover, BBTD significantly modulated the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota, including increasing the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Prevotella and Akkermansia and decreasing relative abundances of Lachnospiraceae, Bacteroidetes (S24-7) and Ruminococcaceae. BBTD treatment also increased propionate content. Propionate mediates the the recovery of neurological functions and anti-apoptotic effects of BBTD in PCIV rat. Our findings wish to discover the potential mechanism of BBTD treatment on PCIV and promote its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Huang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Zilin Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Zilong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic and Hernia Surgery, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Xinbang Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Yingda Liang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Jingyi Qian
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of HuBei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Tu
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Hankou Hospital, Wuhan China
| | - Xuan Tang
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Hankou Hospital, Wuhan China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Hubei Provincial Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital (Xinhua affiliated hospital, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine), Wuhan 430010, China
| | - Bangjiang Fang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China; Department of Emergency, LongHua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai China.
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2
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Duncan RS, Riordan SM, Gernon MC, Koulen P. Cannabinoids and endocannabinoids as therapeutics for nervous system disorders: preclinical models and clinical studies. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:788-799. [PMID: 37843213 PMCID: PMC10664133 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.382220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids are lipophilic substances derived from Cannabis sativa that can exert a variety of effects in the human body. They have been studied in cellular and animal models as well as in human clinical trials for their therapeutic benefits in several human diseases. Some of these include central nervous system (CNS) diseases and dysfunctions such as forms of epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, pain and neuropsychiatric disorders. In addition, the endogenously produced cannabinoid lipids, endocannabinoids, are critical for normal CNS function, and if controlled or modified, may represent an additional therapeutic avenue for CNS diseases. This review discusses in vitro cellular, ex vivo tissue and in vivo animal model studies on cannabinoids and their utility as therapeutics in multiple CNS pathologies. In addition, the review provides an overview on the use of cannabinoids in human clinical trials for a variety of CNS diseases. Cannabinoids and endocannabinoids hold promise for use as disease modifiers and therapeutic agents for the prevention or treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Scott Duncan
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas, MO, USA
| | - Sean M. Riordan
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas, MO, USA
| | - Matthew C. Gernon
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas, MO, USA
| | - Peter Koulen
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas, MO, USA
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3
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Bonzanino M, Riolo M, Battaglini I, Perna M, De Mattei M. PEALut in the Dietary Management of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Clin Med 2024; 13:509. [PMID: 38256644 PMCID: PMC10816980 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS), which represents 87% of all strokes, is caused by reduced blood supply to the brain associated with a prolonged inflammatory process that exacerbates brain damage. The composite containing co-ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin (PEALut) is known to promote the resolution of neuroinflammation, being a promising nutritional approach to contrast inflammatory processes occurring in AIS. This study included 60 patients affected by acute ischemic stroke and undergoing thrombolysis. PEALut 770 mg was administered to 30 patients, twice daily for 90 days, in addition to the standard therapy. Neurological deficit, independence in activities of daily living, disability and cognitive impairment were investigated. In all patients, the severity of AIS defined by the NIHSS score evolved from moderate to minor (p < 0.0001). Patients' independence in daily living activities and disability evaluated using BI and mRS showed a significant improvement over time, with a statistically significant difference in favor of PEALut-treated patients (p < 0.002 for BI, p < 0.0001 for mRS), who achieved also a marked improvement of cognitive function evaluated using MMSE and MoCA tests. PEALut proved to be a safe and effective treatment in addition to thrombolysis in the management of patients with acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bonzanino
- S. S. Stoke Unit, Dipartimento Area Medica, Ospedale Santa Croce di Moncalieri, ASLTo5, 10024 Moncalieri, Turin, Italy
| | - Marianna Riolo
- S. C. Neurologia, Dipartimento Area Medica, Ospedale Santa Croce di Moncalieri, ASLTo5, 10024 Moncalieri, Turin, Italy
| | - Iacopo Battaglini
- S. C. Neurologia, Dipartimento Area Medica, Ospedale Santa Croce di Moncalieri, ASLTo5, 10024 Moncalieri, Turin, Italy
| | - Marilisa Perna
- S. S. Stoke Unit, Dipartimento Area Medica, Ospedale Santa Croce di Moncalieri, ASLTo5, 10024 Moncalieri, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco De Mattei
- S. C. Neurologia, Dipartimento Area Medica, Ospedale Santa Croce di Moncalieri, ASLTo5, 10024 Moncalieri, Turin, Italy
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4
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Zhu J, Ma R, Li G. Drug repurposing: Clemastine fumarate and neurodegeneration. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:113904. [PMID: 36370521 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases have been a weighty problem in elder people who might be stricken with motor or/and cognition defects with lower life quality urging for effective treatment. Drugs are costly from development to market, so that drug repurposing, exploration of existing drugs for novel therapeutic purposes, becomes a wise and popular strategy to raise new treatment options. Clemastine fumarate, different from anti-allergic effect as H1 histamine antagonist, was screened and identified as promising drug for remyelination and autophagy enhancement. Surprisingly, fumarate salt also has similar effect. Hence, whether clemastine fumarate would make a protective impact on neurodegenerative diseases and what contribution fumarate probably makes are intriguing to us. In this review, we summarize the potential mechanism surrounding clemastine fumarate in current literature, and try to distinguish independent or synergistic effect between clemastine and fumarate, aiming to find worthwhile research direction for neurodegeneration diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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5
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Murakami M, Takamiya R, Miki Y, Sugimoto N, Nagasaki Y, Suzuki-Yamamoto T, Taketomi Y. Segregated functions of two cytosolic phospholipase A 2 isoforms (cPLA 2α and cPLA 2ε) in lipid mediator generation. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 203:115176. [PMID: 35841927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Among the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily, group IVA cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2α) is currently attracting much attention as a central regulator of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism linked to eicosanoid biosynthesis. Following cell activation, cPLA2α selectively releases AA, a precursor of a variety of eicosanoids, from phospholipids in perinuclear membrane compartments. cPLA2α-null mice display various phenotypes that could be largely explained by reduced eicosanoid signaling. In contrast, group IVE cPLA2ε, another member of the cPLA2 family, acts as a Ca2+-dependent N-acyltransferase rather than a PLA2, thereby regulating the biosynthesis of N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), a unique class of lipid mediators with an anti-inflammatory effect. In response to Ca2+ signaling, cPLA2ε translocates to phosphatidylserine-rich organelle membranes in the endocytic/recycling pathway. In vivo, cPLA2ε is induced in keratinocytes of psoriatic skin, and its genetic deletion exacerbates psoriatic inflammation due to a marked reduction of NAE-related lipids. cPLA2ε also contributes to NAE generation in several if not all mouse tissues. Thus, the two members of the cPLA2 family, cPLA2α and cPLA2ε, catalyze distinct enzymatic reactions to mobilize distinct sets of lipid mediators, thereby differently regulating pathophysiological events in health and disease. Such segregation of the cPLA2α-eicosanoid and cPLA2ε-NAE pathways represents a new paradigm of research on PLA2s and lipid mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Rina Takamiya
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Miki
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nao Sugimoto
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Nagasaki
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
| | - Toshiko Suzuki-Yamamoto
- Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Liang L, Takamiya R, Miki Y, Heike K, Taketomi Y, Sugimoto N, Yamaguchi M, Shitara H, Nishito Y, Kobayashi T, Hirabayashi T, Murakami M. Group IVE cytosolic phospholipase A 2 limits psoriatic inflammation by mobilizing the anti-inflammatory lipid N-acylethanolamine. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22301. [PMID: 35478358 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101958r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammatory disorder characterized by keratinocyte hyper-proliferation and Th17-type immune responses. However, the roles of bioactive lipids and the regulation of their biosynthesis in this chronic skin disease are not fully understood. Herein, we show that group IVE cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2 ε/PLA2G4E) plays a counterregulatory role against psoriatic inflammation by producing the anti-inflammatory lipid N-acylethanolamine (NAE). Lipidomics analysis of mouse skin revealed that NAE species and their precursors (N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine and glycerophospho-N-acylethanolamine) were robustly increased in parallel with the ongoing process of imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis, accompanied by a marked upregulation of cPLA2 ε in epidermal keratinocytes. Genetic deletion of cPLA2 ε exacerbated IMQ-induced ear swelling and psoriatic marker expression, with a dramatic reduction of NAE-related lipids in IMQ-treated, and even normal, skin. Stimulation of cultured human keratinocytes with psoriatic cytokines concomitantly increased PLA2G4E expression and NAE production, and supplementation with NAEs significantly attenuated the cytokine-induced upregulation of the psoriatic marker S100A9. Increased expression of cPLA2 ε was also evident in the epidermis of psoriatic patients. These findings reveal for the first time the in vivo role of cPLA2 ε, which is highly induced in the keratinocytes of the psoriatic skin, promotes the biosynthesis of NAE-related lipids, and contributes to limiting psoriatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyiyun Liang
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rina Takamiya
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Miki
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanako Heike
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nao Sugimoto
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Midori Yamaguchi
- Laboratory for Transgenic Technology, Center for Basic Technology Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shitara
- Laboratory for Transgenic Technology, Center for Basic Technology Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Nishito
- Laboratory for Transgenic Technology, Center for Basic Technology Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hirabayashi
- Laboratory of Biomembrane, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Plasma Metabolomics of Intermediate and Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Patients. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113141. [PMID: 34831363 PMCID: PMC8624113 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To characterize metabolites and metabolic pathways altered in intermediate and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (IAMD and NVAMD), high resolution untargeted metabolomics was performed via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry on plasma samples obtained from 91 IAMD patients, 100 NVAMD patients, and 195 controls. Plasma metabolite levels were compared between: AMD patients and controls, IAMD patients and controls, and NVAMD and IAMD patients. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis and linear regression were used to identify discriminatory metabolites. Pathway analysis was performed to determine metabolic pathways altered in AMD. Among the comparisons, we identified 435 unique discriminatory metabolic features. Using computational methods and tandem mass spectrometry, we identified 11 metabolic features whose molecular identities had been previously verified and confirmed the molecular identities of three additional discriminatory features. Included among the discriminatory metabolites were acylcarnitines, phospholipids, amino acids, and steroid metabolites. Pathway analysis revealed that lipid, amino acid, and vitamin metabolism pathways were altered in NVAMD, IAMD, or AMD in general, including the carnitine shuttle pathway which was significantly altered in all comparisons. Finally, few discriminatory features were identified between IAMD patients and controls, suggesting that plasma metabolic profiles of IAMD patients are more similar to controls than to NVAMD patients.
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8
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Shirazi RS, Vyssotski M, Lagutin K, Thompson D, MacDonald C, Luscombe V, Glass M, Parker K, Gowing EK, Williams DBG, Clarkson AN. Neuroprotective activity of new Δ3-N-acylethanolamines in a focal ischemia stroke model. Lipids 2021; 57:17-31. [PMID: 34751447 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
N-acylethanolamines (NAE, also called ethanolamides) are significant lipid signaling molecules with anti-inflammatory, pain-relieving, cell-protective, and anticancer properties. Here, we present the use of a hitherto unreported group of Δ3-NAE and also some Δ4- and Δ5-NAE, in in vitro and in vivo assays to gain a better understanding of their structure-bioactivity relationships. We have developed an efficient synthetic method to rapidly produce novel unlabeled and 13 C-labeled Δ3-NAE (NAE-18:5n-3, NAE-18:4n-6) and Δ4-NAE (NAE-22:5n-6). The new NAE with shorter carbon backbone structures confers greater neuroprotection than their longer carbon backbone counterparts, including anandamide (Δ5-NAE-20:4n-6) in a focal ischemia mouse model of stroke. This study highlights structure-dependent protective effects of new NAE following focal ischemia, in which some of the new NAE, administered intranasally, lead to significantly reduced infarct volume and improved recovery of limb use. The relative affinity of the new NAE toward cannabinoid receptors was assessed against anandamide, NAE-22:6n-3 and NAE-20:5n-3, which are known cannabinoid receptor ligands with high-binding constants. Among the newly synthesized NAE, Δ4-NAE-22:5n-6 shows the greatest relative affinity to cannabinoid receptors hCB1 and hCB2 , and inhibition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate activity through hCB2 compared to anandamide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Christa MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Vincent Luscombe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kim Parker
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Emma K Gowing
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - D Bradley G Williams
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew N Clarkson
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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9
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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Fucoxanthinol in LPS-Induced RAW264.7 Cells through the NAAA-PEA Pathway. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18040222. [PMID: 32326173 PMCID: PMC7230820 DOI: 10.3390/md18040222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endogenous lipid mediator with powerful anti-inflammatory and analgesic functions. PEA can be hydrolyzed by a lysosomal enzyme N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA), which is highly expressed in macrophages and other immune cells. The pharmacological inhibition of NAAA activity is a potential therapeutic strategy for inflammation-related diseases. Fucoxanthinol (FXOH) is a marine carotenoid from brown seaweeds with various beneficial effects. However, the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanism of action of FXOH in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the role of FXOH in the NAAA–PEA pathway and the anti-inflammatory effects based on this mechanism. In vitro results showed that FXOH can directly bind to the active site of NAAA protein and specifically inhibit the activity of NAAA enzyme. In an LPS-induced inflammatory model in macrophages, FXOH pretreatment significantly reversed the LPS-induced downregulation of PEA levels. FXOH also substantially attenuated the mRNA expression of inflammatory factors, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and markedly reduced the production of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and nitric oxide (NO). Moreover, the inhibitory effect of FXOH on NO induction was significantly abolished by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR-α) inhibitor GW6471. All these findings demonstrated that FXOH can prevent LPS-induced inflammation in macrophages, and its mechanisms may be associated with the regulation of the NAAA-PEA-PPAR-α pathway.
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10
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Haq I, Kilaru A. An endocannabinoid catabolic enzyme FAAH and its paralogs in an early land plant reveal evolutionary and functional relationship with eukaryotic orthologs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3115. [PMID: 32080293 PMCID: PMC7033180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59948-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids were known to exist only among Animalia but recent report of their occurrence in early land plants prompted us to study its function and metabolism. In mammals, anandamide, as an endocannabinoid ligand, mediates several neurological and physiological processes, which are terminated by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). We identified nine orthologs of FAAH in the moss Physcomitrella patens (PpFAAH1 to PpFAAH9) with amidase signature and catalytic triad. The optimal amidase activity for PpFAAH1 was at 37 °C and pH 8.0, with higher specificity to anandamide. Further, the phylogeny and predicted structural analyses of the nine paralogs revealed that PpFAAH1 to PpFAAH4 were closely related to plant FAAH while PpFAAH6 to PpFAAH9 were to the rat FAAH, categorized based on the membrane binding cap, membrane access channel and substrate binding pocket. We also identified that a true 'dynamic paddle' that is responsible for tighter regulation of FAAH is recent in vertebrates and absent or not fully emerged in plants and non-vertebrates. These data reveal evolutionary and functional relationship among eukaryotic FAAH orthologs and features that contribute to versatility and tighter regulation of FAAH. Future studies will utilize FAAH mutants of moss to elucidate the role of anandamide in early land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imdadul Haq
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Aruna Kilaru
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.
