1
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Rahmi U, Goenawan H, Sylviana N, Setiawan I, Putri ST, Andriyani S, Fitriana LA. Exercise induction at expression immediate early gene (c-Fos, ARC, EGR-1) in the hippocampus: a systematic review. Dement Neuropsychol 2024; 18:e20230015. [PMID: 38628561 PMCID: PMC11019719 DOI: 10.1590/1980-5764-dn-2023-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The immediate early gene exhibits activation markers in the nervous system consisting of ARC, EGR-1, and c-Fos and is related to synaptic plasticity, especially in the hippocampus. Immediate early gene expression is affected by physical exercise, which induces direct ARC, EGR-1, and c-Fos expression. Objective To assess the impact of exercise, we conducted a literature study to determine the expression levels of immediate early genes (ARC, c-Fos, and EGR-1). Methods The databases accessed for online literature included PubMed-Medline, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. The original English articles were selected using the following keywords in the title: (Exercise OR physical activity) AND (c-Fos) AND (Hippocampus), (Exercise OR physical activity) AND (ARC) AND (Hippocampus), (Exercise OR physical activity) AND (EGR-1 OR zif268) AND (Hippocampus). Results Physical exercise can affect the expression of EGR-1, c-Fos, and ARC in the hippocampus, an important part of the brain involved in learning and memory. High-intensity physical exercise can increase c-Fos expression, indicating neural activation. Furthermore, the expression of the ARC gene also increases due to physical exercise. ARC is a gene that plays a role in synaptic plasticity and regulation of learning and memory, changes in synaptic structure and increased synaptic connections, while EGR-1 also plays a role in synaptic plasticity, a genetic change that affects learning and memory. Overall, exercise or regular physical exercise can increase the expression of ARC, c-Fos, and EGR-1 in the hippocampus. This reflects the changes in neuroplasticity and synaptic plasticity that occur in response to physical activity. These changes can improve cognitive function, learning, and memory. Conclusion c-Fos, EGR-1, and ARC expression increases in hippocampal neurons after exercise, enhancing synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis associated with learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upik Rahmi
- Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Department of Nursing, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
- Universitas Padjadjaran, Department of Medicine, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Hanna Goenawan
- Universitas Padjadjaran, Department of Medicine, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Nova Sylviana
- Universitas Padjadjaran, Department of Medicine, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Iwan Setiawan
- Universitas Padjadjaran, Department of Medicine, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Suci Tuty Putri
- Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Department of Nursing, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Septian Andriyani
- Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Department of Nursing, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Lisna Anisa Fitriana
- Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Department of Nursing, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
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2
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Krzisch MA, Wu H, Yuan B, Whitfield TW, Liu XS, Fu D, Garrett-Engele CM, Khalil AS, Lungjangwa T, Shih J, Chang AN, Warren S, Cacace A, Andrykovich KR, Rietjens RGJ, Wallace O, Sur M, Jain B, Jaenisch R. Fragile X Syndrome Patient-Derived Neurons Developing in the Mouse Brain Show FMR1-Dependent Phenotypes. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 93:71-81. [PMID: 36372569 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is characterized by physical abnormalities, anxiety, intellectual disability, hyperactivity, autistic behaviors, and seizures. Abnormal neuronal development in FXS is poorly understood. Data on patients with FXS remain scarce, and FXS animal models have failed to yield successful therapies. In vitro models do not fully recapitulate the morphology and function of human neurons. METHODS To mimic human neuron development in vivo, we coinjected neural precursor cells derived from FXS patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells and neural precursor cells derived from corrected isogenic control induced pluripotent stem cells into the brain of neonatal immune-deprived mice. RESULTS The transplanted cells populated the brain and a proportion differentiated into neurons and glial cells. Immunofluorescence and single and bulk RNA sequencing analyses showed accelerated maturation of FXS neurons after an initial delay. Additionally, we found increased percentages of Arc- and Egr-1-positive FXS neurons and wider dendritic protrusions of mature FXS striatal medium spiny neurons. CONCLUSIONS This transplantation approach provides new insights into the alterations of neuronal development in FXS by facilitating physiological development of cells in a 3-dimensional context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine A Krzisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
| | - Hao Wu
- Full Circles Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Bingbing Yuan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Troy W Whitfield
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - X Shawn Liu
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Dongdong Fu
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Andrew S Khalil
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Tenzin Lungjangwa
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer Shih
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Stephen Warren
- Departments of Human Genetics, Biochemistry, and Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | | | | | - Mriganka Sur
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Bhav Jain
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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3
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Myrum C, Moreno-Castilla P, Rapp PR. 'Arc'-hitecture of normal cognitive aging. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 80:101678. [PMID: 35781092 PMCID: PMC9378697 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Arc is an effector immediate-early gene that is critical for forming long-term memories. Since its discovery 25 years ago, it has repeatedly surprised us with a number of intriguing properties, including the transport of its mRNA to recently-activated synapses, its master role in bidirectionally regulating synaptic strength, its evolutionary retroviral origins, its ability to mediate intercellular transfer between neurons via extracellular vesicles (EVs), and its exceptional regulation-both temporally and spatially. The current review discusses how Arc has been used as a tool to identify the neural networks involved in cognitive aging and how Arc itself may contribute to cognitive outcome in aging. In addition, we raise several outstanding questions, including whether Arc-containing EVs in peripheral blood might provide a noninvasive biomarker for memory-related synaptic failure in aging, and whether rectifying Arc dysregulation is likely to be an effective strategy for bending the arc of aging toward successful cognitive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Myrum
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Perla Moreno-Castilla
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Peter R Rapp
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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4
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A Long-Lasting PARP1-Activation Mediates Signal-Induced Gene Expression. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091576. [PMID: 35563882 PMCID: PMC9101275 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This overview presents recent evidence for a long-lasting PARP1 activation by a variety of signal transduction mechanisms, mediating signal-induced gene expression and chromatin remodeling. This mode of PARP1 activation has been reported in a variety of cell types, under physiological conditions. In this mechanism, PARP1 is not transiently activated by binding to DNA breaks. Moreover, damaged DNA interfered with this long-lasting PARP1 activation.
