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Hallaj S, Halfpenny W, Chuter BG, Weinreb RN, Baxter SL, Cui QN. Association between Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists Exposure and Intraocular Pressure Change. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.05.06.24306943. [PMID: 38765972 PMCID: PMC11100841 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.06.24306943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Objective This study aims to provide data on the effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists on intraocular pressure (IOP). Design Retrospective cohort study. Subjects Participants and/or Controls 1247 glaucoma surgery and treatment naïve eyes of 626 patients who were initiated on GLP-1R agonists compared to 1083 glaucoma surgery and treatment naïve eyes of 547 patients who were initiated on other oral antidiabetics. Methods Intervention or Testing The University of California Health Data Warehouse was queried for patients exposed to GLP-1R agonists or other oral antidiabetics. Index date was defined as the date of first exposure to the medication. Eyes with at least one pre-exposure and one post-exposure tonometry record within 365 days of the index date were included in the analysis. Clinical and laboratory data elements were extracted from the database. Eyes were censored from the analysis upon exposure to glaucoma hypotensive medication or glaucoma surgery. ΔIOP was analyzed using a paired t-test. Regression analysis was conducted using generalized estimating equations (GEE) accounting for inter-eye correlation. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of the findings. Main Outcome Measures Primary outcome measure was ΔIOP after exposure to the medication. Results The median age of all included subjects was 66.2 years [IQR=18.3]; 607 (51.7%) were female, and 667 (56.9%) were Caucasian. Median pre-exposure IOP, HbA1c, and BMI were 15.2 mmHg [IQR=3.8], 7.5 [IQR=2.4], and 29.8 [IQR=9.4], respectively. 776 individuals (66.1%) had diabetes, with the median number of active oral antidiabetics being 1.0 [IQR=1.0], and 441 (37.5%) being insulin users. Several pre-exposure characteristics significantly differed between the GLP-1R agonist and the control group. The mean ΔIOP was -0.4±2.8 mmHg (paired t-test p<0.001) and -0.2±3.3 mmHg (paired t-test p = 0.297) in the GLP-1R agonist and other antidiabetics groups, respectively. Pre-exposure IOP was the only independent predictor of ΔIOP in multivariable GEE. Sensitivity analyses yielded similar results. Conclusions Although GLP-1R agonists were significantly associated with a decrease in IOP in the paired analysis, they were not associated with ΔIOP in multivariable GEE. Moreover, the difference between the ΔIOP in the two groups was small. Future prospective studies following a standardized dose and delivery method may provide further insights.
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Canário NS, Crisóstomo J, Moreno C, Duarte JV, Duarte IC, Ribeiro MJ, Caramelo B, Gomes LV, Matafome P, Oliveira FP, Castelo-Branco M. Functional reorganization of memory processing in the hippocampus is associated with neuroprotector GLP-1 levels in type 2 diabetes. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27412. [PMID: 38509913 PMCID: PMC10950584 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) often impairs memory functions, suggesting specific vulnerability of the hippocampus. In vivo neuroimaging studies relating encoding and retrieval of memory information with endogenous neuroprotection are lacking. The neuroprotector glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) has a high receptor density in anterior/ventral hippocampus, as shown by animal models. Using an innovative event-related fMRI design in 34 participants we investigated patterns of hippocampal activity in T2D (n = 17) without mild cognitive impairment (MCI) versus healthy controls (n = 17) during an episodic memory task. We directly measured neurovascular coupling by estimating the hemodynamic response function using event-related analysis related to encoding and retrieval of episodic information in the hippocampus. We applied a mixed-effects general linear model analysis and a two-factor ANOVA to test for group differences. Significant between-group differences were found for memory encoding, showing evidence for functional reorganization: T2D patients showed an augmented activation in the posterior hippocampus while anterior activation was reduced. The latter was negatively correlated with both GLP-1 pre- and post-breakfast levels, in the absence of grey matter changes. These results suggest that patients with T2D without MCI have pre-symptomatic functional reorganization in brain regions underlying episodic memory, as a function of the concentration of the neuroprotective neuropeptide GLP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia S. Canário
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Crisóstomo
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, Portugal
| | - Carolina Moreno
- Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João V. Duarte
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel C. Duarte
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, Portugal
| | - Mário J. Ribeiro
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, Portugal
- The Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Caramelo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine and Center of Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Leonor V. Gomes
- Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Matafome
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine and Center of Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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Reich N, Hölscher C. The neuroprotective effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease: An in-depth review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:970925. [PMID: 36117625 PMCID: PMC9475012 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.970925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no disease-modifying treatment available for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease (AD and PD) and that includes the highly controversial approval of the Aβ-targeting antibody aducanumab for the treatment of AD. Hence, there is still an unmet need for a neuroprotective drug treatment in both AD and PD. Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for both AD and PD. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a peptide hormone and growth factor that has shown neuroprotective effects in preclinical studies, and the success of GLP-1 mimetics in phase II clinical trials in AD and PD has raised new hope. GLP-1 mimetics are currently on the market as treatments for type 2 diabetes. GLP-1 analogs are safe, well tolerated, resistant to desensitization and well characterized in the clinic. Herein, we review the existing evidence and illustrate the neuroprotective pathways that are induced following GLP-1R activation in neurons, microglia and astrocytes. The latter include synaptic protection, improvements in cognition, learning and motor function, amyloid pathology-ameliorating properties (Aβ, Tau, and α-synuclein), the suppression of Ca2+ deregulation and ER stress, potent anti-inflammatory effects, the blockage of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis pathways, enhancements in the neuronal insulin sensitivity and energy metabolism, functional improvements in autophagy and mitophagy, elevated BDNF and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) synthesis as well as neurogenesis. The many beneficial features of GLP-1R and GLP-1/GIPR dual agonists encourage the development of novel drug treatments for AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Reich
- Biomedical and Life Sciences Division, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Niklas Reich,
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Neurology Department, Second Associated Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhengzhou, China
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Exercise Improves Spatial Learning and Memory Performance through the Central GLP-1 Receptors. Behav Neurol 2022; 2022:2900628. [PMID: 35774081 PMCID: PMC9239811 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2900628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a hormone which is produced in the enteroendocrine L-cells in the ileum and the neurons of nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in the brain which has numerous metabolic effects. The central GLP-1R's role in cognitive functioning is well known. On the contrary, it has been shown that exercise has positive effects on brain function. So, we decided to elucidate whether the central GLP-1 has a role in memory and learning. Thirty-two rats were used in this experiment in 4 groups. After anesthetizing the rats, the right lateral ventricle was detected, and a cannula was directed to the ventricle. Ten micrograms of exendin-3 or sterile saline, according to the group, was injected via ICV once daily for seven days. The rats in the exercise group considered an exercise period of one hour each day (17 meters per minute) for seven consecutive days. To evaluate the performance of memory and learning, a standard Morris water maze (MWM) tank was utilized. According to the results, the TE-exendin group showed a statistically significant difference from the TE-SAL group in both parameters of latency and time in the zone. In summary, memory and learning were improved by GLP-1R in the exercise group, but not in the sedentary group, which we can hypothesize that exercise can affect memory and learning through this pathway.