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11
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Davis MP, Behm B, Mehta Z, Fernandez C. The Potential Benefits of Palmitoylethanolamide in Palliation: A Qualitative Systematic Review. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2019; 36:1134-1154. [PMID: 31113223 DOI: 10.1177/1049909119850807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a nutraceutical endocannabinoid that was retrospectively discovered in egg yolks. Feeding poor children with known streptococcal infections prevented rheumatic fever. Subsequently, it was found to alter the course of influenza. Unfortunately, there is little known about its pharmacokinetics. Palmitoylethanolamide targets nonclassical cannabinoid receptors rather than CB1 and CB2 receptors. Palmitoylethanolamide will only indirectly activate classical cannabinoid receptors by an entourage effect. There are a significant number of prospective and randomized trials demonstrating the pain-relieving effects of PEA. There is lesser evidence of benefit in patients with nonpain symptoms related to depression, Parkinson disease, strokes, and autism. There are no reported drug-drug interactions and very few reported adverse effects from PEA. Further research is needed to define the palliative benefits to PEA.
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12
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Orio L, Alen F, Pavón FJ, Serrano A, García-Bueno B. Oleoylethanolamide, Neuroinflammation, and Alcohol Abuse. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 11:490. [PMID: 30687006 PMCID: PMC6333756 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a complex process involved in the physiopathology of many central nervous system diseases, including addiction. Alcohol abuse is characterized by induction of peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation, which hallmark is the activation of innate immunity toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4). In the last years, lipid transmitters have generated attention as modulators of parts of the addictive process. Specifically, the bioactive lipid oleoylethanolamide (OEA), which is an endogenous acylethanolamide, has shown a beneficial profile for alcohol abuse. Preclinical studies have shown that OEA is a potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound that exerts neuroprotective effects in alcohol abuse. Exogenous administration of OEA blocks the alcohol-induced TLR4-mediated pro-inflammatory cascade, reducing the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, oxidative and nitrosative stress, and ultimately, preventing the neural damage in frontal cortex of rodents. The mechanisms of action of OEA are discussed in this review, including a protective action in the intestinal barrier. Additionally, OEA blocks cue-induced reinstatement of alcohol-seeking behavior and reduces the severity of withdrawal symptoms in animals, together with the modulation of alcohol-induced depression-like behavior and other negative motivational states associated with the abstinence, such as the anhedonia. Finally, exposure to alcohol induces OEA release in blood and brain of rodents. Clinical evidences will be highlighted, including the OEA release and the correlation of plasma OEA levels with TLR4-dependent peripheral inflammatory markers in alcohol abusers. In base of these evidences we hypothesize that the endogenous release of OEA could be a homeostatic signal to counteract the toxic action of alcohol and we propose the exploration of OEA-based pharmacotherapies to treat alcohol-use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Orio
- Department of Psychobiology and Methods in Behavioral Science, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Alen
- Department of Psychobiology and Methods in Behavioral Science, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Pavón
- Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga-Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga-Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, IMAS and IUING, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Ocak U, Ocak PE, Wang A, Zhang JH, Boling W, Wu P, Mo J, Zhang T, Huang L. Targeting mast cell as a neuroprotective strategy. Brain Inj 2018; 33:723-733. [PMID: 30554528 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2018.1556807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Mast cells (MCs) are perivascularly located immune cells of haematopoietic origin. Emerging evidences suggest that the activation of MCs play important roles in the pathogenesis of blood brain barrier disruption, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Objectives: In this review, we aimed to discuss the detrimental effects of MCs in response to various types of brain injury, as well as the therapeutic potential and neuroprotective effects of targeting the activation and degranulation of MCs, particularly in the management of the acute phase. Methods: An extensive online literature search was conducted through Pubmed/Central on March 2018. Then, we comprehensively summarized the effects of the activation of brain MCs in acute brain injury along with current pharmacological strategies targeting at the activation of MCs. Results: The review of the current literature indicated that the activation and degranulation of brain MCs significantly contribute to the acute pathological process following different types of brain injury including focal and global cerebral ischaemia, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and traumatic brain injury. Conclusions: Brain MCs significantly contribute to the acute pathological processes following brain injury. In that regard, targeting brain MCs may provide a novel strategy for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Ocak
- a Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Physiology , Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda , CA , USA
| | - Pinar Eser Ocak
- a Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Physiology , Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda , CA , USA
| | - Annie Wang
- b Department of Anesthesiology , Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda , CA , USA
| | - John H Zhang
- a Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Physiology , Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda , CA , USA.,b Department of Anesthesiology , Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda , CA , USA.,c Department of Neurosurgery , Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda , CA , USA
| | - Warren Boling
- c Department of Neurosurgery , Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda , CA , USA
| | - Pei Wu
- a Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Physiology , Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda , CA , USA.,d Department of Neurosurgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Jun Mo
- a Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Physiology , Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda , CA , USA.,e Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital , School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Yiwu , Zhejiang , China
| | - Tongyu Zhang
- a Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Physiology , Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda , CA , USA.,d Department of Neurosurgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Lei Huang
- a Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Physiology , Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda , CA , USA.,c Department of Neurosurgery , Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda , CA , USA
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14
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Liu X, Zhang X, Wang F, Liang X, Zeng Z, Zhao J, Zheng H, Jiang X, Zhang Y. Improvement in cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury through the TLR4/NF-κB pathway after Kudiezi injection in rats. Life Sci 2017; 191:132-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Wang H, Zhou J, Liu QZ, Wang LL, Shang J. Simvastatin and Bezafibrate ameliorate Emotional disorder Induced by High fat diet in C57BL/6 mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2335. [PMID: 28539670 PMCID: PMC5443827 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
High fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic disorders may lead to emotional disorders. This study aimed to explore the effect of simvastatin (SMV) and bezafibrate (BZ) on improving HFD-induced emotional changes, and tried to identify their different mechanisms. The intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) was used to evaluate glucose control ability; and behavior tests including open field tests (OFT), forced swimming tests (FST), tail suspension tests (TST) and sucrose preference (SPT), were then performed to evaluate emotional changes. Serum samples were collected for the LC-MS based metabolomics analysis to explore the emotional-related differential compounds; we then evaluated the effect of the drugs. The abnormal serum metabolic profiling and emotional changes caused by HFD in mice was alleviated by SMV treatment, whereas BZ only affected the emotional disorder. The improvement of cannabinoid analogues and then produced influences on the endocannabinoid system, which may be a potential mechanism SMV action. BZ promoted tryptophan-serotonin pathway and inhibited tryptophan-kynurenine pathway, which may be its mechanism of action. Here, we proposed a shed light on the biological mechanisms underlying the observed effects, and identified an important drug candidate for the treatment of emotional disorders induced by HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Qiong Zhen Liu
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, Qinghai Province, P.R. China
| | - Lu Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Jing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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16