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5
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Micheli L, Creanza TM, Ceccarelli M, D'Andrea G, Giacovazzo G, Ancona N, Coccurello R, Scardigli R, Tirone F. Transcriptome Analysis in a Mouse Model of Premature Aging of Dentate Gyrus: Rescue of Alpha-Synuclein Deficit by Virus-Driven Expression or by Running Restores the Defective Neurogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:696684. [PMID: 34485283 PMCID: PMC8415876 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.696684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone are neurogenic niches where neural stem and progenitor cells replicate throughout life to generate new neurons. The Btg1 gene maintains the stem cells of the neurogenic niches in quiescence. The deletion of Btg1 leads to an early transient increase of stem/progenitor cells division, followed, however, by a decrease during adulthood of their proliferative capability, accompanied by apoptosis. Since a physiological decrease of neurogenesis occurs during aging, the Btg1 knockout mouse may represent a model of neural aging. We have previously observed that the defective neurogenesis of the Btg1 knockout model is rescued by the powerful neurogenic stimulus of physical exercise (running). To identify genes responsible for stem and progenitor cells maintenance, we sought here to find genes underlying this premature neural aging, and whose deregulated expression could be rescued by running. Through RNA sequencing we analyzed the transcriptomic profiles of the dentate gyrus isolated from Btg1 wild-type or Btg1 knockout adult (2-month-old) mice submitted to physical exercise or sedentary. In Btg1 knockout mice, 545 genes were deregulated, relative to wild-type, while 2081 genes were deregulated by running. We identified 42 genes whose expression was not only down-regulated in the dentate gyrus of Btg1 knockout, but was also counter-regulated to control levels by running in Btg1 knockout mice, vs. sedentary. Among these 42 counter-regulated genes, alpha-synuclein (Snca), Fos, Arc and Npas4 showed significantly greater differential regulation. These genes control neural proliferation, apoptosis, plasticity and memory and are involved in aging. In particular, Snca expression decreases during aging. We tested, therefore, whether an Snca-expressing lentivirus, by rescuing the defective Snca levels in the dentate gyrus of Btg1 knockout mice, could also reverse the aging phenotype, in particular the defective neurogenesis. We found that the exogenous expression of Snca reversed the Btg1 knockout-dependent decrease of stem cell proliferation as well as the increase of progenitor cell apoptosis. This indicates that Snca has a functional role in the process of neural aging observed in this model, and also suggests that Snca acts as a positive regulator of stem cell maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Micheli
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Maria Creanza
- Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Manuela Ceccarelli
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio D'Andrea
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Giacovazzo
- Preclinical Neuroscience, European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Ancona
- Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Coccurello
- Preclinical Neuroscience, European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Institute for Complex Systems, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Scardigli
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Felice Tirone
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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6
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Dunlap KD, Teles MC, Oliveira RF. Social stimuli increase activity of adult-born cells in the telencephalon of zebrafish, Danio rerio. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:271856. [PMID: 34223613 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fish have particularly high levels of adult neurogenesis, and this high neurogenic capacity may contribute to behavioural plasticity. While it is known that adult-born cells can differentiate into neurons and incorporate into neural circuits, it is unclear whether they are responsive to external stimuli and thereby capable of contributing to behavioural change. We tested whether cells born in the telencephalon of adult zebrafish are activated by social stimuli. We marked cell birth with BrdU and, 40 d later, exposed fish to brief (15 min) visual social stimuli and assayed cellular activity through immunolocalization of phospho-S6-ribosomal protein (pS6). BrdU+/pS6+ colabeled cells were found in six brain regions, and, in four regions (D, Dl, Dm and POA), the number of colabelled cells and fraction of BrdU+ cells that labeled pS6+ increased during social stimulation. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that adult-born neurons play a role in regulating social behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent D Dunlap
- Department of Biology, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
| | | | - Rui F Oliveira
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciências, Oeiras, Portugal.,ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Lisboa, Portugal.,Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Lisboa, Portugal
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7
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Nawarawong NN, Nickell CG, Hopkins DM, Pauly JR, Nixon K. Functional Activation of Newborn Neurons Following Alcohol-Induced Reactive Neurogenesis. Brain Sci 2021; 11:499. [PMID: 33921189 PMCID: PMC8071556 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11040499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstinence after alcohol dependence leads to structural and functional recovery in many regions of the brain, especially the hippocampus. Significant increases in neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation and subsequent "reactive neurogenesis" coincides with structural recovery in hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). However, whether these reactively born neurons are integrated appropriately into neural circuits remains unknown. Therefore, adult male rats were exposed to a binge model of alcohol dependence. On day 7 of abstinence, the peak of reactive NSC proliferation, rats were injected with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to label dividing cells. After six weeks, rats underwent Morris Water Maze (MWM) training then were sacrificed ninety minutes after the final training session. Using fluorescent immunohistochemistry for c-Fos (neuronal activation), BrdU, and Neuronal Nuclei (NeuN), we investigated whether neurons born during reactive neurogenesis were incorporated into a newly learned MWM neuronal ensemble. Prior alcohol exposure increased the number of BrdU+ cells and newborn neurons (BrdU+/NeuN+ cells) in the DG versus controls. However, prior ethanol exposure had no significant impact on MWM-induced c-Fos expression. Despite increased BrdU+ neurons, no difference in the number of activated newborn neurons (BrdU+/c-Fos+/NeuN+) was observed. These data suggest that neurons born during alcohol-induced reactive neurogenesis are functionally integrated into hippocampal circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chelsea G. Nickell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (C.G.N.); (D.M.H.); (J.R.P.)