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Wang G, Zhao Z, Ren B, Yu W, Zhang X, Liu J, Wang L, Si D, Yang M. Exenatide exerts a neuroprotective effect against diabetic cognitive impairment in rats by inhibiting apoptosis: Role of the JNK/c‑JUN signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2022; 25:111. [PMID: 35119079 PMCID: PMC8845025 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exenatide could reduce blood glucose and alleviate cognitive dysfunction induced by diabetes mellitus (DM). In the present study, a diabetic model was established in Sprague‑Dawley rats to further explore the mechanism of exenatide on diabetes‑induced cognitive impairment. Notably, the model rats performed poorly in the Morris water maze test and had more apoptotic neurons compared with the control rats. By contrast, exenatide attenuated cognitive impairment and inhibited neuronal apoptosis in the DM rat model. To explore the neuroprotective mechanisms of exenatide, western blotting was performed to detect the expression levels of markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress, including cytochrome c (Cyt‑c), Caspase‑3, JNK and c‑JUN, in hippocampal tissue. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR was also performed to measure the mRNA expression levels of Cyt‑c and Caspase‑3. After 16 weeks of treatment, exenatide treatment downregulated Cyt‑c, Caspase‑3, phosphorylated (p)‑JNK and p‑c‑JUN expression in the hippocampal tissue of diabetic rats. Moreover, Cyt‑c, Caspase‑3, JNK and JUN expression levels were detected following treatment with a specific inhibitor of JNK (SP600125). The results revealed that SP600125 had similar inhibitory effects on the JNK pathway and ERS‑related protein expression (Cyt‑t, Caspase‑3, p‑JNK and p‑c‑JUN). These results suggested that exenatide improved cognitive dysfunction in DM rats and that the underlying mechanism may be associated with inhibiting apoptosis by suppressing the activation of JNK/c‑JUN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengyin Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, P.R. China
| | - Zongquan Zhao
- General Practice, Pingjiang Xincheng Community Health Service Center, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215101, P.R. China
| | - Bo Ren
- Medical Experimental Center, Jitang College of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, P.R. China
| | - Wu Yu
- School Hospital, Hengshui University, Hengshui, Hebei 053010, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, P.R. China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, P.R. China
| | - Daowen Si
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, P.R. China
| | - Meiliu Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, Hengshui University, Hengshui, Hebei 053010, P.R. China
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Yang GZ, Gao QC, Li WR, Cai HY, Zhao HM, Wang JJ, Zhao XR, Wang JX, Wu MN, Zhang J, Hölscher C, Qi JS, Wang ZJ. (D-Ser2) oxyntomodulin recovers hippocampal synaptic structure and theta rhythm in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:2072-2078. [PMID: 35142699 PMCID: PMC8848598 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous studies, we have shown that (D-Ser2) oxyntomodulin (Oxm), a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor (GLP1R)/glucagon receptor (GCGR) dual agonist peptide, protects hippocampal neurons against Aβ1–42 -induced cytotoxicity, and stabilizes the calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial membrane potential of hippocampal neurons. Additionally, we have demonstrated that (D-Ser2) Oxm improves cognitive decline and reduces the deposition of amyloid-beta in Alzheimer's disease model mice. However, the protective mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we showed that 2 weeks of intraperitoneal administration of (D-Ser2) Oxm ameliorated the working memory and fear memory impairments of 9-month-old 3×Tg Alzheimer's disease model mice. In addition, electrophysiological data recorded by a wireless multichannel neural recording system implanted in the hippocampal CA1 region showed that (D-Ser2) Oxm increased the power of the theta rhythm. In addition, (D-Ser2) Oxm treatment greatly increased the expression level of synaptic-associated proteins SYP and PSD-95 and increased the number of dendritic spines in 3×Tg Alzheimer's disease model mice. These findings suggest that (D-Ser2) Oxm improves the cognitive function of Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice by recovering hippocampal synaptic function and theta rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhao Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Qi-Chao Gao
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Wei-Ran Li
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Hong-Yan Cai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Hui-Min Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jian-Ji Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xin-Rui Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jia-Xin Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Mei-Na Wu
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Functional Laboratory Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Research and Experimental Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Jin-Shun Qi
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Zhao-Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
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Du H, Meng X, Yao Y, Xu J. The mechanism and efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1033479. [PMID: 36465634 PMCID: PMC9714676 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1033479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and both have the same pathogenesis (e.g., insulin resistance), drugs used to treat T2DM have been gradually found to reduce the progression of AD in AD models. Of these drugs, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists are more effective and have fewer side effects. GLP-1R agonists have reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, neurotrophic effects, decreasing Aβ deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation in AD models, which may be a potential drug for the treatment of AD. However, this needs to be verified by further clinical trials. This study aims to summarize the current information on the mechanisms and effects of GLP-1R agonists in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Du
- Division of Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Meng
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Yao
- Division of Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Division of Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Xu,
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Cui QN, Stein LM, Fortin SM, Hayes MR. The role of glia in the physiology and pharmacology of GLP-1: Implications for obesity, diabetes, and neurodegenerative processes including glaucoma. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:715-726. [PMID: 34519040 PMCID: PMC8820182 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The medical application of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists is ever-growing in scope, highlighting the urgent need for a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms through which GLP-1R activation impacts physiology and behavior. A new wave of research aims to elucidate the role GLP-1R signaling in glia plays in regulating energy balance, glycemic control, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. Once controversial, existing evidence now suggests that subsets of glia (e.g., microglia, tanycytes, and astrocytes) and infiltrating macrophages express GLP-1R. In this review, we discuss the implications of these findings, with particular focus on the utility of both clinically available and novel GLP-1R agonists for treating metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases, enhancing cognition, and combating substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi N Cui
- Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Lauren M Stein
- Department of Psychiatry Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Samantha M Fortin
- Department of Psychiatry Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
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Guo M, Schwartz TD, Dunaief JL, Cui QN. Myeloid cells in retinal and brain degeneration. FEBS J 2021; 289:2337-2361. [PMID: 34478598 PMCID: PMC8891394 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Retinal inflammation underlies multiple prevalent ocular and neurological diseases. Similar inflammatory processes are observed in glaucomatous optic neuropathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, posterior uveitis, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. In particular, human and animal studies have demonstrated the important role microglia/macrophages play in initiating and maintaining a pro-inflammatory environment in degenerative processes impacting vision. On the other hand, microglia have also been shown to have a protective role in multiple central nervous system diseases. Identifying the mechanisms underlying cell dysfunction and death is the first step toward developing novel therapeutics for these diseases impacting the central nervous system. In addition to reviewing recent key studies defining important mediators of retinal inflammation, with an emphasis on translational studies that bridge this research from bench to bedside, we also highlight a promising therapeutic class of medications, the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Finally, we propose areas where additional research is necessary to identify mechanisms that can be modulated to shift the balance from a neurotoxic to a neuroprotective retinal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Turner D Schwartz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joshua L Dunaief
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qi N Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Keerie A, Brown-Wright H, Kirkland I, Grierson A, Alix JJP, Holscher C, Mead RJ. The GLP-1 receptor agonist, liraglutide, fails to slow disease progression in SOD1 G93A and TDP-43 Q331K transgenic mouse models of ALS. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17027. [PMID: 34426623 PMCID: PMC8382676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96418-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
GLP-1 receptor agonists used for the treatment of diabetes, have shown some neuroprotective effects in cellular and animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). There are currently few studies investigating GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of ALS, where these neuroprotective effects may be beneficial. Here we investigate the effects of liraglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, in two well characterised transgenic mouse models of ALS (SOD1G93A and TDP-43Q331K) to determine if liraglutide could be a potential treatment in ALS patients. Doses of liraglutide previously shown to have efficacy in AD and PD mouse models were used. Behavioural testing was carried out to ascertain the effect of liraglutide on disease progression. Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue was used to determine any neuroprotective effects on the CNS. We found that liraglutide dosed animals showed no significant differences in disease progression when compared to vehicle dosed animals in either the SOD1G93A or TDP-43Q331K mouse models of ALS. We also observed no changes in motor neuron counts or glial activation in lumbar spinal cords of liraglutide treated mice compared to vehicle dosed mice. Overall, we found no evidence to support clinical evaluation of liraglutide as a potential candidate for the treatment of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Keerie
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Heledd Brown-Wright
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Isaac Kirkland
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Andrew Grierson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - James J P Alix
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Christian Holscher
- Second Hospital, Neurology Department, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- Research and Experimental Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Richard J Mead
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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Inhibition of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) ameliorates cognitive performance and synaptic plasticity impairments in animal model of Alzheimer's diseases. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:1645-1656. [PMID: 33624157 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05798-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive brain disorder accompanied with synaptic failures and decline in cognitive and learning processes. Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is the major thrombin receptor in the brain that is implicated in synaptic plasticity and memory formation. In the current study, we hypothesized that inhibition of PAR1 would theoretically prevent amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation in the brain and then contribute to reduce risk of AD. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of PAR1 inhibition by using SCH (as an inhibitor of PAR1) on spatial learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in rat model of Alzheimer's disease. METHODS For the induction of Alzheimer's disease, amyloid beta (Aβ) 1-42 was injected in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. The rats were divided into four groups: group I (surgical sham); group II rat mode of Alzheimer's disease (AD); group III (SCH) (25 μg/kg) intraperitoneally (i.p.), and group IV (AD + SCH). After 14 days of protocol, the rats in group III received SCH and 30 min after injection behavioral and electrophysiological tests were performed. Learning and memory ability was assessed by Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests. Extracellular evoked field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSP) were recorded in the stratum radiatum of the CA1 area. RESULTS Our results showed that AD rats showed impairments in learning and memory, and long-term potentiation (LTP) was not induced in these rats. However, injection of SCH overcame the AD-induced impairment in LTP generation in the CA1 area of the hippocampus and improved learning and memory impairment.