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Zhan J, Qin W, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Ma H, Li Q, Luo Y. Upregulation of neuronal zinc finger protein A20 expression is required for electroacupuncture to attenuate the cerebral inflammatory injury mediated by the nuclear factor-kB signaling pathway in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion rats. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:258. [PMID: 27716383 PMCID: PMC5048665 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Zinc finger protein A20 (tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3) functions as a potent negative feedback inhibitor of the nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) signaling. It exerts these effects by interrupting the activation of IkB kinase beta (IKKβ), the most critical kinase in upstream of NF-kB, and thereby controlling inflammatory homeostasis. We reported previously that electroacupuncture (EA) could effectively suppress IKKβ activation. However, the mechanism underlying these effects was unclear. Therefore, the current study further explored the effects of EA on A20 expression in rat brain and investigated the possible mechanism of A20 in anti-neuroinflammation mediated by EA using transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats. Methods Rats were treated with EA at the “Baihui (GV20),” “Hegu (L14),” and “Taichong (Liv3)” acupoints once a day starting 2 h after focal cerebral ischemia. The spatiotemporal expression of A20, neurobehavioral scores, infarction volumes, cytokine levels, glial cell activation, and the NF-kB signaling were assessed at the indicated time points. A20 gene interference (overexpression and silencing) was used to investigate the role of A20 in mediating the neuroprotective effects of EA and in regulating the interaction between neuronal and glial cells by suppressing neuronal NF-kB signaling during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced neuroinflammation. Results EA treatment increased A20 expression with an earlier peak and longer lasting upregulation. The upregulated A20 protein was predominantly located in neurons in the cortical zone of the ischemia/reperfusion. Furthermore, neuronal A20 cell counts were positively correlated with neurobehavioral scores but negatively correlated with infarct volume, the accumulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and glial cell activation. Moreover, the effects of EA on improving the neurological outcome and suppressing neuroinflammation in the brain were reversed by A20 silencing. Finally, A20 silencing also suppressed the ability of EA to inhibit neuronal NF-kB signaling pathway. Conclusions Ischemia/reperfusion cortical neurons in MCAO rats are the main cell types that express A20, and there is a correlation between A20 expression and the suppression of neuroinflammation and the resulting neuroprotective effects. EA upregulated neuronal A20 expression, which played an essential role in the anti-inflammatory effects of EA by suppressing the neuronal NF-kB signaling pathway in the brains of MCAO rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, 563000, China
| | - Wenyi Qin
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Hongmei Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Qiongli Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Parrella E, Porrini V, Iorio R, Benarese M, Lanzillotta A, Mota M, Fusco M, Tonin P, Spano P, Pizzi M. PEA and luteolin synergistically reduce mast cell-mediated toxicity and elicit neuroprotection in cell-based models of brain ischemia. Brain Res 2016; 1648:409-417. [PMID: 27423516 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The combination of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), an endogenous fatty acid amide belonging to the family of the N-acylethanolamines, and the flavonoid luteolin has been found to exert neuroprotective activities in a variety of mouse models of neurological disorders, including brain ischemia. Indirect findings suggest that the two molecules can reduce the activation of mastocytes in brain ischemia, thus modulating crucial cells that trigger the inflammatory cascade. Though, no evidence exists about a direct effect of PEA and luteolin on mast cells in experimental models of brain ischemia, either used separately or in combination. In order to fill this gap, we developed a novel cell-based model of severe brain ischemia consisting of primary mouse cortical neurons and cloned mast cells derived from mouse fetal liver (MC/9 cells) subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). OGD exposure promoted both mast cell degranulation and the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in a time-dependent fashion. MC/9 cells exacerbated neuronal damage in neuron-mast cells co-cultures exposed to OGD. Likewise, the conditioned medium derived from OGD-exposed MC/9 cells induced significant neurotoxicity in control primary neurons. PEA and luteolin pre-treatment synergistically prevented the OGD-induced degranulation of mast cells and reduced the neurotoxic potential of MC/9 cells conditioned medium. Finally, the association of the two drugs promoted a direct synergistic neuroprotection even in pure cortical neurons exposed to OGD. In summary, our results indicate that mast cells release neurotoxic factors upon OGD-induced activation. The association PEA-luteolin actively reduces mast cell-mediated neurotoxicity as well as pure neurons susceptibility to OGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Parrella
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Italy.
| | - Vanessa Porrini
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Italy.
| | - Rosa Iorio
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Italy.
| | - Marina Benarese
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Lanzillotta
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Italy.
| | - Mariana Mota
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Italy.
| | | | | | - PierFranco Spano
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Italy; IRCCS San Camillo, Venezia, Italy.
| | - Marina Pizzi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Italy; IRCCS San Camillo, Venezia, Italy.
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18
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Zhang B, Song C, Feng B, Fan W. Neuroprotection by triptolide against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through the inhibition of NF-κB/PUMA signal in rats. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2016; 12:817-24. [PMID: 27307742 PMCID: PMC4888863 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s106012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Triptolide, an active compound extracted from the Chinese herb thunder god vine (Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F.), has potent antitumor activity. Recently, triptolide was found to have protective effects against acute cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury through inhibition of cell apoptosis. However, the regulatory mechanism of the effect remains unclear. We hypothesize that the regulatory mechanisms of triptolide are mediated by nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and p53-upregulated-modulator-of-apoptosis signal inhibition. To verify this hypothesis, we occluded the middle cerebral artery in male rats to establish focal cerebral I/R model. The rats received triptolide or vehicle at the onset of reperfusion following middle cerebral artery occlusion. At 24 hours after reperfusion, neurological deficits, infarct volume, and cell apoptosis were evaluated. The expression levels of NF-κBp65, PUMA, and caspase-3 were determined by Western blot. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the levels of NF-κBp65 mRNA, PUMA mRNA, and caspase-3 mRNA. NF-κB activity was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Apoptotic cells were detected using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. In I/R group, neurological deficit scores, cerebral infarct volume, expression of NF-κBp65, PUMA, caspase-3, NF-κB activity, and TUNEL-positive cells were found to be increased at 24 hours after I/R injury. The I/R/triptolide rats showed significantly better neurological deficit scores, decreased neural apoptosis, and reduced cerebral infarct volume. In addition, the expression of NF-κBp65, PUMA, caspase-3, and NF-κB activity was suppressed in the I/R/triptolide rats. These results indicate that the neuroprotective effects of triptolide during acute cerebral I/R injury are possibly related to the inhibition of apoptosis through suppression of NF-κB/PUMA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Cunfeng Song
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Feng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibing Fan
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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19
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Richter F, Koulen P, Kaja S. N-Palmitoylethanolamine Prevents the Run-down of Amplitudes in Cortical Spreading Depression Possibly Implicating Proinflammatory Cytokine Release. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23481. [PMID: 27004851 PMCID: PMC4804239 DOI: 10.1038/srep23481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical spreading depression (CSD), a wave of neuronal depolarization in the cerebral cortex following traumatic brain injury or cerebral ischemia, significantly aggravates brain damage. Here, we tested whether N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA), a substance that effectively reduces lesion volumes and neurological deficits after ischemic stroke, influences CSD. CSD was elicited chemically in adult rats and occurrence, amplitude, duration and propagation velocity of CSD was determined prior to and for 6 hours after intraperitoneal injection of PEA. The chosen systemic administration of PEA stabilized the amplitude of CSD for at least four hours and prevented the run-down of amplitudes that is typically observed and was also seen in untreated controls. The propagation velocity of the CSD waves was unaltered indicating stable neuronal excitability. The stabilization of CSD amplitudes by PEA indicates that inhibition or prevention of CSD does not underlie PEA's profound neuroprotective effect. Rather, PEA likely inhibits proinflammatory cytokine release thereby preventing the run-down of CSD amplitudes. This contribution of PEA to the maintenance of neuronal excitability in healthy tissue during CSD potentially adds to neuroprotection outside a damaged area, while other mechanisms control PEA-mediated neuroprotection in damaged tissue resulting from traumatic brain injury or cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Richter
- Institute of Physiology I/Neurophysiology, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Koulen
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri – Kansas City, School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- Department of Basic Medical Science, University of Missouri – Kansas City, School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Simon Kaja
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri – Kansas City, School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 South First Ave., Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Research Service, 5000 S Fifth Ave., Hines, IL 60141, USA
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20
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Lipids and Oxidative Stress Associated with Ethanol-Induced Neurological Damage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1543809. [PMID: 26949445 PMCID: PMC4753689 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1543809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The excessive intake of alcohol is a serious public health problem, especially given the severe damage provoked by chronic or prenatal exposure to alcohol that affects many physiological processes, such as memory, motor function, and cognitive abilities. This damage is related to the ethanol oxidation in the brain. The metabolism of ethanol to acetaldehyde and then to acetate is associated with the production of reactive oxygen species that accentuate the oxidative state of cells. This metabolism of ethanol can induce the oxidation of the fatty acids in phospholipids, and the bioactive aldehydes produced are known to be associated with neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration. As such, here we will review the role of lipids in the neuronal damage induced by ethanol-related oxidative stress and the role that lipids play in the related compensatory or defense mechanisms.