| | - Deann M. Hopkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (C.G.N.); (D.M.H.); (J.R.P.)
| | - James R. Pauly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (C.G.N.); (D.M.H.); (J.R.P.)
| | - Kimberly Nixon
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (C.G.N.); (D.M.H.); (J.R.P.)
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8
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Karlsson L, González-Alvarado MN, Motalleb R, Wang Y, Wang Y, Börjesson M, Zhu C, Kuhn HG. Constitutive PGC-1α Overexpression in Skeletal Muscle Does Not Contribute to Exercise-Induced Neurogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:1465-1481. [PMID: 33200398 PMCID: PMC7932943 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise can improve age-dependent decline in cognition, which in rodent is partly mediated by restoration of an age-dependent decline in neurogenesis. Exercise-inducible myokines in the circulation present a link in muscle-brain crosstalk. The transcription factor PGC-1α regulates the release of such myokines with neurotrophic properties into the circulation. We study how chronic muscular overexpression of PGC-1α could contribute to exercise-induced effects on hippocampal neurogenesis and if this effect could be enhanced in a running wheel paradigm. We used 3- and 11-month-old transgenic mice with overexpression of PGC-1α under the control of muscle creatinine kinase promoter (MCK-PGC-1α), which have a constitutively developed endurance muscle phenotype. Wild-type and MCK-PGC-1α mice were single housed with free access to running wheels. Four weeks of running in female animals increased the levels of newborn cells, immature neurons, and, for young animals, new mature neurons, compared to sedentary controls. However, no difference in these parameters was observed between wild-type and transgenic mice under sedentary or running conditions. Multiplex analysis of serum cytokines, chemokines, and myokines suggested several differences in serum protein concentrations between genotypes with musclin found to be significantly upregulated 4-fold in male MCK-PGC-1α animals. We conclude that constitutive muscular overexpression of PGC-1α, despite systemic changes and difference in serum composition, does not translate into exercise-induced effects on hippocampal neurogenesis, independent of the age of the animal. This suggests that chronic activation of PGC-1α in skeletal muscle is by itself not sufficient to mimic exercise-induced effects or to prevent decline of neurogenesis in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Karlsson
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region of Western Sweden, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - María Nazareth González-Alvarado
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Reza Motalleb
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yafeng Wang
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mats Börjesson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy and Center for Health and Performance, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, Region of Western Sweden, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hans-Georg Kuhn
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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9
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Huckleberry KA, Shansky RM. The unique plasticity of hippocampal adult-born neurons: Contributing to a heterogeneous dentate. Hippocampus 2021; 31:543-556. [PMID: 33638581 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus is evolutionarily conserved as one of the few sites of adult neurogenesis in mammals. Although there is clear evidence that neurogenesis is necessary for healthy hippocampal function, whether adult-born neurons are simply integrated into existing hippocampal networks to serve a similar purpose to that of developmentally born neurons or whether they represent a discrete cell population with unique functions remains less clear. In this review, we consider evidence for discrete cellular, synaptic, and structural features of adult-born DG neurons, suggesting that neurogenesis contributes to the formation of a heterogeneous DG. We therefore propose that hippocampal neurogenesis creates a specialized neuronal subpopulation that may play a key role in hippocampal functions like episodic memory. We note critical gaps in this extensive body of work, including a general failure to include female animals in relevant research and a need for more precise consideration of intrahippocampal neuroanatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie A Huckleberry
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca M Shansky
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Gardner JC, Dvoretskiy SV, Yang Y, Venkataraman S, Lange DA, Li S, Boppart AL, Kim N, Rendeiro C, Boppart MD, Rhodes JS. Electrically stimulated hind limb muscle contractions increase adult hippocampal astrogliogenesis but not neurogenesis or behavioral performance in male C57BL/6J mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19319. [PMID: 33168868 PMCID: PMC7652861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76356-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise is crucial for maintaining cognitive health throughout life. Recent evidence suggests muscle contractions during exercise release factors into the blood which cross into the brain and stimulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis. However, no study has tested whether muscle contractions alone are sufficient to increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis and improve behavioral performance. Adult male, C57BL/6J mice were anesthetized and exposed to bilateral hind limb muscle contractions (both concentric and eccentric) via electrical stimulation (e-stim) of the sciatic nerve twice a week for 8 weeks. Each session lasted approximately 20 min and consisted of a total of 40 muscle contractions. The control group was treated similarly except without e-stim (sham). Acute neuronal activation of the dentate gyrus (DG) using cFos immunohistochemistry was measured as a negative control to confirm that the muscle contractions did not activate the hippocampus, and in agreement, no DG activation was observed. Relative to sham, e-stim training increased DG volume by approximately 10% and astrogliogenesis by 75%, but no difference in neurogenesis was detected and no improvement in behavioral performance was observed. E-stim also increased astrogliogenesis in CA1/CA2 hippocampal subfields but not in the cortex. Results demonstrate that muscle contractions alone, in absence of DG activation, are sufficient to increase adult hippocampal astrogliogenesis, but not neurogenesis or behavioral performance in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie C Gardner
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Svyatoslav V Dvoretskiy
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, USA.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yanyu Yang
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Sanjana Venkataraman