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Alavi SE, Cabot PJ, Raza A, Moyle PM. Developing GLP-1 Conjugated Self-Assembling Nanofibers Using Copper-Catalyzed Alkyne-Azide Cycloaddition and Evaluation of Their Biological Activity. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:810-820. [PMID: 33843208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 GLP-1 is a gut-derived peptide secreted from pancreatic β-cells that reduces blood glucose levels and body weight; however, native GLP-1 (GLP-1(7-36)-NH2 and GLP-1(7-37)) have short in vivo circulation half-lives (∼2 min) due to proteolytic degradation and rapid renal clearance due to its low molecular weight (MW; 3297.7 Da). This study aimed to improve the proteolytic stability and delivery properties of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) through modifications that form nanostructures. For this purpose, N- (NtG) and C-terminal (CtG), and Lys26 side chain (K26G) alkyne-modified GLP-1 analogues were conjugated to an azide-modified lipidic peptide (L) to give N-L, C-L, and K-26-L, respectively; or CtG was conjugated with a fibrilizing self-assembling peptide (SAP) (AEAEAKAK)3 to yield C-S, using copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). N-L demonstrated the best serum stability (t1/2 > 48 h) compared to K-26-L (44 h), C-L (20 h), C-S (27 h), and the parental GLP-1(7-36;A8G)-NH2 (A8G) (19 h) peptides. Each conjugate demonstrated subnanomolar hGLP-1RA potency, and none demonstrated toxicity toward PC-3 cells at concentrations up to 1 μM. Each analogue was observed by transmission electron microscopy to form fibrils in solution. K-26-L demonstrated among the best human serum stability (t1/2 = 44 h) and similar hGLP-1RA potency (EC50 48 pM) to C-S. In conclusion, this study provided an alternative to lipid modification, i.e., fibrillizing peptides, that could improve pharmacokinetic parameters of GLP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ebrahim Alavi
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
| | - Peter J Cabot
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
| | - Aun Raza
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
| | - Peter M Moyle
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
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13
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Ballard C, Aarsland D, Cummings J, O'Brien J, Mills R, Molinuevo JL, Fladby T, Williams G, Doherty P, Corbett A, Sultana J. Drug repositioning and repurposing for Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2020; 16:661-673. [PMID: 32939050 PMCID: PMC8291993 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-0397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drug repositioning and repurposing can enhance traditional drug development efforts and could accelerate the identification of new treatments for individuals with Alzheimer disease (AD) dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Transcriptional profiling offers a new and highly efficient approach to the identification of novel candidates for repositioning and repurposing. In the future, novel AD transcriptional signatures from cells isolated at early stages of disease, or from human neurons or microglia that carry mutations that increase the risk of AD, might be used as probes to identify additional candidate drugs. Phase II trials assessing repurposed agents must consider the best target population for a specific candidate therapy as well as the mechanism of action of the treatment. In this Review, we highlight promising compounds to prioritize for clinical trials in individuals with AD, and discuss the value of Delphi consensus methodology and evidence-based reviews to inform this prioritization process. We also describe emerging work, focusing on the potential value of transcript signatures as a cost-effective approach to the identification of novel candidates for repositioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive Ballard
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- SESAM (Regional Center for Elderly Medicine and Interaction), University Hospital Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jeffrey Cummings
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - John O'Brien
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roger Mills
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Vincere Consulting, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Tormod Fladby
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gareth Williams
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Pat Doherty
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anne Corbett
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Janet Sultana
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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14
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Salameh TS, Rhea EM, Talbot K, Banks WA. Brain uptake pharmacokinetics of incretin receptor agonists showing promise as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease therapeutics. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114187. [PMID: 32755557 PMCID: PMC7606641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Among the more promising treatments proposed for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are those reducing brain insulin resistance. The antidiabetics in the class of incretin receptor agonists (IRAs) reduce symptoms and brain pathology in animal models of AD and PD, as well as glucose utilization in AD cases and clinical symptoms in PD cases after their systemic administration. At least 9 different IRAs are showing promise as AD and PD therapeutics, but we still lack quantitative data on their relative ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) reaching the brain parenchyma. We consequently compared brain uptake pharmacokinetics of intravenous 125I-labeled IRAs in adult CD-1 mice over the course of 60 min. We tested single IRAs (exendin-4, liraglutide, lixisenatide, and semaglutide), which bind receptors for one incretin (glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1]), and dual IRAs, which bind receptors for two incretins (GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide [GIP]), including unbranched, acylated, PEGylated, or C-terminally modified forms (Finan/Ma Peptides 17, 18, and 20 and Hölscher peptides DA3-CH and DA-JC4). The non-acylated and non-PEGylated IRAs (exendin-4, lixisenatide, Peptide 17, DA3-CH and DA-JC4) had significant rates of blood-to-brain influx (Ki), but the acylated IRAs (liraglutide, semaglutide, and Peptide 18) did not measurably cross the BBB. The brain influx of the non-acylated, non-PEGylated IRAs were not saturable up to 1 μg of these drugs and was most likely mediated by adsorptive transcytosis across brain endothelial cells, as observed for exendin-4. Of the non-acylated, non-PEGylated IRAs tested, exendin-4 and DA-JC4 were best able to cross the BBB based on their rate of brain influx, percentage reaching the brain that accumulated in brain parenchyma, and percentage of the systemic dose taken up per gram of brain tissue. Exendin-4 and DA-JC4 thus merit special attention as IRAs well-suited to enter the central nervous system (CNS), thus reaching areas pathologic in AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese S Salameh
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; University of Washington School of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98498, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Rhea
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; University of Washington School of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98498, USA
| | - Konrad Talbot
- Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurosurgery, Basic Sciences, and Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; University of Washington School of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98498, USA.
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15
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Alavi SE, Cabot PJ, Yap GY, Moyle PM. Optimized Methods for the Production and Bioconjugation of Site-Specific, Alkyne-Modified Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Analogs to Azide-Modified Delivery Platforms Using Copper-Catalyzed Alkyne–Azide Cycloaddition. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1820-1834. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ebrahim Alavi
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Peter John Cabot
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Gee Yi Yap
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Peter Michael Moyle
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
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16
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Fu Z, Gong L, Liu J, Wu J, Barrett EJ, Aylor KW, Liu Z. Brain Endothelial Cells Regulate Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Entry Into the Brain via a Receptor-Mediated Process. Front Physiol 2020; 11:555. [PMID: 32547420 PMCID: PMC7274078 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in addition to regulating glucose-dependent insulin and glucagon secretion exerts anorexic and neuroprotective effects. While brain-derived GLP-1 may participate in these central actions, evidence suggests that peripherally derived GLP-1 plays an important role and GLP-1 analogs are known to cross the blood brain barrier. To define the role of brain microvascular endothelial cells in GLP-1 entry into the brain, we infused labeled GLP-1 or exendin-4 into rats intravenously and examined their appearance and protein kinase A activities in various brain regions. We also studied the role of endothelial cell GLP-1 receptor and its signaling in endothelial cell uptake and transport of GLP-1. Systemically infused labeled GLP-1 or exendin-4 appeared rapidly in various brain regions and this was associated with increased protein kinase A activity in these brain regions. Pretreatment with GLP-1 receptor antagonist reduced labeled GLP-1 or exendin-4 enrichment in the brain. Sub-diaphragmatic vagus nerve resection did not alter GLP-1-mediated increases in protein kinase A activity in the brain. Rat brain microvascular endothelial cells rapidly took up labeled GLP-1 and this was blunted by either GLP-1 receptor antagonism or protein kinase A inhibition but enhanced through adenylyl cyclase activation. Using an artificially assembled blood brain barrier consisting of endothelial and astrocyte layers, we found that labeled GLP-1 time-dependently crossed the barrier and the presence of GLP-1 receptor antagonist blunted this transit. We conclude that GLP-1 crosses the blood brain barrier through active trans-endothelial transport which requires GLP-1 receptor binding and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Fu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Liying Gong
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Jing Wu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Eugene J Barrett
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Kevin W Aylor
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Zhenqi Liu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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17
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Daniele G, Campi B, Saba A, Codini S, Ciccarone A, Giusti L, Del Prato S, Esterline RL, Ferrannini E. Plasma N-Acetylaspartate Is Related to Age, Obesity, and Glucose Metabolism: Effects of Antidiabetic Treatment and Bariatric Surgery. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:216. [PMID: 32362872 PMCID: PMC7181885 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: N-acetylaspartate (NAA) is synthesized only by neurons and is involved in neuronal metabolism and axonal myelination. NAA is the strongest signal on brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and its concentration have been associated with cognitive dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases, obesity, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Materials and Methods: We explored the impact of obesity and T2D on circulating NAA as well as the impact of bariatric surgery and antidiabetic treatments. We developed an LC-MS method for the accurate measurements of fasting plasma NAA levels in 505 subjects (156 subjects with normal glucose tolerance, 24 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, and 325 patients with T2D) to examine the associations of NAA with obesity and dysglycemia. To validate cross-sectional findings, plasma NAA was measured 6 months after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) in 55 morbidly obese subjects, and after 1 year of antidiabetic treatment (with dapagliflozin, exenatide, or dapagliflozin plus exenatide) in 192 T2D patients. Results: In the whole population, NAA was associated with age (r = 0.31, p <0.0001) and BMI (r = -0.20, p <0.0001). Independently of age and BMI, NAA was reciprocally related to HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose (partial r = -0.13, both p = 0.01). Surgically-induced weight loss raised NAA (by 18 nmol/L on average, p <0.02). Glucose lowering treatment increased NAA in proportion to the drop in HbA1c (r = 0.31, p <0.0001) regardless of the agent used. Conclusions: Circulating NAA concentrations are modulated by age, obesity, and glycemic control. Whether they may mark for the corresponding metabolic effects on brain function remains to be established by joint measurements of spectroscopic signal and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Daniele
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Saba
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, St. Chiara University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Codini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Annamaria Ciccarone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Giusti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Del Prato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Ele Ferrannini
- C.N.R. Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Ele Ferrannini
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18
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Müller TD, Finan B, Bloom SR, D'Alessio D, Drucker DJ, Flatt PR, Fritsche A, Gribble F, Grill HJ, Habener JF, Holst JJ, Langhans W, Meier JJ, Nauck MA, Perez-Tilve D, Pocai A, Reimann F, Sandoval DA, Schwartz TW, Seeley RJ, Stemmer K, Tang-Christensen M, Woods SC, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Mol Metab 2019; 30:72-130. [PMID: 31767182 PMCID: PMC6812410 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 831] [Impact Index Per Article: 166.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a multifaceted hormone with broad pharmacological potential. Among the numerous metabolic effects of GLP-1 are the glucose-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion, decrease of gastric emptying, inhibition of food intake, increase of natriuresis and diuresis, and modulation of rodent β-cell proliferation. GLP-1 also has cardio- and neuroprotective effects, decreases inflammation and apoptosis, and has implications for learning and memory, reward behavior, and palatability. Biochemically modified for enhanced potency and sustained action, GLP-1 receptor agonists are successfully in clinical use for the treatment of type-2 diabetes, and several GLP-1-based pharmacotherapies are in clinical evaluation for the treatment of obesity. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we provide a detailed overview on the multifaceted nature of GLP-1 and its pharmacology and discuss its therapeutic implications on various diseases. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Since its discovery, GLP-1 has emerged as a pleiotropic hormone with a myriad of metabolic functions that go well beyond its classical identification as an incretin hormone. The numerous beneficial effects of GLP-1 render this hormone an interesting candidate for the development of pharmacotherapies to treat obesity, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - B Finan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S R Bloom
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D D'Alessio
- Division of Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - D J Drucker
- The Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X5, Canada
| | - P R Flatt
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy & Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - A Fritsche
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - F Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - H J Grill
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J F Habener
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - W Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - J J Meier
- Diabetes Division, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - M A Nauck
- Diabetes Center Bochum-Hattingen, St Josef Hospital (Ruhr-Universität Bochum), Bochum, Germany