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Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is widely distributed throughout the cardiovascular system. Endocannabinoids play a minimal role in the regulation of cardiovascular function in normal conditions, but are altered in most cardiovascular disorders. In shock, endocannabinoids released within blood mediate the associated hypotension through CB(1) activation. In hypertension, there is evidence for changes in the expression of CB(1), and CB(1) antagonism reduces blood pressure in obese hypertensive and diabetic patients. The endocannabinoid system is also upregulated in cardiac pathologies. This is likely to be cardioprotective, via CB(2) and CB(1) (lesser extent). In the vasculature, endocannabinoids cause vasorelaxation through activation of multiple target sites, inhibition of calcium channels, activation of potassium channels, NO production and the release of vasoactive substances. Changes in the expression or function of any of these pathways alter the vascular effect of endocannabinoids. Endocannabinoids have positive (CB(2)) and negative effects (CB(1)) on the progression of atherosclerosis. However, any negative effects of CB(1) may not be consequential, as chronic CB(1) antagonism in large scale human trials was not associated with significant reductions in atheroma. In neurovascular disorders such as stroke, endocannabinoids are upregulated and protective, involving activation of CB(1), CB(2), TRPV1 and PPARα. Although most of this evidence is from preclinical studies, it seems likely that cannabinoid-based therapies could be beneficial in a range of cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saoirse Elizabeth O'Sullivan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, University of Nottingham, Room 4107, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK.
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22
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Fernández-Ruiz J, Moro MA, Martínez-Orgado J. Cannabinoids in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Stroke/Brain Trauma: From Preclinical Models to Clinical Applications. Neurotherapeutics 2015; 12:793-806. [PMID: 26260390 PMCID: PMC4604192 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-015-0381-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids form a singular family of plant-derived compounds (phytocannabinoids), endogenous signaling lipids (endocannabinoids), and synthetic derivatives with multiple biological effects and therapeutic applications in the central and peripheral nervous systems. One of these properties is the regulation of neuronal homeostasis and survival, which is the result of the combination of a myriad of effects addressed to preserve, rescue, repair, and/or replace neurons, and also glial cells against multiple insults that may potentially damage these cells. These effects are facilitated by the location of specific targets for the action of these compounds (e.g., cannabinoid type 1 and 2 receptors, endocannabinoid inactivating enzymes, and nonendocannabinoid targets) in key cellular substrates (e.g., neurons, glial cells, and neural progenitor cells). This potential is promising for acute and chronic neurodegenerative pathological conditions. In this review, we will collect all experimental evidence, mainly obtained at the preclinical level, supporting that different cannabinoid compounds may be neuroprotective in adult and neonatal ischemia, brain trauma, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This increasing experimental evidence demands a prompt clinical validation of cannabinoid-based medicines for the treatment of all these disorders, which, at present, lack efficacious treatments for delaying/arresting disease progression, despite the fact that the few clinical trials conducted so far with these medicines have failed to demonstrate beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fernández-Ruiz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
| | - María A Moro
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
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Cannabinoids in experimental stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:348-58. [PMID: 25492113 PMCID: PMC4348386 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids (CBs) show promise as neuroprotectants with some agents already licensed in humans for other conditions. We systematically reviewed CBs in preclinical stroke to guide further experimental protocols. We selected controlled studies assessing acute administration of CBs for experimental stroke, identified through systematic searches. Data were extracted on lesion volume, outcome and quality, and analyzed using random effect models. Results are expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). In all, 144 experiments (34 publications) assessed CBs on infarct volume in 1,473 animals. Cannabinoids reduced infarct volume in transient (SMD -1.41 (95% CI -1.71), -1.11) P<0.00001) and permanent (-1.67 (-2.08, -1.27), P<0.00001) ischemia and in all subclasses: endocannabinoids (-1.72 (-2.62, -0.82), P=0.0002), CB1/CB2 ligands (-1.75 (-2.19, -1.31), P<0.00001), CB2 ligands (-1.65 (-2.09, -1.22), P<0.00001), cannabidiol (-1.20 (-1.63, -0.77), P<0.00001), Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (-1.43 (-2.01, -0.86), P<0.00001), and HU-211 (-2.90 (-4.24, -1.56), P<0.0001). Early and late neuroscores significantly improved with CB use (-1.27 (-1.58, -0.95), P<0.00001; -1.63 (-2.64, -0.62), P<0.002 respectively) and there was no effect on survival. Statistical heterogeneity and publication bias was present, median study quality was 4 (range 1 to 6/8). Overall, CBs significantly reduced infarct volume and improve functional outcome in experimental stroke. Further studies in aged, female and larger animals, with other co-morbidities are required.