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Dominica A Lange
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Shiping Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Alexandria L Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Noah Kim
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, USA.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Catarina Rendeiro
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Marni D Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, USA.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Justin S Rhodes
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA. .,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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11
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Li JY, Kuo TBJ, Hung CT, Yang CCH. Voluntary exercise enhances hippocampal theta rhythm and cognition in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2020; 399:112916. [PMID: 32949643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regular exercise promotes learning and memory functions. Theta activity is known to relate to various cognitive functions. An increase in theta power may be related to higher cognitive functioning and learning functions. However, evidence is lacking to directly confirm that exercise training can increase the theta activity and promote various cognitive functions simultaneously. We hypothesize that long-term voluntary exercise increases the activity of hippocampal theta rhythm and enhances memory behavior. We used the voluntary wheel running model and a training period of 8 weeks. We started the training when the rats were 12 weeks old. Before and after intervention, we performed a 24 -h electrophysiological recording and 8-arm radial maze test to analyze the hippocampal theta rhythm in awake stage, and spatial memory functions. We discovered that middle to high range frequency (6.5-12 Hz) of theta power was increased after exercise intervention. In addition, the working memory error of 8-arm radial maze test in the exercise group decreased significantly after the 8 weeks of treatment, and these reductions were negatively correlated with hippocampal theta activity. Our results demonstrate that 8-weeks voluntary exercise increases both hippocampal theta amplitude and spatial memory in the rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Li
- Department of Health and Leisure Management, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Sleep Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Terry B J Kuo
- Sleep Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Tsen Hung
- Department of Health and Leisure Management, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Cheryl C H Yang
- Sleep Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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12
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Andoh M, Shibata K, Okamoto K, Onodera J, Morishita K, Miura Y, Ikegaya Y, Koyama R. Exercise Reverses Behavioral and Synaptic Abnormalities after Maternal Inflammation. Cell Rep 2020; 27:2817-2825.e5. [PMID: 31167129 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal behaviors in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders are generally believed to be irreversible. Here, we show that voluntary wheel running ameliorates the abnormalities in sociability, repetitiveness, and anxiety observed in a mouse model of a neurodevelopmental disorder induced by maternal immune activation (MIA). Exercise activates a portion of dentate granule cells, normalizing the density of hippocampal CA3 synapses, which is excessive in the MIA-affected offspring. The synaptic surplus in the MIA offspring is induced by deficits in synapse engulfment by microglia, which is normalized by exercise through microglial activation. Finally, chemogenetically induced activation of granule cells promotes the engulfment of CA3 synapses. Thus, our study proposes a role of voluntary exercise in the modulation of behavioral and synaptic abnormalities in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Andoh
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuki Shibata
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuki Okamoto
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Junya Onodera
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kohei Morishita
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuki Miura
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Center for Information and Neural Networks, 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryuta Koyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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13
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Kim MS, Bang J, Jeon WK. The Involvement of Canonical Wnt Signaling in Memory Impairment Induced by Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion in Mice. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 11:734-746. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00748-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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14
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Tsai SF, Liu YW, Kuo YM. Acute and long-term treadmill running differentially induce c-Fos expression in region- and time-dependent manners in mouse brain. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:2677-2689. [PMID: 31352506 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01926-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute and long-term exercise differentially affect brain functions. It has been suggested that neuronal activation is one of the mechanisms for exercise-induced enhancement of brain functions. However, the differential effects of acute and long-term exercise on the spatial and temporal profiles of neuronal activation in the brain have been scarcely explored. In this study, we profiled the expression of c-Fos, a marker of neuronal activation, in selected 26 brain regions of 2-month-old male C57/B6 mice that received either a single bout of treadmill running (acute exercise) or a 4-week treadmill training (long-term exercise) at the same duration (1 h/day) and intensity (10 m/min). The c-Fos expression was determined before, immediately after, and 2 h after the run. The results showed that acute exercise increased the densities of c-Fos+ cells in the ventral hippocampal CA1 region, followed by (in a high to low order) the primary somatosensory cortex, other hippocampal subregions, and striatum immediately after the run; significant changes remained evident in the hippocampal subregions after a 2-h rest. Long-term exercise increased the densities of c-Fos+ cells in the striatum, followed by the primary somatosensory, primary and secondary motor cortices, hippocampal subregions, hypothalamic nuclei, and lateral periaqueductal gray; significant changes remained evident in the striatum, hippocampal subregions, hypothalamic nuclei, and lateral periaqueductal gray after a 2-h rest. Interestingly, the densities of c-Fos+ cells in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area only increased after a 2-h rest after the run in the long-term exercise group. The densities of c-Fos+ cells were positively correlated with the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the selected brain regions. In conclusion, both acute and long-term treadmill running at mild intensity induce c-Fos expression in the limbic system and movement-associated cortical and subcortical regions, with long-term exercise involving more brain regions (i.e., hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray) and longer lasting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Feng Tsai