| | - D Perez-Tilve
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati-College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - A Pocai
- Cardiovascular & ImmunoMetabolism, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - F Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - D A Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - T W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DL-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K Stemmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - M Tang-Christensen
- Obesity Research, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - S C Woods
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R D DiMarchi
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - M H Tschöp
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
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19
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Suarez AN, Noble EE, Kanoski SE. Regulation of Memory Function by Feeding-Relevant Biological Systems: Following the Breadcrumbs to the Hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:101. [PMID: 31057368 PMCID: PMC6482164 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus (HPC) controls fundamental learning and memory processes, including memory for visuospatial navigation (spatial memory) and flexible memory for facts and autobiographical events (declarative memory). Emerging evidence reveals that hippocampal-dependent memory function is regulated by various peripheral biological systems that are traditionally known for their roles in appetite and body weight regulation. Here, we argue that these effects are consistent with a framework that it is evolutionarily advantageous to encode and recall critical features surrounding feeding behavior, including the spatial location of a food source, social factors, post-absorptive processing, and other episodic elements of a meal. We review evidence that gut-to-brain communication from the vagus nerve and from feeding-relevant endocrine systems, including ghrelin, insulin, leptin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), promote hippocampal-dependent spatial and declarative memory via neurotrophic and neurogenic mechanisms. The collective literature reviewed herein supports a model in which various stages of feeding behavior and hippocampal-dependent memory function are closely linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Suarez
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Emily E Noble
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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20
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Erbil D, Eren CY, Demirel C, Küçüker MU, Solaroğlu I, Eser HY. GLP-1's role in neuroprotection: a systematic review. Brain Inj 2019; 33:734-819. [PMID: 30938196 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2019.1587000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a target for treatment of diabetes; however, its function in the brain is not well studied. In this systematic review, we aimed to analyze the neuroprotective role of GLP-1 and its defined mechanisms. Methods: We searched 'Web of Science' and 'Pubmed' to identify relevant studies using GLP-1 as the keyword. Two hundred and eighty-nine clinical and preclinical studies have been included. Data have been presented by grouping neurodegenerative, neurovascular and specific cell culture models. Results: Recent literature shows that GLP-1 and its agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors and combined GLP-1/GIP molecules are effective in partially or fully reversing the effects of neurotoxic compounds, neurovascular complications of diabetes, neuropathological changes related with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease or vascular occlusion. Possible mechanisms that provide neuroprotection are enhancing the viability of the neurons and restoring neurite outgrowth by increased neurotrophic factors, increasing subventricular zone progenitor cells, decreasing apoptosis, decreasing the level of pro-inflammatory factors, and strengthening blood-brain barrier. Conclusion: Based on the preclinical studies, GLP-1 modifying agents are promising targets for neuroprotection. On the other hand, the number of clinical studies that investigate GLP-1 as a treatment is low and further clinical trials are needed for a benchside to bedside translation of recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damla Erbil
- a School of Medicine , Koç University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Candan Yasemin Eren
- b Research Center for Translational Medicine , Koç University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Cağrı Demirel
- a School of Medicine , Koç University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | | | - Ihsan Solaroğlu
- a School of Medicine , Koç University , Istanbul , Turkey.,b Research Center for Translational Medicine , Koç University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Hale Yapıcı Eser
- a School of Medicine , Koç University , Istanbul , Turkey.,b Research Center for Translational Medicine , Koç University , Istanbul , Turkey
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21
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Maletínská L, Popelová A, Železná B, Bencze M, Kuneš J. The impact of anorexigenic peptides in experimental models of Alzheimer's disease pathology. J Endocrinol 2019; 240:R47-R72. [PMID: 30475219 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly population. Numerous epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated that patients who suffer from obesity or type 2 diabetes mellitus have a higher risk of cognitive dysfunction and AD. Several recent studies demonstrated that food intake-lowering (anorexigenic) peptides have the potential to improve metabolic disorders and that they may also potentially be useful in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, the neuroprotective effects of anorexigenic peptides of both peripheral and central origins are discussed. Moreover, the role of leptin as a key modulator of energy homeostasis is discussed in relation to its interaction with anorexigenic peptides and their analogs in AD-like pathology. Although there is no perfect experimental model of human AD pathology, animal studies have already proven that anorexigenic peptides exhibit neuroprotective properties. This phenomenon is extremely important for the potential development of new drugs in view of the aging of the human population and of the significantly increasing incidence of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Popelová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Železná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Bencze
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physiology AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kuneš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physiology AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
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22
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Mansur RB, Fries GR, Trevizol AP, Subramaniapillai M, Lovshin J, Lin K, Vinberg M, Ho RC, Brietzke E, McIntyre RS. The effect of body mass index on glucagon-like peptide receptor gene expression in the post mortem brain from individuals with mood and psychotic disorders. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:137-146. [PMID: 30409537 PMCID: PMC6368894 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in the putative role of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists as novel therapeutic agents for mental disorders. Herein, we investigated the expressions of GLP-1R and GLP-2R genes, and its relationship with body mass index (BMI), in the post-mortem brain tissue of patients with mood (MD) and psychotic disorders. Brain samples were localized to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) (n = 459) and hippocampus (n = 378). After adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, post-mortem interval (PMI) and BMI, we observed significant differences, between healthy controls and MD subjects, in GLP-1R and GLP-2R gene expression in the dlPFC (β = 1.504, p = 0.004; and β = 1.305, p = 0.011, respectively); whereas in the hippocampus, only GLP-1R expression was significantly associated with MD (β = -1.28, p = 0.029). No significant differences were found in relation to schizophrenia. In addition, we observed a moderating effect of MD diagnosis on the associations between BMI, GLP-1R and GLP-2R expression values in the dlPFC (β = -0.05, p = 0.003; and β = -0.04, p = 0.004, respectively). There was a similar moderating effect for GLP-1R in the hippocampus (β = 0.043, 95% CI 0.003; 0.08 p = 0.03), but in an opposite direction than observed in the dlPFC. This is the first evidence of abnormal gene expression of GLP-1R and GLP-2R in postmortem brain of individuals with MD, providing a rationale for further inquiry and proof of principle interventional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo B Mansur
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Gabriel R Fries
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Alisson P Trevizol
- Reference Center for Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drugs (CRATOD), São Paulo State Secretariat of Health, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mehala Subramaniapillai
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julie Lovshin
- Endocrinology & Metabolism Division, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Kangguang Lin
- Department of Affective Disorders, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and GMU-HKU Mood and Brain Sciences Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Maj Vinberg
- Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roger C Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Research Group in Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Departament of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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23
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Rowlands J, Heng J, Newsholme P, Carlessi R. Pleiotropic Effects of GLP-1 and Analogs on Cell Signaling, Metabolism, and Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:672. [PMID: 30532733 PMCID: PMC6266510 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The incretin hormone Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) is best known for its "incretin effect" in restoring glucose homeostasis in diabetics, however, it is now apparent that it has a broader range of physiological effects in the body. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that GLP-1 mimetics alleviate endoplasmic reticulum stress, regulate autophagy, promote metabolic reprogramming, stimulate anti-inflammatory signaling, alter gene expression, and influence neuroprotective pathways. A substantial body of evidence has accumulated with respect to how GLP-1 and its analogs act to restore and maintain normal cellular functions. These findings have prompted several clinical trials which have reported GLP-1 analogs improve cardiac function, restore lung function and reduce mortality in patients with obstructive lung disease, influence blood pressure and lipid storage, and even prevent synaptic loss and neurodegeneration. Mechanistically, GLP-1 elicits its effects via acute elevation in cAMP levels, and subsequent protein kinase(s) activation, pathways well-defined in pancreatic β-cells which stimulate insulin secretion in conjunction with elevated Ca2+ and ATP. More recently, new studies have shed light on additional downstream pathways stimulated by chronic GLP-1 exposure, findings which have direct relevance to our understanding of the potential therapeutic effects of longer lasting analogs recently developed for clinical use. In this review, we provide a comprehensive description of the diverse roles for GLP-1 across multiple tissues, describe downstream pathways stimulated by acute and chronic exposure, and discuss novel pleiotropic applications of GLP-1 mimetics in the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philip Newsholme
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Carlessi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
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24
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Zhao F, Li J, Wang R, Xu H, Ma K, Kong X, Sun Z, Niu X, Jiang J, Liu B, Li B, Duan F, Chen X. Exendin-4 promotes actin cytoskeleton rearrangement and protects cells from Nogo-A-Δ20 mediated spreading inhibition and growth cone collapse by down-regulating RhoA expression and activation via the PI3K pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:135-143. [PMID: 30396070 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Exendin-4 is a protein of the GLP-1 family currently used to treat diabetes. Recently, a greater number of biological properties have been associated with the GLP-1 family. Our data shows that exendin-4 treatment significantly increases the cytoskeleton rearrangement, which leads to an increasingly differentiated phenotype and reduced cell migration. We also found that exendin-4 could prevent SH-SY5Y and PC12 cells from Nogo-A-Δ20 mediated spreading inhibition and neurite collapse. Western blot analysis indicated that exendin-4 treatment both reduced the expression and activation of RhoA via the PI3K signaling pathway. These data suggest that exendin-4 may protect nerve regeneration by preventing the inhibition of Nogo-A via down-regulating RhoA expression and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of the Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force and Jinzhou Medical University Cooperative Training Center, Tianjin, 300162, China; Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, 121001, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neuroscience, Center for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of The Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, 300162, China
| | - Jianwei Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neuroscience, Center for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of The Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, 300162, China
| | - Renjie Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neuroscience, Center for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of The Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, 300162, China
| | - Huiyou Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neuroscience, Center for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of The Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, 300162, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neuroscience, Center for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of The Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, 300162, China
| | - Xianbin Kong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neuroscience, Center for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of The Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, 300162, China; Graduate school of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Zhonglei Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of the Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force and Jinzhou Medical University Cooperative Training Center, Tianjin, 300162, China; Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, 121001, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neuroscience, Center for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of The Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, 300162, China
| | - Xuegang Niu
- Affiliated Hospital of the Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force and Jinzhou Medical University Cooperative Training Center, Tianjin, 300162, China; Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, 121001, China; Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Tianjin, 300140, China
| | - Jipeng Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neuroscience, Center for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of The Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, 300162, China
| | - Baohu Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neuroscience, Center for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of The Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, 300162, China; Wang Jing Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Bo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neuroscience, Center for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of The Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, 300162, China
| | - Feng Duan
- College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Xuyi Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neuroscience, Center for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of The Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, 300162, China.