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Gu N, Rao C, Tian Y, Di Z, Liu Z, Chang M, Lei H. Anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects of mesenchymal stem cells transplantation in rat brain with cerebral ischemia. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2014; 23:2598-2606. [PMID: 25280822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive inflammation and apoptosis contribute to the pathogenesis of ischemic brain damage. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is considered to be a key protein complex involved in this cascade of events. The aim of the present study was to clarify the protection mechanism of the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). METHODS Lewis rats (N = 90) were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) the sham-operated group; (2) the saline group, in which the animals underwent rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO, for 2 hours) and were treated with saline through the tail vein; and (3) the MSCs group, in which the animals underwent tMCAO (for 2 hours) and were infused with cultured human MSCs (4 × 10(6)/0.4 ml PBS) through the tail vein. At days 1 and 3 post-MSCs infusion, real-time PCR, and Western blot, immunohistochemical analyses were applied for tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and P-IKKβ, p53, and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expression levels. RESULTS TNF-α, IL-1β messenger RNA (mRNA) and P-IκB-α, P-IKKβ, p53 protein expression levels were significantly increased in the saline group compared with the sham group. However, IκB-α and Bcl-2 protein expression levels were markedly decreased in the saline group. After injection of BrdU(+) MSCs, the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β mRNA and P-IκB-α, P-IKKβ, p53 protein were significantly decreased. Contrary to these findings, IκB-α, Bcl-2 protein expression levels were markedly increased. In addition, we found that infarct area was significantly reduced in MSCs group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that MSCs' neuroprotection is attributable to its anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effect through inhibition of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naibing Gu
- Department of Neurology, The Central Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China.
| | - Chunguang Rao
- Department of Neurology, The Central Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Neurology, The Central Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhengli Di
- Department of Neurology, The Central Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhiqin Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Central Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Mingze Chang
- Department of Neurology, The Central Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Lei
- Department of Neurology, The Central Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
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Faure L, Nagarajan S, Hwang H, Montgomery CL, Khan BR, John G, Koulen P, Blancaflor EB, Chapman KD. Synthesis of phenoxyacyl-ethanolamides and their effects on fatty acid amide hydrolase activity. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:9340-51. [PMID: 24558037 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.533315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamines (NAEs) are involved in numerous biological activities in plant and animal systems. The metabolism of these lipids by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a key regulatory point in NAE signaling activity. Several active site-directed inhibitors of FAAH have been identified, but few compounds have been described that enhance FAAH activity. Here we synthesized two sets of phenoxyacyl-ethanolamides from natural products, 3-n-pentadecylphenolethanolamide and cardanolethanolamide, with structural similarity to NAEs and characterized their effects on the hydrolytic activity of FAAH. Both compounds increased the apparent Vmax of recombinant FAAH proteins from both plant (Arabidopsis) and mammalian (Rattus) sources. These NAE-like compounds appeared to act by reducing the negative feedback regulation of FAAH activity by free ethanolamine. Both compounds added to seedlings relieved, in part, the negative growth effects of exogenous NAE12:0. Cardanolethanolamide reduced neuronal viability and exacerbated oxidative stress-mediated cell death in primary cultured neurons at nanomolar concentrations. This was reversed by FAAH inhibitors or exogenous NAE substrate. Collectively, our data suggest that these phenoxyacyl-ethanolamides act to enhance the activity of FAAH and may stimulate the turnover of NAEs in vivo. Hence, these compounds might be useful pharmacological tools for manipulating FAAH-mediated regulation of NAE signaling in plants or animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Faure
- From the Center for Plant Lipid Research, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203
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26
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Antioxidant drug therapy approaches for neuroprotection in chronic diseases of the retina. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:1865-86. [PMID: 24473138 PMCID: PMC3958826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15021865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular pathways contributing to visual signal transduction in the retina generate a high energy demand that has functional and structural consequences such as vascularization and high metabolic rates contributing to oxidative stress. Multiple signaling cascades are involved to actively regulate the redox state of the retina. Age-related processes increase the oxidative load, resulting in chronically elevated levels of oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species, which in the retina ultimately result in pathologies such as glaucoma or age-related macular degeneration, as well as the neuropathic complications of diabetes in the eye. Specifically, oxidative stress results in deleterious changes to the retina through dysregulation of its intracellular physiology, ultimately leading to neurodegenerative and potentially also vascular dysfunction. Herein we will review the evidence for oxidative stress-induced contributions to each of the three major ocular pathologies, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. The premise for neuroprotective strategies for these ocular disorders will be discussed in the context of recent clinical and preclinical research pursuing novel therapy development approaches.
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27
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Payne AJ, Kaja S, Sabates NR, Koulen P. A case for neuroprotection in ophthalmology: developments in translational research. MISSOURI MEDICINE 2013; 110:429-436. [PMID: 24279196 PMCID: PMC3973483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cellular aging occurs by the lifelong accumulation of oxidative damage leading to neuronal apoptosis, termed 'neurodegeneration', and the functional deficits of aging. Loss of visual function is one of the most important quality of life measures for older adults. We discuss recent clinical and laboratory advances in the neuroprotective treatment of the aging eye with particular emphasis on the three major ocular neurodegenerative conditions: glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and diabetic retinopathy (DR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Payne
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri, Kansas City School of Medicine, USA
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28
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Wang H, Nagai A, Sheikh AM, Liang XY, Yano S, Mitaki S, Ishibashi Y, Kobayashi S, Kim SU, Yamaguchi S. Human mesenchymal stem cell transplantation changes proinflammatory gene expression through a nuclear factor-κB-dependent pathway in a rat focal cerebral ischemic model. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:1440-9. [PMID: 23996632 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the immunomodulatory functions of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in cerebral ischemic rats. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of MSC transplantation on transcriptional regulations of proinflammatory genes in cerebral ischemia. Transient ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. After 24 hr, vehicle (PBS) or a human MSC line (B10) was transplanted intravenously. The neurological deficits, infarct volume, cellular accumulations, and gene expression changes were monitored by means of behavior tests, MRI, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, laser capture microdissection, and real-time PCR. In the core area of the B10 transplantation group, the number of ED1-positive macrophage/microglia was decreased compared with the PBS group. In the core, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) was decreased, although CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β was not changed; both were expressed mainly in ED1-positive macrophage/microglia. Likewise, mRNAs of NF-κB-dependent genes including interleukin-1β, MCP-1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase were decreased in ED1-positive and Iba-1-positive macrophage/microglia in the B10 transplantation group. Moreover, upstream receptors of the NF-κB pathway, including CD40 and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), were decreased. Immunofluorescence results showed that, in the B10 transplantation group, the percentages of NF-κB-positive, CD40-positive, and TLR2-positive cells were decreased in ED1-positive macrophage/microglia. Furthermore, NF-κB-positive cells in the CD40- or TLR2-expressing cell population were decreased in the B10 transplantation group. This study demonstrates that B10 transplantation inhibits NF-κB activation, possibly through inhibition of CD40 and TLR2, which might be responsible for the inhibition of proinflammatory gene expression in macrophage/microglia in the infarct lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
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29