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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15
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Microglia as possible therapeutic targets for autism spectrum disorders. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 167:223-245. [PMID: 31601405 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malfunctions of the nervous and immune systems are now recognized to be fundamental causes of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Studies have suggested that the brain's resident immune cells, microglia are possible key players in ASDs. Specifically, deficits in synaptic pruning by microglia may underlie the pathogenesis of ASDs, in which excess synapses are occasionally reported. This idea has driven researchers to investigate causal links between microglial dysfunction and ASDs. In this review, we first introduce the characteristics of microglia in ASD brains and discuss their possible roles in the pathogenesis of ASDs. We also refer to immunomodulatory agents that could be potentially used as symptomatic therapies for ASDs in light of their ability to modify microglial functions. Finally, we will mention a possible strategy to radically cure some of the symptoms reported in ASDs through reorganizing neural circuits via microglia-dependent synaptic pruning.
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16
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Kalinina A, Maletta T, Carr J, Lehmann H, Fournier NM. Spatial exploration induced expression of immediate early genes Fos and Zif268 in adult-born neurons Is reduced after pentylenetetrazole kindling. Brain Res Bull 2019; 152:74-84. [PMID: 31279580 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Seizure activity stimulates adult neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons, in the hippocampus. Many new neurons that develop in the presence of repeatedly induced seizures acquire abnormal morphological and functional characteristics that can promote network hyperexcitability and hippocampal dysfunction. However, the impact of seizure induced neurogenesis on behaviour remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated whether adult-born neurons generated immediately before and during chronic seizures were capable of integration into behaviorally relevant hippocampal networks. Adult rats underwent pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) kindling for either 1 or 2 weeks. Proliferating cells were labelled with BrdU immediately before kindling commenced. Twenty-four hours after receiving their last kindling treatment, rats were placed in a novel environment and allowed to freely explore for 30 min. The rats were euthanized 90 min later to examine for behaviourally-induced immediate early gene expression (c-fos, Zif268). Using this approach, we found that PTZ kindled rats did not differ from control rats in regards to exploratory behaviour, but there was a marked attenuation in behaviour-induced expression of Fos and Zif268 for rats that received 2 weeks of PTZ kindling. Further examination revealed that PTZ kindled rats showed reduced colocalization of Fos and Zif268 in 2.5 week old BrdU + cells. The proportion of immature granule cells (doublecortin-positive) expressing behaviorally induced Zif268 was also significantly lower for PTZ kindled rats than control rats. These results suggest that chronic seizures can potentially disrupt the ability of adult-born cells to functionally integrate into hippocampal circuits important for the processing of spatial information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Kalinina
- Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Teresa Maletta
- Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Joshua Carr
- Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Hugo Lehmann
- Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Neil M Fournier
- Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada.
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17
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Liu Y, Yan T, Chu JMT, Chen Y, Dunnett S, Ho YS, Wong GTC, Chang RCC. The beneficial effects of physical exercise in the brain and related pathophysiological mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases. J Transl Med 2019; 99:943-957. [PMID: 30808929 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0232-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence has shown the beneficial influence of exercise on humans. Apart from classic cardioprotection, numerous studies have demonstrated that different exercise regimes provide a substantial improvement in various brain functions. Although the underlying mechanism is yet to be determined, emerging evidence for neuroprotection has been established in both humans and experimental animals, with most of the valuable findings in the field of mental health, neurodegenerative diseases, and acquired brain injuries. This review will discuss the recent findings of how exercise could ameliorate brain function in neuropathological states, demonstrated by either clinical or laboratory animal studies. Simultaneously, state-of-the-art molecular mechanisms underlying the exercise-induced neuroprotective effects and comparison between different types of exercise will be discussed in detail. A majority of reports show that physical exercise is associated with enhanced cognition throughout different populations and remains as a fascinating area in scientific research because of its universal protective effects in different brain domain functions. This article is to review what we know about how physical exercise modulates the pathophysiological mechanisms of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR.,Department of Anaesthesiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Tim Yan
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - John Man-Tak Chu
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR.,Department of Anaesthesiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR.,Department of Anaesthesiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Sophie Dunnett
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yuen-Shan Ho
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Gordon Tin-Chun Wong
- Department of Anaesthesiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR.
| | - Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR. .,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR.