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25
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Mandal A, Prabhavalkar KS, Bhatt LK. Gastrointestinal hormones in regulation of memory. Peptides 2018; 102:16-25. [PMID: 29466709 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The connection between the gastrointestinal hormones and the brain has been established many years ago. This relation is termed the gut-brain axis (GBA). The GBA is a bidirectional communication which not only regulates gastrointestinal homeostasis but is also linked with higher emotional and cognitive functions. Hypothalamus plays a critical role in the regulation of energy metabolism, nutrient partitioning and control of feeding behaviors. Various gut hormones are released inside the gastrointestinal tract on food intake. These hormones act peripherally and influence the different responses of the tissues to the food intake, but do also have effects on the brain. The hypothalamus, in turn, integrates visceral function with limbic system structures such as hippocampus, amygdala, and cerebral cortex. The hippocampus has been known for its involvement in the cognitive function and the modulation of synaptic plasticity. This review aims to establish the role of various gut hormones in learning and memory, through the interaction of various receptors in the hippocampus. Understanding their role in memory can also aid in finding novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of the neurological disorders associated with memory dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Mandal
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Kedar S Prabhavalkar
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India.
| | - Lokesh K Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
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26
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Li T, Jiao JJ, Hölscher C, Wu MN, Zhang J, Tong JQ, Dong XF, Qu XS, Cao Y, Cai HY, Su Q, Qi JS. A novel GLP-1/GIP/Gcg triagonist reduces cognitive deficits and pathology in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Hippocampus 2018; 28:358-372. [PMID: 29473979 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an important risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) have been identified to be effective in T2DM treatment and neuroprotection. In this study, we further explored the effects of a novel unimolecular GLP-1/GIP/Gcg triagonist on the cognitive behavior and cerebral pathology in the 7-month-old triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD), and investigated its possible electrophysiological and molecular mechanisms. After chronic administration of the GLP-1/GIP/Gcg triagonist (10 nmol/kg bodyweight, once daily, i.p.) for 30 days, open field, Y maze and Morris water maze tests were performed, followed by in vivo electrophysiological recording, immunofluorescence and Western blotting experiments. We found that the chronic treatment with the triagonist could improve long-term spatial memory of 3xTg-AD mice in Morris water maze, as well as the working memory in Y maze task. The triagonist also alleviated the suppression of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 region of hippocampus. In addition, the triagonist significantly reduced hippocampal pathological damages, including amyloid-β (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau aggregates, and upregulated the expression levels of S133 p-CREB, T286 p-CAMKII and S9 p-GSK3β in the hippocampus of the 3xTg-AD mice. These results demonstrate for the first time that the novel GLP-1/GIP/Gcg triagonist is efficacious in ameliorating cognitive deficits and pathological damages of 3xTg-AD mice, suggesting that the triagonist might be potentially beneficial in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- Department of Neurobiology and National Key Discipline of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR China
| | - Juan-Juan Jiao
- Department of Neurobiology and National Key Discipline of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR China
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Division of Biomed and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mei-Na Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and National Key Discipline of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and National Key Discipline of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR China
| | - Jia-Qing Tong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Xue-Fan Dong
- Department of Neurobiology and National Key Discipline of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR China
| | - Xue-Song Qu
- Department of Neurobiology and National Key Discipline of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR China
| | - Yue Cao
- Department of Neurobiology and National Key Discipline of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR China
| | - Hong-Yan Cai
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, PR China
| | - Qiang Su
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, PR China
| | - Jin-Shun Qi
- Department of Neurobiology and National Key Discipline of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR China
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27
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Rebosio C, Balbi M, Passalacqua M, Ricciarelli R, Fedele E. Presynaptic GLP-1 receptors enhance the depolarization-evoked release of glutamate and GABA in the mouse cortex and hippocampus. Biofactors 2018; 44:148-157. [PMID: 29265673 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors (GLP-1Rs) have been shown to mediate cognitive-enhancing and neuroprotective effects in the central nervous system. However, little is known about their physiological roles on central neurotransmission, especially at the presynaptic level. Using purified synaptosomal preparations and immunofluorescence techniques, here we show for the first time that GLP-1Rs are localized on mouse cortical and hippocampal synaptic boutons, in particular on glutamatergic and GABAergic nerve terminals. Their activation by the selective agonist exendin-4 (1-100 nM) was able to increase the release of either [3 H]d-aspartate or [3 H]GABA. These effects were abolished by 10 nM of the selective GLP1-R antagonist exendin-3 (9-39) and were prevented by the selective adenylyl cyclase inhibitor 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine (10 µM), indicating the involvement of classic GLP-1Rs coupled to Gs protein stimulating cAMP synthesis. Our data demonstrate the existence and activity of presynaptic receptors for GLP-1 that could represent additional mechanisms by which this neurohormone exerts its effects in the CNS. © 2017 BioFactors, 44(2):148-157, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rebosio
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genova, Italy
| | - Matilde Balbi
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genova, Italy
| | - Mario Passalacqua
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry and Italian Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, University of Genova, Italy
| | - Roberta Ricciarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Genova, Italy
| | - Ernesto Fedele
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genova, Italy
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Genova, Italy
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28
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Salgado-Puga K, Rodríguez-Colorado J, Prado-Alcalá RA, Peña-Ortega F. Subclinical Doses of ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channel Modulators Prevent Alterations in Memory and Synaptic Plasticity Induced by Amyloid-β. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 57:205-226. [PMID: 28222502 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In addition to coupling cell metabolism and excitability, ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP) are involved in neural function and plasticity. Moreover, alterations in KATP activity and expression have been observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and during amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced pathology. Thus, we tested whether KATP modulators can influence Aβ-induced deleterious effects on memory, hippocampal network function, and plasticity. We found that treating animals with subclinical doses (those that did not change glycemia) of a KATP blocker (Tolbutamide) or a KATP opener (Diazoxide) differentially restrained Aβ-induced memory deficit, hippocampal network activity inhibition, and long-term synaptic plasticity unbalance (i.e., inhibition of LTP and promotion of LTD). We found that the protective effect of Tolbutamide against Aβ-induced memory deficit was strong and correlated with the reestablishment of synaptic plasticity balance, whereas Diazoxide treatment produced a mild protection against Aβ-induced memory deficit, which was not related to a complete reestablishment of synaptic plasticity balance. Interestingly, treatment with both KATP modulators renders the hippocampus resistant to Aβ-induced inhibition of hippocampal network activity. These findings indicate that KATP are involved in Aβ-induced pathology and they heighten the potential role of KATP modulation as a plausible therapeutic strategy against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Salgado-Puga
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, QRO, México
| | - Javier Rodríguez-Colorado
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, QRO, México
| | - Roberto A Prado-Alcalá
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, QRO, México
| | - Fernando Peña-Ortega
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, QRO, México
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29
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Mansur RB, Lee Y, Subramaniapillai M, Brietzke E, McIntyre RS. Cognitive dysfunction and metabolic comorbidities in mood disorders: A repurposing opportunity for glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists? Neuropharmacology 2018; 136:335-342. [PMID: 29481915 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder are highly prevalent and disabling conditions. Cognition is considered a core domain of their psychopathology and a principle mediator of psychosocial impairment, disproportionately accounting for overall illness-associated costs. There are few interventions with replicated evidence of efficacy in treating cognitive deficits in mood disorders. Evidence also indicates that cognitive deficits are associated with obesity and involve significant impairment across multiple domains. Conversely, weight-loss interventions, such as physical exercise and bariatric surgery, have been shown to beneficially affect cognitive function. This convergent phenomenology suggests that currently available agents that target metabolic systems may also be capable of mitigating deficits in cognitive functions, and are, therefore, candidates for repurposing. The incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone secreted by intestinal epithelial cells. GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R) are widely expressed in the central nervous system. Activation of GLP-1R leads to facilitation of glucose utilization and antiapoptotic effects in various organs. Pre-clinical trials have demonstrated significant neuroprotective effects of GLP-1, including protection from cell death, promotion of neuronal differentiation and proliferation; and facilitation of long-term potentiation. Liraglutide is a GLP-1R agonist that has been approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Convergent preclinical and clinical evidence, including a proof-of-concept pilot study from group, has suggested that liraglutide may improve objective measures of cognitive function in adults with mood disorders. The safety and availability of GLP-1R agonists indicate that they are promising candidates for repurposing, and that they may be viable therapeutic options for mood disorders. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabolic Impairment as Risk Factors for Neurodegenerative Disorders.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo B Mansur
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Yena Lee
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Mehala Subramaniapillai
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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30
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Ventorp F, Bay-Richter C, Nagendra AS, Janelidze S, Matsson VS, Lipton J, Nordström U, Westrin Å, Brundin P, Brundin L. Exendin-4 Treatment Improves LPS-Induced Depressive-Like Behavior Without Affecting Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2018; 7:263-273. [PMID: 28387682 PMCID: PMC5438473 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-171068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Exendin-4 is a peptide agonist of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor, currently in clinical trials as a potential disease-modifying therapy for Parkinson’s disease. In light of this, it is important to understand potential modes of action of exendin-4 in the brain. Exendin-4 is neuroprotective and has been proposed to be directly anti-inflammatory, and that this is one way it reduces neurodegeneration. However, prior studies have focused on animal models involving both neurodegeneration and inflammation, therefore, it is also possible that the observed decreased inflammation is secondary to reduced neurodegeneration. Objective: To investigate whether exendin-4 directly reduces inflammation in the brain following an insult that involves neuroinflammation but not neurodegeneration, namely systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods: Rats were administered LPS systemically and were treated with either 0.5 μg/kg exendin-4 or saline vehicle injections over 5 days. Behavior was evaluated with forced swim test. We assayed TNF-α and IL-1β levels in cerebrospinal fluid and cytokine mRNA expression in striatal, hippocampal and cortical tissues using qPCR. We determined brain monoamines using high-performance liquid chromatography. Finally, we isolated primary brain microglia from rats and measured cytokine production after exendin-4 treatment and LPS stimulation. Results: Exendin-4 treatment did not affect cytokine mRNA expression in brain, cytokine levels in cerebrospinal fluid or cytokine production from cultured microglia, although there was a trend towards increased striatal dopamine. Importantly, exendin-4 significantly prevented depressive-like behavior at 24 hours after LPS injection, indicating that the drug engaged a target in the brain. Depressive-like behavior was associated with altered dopamine turnover in the striatum. Conclusion: We did not detect any anti-inflammatory effects of exendin-4. In previous studies exploring the effects of exendin-4 on brain insults involving neurodegeneration, observations of reduced inflammation might have been secondary to mitigation of neuronal death. Our results indicate that the effects of exendin-4 on behavior may be due to effects on dopamine synthesis or metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Ventorp