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Grillo SL, Keereetaweep J, Grillo MA, Chapman KD, Koulen P. N-Palmitoylethanolamine depot injection increased its tissue levels and those of other acylethanolamide lipids. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2013; 7:747-52. [PMID: 23976843 PMCID: PMC3746786 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s48324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
N-Palmitoylethanolamine (NAE 16:0) is an endogenous lipid signaling molecule that has limited water solubility, and its action is short-lived due to its rapid metabolism. This poses a problem for use in vivo as oral administration requires a high concentration for significant levels to reach target tissues, and injection of the compound in a dimethyl sulfoxide- or ethanol-based vehicle is usually not desirable during long-term treatment. A depot injection of NAE 16:0 was successfully emulsified in sterile corn oil (10 mg/kg) and administered in young DBA/2 mice in order to elevate baseline levels of NAE 16:0 in target tissues. NAE 16:0 levels were increased in various tissues, particularly in the retina, 24 and 48 hours following injections. Increases ranged between 22% and 215% (above basal levels) in blood serum, heart, brain, and retina and induced an entourage effect by increasing levels of other 18 carbon N-Acylethanolamines (NAEs), which ranged between 31% and 117% above baseline. These results indicate that NAE 16:0 can be used as a depot preparation, avoiding the use of inadequate vehicles, and can provide the basis for designing tissue-specific dosing regimens for therapies involving NAEs and related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Grillo
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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30
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Shelat PB, Plant LD, Wang JC, Lee E, Marks JD. The membrane-active tri-block copolymer pluronic F-68 profoundly rescues rat hippocampal neurons from oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced death through early inhibition of apoptosis. J Neurosci 2013; 33:12287-99. [PMID: 23884935 PMCID: PMC3721839 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5731-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluronic F-68, an 80% hydrophilic member of the Pluronic family of polyethylene-polypropylene-polyethylene tri-block copolymers, protects non-neuronal cells from traumatic injuries and rescues hippocampal neurons from excitotoxic and oxidative insults. F-68 interacts directly with lipid membranes and restores membrane function after direct membrane damage. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy of Pluronic F-68 in rescuing rat hippocampal neurons from apoptosis after oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). OGD progressively decreased neuronal survival over 48 h in a severity-dependent manner, the majority of cell death occurring after 12 h after OGD. Administration of F-68 for 48 h after OGD rescued neurons from death in a dose-dependent manner. At its optimal concentration (30 μm), F-68 rescued all neurons that would have died after the first hour after OGD. This level of rescue persisted when F-68 administration was delayed 12 h after OGD. F-68 did not alter electrophysiological parameters controlling excitability, NMDA receptor-activated currents, or NMDA-induced increases in cytosolic calcium concentrations. However, F-68 treatment prevented phosphatidylserine externalization, caspase activation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and BAX translocation to mitochondria, indicating that F-68 alters apoptotic mechanisms early in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. The profound neuronal rescue provided by F-68 after OGD and the high level of efficacy with delayed administration indicate that Pluronic copolymers may provide a novel, membrane-targeted approach to rescuing neurons after brain ischemia. The ability of membrane-active agents to block apoptosis suggests that membranes or their lipid components play prominent roles in injury-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phullara B. Shelat
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Leigh D. Plant
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Janice C. Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Elizabeth Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Jeremy D. Marks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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31
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Li WL, Yu SP, Chen D, Yu SS, Jiang YJ, Genetta T, Wei L. The regulatory role of NF-κB in autophagy-like cell death after focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Neuroscience 2013; 244:16-30. [PMID: 23558089 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy may contribute to ischemia-induced cell death in the brain, but the regulation of autophagic cell death is largely unknown. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a regulator of apoptosis in cerebral ischemia. We examined the hypothesis that autophagy-like cell death could contribute to ischemia-induced brain damage and the process was regulated by NF-κB. In adult wild-type (WT) and NF-κB p50 knockout (p50(-/-)) mice, focal ischemia in the barrel cortex was induced by ligation of distal branches of the middle cerebral artery. Twelve to 24h later, autophagic activity increased as indicated by enhanced expression of Beclin-1 and LC3 in the ischemic core and/or penumbra regions. This increased autophagy contributed to cell injury, evidenced by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) co-staining and a protective effect achieved by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine. The number of Beclin-1/TUNEL-positive cells was significantly more in p50(-/-) mice than in WT mice. Neuronal and vascular cell death, as determined by TUNEL-positive cells co-staining with NeuN or Collagen IV, was more abundant in p50(-/-) mice. Immunostaining of the endothelial cell tight junction marker occludin revealed more damage to the blood-brain barrier in p50(-/-) mice. Western blotting of the peri-infarct tissue showed a reduction of Akt-the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in p50(-/-) mice after ischemia. These findings provide the first evidence that cerebral ischemia induced autophagy-like injury is regulated by the NF-κB pathway, which may suggest potential treatments for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-L Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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32
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Wellner N, Diep TA, Janfelt C, Hansen HS. N-acylation of phosphatidylethanolamine and its biological functions in mammals. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:652-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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33
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Citraro R, Russo E, Scicchitano F, van Rijn CM, Cosco D, Avagliano C, Russo R, D'Agostino G, Petrosino S, Guida F, Gatta L, van Luijtelaar G, Maione S, Di Marzo V, Calignano A, De Sarro G. Antiepileptic action of N-palmitoylethanolamine through CB1 and PPAR-α receptor activation in a genetic model of absence epilepsy. Neuropharmacology 2012. [PMID: 23206503 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA), an endogenous fatty acid ethanolamide, plays a key role in the regulation of the inflammatory response and pain through, among others, activation of nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR-α). Endogenous cannabinoids play a protective role in several central nervous system (CNS) disorders, particularly those associated with neuronal hyperexcitability. We investigated the effects of PEA and the role of PPAR-α in absence epilepsy using the WAG/Rij rat model. PEA, anandamide (AEA), a PPAR-α antagonist (GW6471) and a synthetic CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist (SR141716) were administered to WAG/Rij rats in order to evaluate the effects on epileptic spike-wave discharges (SWDs) on EEG recordings. We studied also the effects of PEA co-administration with SR141716 and GW6471 and compared these effects with those of AEA to evaluate PEA mechanism of action and focusing on CB1 receptors and PPAR-α. Both PEA and AEA administration significantly decreased SWDs parameters (absence seizures). In contrast, GW6471 was devoid of effects while SR141716 had pro-absence effects. The co-administration of SR141716 with PEA or AEA completely blocked the anti-absence effects of these compounds. GW6471 antagonized PEA's effects whereas it did not modify AEA's effects. Furthermore, we have also measured PEA, AEA and 2-AG (2-arachidonoylglycerol) brain levels identifying significant differences between epileptic and control rats such as decreased PEA levels in both thalamus and cortex that might contribute to absence epilepsy. Our data demonstrate that PEA has anti-absence properties in the WAG/Rij rat model and that such properties depend on PPAR-α and indirect activation of CB1 receptors. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'New Targets and Approaches to the Treatment of Epilepsy'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Citraro
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine and Surgery, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa - Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Janfelt C, Wellner N, Leger P, Kokesch‐Himmelreich J, Hansen SH, Charriaut‐Marlangue C, Hansen HS. Visualization by mass spectrometry of 2‐dimensional changes in rat brain lipids, including
N
‐acylphosphatidylethanolamines, during neonatal brain ischemia. FASEB J 2012; 26:2667-73. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-201152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Janfelt
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Niels Wellner
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacotherapyFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Pierre‐Louis Leger
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U676Hôpital Robert DebréUniversite‐Denis Diderot‐Paris 7ParisFrance
| | | | - Steen Honoré Hansen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Christiane Charriaut‐Marlangue
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U676Hôpital Robert DebréUniversite‐Denis Diderot‐Paris 7ParisFrance
| | - Harald Severin Hansen
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacotherapyFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenDenmark
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35