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18
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Kalozoumi G, Kel-Margoulis O, Vafiadaki E, Greenberg D, Bernard H, Soreq H, Depaulis A, Sanoudou D. Glial responses during epileptogenesis in Mus musculus point to potential therapeutic targets. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201742. [PMID: 30114263 PMCID: PMC6095496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mesio-Temporal Lobe Epilepsy syndrome is the most common form of intractable epilepsy. It is characterized by recurrence of focal seizures and is often associated with hippocampal sclerosis and drug resistance. We aimed to characterize the molecular changes occurring during the initial stages of epileptogenesis in search of new therapeutic targets for Mesio-Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. We used a mouse model obtained by intra-hippocampal microinjection of kainate and performed hippocampal whole genome expression analysis at 6h, 12h and 24h post-injection, followed by multilevel bioinformatics analysis. We report significant changes in immune and inflammatory responses, neuronal network reorganization processes and glial functions, predominantly initiated during status epilepticus at 12h and persistent after the end of status epilepticus at 24h post-kainate. Upstream regulator analysis highlighted Cyba, Cybb and Vim as central regulators of multiple overexpressed genes implicated in glial responses at 24h. In silico microRNA analysis indicated that miR-9, miR-19b, miR-129, and miR-223 may regulate the expression of glial-associated genes at 24h. Our data support the hypothesis that glial-mediated inflammatory response holds a key role during epileptogenesis, and that microglial cells may participate in the initial process of epileptogenesis through increased ROS production via the NOX complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Kalozoumi
- Clinical Genomics and Pharmacogenomics Unit, 4 Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Elizabeth Vafiadaki
- Molecular Biology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - David Greenberg
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Hermona Soreq
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Antoine Depaulis
- INSERM, Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
- CHU de Grenoble, Hôpital Michallon, Grenoble, France
| | - Despina Sanoudou
- Clinical Genomics and Pharmacogenomics Unit, 4 Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Molecular Biology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
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19
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Fernandes J, Vieira AS, Kramer-Soares JC, Da Silva EA, Lee KS, Lopes-Cendes I, Arida RM. Hippocampal microRNA-mRNA regulatory network is affected by physical exercise. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1711-1720. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Rendeiro C, Rhodes JS. A new perspective of the hippocampus in the origin of exercise-brain interactions. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:2527-2545. [PMID: 29671055 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1665-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exercising regularly is a highly effective strategy for maintaining cognitive health throughout the lifespan. Over the last 20 years, many molecular, physiological and structural changes have been documented in response to aerobic exercise training in humans and animals, particularly in the hippocampus. However, how exercise produces such neurological changes remains elusive. A recent line of investigation has suggested that muscle-derived circulating factors cross into the brain and may be the key agents driving enhancement in synaptic plasticity and hippocampal neurogenesis from aerobic exercise. Alternatively, or concurrently, the signals might originate from within the brain itself. Physical activity also produces instantaneous and robust neuronal activation of the hippocampal formation and the generation of theta oscillations which are closely correlated with the force of movements. The repeated acute activation of the hippocampus during physical movement is likely critical for inducing the long-term neuroadaptations from exercise. Here we review the evidence which establishes the association between physical movement and hippocampal neuronal activation and discuss implications for long-term benefits of physical activity on brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Rendeiro
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Justin S Rhodes
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA.
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21
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Somatic Arc protein expression in hippocampal granule cells is increased in response to environmental change but independent of task-specific learning. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12477. [PMID: 28963515 PMCID: PMC5622137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated neurons express immediate-early genes, such as Arc. Expression of Arc in the hippocampal granule cell layer, an area crucial for spatial learning and memory, is increased during acquisition of spatial learning; however, it is unclear whether this effect is related to the task-specific learning process or to nonspecific aspects of the testing procedure (e.g. exposure to the testing apparatus and exploration of the environment). Herein, we show that Arc-positive cells numbers are increased to the same extent in the granule cell layer after both acquisition of a single spatial learning event in the active place avoidance task and exploration of the testing environment, as compared to naïve (i.e. caged) mice. Repeated exposure the testing apparatus and environment did not reduce Arc expression. Furthermore, Arc expression did not correlate with performance in both adult and aged animals, suggesting that exploration of the testing environment, rather than the specific acquisition of the active place avoidance task, induces Arc expression in the dentate granule cell layer. These findings thus suggest that Arc is an experience-induced immediate-early gene.
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22
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Rendeiro C, Sheriff A, Bhattacharya TK, Gogola JV, Baxter JH, Chen H, Helferich WG, Roy EJ, Rhodes JS. Long-lasting impairments in adult neurogenesis, spatial learning and memory from a standard chemotherapy regimen used to treat breast cancer. Behav Brain Res 2016; 315:10-22. [PMID: 27478140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The negative impact of chemotherapy on cognitive function in cancer patients has gained increasing attention in the last decade. Whilst the short-term acute effects on cognition are expected following chemotherapy, the persistence of such impairments in the long-term is still in question. This is despite clinical evidence indicating cognitive difficulties may persist well beyond treatment and affect quality of life. In the present study, we assessed the long-term (3 months) cognitive impact of chemotherapy in a mouse model intended to mimic the human female post-menopausal population receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer. Ovariectomized, female, C57BL/6J mice received two doses of Doxorubicin, Cyclophosphamide, and 5-Fluorouracil or saline vehicle (control), separated by one week. During this interval, mice received BrdU injections to label dividing cells. Results indicate a persistent impairment in learning and recall (1h, 24h and 48h) on the Morris water maze, reduced survival and differentiation of new neurons (BrdU+/NeuN+), and a persistent decline in proliferation of new cells (Ki67(+)) in the dentate gyrus. Locomotor activity, motor performance, and anxiety-like behavior were unaffected. We further evaluated the efficacy of a diet enriched in omega-3-fatty acids (DHA+EPA+DPA), in reversing long-term chemotherapy deficits but no rescue was observed. The model described produces long-term cognitive and cellular impairments from chemotherapy that mimic those observed in humans. It could be useful for identifying mechanisms of action and to test further the ability of lifestyle interventions (e.g., diet) for ameliorating chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Rendeiro
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States.