- Division of Psychiatry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Analise Sauro Nagendra
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Jack Lipton
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Ulrika Nordström
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Åsa Westrin
- Division of Psychiatry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Lena Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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31
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Li Y, Li L, Hölscher C. Incretin-based therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus is promising for treating neurodegenerative diseases. Rev Neurosci 2018; 27:689-711. [PMID: 27276528 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Incretin hormones include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Due to their promising action on insulinotropic secretion and improving insulin resistance (IR), incretin-based therapies have become a new class of antidiabetic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recently, the links between neurodegenerative diseases and T2DM have been identified in a number of studies, which suggested that shared mechanisms, such as insulin dysregulation or IR, may underlie these conditions. Therefore, the effects of incretins in neurodegenerative diseases have been extensively investigated. Protease-resistant long-lasting GLP-1 mimetics such as lixisenatide, liraglutide, and exenatide not only have demonstrated promising effects for treating neurodegenerative diseases in preclinical studies but also have shown first positive results in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) patients in clinical trials. Furthermore, the effects of other related incretin-based therapies such as GIP agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors, oxyntomodulin (OXM), dual GLP-1/GIP, and triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor agonists on neurodegenerative diseases have been tested in preclinical studies. Incretin-based therapies are a promising approach for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Mansur RB, Zugman A, Ahmed J, Cha DS, Subramaniapillai M, Lee Y, Lovshin J, Lee JG, Lee JH, Drobinin V, Newport J, Brietzke E, Reininghaus EZ, Sim K, Vinberg M, Rasgon N, Hajek T, McIntyre RS. Treatment with a GLP-1R agonist over four weeks promotes weight loss-moderated changes in frontal-striatal brain structures in individuals with mood disorders. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 27:1153-1162. [PMID: 28867303 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.08.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits are a core feature across psychiatric disorders. Emerging evidence indicates that metabolic pathways are highly relevant for the substrates and phenomenology of the cognitive domain. Herein, we aimed to determine the effects of liraglutide, a GLP-1R agonist, on brain structural/volumetric parameters in adults with a mood disorder. This is the secondary analysis of a 4-week, pilot, proof-of-concept, open-label study. Participants (N=19) exhibiting impairments in executive function with either major depressive disorder (MDD) or bipolar disorder (BD) were recruited. Liraglutide 1.8mg/day was added as an adjunct to existing pharmacotherapy. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning was obtained at baseline and endpoint. Results showed that at endpoint there was significant weight loss (mean: 3.15%; p<0.001). Changes in frontal and striatal volumes were significantly correlated with changes in body mass index (BMI), indicating the weight loss was associated with volume increase in most regions (e.g. r=-0.561, p=0.042 in the left superior frontal area). After adjusting for intracranial volume, age, gender, and BMI, we observed significant changes from baseline to endpoint in multiple regions (e.g. RR: 1.011, p=0.049 in the left rostral middle frontal area). Changes in regional volumes were associated with improvement in executive function (e.g. r=0.698, p=0.003 for the right superior frontal area). Adjunctive liraglutide results in clinically significant weight loss, with corresponding improvement in cognitive function; changes in cognitive function were partially moderated by changes in brain morphometry, underscoring the interrelationship between weight and brain structure/function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo B Mansur
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, Canada; Research Group in Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Andre Zugman
- Interdiscipinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LINC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juhie Ahmed
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, Canada
| | - Danielle S Cha
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mehala Subramaniapillai
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yena Lee
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julie Lovshin
- Division of Endocrinology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jung G Lee
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, Canada; Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hon Lee
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Seoul Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jason Newport
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Research Group in Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Kang Sim
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| | - Maj Vinberg
- Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Natalie Rasgon
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United states
| | - Tomas Hajek
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, Canada
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Cai XS, Tan ZG, Li JJ, Gao WH, Li SJ, Li JL, Tang YM, Li HW, Hui HX. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Treatment Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment by Attenuating Arc Expression in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:4334-4342. [PMID: 28885995 PMCID: PMC5601394 DOI: 10.12659/msm.903252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has been reported to exert some beneficial effects on the central nervous system (CNS). However, the effect of GLP-1 on cognitive impairment associated with type 2 diabetes is not well known. This study investigated the effect of GLP-1 on ameliorating memory deficits in type 2 diabetic rats. Material/Methods Type 2 diabetic rats were induced by a high-sugar, high-fat diet, followed by streptozotocin (STZ) injection and then tested in the Morris Water Maze (MWM) 1 week after the induction of diabetes. The mRNA expression of Arc, APP, BACE1, and PS1 were determined by real-time quantitative PCR, and the Arc protein was analyzed by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Results Type 2 diabetic rats exhibited a significant decline in learning and memory in the MWM tests, but GLP-1 treatment was able to protect this decline and significantly improved learning ability and memory. The mRNA expression assays showed that GLP-1 treatment markedly reduced Arc, APP, BACE1, and PS1 expressions, which were elevated in the diabetic rats. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry results also confirmed that Arc protein increased in the hippocampus of diabetic rats, but was reduced after GLP-1 treatment. Conclusions Our findings suggest that GLP-1 treatment improves learning and memory deficits in type 2 diabetic rats, and this effect is likely through the reduction of Arc expression in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Sheng Cai
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,International Center for Metabolic Diseases, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Dongguan SMU Metabolic Medicine R&D Inc., Dongguan, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Zhao-Guang Tan
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,International Center for Metabolic Diseases, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Dongguan SMU Metabolic Medicine R&D Inc., Dongguan, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Wei-Hong Gao
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,International Center for Metabolic Diseases, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Dongguan SMU Metabolic Medicine R&D Inc., Dongguan, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Shu-Ji Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Jin-Long Li
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Yong-Ming Tang
- UCLA Center for Excellence in Pancreatic Disease, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hong-Wei Li
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Hong-Xiang Hui
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,International Center for Metabolic Diseases, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Dongguan SMU Metabolic Medicine R&D Inc., Dongguan, Guangdong, China (mainland).,UCLA Center for Excellence in Pancreatic Disease, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Khan A, Corbett A, Ballard C. Emerging treatments for Alzheimer's disease for non-amyloid and non-tau targets. Expert Rev Neurother 2017; 17:683-695. [PMID: 28490260 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2017.1326818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The number of people with dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, is growing as a result of an ageing global population. Treatments available for AD only alleviate the symptoms of the disease, and are effective in some people with AD for a limited time. There is no disease-modifying treatment available, and despite research efforts, the underlying mechanisms of AD and optimal treatment targets have not been fully elucidated. Amyloid and tau are key pathological markers of AD with ongoing trials targeting both. However, there are also many trials at various stages of development that primarily target other markers and processes implicated in the disease, which are now being investigated. Areas covered: This review summarizes current treatment approaches for AD and explores both repositioned and novel therapies that target non amyloid and non tau mechanisms that are in the clinical trials pipeline. This includes treatments for cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms and potentially disease modifying therapies. The studies included in this review have been obtained from searches of PubMed and clinical trials databases. Expert commentary: There is a renewed energy in identifying better treatments for behavioural symptoms of AD using both novel drugs and repositioning existing drugs. Lack of success in clinical trials of drugs targeting amyloid and tau have led to a surge in targeting alternative mechanisms. Progress in the development of biomarkers will provide further tools for clinical trials of potential therapeutics for both symptomatic treatment and disease modification in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Khan
- a Institute for NanoBiotechnology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Anne Corbett
- b King's College London , Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases , London , UK
| | - Clive Ballard
- b King's College London , Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases , London , UK
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Alkadhi KA. Exercise as a Positive Modulator of Brain Function. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3112-3130. [PMID: 28466271 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Various forms of exercise have been shown to prevent, restore, or ameliorate a variety of brain disorders including dementias, Parkinson's disease, chronic stress, thyroid disorders, and sleep deprivation, some of which are discussed here. In this review, the effects on brain function of various forms of exercise and exercise mimetics in humans and animal experiments are compared and discussed. Possible mechanisms of the beneficial effects of exercise including the role of neurotrophic factors and others are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim A Alkadhi
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
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Zhang SX, Cai HY, Ma XW, Yuan L, Zhang J, Wang ZJ, Li YF, Qi JS. GLP-1 analogue CJC-1131 prevents amyloid β protein-induced impirments of spatial memory and synaptic plasticity in rats. Behav Brain Res 2017; 326:237-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zhang J, Wei SY, Yuan L, Kong LL, Zhang SX, Wang ZJ, Wu MN, Qi JS. Davunetide improves spatial learning and memory in Alzheimer's disease-associated rats. Physiol Behav 2017; 174:67-73. [PMID: 28257938 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Memory loss and cognition decline are the main clinical manifestations of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid β protein (Aβ) aggregated in the brain is one of the key pathological characteristics of AD and responsible for the deficits in learning and memory. It is reported that davunetide, an octapeptide derived from activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP), inhibited Aβ aggregation and Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. To further characterize the neuroprotective roles of davunetide and its possible mechanism, the present study investigated the effects of davunetide on Aβ1-42-induced impairments in spatial memory, synaptic plasticity and hippocampal AKT level. In Morris water maze (MWM) test, bilateral intrahippocampal injection of Aβ1-42 significantly increased escape latency and decreased target quadrant swimming time of rats, while three weeks of intranasal application of davunetide reversed the Aβ1-42-induced learning deficits and memory loss in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo field potentiation recording showed that Aβ1-42 suppressed long-term potentiation (LTP) of excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) in the hippocampal CA1 region of rats, while davunetide effectively blocked the suppression of LTP, without affecting paired-pulse facilitation (PPF). Western blotting experiments showed a significant decrease in the level of hippocampal p-AKT (Ser473), not total AKT, in Aβ1-42 only group, which was mostly antagonized by davunetide treatment. These findings demonstrate that davunetide, probably by enhancing PI3K/AKT pathway, plays an important positive role in attenuating Aβ1-42-induced impairments in spatial memory and synaptic plasticity, suggesting that davunetide could be an effective therapeutic candidate for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative disease such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Shu-Yu Wei
- Department of Severe Liver Disease, The 3ird People's Hospital of Taiyuan, Taiyuan 030012, PR China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Lin-Lin Kong
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Sheng-Xiao Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Zhao-Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Mei-Na Wu
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Jin-Shun Qi
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China.