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Duncan RS, Xin H, Goad DL, Chapman KD, Koulen P. Protection of neurons in the retinal ganglion cell layer against excitotoxicity by the N-acylethanolamine, N-linoleoylethanolamine. Clin Ophthalmol 2011; 5:543-8. [PMID: 21573043 PMCID: PMC3090310 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s18309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death is a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases and disease processes of the eye, including glaucoma. The protection of RGCs has been an important strategy for combating glaucoma, but little clinical success has been reported to date. One pathophysiological consequence of glaucoma is excessive extracellular glutamate subsequently leading to excitotoxicity in the retina. Endocannabinoids, such as the N-acylethanolamine (NAE), arachidonylethanolamine (NAE 20:4), exhibit neuroprotective properties in some models of neurodegenerative disease. The majority of NAEs, however, are not cannabinoids, and their physiological function is not clear. Here, we determined whether the noncannabinoid NAE, linoleoylethanolamine (NAE18:2), protects neurons in the RGC layer against glutamate excitotoxicity in ex-vivo retina cultures. Using a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP (2′-deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate) nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, we determined that NAE18:2 reduces the number of apoptotic RGC layer neurons in response to glutamate and conclude that NAE18:2 is a neuroprotective compound with potential for treating glaucomatous retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scott Duncan
- Vision Research Center and Departments of Ophthalmology and Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, USA
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36
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Garg P, Duncan RS, Kaja S, Zabaneh A, Chapman KD, Koulen P. Lauroylethanolamide and linoleoylethanolamide improve functional outcome in a rodent model for stroke. Neurosci Lett 2011; 492:134-8. [PMID: 21296126 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a significant health problem affecting over 6 million people in the United States alone. In addition to surgical and thrombolytic therapeutic strategies for stroke, neuroprotective therapies may offer additional benefit. N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are signaling lipids whose synthesis is upregulated in response to ischemia, suggesting that they may be neuroprotective. To date only three NAEs, arachidonylethanolamide (NAE 20:4), palmitoylethanolamide (NAE 16:0) and oleoylethanolamide (NAE 18:1) have shown to exert neuroprotective effect in animal models for stroke. Here, we describe neuroprotective effects of the hitherto uncharacterized NAEs, lauroylethanolamide (NAE 12:0) and linoleoylethanolamide (NAE 18:2) in a middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke. Pretreatment with NAE 18:2 prior to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury resulted in both significantly reduced cortical infarct volume and improved functional outcome as determined using the neurological deficit score. NAE 12:0 improved neurological deficits without a significant reduction lesion size. Our results suggest that NAEs, as a whole, provide neuroprotection during I/R injury and may have therapeutic benefit when used as complementary treatment with other therapies to improve stroke outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Garg
- Vision Research Center and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States
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37
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Kilaru A, Tamura P, Garg P, Isaac G, Baxter D, Duncan RS, Welti R, Koulen P, Chapman KD, Venables BJ. Changes in N-acylethanolamine Pathway Related Metabolites in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion. JOURNAL OF GLYCOMICS & LIPIDOMICS 2011; 1:101. [PMID: 26052469 PMCID: PMC4457465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, the endocannabinoid signaling pathway provides protective cellular responses to ischemia. Previous work demonstrated increases in long-chain N-acylethanolamines (NAE) in ischemia and suggested a protective role for NAE. Here, a targeted lipidomics approach was used to study comprehensive changes in the molecular composition and quantity of NAE metabolites in a rat model of controlled brain ischemia. Changes of NAE, its precursors, N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines (NAPE), major and minor phospholipids, and free fatty acids (FFA) were quantified in response to ischemia. The effect of intraperitoneal injection of N-palmitoylethanolamine (NAE 16:0) prior to ischemia on NAE metabolite and phospholipid profiles was measured. While ischemia, in general, resulted in elevated levels of N-acyl 16:0 and18:0 NAE, NAPE, and FFA species, pretreatment with NAE 16:0 reduced infarct volume, neurological behavioral deficits in rats, and FFA content in ischemic tissues. Pretreatment with NAE 16:0 did not affect the profiles of other NAE metabolites. These studies demonstrate the utility of a targeted lipidomics approach to measure complex and concomitant metabolic changes in response to ischemia. They suggest that the neuroprotective effects of exogenous NAE 16:0 and the reduction in inflammatory damage may be mediated by factors other than gross changes in brain NAE levels, such as modulation of transcriptional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Kilaru
- University of North Texas, Center for Plant Lipid Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Denton, TX 76203
| | - Pamela Tamura
- Kansas State University, Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Division of Biology, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Puja Garg
- University of Missouri – Kansas City, School of Medicine, Vision Research Center, Kansas City, MO 64108
- University of Missouri – Kansas City, School of Medicine, Departments of Basic Medical Science and Ophthalmology, Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - Giorgis Isaac
- Kansas State University, Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Division of Biology, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - David Baxter
- University of North Texas, Center for Plant Lipid Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Denton, TX 76203
| | - R. Scott Duncan
- University of Missouri – Kansas City, School of Medicine, Vision Research Center, Kansas City, MO 64108
- University of Missouri – Kansas City, School of Medicine, Departments of Basic Medical Science and Ophthalmology, Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - Ruth Welti
- Kansas State University, Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Division of Biology, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Peter Koulen
- University of North Texas, Center for Plant Lipid Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Denton, TX 76203
- University of Missouri – Kansas City, School of Medicine, Vision Research Center, Kansas City, MO 64108
- University of Missouri – Kansas City, School of Medicine, Departments of Basic Medical Science and Ophthalmology, Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - Kent D. Chapman
- University of North Texas, Center for Plant Lipid Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Denton, TX 76203
| | - Barney J. Venables
- University of North Texas, Center for Plant Lipid Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Denton, TX 76203
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Abstract
Acute cerebral ischemia elicits an innate immune response that leads to a cascade of events that culminates in necrotic death of neurons and injury to their supportive structures in the neurovascular unit. Indeed, clinical studies have shown a close relationship between elevated levels of inflammatory markers and the risk for ischemic stroke. However, the signaling pathways that link these events are not well understood. A central regulator of inflammatory response is the transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). The activation of NF-κB is required for the transcriptional induction of many proinflammatory mediators involved in innate immunity, such as cellular adhesion molecules, cytokines, and growth factors. Therefore, factors that modulate the activity of NF-κB could potentially regulate inflammatory processes in ischemic stroke. Here, we review the relationship between NF-κB and ischemic stroke, its role in the neurovascular unit, and discuss some animal models that suggest that this relationship is causal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier A Harari
- Vascular Medicine Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Kilaru A, Isaac G, Tamura P, Baxter D, Duncan SR, Venables BJ, Welti R, Koulen P, Chapman KD. Lipid profiling reveals tissue-specific differences for ethanolamide lipids in mice lacking fatty acid amide hydrolase. Lipids 2010; 45:863-75. [PMID: 20714818 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3457-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamines (NAE) are fatty acid derivatives, some of which function as endocannabinoids in mammals. NAE metabolism involves common (phosphatidylethanolamines, PEs) and uncommon (N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines, NAPEs) membrane phospholipids. Here we have identified and quantified more than a hundred metabolites in the NAE/endocannabinoid pathway in mouse brain and heart tissues, including many previously unreported molecular species of NAPE. We found that brain tissue of mice lacking fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH (-/-)) had elevated PE and NAPE molecular species in addition to elevated NAEs, suggesting that FAAH activity participates in the overall regulation of this pathway. This perturbation of the NAE pathway in brain was not observed in heart tissue of FAAH (-/-) mice, indicating that metabolic regulation of the NAE pathway differs in these two organs and the metabolic enzymes that catabolize NAEs are most likely differentially distributed and/or regulated. Targeted lipidomics analysis, like that presented here, will continue to provide important insights into cellular lipid signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Kilaru
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
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