| | - Andrew Sheriff
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Tushar K Bhattacharya
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Joseph V Gogola
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | | | - Hong Chen
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - William G Helferich
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Edward J Roy
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Justin S Rhodes
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States.
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23
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A PARP1-ERK2 synergism is required for the induction of LTP. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24950. [PMID: 27121568 PMCID: PMC4848477 DOI: 10.1038/srep24950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unexpectedly, a post-translational modification of DNA-binding proteins, initiating the cell response to single-strand DNA damage, was also required for long-term memory acquisition in a variety of learning paradigms. Our findings disclose a molecular mechanism based on PARP1-Erk synergism, which may underlie this phenomenon. A stimulation induced PARP1 binding to phosphorylated Erk2 in the chromatin of cerebral neurons caused Erk-induced PARP1 activation, rendering transcription factors and promoters of immediate early genes (IEG) accessible to PARP1-bound phosphorylated Erk2. Thus, Erk-induced PARP1 activation mediated IEG expression implicated in long-term memory. PARP1 inhibition, silencing, or genetic deletion abrogated stimulation-induced Erk-recruitment to IEG promoters, gene expression and LTP generation in hippocampal CA3-CA1-connections. Moreover, a predominant binding of PARP1 to single-strand DNA breaks, occluding its Erk binding sites, suppressed IEG expression and prevented the generation of LTP. These findings outline a PARP1-dependent mechanism required for LTP generation, which may be implicated in long-term memory acquisition and in its deterioration in senescence.
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24
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Tsai SF, Chen PC, Calkins MJ, Wu SY, Kuo YM. Exercise Counteracts Aging-Related Memory Impairment: A Potential Role for the Astrocytic Metabolic Shuttle. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:57. [PMID: 27047373 PMCID: PMC4801859 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related cognitive impairment has become one of the most common health threats in many countries. The biological substrate of cognition is the interconnection of neurons to form complex information processing networks. Experience-based alterations in the activities of these information processing networks lead to neuroadaptation, which is physically represented at the cellular level as synaptic plasticity. Although synaptic plasticity is known to be affected by aging, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well described. Astrocytes, a glial cell type that is infrequently investigated in cognitive science, have emerged as energy suppliers which are necessary for meeting the abundant energy demand resulting from glutamatergic synaptic activity. Moreover, the concerted action of an astrocyte-neuron metabolic shuttle is essential for cognitive function; whereas, energetic incoordination between astrocytes and neurons may contribute to cognitive impairment. Whether altered function of the astrocyte-neuron metabolic shuttle links aging to reduced synaptic plasticity is unexplored. However, accumulated evidence documents significant beneficial effects of long-term, regular exercise on cognition and synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, exercise increases the effectiveness of astrocyte-neuron metabolic shuttle by upregulation of astrocytic lactate transporter levels. This review summarizes previous findings related to the neuronal activity-dependent astrocyte-neuron metabolic shuttle. Moreover, we discuss how aging and exercise may shape the astrocyte-neuron metabolic shuttle in cognition-associated brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Feng Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan
| | - Marcus J Calkins
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ying Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan
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25
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Neuroinflammation negatively affects adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition: can exercise compensate? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 61:121-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Cohen-Armon M. A PARP1-Erk2 synergism is required for stimulation-induced expression of immediate early genes. GENE & TRANSLATIONAL BIOINFORMATICS 2016; 2:e1367. [PMID: 27857998 PMCID: PMC5110042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A PARP1-Erk2 synergism was required to generate synaptic long-term potentiation in the CA3-CA1 hippocampal connections. This molecular mechanism was associated with the recently identified pivotal role of polyADP-ribosylation in learning. High frequency electrical stimulation of cortical and hippocampal neurons induced binding of phosphorylated Erk2 (transported into the nucleus) to the nuclear protein PARP1. PARP1-Erk2 binding induced PARP1 activation and polyADP-ribosylation of its prominent substrate, linker histone H1. A facilitated access of PARP1-bound phosphorylated Erk2 to its substrates, transcription factors Elk1 and CREB was attributed to the release of polyADP-ribosylated H1 from the DNA, causing local DNA relaxation. Erk-induced phosphorylation of transcription factors activating the HAT activity of CBP (CREB binding protein), recruited acetylated histone H4 to the promoters of immediate early genes (IEG) cfos, zif268 and arc, which are implicated in synaptic plasticity. In accordance, their induced expression was suppressed after PARP1 genetic deletion in PARP1-KO mice, or after PARP1 inhibition or silencing. Moreover, under these conditions, long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP) (indicating synaptic plasticity) was not generation in the hippocampal CA3-CA1 connections, and learning abilities were impaired. Furthermore, both IEG expression and LTP generation failed when cerebral neurons accumulated single strand DNA breaks, due to a predominant binding of PARP1 to nicked DNA, occluding its Erk binding sites. Thus, a declined synaptic plasticity is anticipated when aged cerebral neurons accumulate DNA single-strand breaks during life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Cohen-Armon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