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Mansur RB, Ahmed J, Cha DS, Woldeyohannes HO, Subramaniapillai M, Lovshin J, Lee JG, Lee JH, Brietzke E, Reininghaus EZ, Sim K, Vinberg M, Rasgon N, Hajek T, McIntyre RS. Liraglutide promotes improvements in objective measures of cognitive dysfunction in individuals with mood disorders: A pilot, open-label study. J Affect Disord 2017; 207:114-120. [PMID: 27721184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of treatments that are capable of reliably and robustly improving cognitive function in adults with mood disorders. Glucagon-like peptide-1 is synthesized centrally and its receptors are abundantly expressed in neural circuits subserving cognitive function. We aimed to determine the effects of liraglutide, a GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, on objective measures of cognition in adults with a depressive or bipolar disorder. METHODS In this 4-week, pilot, open-label, domain-based study (e.g. cognition), we recruited 19 individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) or bipolar disorder (BD) and an impairment in executive function, defined as a below-average performance in the Trail Making Test-B (TMTB). Liraglutide 1.8mg/day was added as an adjunct to existing pharmacotherapy. RESULTS Participants had significant increases from baseline to week 4 in the TMTB standard score (age and education corrected) (Cohen's d=0.64, p=0.009) and in a composite Z-score comprising multiple cognitive tests (i.e. Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Stroop test) (Cohen's d=0.77, p<0.001). Neither changes in mood rating scales nor metabolic parameters were associated with changes in cognitive performance (all p>0.05); however baseline insulin resistance (IR) and body mass index (BMI) moderated the changes in the composite Z-score (p=0.021 and p=0.046, respectively), indicating larger responses in individuals with higher IR and BMI at baseline. There was a significant increase in lipase (p<0.001), but individual values were above the upper limit of normality. LIMITATIONS Small sample size, open-label design, lack of a placebo group. CONCLUSIONS Liraglutide was safe and well tolerated by a sample of non-diabetic individuals with mood disorders and had beneficial effects on objective measures of cognitive function. Larger studies with controlled trial designs are necessary to confirm and expand the results described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo B Mansur
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Research Group in Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Juhie Ahmed
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Danielle S Cha
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hanna O Woldeyohannes
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mehala Subramaniapillai
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julie Lovshin
- Division of Endocrinology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jung G Lee
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hon Lee
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Seoul Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Research Group in Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Kang Sim
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| | - Maj Vinberg
- Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Natalie Rasgon
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Tomas Hajek
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Mango D, Weisz F, Nisticò R. Ginkgolic Acid Protects against Aβ-Induced Synaptic Dysfunction in the Hippocampus. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:401. [PMID: 27833555 PMCID: PMC5080287 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo leaf is the most used form of supplement for cognitive ailments. The standardized extract formulation EGb 761 is a dietary supplement with proven benefit in several neurological and psychiatric conditions including memory decline in Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and dementia. Ginkgolic acid (GA) is a component of this extract which shows pleiotropic effects including antitumoral and anti-HIV action; however, its effect on memory is still unknown. Here, we carried out an electrophysiological analysis to investigate the effects of GA on long term potentiation and synaptic transmission at CA1 hippocampal synapses. We also evaluated the potential rescuing effect of GA on the synaptic dysfunction following in vitro application of Aβ. Data obtained indicate that GA exerts neuroprotective effects against Aβ-induced impairment of neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Mango
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "Sapienza"Rome, Italy; European Brain Research Institute, Rita Levi-Montalcini FoundationRome, Italy
| | - Filippo Weisz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "Sapienza"Rome, Italy; European Brain Research Institute, Rita Levi-Montalcini FoundationRome, Italy
| | - Robert Nisticò
- European Brain Research Institute, Rita Levi-Montalcini FoundationRome, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor VergataRome, Italy
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Tramutola A, Arena A, Cini C, Butterfield DA, Barone E. Modulation of GLP-1 signaling as a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 17:59-75. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2017.1246183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Tramutola
- Department of Biochemical Sciences ‘A. Rossi-Fanelli’, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Arena
- Department of Biochemical Sciences ‘A. Rossi-Fanelli’, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Chiara Cini
- Department of Biochemical Sciences ‘A. Rossi-Fanelli’, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - D. Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Eugenio Barone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences ‘A. Rossi-Fanelli’, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
- Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Salud, Santiago, Chile
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Athauda D, Foltynie T. Insulin resistance and Parkinson's disease: A new target for disease modification? Prog Neurobiol 2016; 145-146:98-120. [PMID: 27713036 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that patients with Type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease and share similar dysregulated pathways suggesting common underlying pathological mechanisms. Historically insulin was thought solely to be a peripherally acting hormone responsible for glucose homeostasis and energy metabolism. However accumulating evidence indicates insulin can cross the blood-brain-barrier and influence a multitude of processes in the brain including regulating neuronal survival and growth, dopaminergic transmission, maintenance of synapses and pathways involved in cognition. In conjunction, there is growing evidence that a process analogous to peripheral insulin resistance occurs in the brains of Parkinson's disease patients, even in those without diabetes. This raises the possibility that defective insulin signalling pathways may contribute to the development of the pathological features of Parkinson's disease, and thereby suggests that the insulin signalling pathway may potentially be a novel target for disease modification. Given these growing links between PD and Type 2 diabetes it is perhaps not unsurprising that drugs used the treatment of T2DM are amongst the most promising treatments currently being prioritised for repositioning as possible novel treatments for PD and several clinical trials are under way. In this review, we will examine the underlying cellular links between insulin resistance and the pathogenesis of PD and then we will assess current and future pharmacological strategies being developed to restore neuronal insulin signalling as a potential strategy for slowing neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Athauda
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom.
| | - T Foltynie
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom.
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Wang X, Wang L, Jiang R, Xu Y, Zhao X, Li Y. Exendin-4 antagonizes Aβ1-42-induced attenuation of spatial learning and memory ability. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:2885-2892. [PMID: 27882091 PMCID: PMC5103720 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
β-amyloid protein (Aβ) accumulation in cerebral centers involved in cognition and memory is a pivotal pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The onset process of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has a number of similarities compared with AD. Thus, it is hypothesized that the pharmacological therapy employed for the treatment of T2DM may help to prevent and ameliorate the symptoms of AD. This study demonstrated that Exendin-4, which is a glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue which is used as a therapeutic drug for T2DM, markedly antagonized Aβ fragment-induced attenuation of spatial learning and memory ability, as indicated by a Morris water maze experiment. In addition, we investigated the potential underlying electrophysiological and molecular mechanisms. The results indicate that Exendin-4 rescued long-term potentiation from Aβ1-42-induced damage in the rat hippocampal CA1 region in vivo, and antagonized Aβ1-42-induced reduction of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and phosphorylated-cAMP response element-binding protein in rat hippocampal tissue using ELISA and western blot analysis, respectively. Thus, the results of the present study provide theoretical support for the application of Exendin-4 for improving AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Ruirui Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Yunyun Xu
- Department of Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Xueling Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
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Wang R, Zhang Y, Li J, Zhang C. Resveratrol ameliorates spatial learning memory impairment induced by Aβ 1-42 in rats. Neuroscience 2016; 344:39-47. [PMID: 27600946 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition is considered partially responsible for cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, resveratrol has been reported to play a potential role as a neuroprotective biofactor by modulating Aβ pathomechanisms, including through anti-neuronal apoptotic, anti-oxidative stress, and anti-neuroinflammatory effects. In addition, SIRT1 has been demonstrated to modulate learning and memory function by regulating the expression of cAMP response binding protein (CREB), which involves in modulating the expression of SIRT1. However, whether resveratrol can alleviate Aβ-induced cognitive dysfunction, whether SIRT1 expression and CREB phosphorylation in the hippocampus are affected by Aβ, and whether resveratrol influences these effects remain unknown. In the present study, we used a hippocampal injection model in rats to investigate the effects of resveratrol on Aβ1-42-induced impairment of spatial learning, memory and synaptic plasticity as well as on alterations of SIRT1 expression and CREB phosphorylation. We found that resveratrol significantly reversed the water maze behavioral impairment and the attenuation of long-term potentiation (LTP) in area CA1 that were induced by hippocampal injection of Aβ1-42. Interestingly, resveratrol also prevented the Aβ1-42-induced reductions in SIRT1 expression and CREB phosphorylation in rat hippocampus. In conclusion, in rats, resveratrol protects neurons against Aβ1-42-induced disruption of spatial learning, memory and hippocampal LTP. The mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects may involve rescue of SIRT1 expression and CREB phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- National Key Disciplines, Key Laboratory for Cellular Physiology of Ministry of Education, Department of Neurobiology, Shanxi Medical University, #56 Xin Jian South Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, PR China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Key Disciplines, Key Laboratory for Cellular Physiology of Ministry of Education, Department of Neurobiology, Shanxi Medical University, #56 Xin Jian South Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, PR China.
| | - Jianguo Li
- National Key Disciplines, Key Laboratory for Cellular Physiology of Ministry of Education, Department of Neurobiology, Shanxi Medical University, #56 Xin Jian South Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, PR China.
| | - Ce Zhang
- National Key Disciplines, Key Laboratory for Cellular Physiology of Ministry of Education, Department of Neurobiology, Shanxi Medical University, #56 Xin Jian South Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, PR China.
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Wang DD, Li J, Yu LP, Wu MN, Sun LN, Qi JS. Desipramine improves depression-like behavior and working memory by up-regulating p-CREB in Alzheimer’s disease associated mice. J Integr Neurosci 2016; 15:247-60. [DOI: 10.1142/s021963521650014x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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The glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP) receptor as a therapeutic target in Parkinson's disease: mechanisms of action. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:802-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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46
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Li L, Liu K, Zhao J, Holscher C, Li GL, Liu YZ. Neuroprotective role of (Val(8))GLP-1-Glu-PAL in an in vitro model of Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:326-31. [PMID: 27073388 PMCID: PMC4810999 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.177742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth factor glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is neuroprotective in several animal models of neurodegeneration. Here, we analyzed the neuroprotective effects of a novel protease-resistant GLP-1 analogue, (Val8)GLP-1-Glu-PAL, which has advantages over older analogues, such as improvement of hippocampal neurogenesis, glucose homeostasis, and insulin secretion. We established an in vitro model of Parkinson's disease using the mitochondrial stressor rotenone in primary cultured mouse neurons pretreated with (Val8)GLP-1-Glu-PAL. (Val8)GLP-1-Glu-PAL alone did not affect neuronal viability, but prevented the rotenone-induced reduction in cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, (Val8)GLP-1-Glu-PAL pretreatment prevented rotenone-induced proapoptotic changes manifesting as downregulation of procaspase-3 and Bcl-2 and upregulation of cleaved caspase-3. These results demonstrate that the novel agent (Val8)GLP-1-Glu-PAL shows promise as a drug treatment for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Christian Holscher
- Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China; Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Guang-Lai Li
- Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yue-Ze Liu
- Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
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Kanoski SE, Hayes MR, Skibicka KP. GLP-1 and weight loss: unraveling the diverse neural circuitry. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R885-95. [PMID: 27030669 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00520.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is currently one of the most promising biological systems for the development of effective obesity pharmacotherapies. Long-acting GLP-1 analogs potently reduce food intake and body weight, and recent discoveries reveal that peripheral administration of these drugs reduces food intake largely through humoral pathways involving direct action on brain GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R). Thus, it is of critical importance to understand the neural systems through which GLP-1 and long-acting GLP-1 analogs reduce food intake and body weight. In this review, we discuss several neural, physiological, cellular and molecular, as well as behavioral mechanisms through which peripheral and central GLP-1R signaling reduces feeding. Particular attention is devoted to discussion regarding the numerous neural substrates through which GLP-1 and GLP-1 analogs act to reduce food intake and body weight, including various hypothalamic nuclei (arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, periventricular hypothalamus, lateral hypothalamic area), hindbrain nuclei (parabrachial nucleus, medial nucleus tractus solitarius), hippocampus (ventral subregion; vHP), and nuclei embedded within the mesolimbic reward circuitry [ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc)]. In some of these nuclei [VTA, NAc, and vHP], GLP-1R activation reduces food intake and body weight without concomitant nausea responses, suggesting that targeting these specific pathways may be of particular interest for future obesity pharmacotherapy. The widely distributed neural systems through which GLP-1 and GLP-1 analogs act to reduce body weight highlight the complexity of the neural systems regulating energy balance, as well as the challenges for developing effective obesity pharmacotherapies that reduce feeding without producing parallel negative side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Kanoski
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California;
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania; and
| | - Karolina P Skibicka
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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48
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Gumuslu E, Mutlu O, Celikyurt IK, Ulak G, Akar F, Erden F, Ertan M. Exenatide enhances cognitive performance and upregulates neurotrophic factor gene expression levels in diabetic mice. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2016; 30:376-84. [PMID: 26935863 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Exenatide is a potent and selective agonist for the GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) receptor. Recent studies are focused on the effects of GLP-1 analogues on hippocampal neurogenesis, cognition, learning and memory functions. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of chronic exenatide treatment (0.1 μg/kg, s.c, twice daily for 2 weeks) on spatial memory functions by using the modified elevated plus maze (mEPM) test and emotional memory functions by using the passive avoidance (PA) test in streptozotocin/nicotinamide (STZ-NA)-induced diabetic mice. As the genes involved in neurite remodelling are among the primary targets of regulation, the effects of diabetes and chronic administration of exenatide on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein (CREB) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels in the hippocampus of mice were also determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). This study revealed that in the mEPM and PA tests, type-2 diabetes-induced mice exhibited significant impairment of learning and memory which were ameliorated by GLP-1 receptor agonist exenatide. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that CREB and BDNF gene expression levels were downregulated in diabetic mice, and these alterations were increased by exenatide treatment. Since, exenatide improves cognitive ability in STZ/NA-induced diabetic mice and activates molecular mechanisms of memory storage in response to a learning experience, it may be a candidate for alleviation of mood and cognitive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esen Gumuslu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, 41380, Turkey
| | - Oguz Mutlu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Psychopharmacology Lab., Medical Faculty, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, 41380, Turkey
| | - Ipek K Celikyurt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Psychopharmacology Lab., Medical Faculty, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, 41380, Turkey
| | - Guner Ulak
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Psychopharmacology Lab., Medical Faculty, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, 41380, Turkey
| | - Furuzan Akar
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Psychopharmacology Lab., Medical Faculty, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, 41380, Turkey
| | - Faruk Erden
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Psychopharmacology Lab., Medical Faculty, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, 41380, Turkey
| | - Merve Ertan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, 41380, Turkey
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Jia XT, Ye-Tian, Yuan-Li, Zhang GJ, Liu ZQ, Di ZL, Ying XP, Fang Y, Song EF, Qi JS, Pan YF. Exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, protects against amyloid-β peptide-induced impairment of spatial learning and memory in rats. Physiol Behav 2016; 159:72-9. [PMID: 26992957 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) share specific molecular mechanisms, and agents with proven efficacy in one may be useful against the other. The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist exendin-4 has similar properties to GLP-1 and is currently in clinical use for T2DM treatment. Thus, this study was designed to characterize the effects of exendin-4 on the impairment of learning and memory induced by amyloid protein (Aβ) and its probable molecular underlying mechanisms. The results showed that (1) intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of Aβ1-42 resulted in a significant decline of spatial learning and memory of rats in water maze tests; (2) pretreatment with exendin-4 effectively and dose-dependently protected against the Aβ1-42-induced impairment of spatial learning and memory; (3) exendin-4 treatment significantly decreased the expression of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 and increased the expression of Bcl2 in Aβ1-42-induced Alzheimer's rats. The vision and swimming speed of the rats among all groups in the visible platform tests did not show any difference. These findings indicate that systemic pretreatment with exendin-4 can effectively prevent the behavioral impairment induced by neurotoxic Aβ1-42, and the underlying protective mechanism of exendin-4 may be involved in the Bcl2, Bax and caspase-3 pathways. Thus, the application of exendin-4 or the activation of its signaling pathways may be a promising strategy to ameliorate the degenerative processes observed in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tao Jia
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, PR China
| | - Ye-Tian
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, PR China
| | - Yuan-Li
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Ge-Juan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, PR China
| | - Zhi-Qin Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, PR China
| | - Zheng-Li Di
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ping Ying
- Department of Pathology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, PR China
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Pathology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, PR China
| | - Er-Fei Song
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Jin-Shun Qi
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China.
| | - Yan-Fang Pan
- Department of Pathology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, PR China.
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50
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Groeneveld ON, Kappelle LJ, Biessels GJ. Potentials of incretin-based therapies in dementia and stroke in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Investig 2016; 7:5-16. [PMID: 26816596 PMCID: PMC4718099 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at risk for accelerated cognitive decline and dementia. Furthermore, their risk of stroke is increased and their outcome after stroke is worse than in those without diabetes. Incretin-based therapies are a class of antidiabetic agents that are of interest in relation to these cerebral complications of diabetes. Two classes of incretin-based therapies are currently available: the glucagon-like-peptide-1 agonists and the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 -inhibitors. Independent of their glucose-lowering effects, incretin-based therapies might also have direct or indirect beneficial effects on the brain. In the present review, we discuss the potential of incretin-based therapies in relation to dementia, in particular Alzheimer's disease, and stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes. Experimental studies on Alzheimer's disease have found beneficial effects of incretin-based therapies on cognition, synaptic plasticity and metabolism of amyloid-β and microtubule-associated protein tau. Preclinical studies on incretin-based therapies in stroke have shown an improved functional outcome, a reduction of infarct volume as well as neuroprotective and neurotrophic properties. Both with regard to the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, and with regard to prevention and treatment of stroke, randomized controlled trials in patients with or without diabetes are underway. In conclusion, experimental studies show promising results of incretin-based therapies at improving the outcome of Alzheimer's disease and stroke through glucose-independent pleiotropic effects on the brain. If these findings would indeed be confirmed in large clinical randomized controlled trials, this would have substantial impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onno N Groeneveld
- University Medical Center UtrechtBrain Center Rudolf MagnusDepartment of NeurologyUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - L Jaap Kappelle
- University Medical Center UtrechtBrain Center Rudolf MagnusDepartment of NeurologyUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Geert Jan Biessels
- University Medical Center UtrechtBrain Center Rudolf MagnusDepartment of NeurologyUtrechtthe Netherlands
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