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Narváez M, Borroto-Escuela DO, Millón C, Gago B, Flores-Burgess A, Santín L, Fuxe K, Narváez JA, Díaz-Cabiale Z. Galanin receptor 2-neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor interactions in the dentate gyrus are related with antidepressant-like effects. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:4129-4139. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Barha CK, Lieblich SE, Chow C, Galea LAM. Multiparity-induced enhancement of hippocampal neurogenesis and spatial memory depends on ovarian hormone status in middle age. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2391-405. [PMID: 25998101 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Menopause is associated with cognitive decline, and previous parity can increase or delay the trajectory of cognitive aging. Furthermore, parity enables the hippocampus to respond to estrogens in middle age. The present study investigated how previous parity and estrogens influence cognition, neurogenesis, and neuronal activation in response to memory retrieval in the hippocampus of middle-aged females. Multiparous and nulliparous rats were ovariectomized (OVX) or received sham surgery and were treated with vehicle, 17β-estradiol, 17α-estradiol, or estrone. Rats were trained on the spatial working and reference memory versions of the Morris water maze. Multiparous rats had a significantly greater density of immature neurons in the hippocampus, enhanced acquisition of working memory, but poorer reference memory compared with nulliparous rats. Furthermore, OVX increased, while treatment with estrogens reduced, the density of immature neurons, regardless of parity. OVX improved reference memory only in nulliparous rats. Thus, motherhood has long-lasting effects on the neuroplasticity and function of the hippocampus. These findings have wide-ranging implications for the treatment of age-associated decline in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy K Barha
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephanie E Lieblich
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Carmen Chow
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Liisa A M Galea
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Bhattacharya TK, Pence BD, Ossyra JM, Gibbons TE, Perez S, McCusker RH, Kelley KW, Johnson RW, Woods JA, Rhodes JS. Exercise but not (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate or β-alanine enhances physical fitness, brain plasticity, and behavioral performance in mice. Physiol Behav 2015; 145:29-37. [PMID: 25797079 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition and physical exercise can enhance cognitive function but the specific combinations of dietary bioactives that maximize pro-cognitive effects are not known nor are the contributing neurobiological mechanisms. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a flavonoid constituent of many plants with high levels found in green tea. EGCG has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties and is known to cross the blood brain barrier where it can affect brain chemistry and physiology. β-Alanine (B-ALA) is a naturally occurring β-amino acid that could increase cognitive functioning by increasing levels of exercise via increased capacity of skeletal muscle, by crossing the blood brain barrier and acting as a neurotransmitter, or by free radical scavenging in muscle and brain after conversion into carnosine. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of EGCG (~250mg/kg/day), B-ALA (~550mg/kg/day), and their combination with voluntary wheel running exercise on the following outcome measures: body composition, time to fatigue, production of new cells in the granule layer of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus as a marker for neuronal plasticity, and behavioral performance on the contextual and cued fear conditioning tasks, as measures of associative learning and memory. Young adult male BALB/cJ mice approximately 2months old were randomized into 8 groups varying the nutritional supplement in their diet and access to running wheels over a 39day study period. Running increased food intake, decreased fat mass, increased time to exhaustive fatigue, increased numbers of new cells in the granule layer of the hippocampus, and enhanced retrieval of both contextual and cued fear memories. The diets had no effect on their own or in combination with exercise on any of the fitness, plasticity, and behavioral outcome measures other than B-ALA decreased percent body fat whereas EGCG increased lean body mass slightly. Results suggest that, in young adult BALB/cJ mice, a 39day treatment of exercise but not dietary supplementation with B-ALA or EGCG enhances measures of fitness, neuroplasticity and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar K Bhattacharya
- Beckman Institute, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Brandt D Pence
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Jessica M Ossyra
- Beckman Institute, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Trisha E Gibbons
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Samuel Perez
- Beckman Institute, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Robert H McCusker
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Keith W Kelley
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Rodney W Johnson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Woods
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Justin S Rhodes
- Beckman Institute, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Psychology, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
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Mustroph ML, Merritt JR, Holloway AL, Pinardo H, Miller DS, Kilby CN, Bucko P, Wyer A, Rhodes JS. Increased adult hippocampal neurogenesis is not necessary for wheel running to abolish conditioned place preference for cocaine in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:216-26. [PMID: 25393660 PMCID: PMC4300275 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that wheel running can abolish conditioned place preference (CPP) for cocaine in mice. Running significantly increases the number of new neurons in the hippocampus, and new neurons have been hypothesised to enhance plasticity and behavioral flexibility. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that increased neurogenesis was necessary for exercise to abolish cocaine CPP. Male nestin-thymidine kinase transgenic mice were conditioned with cocaine, and then housed with or without running wheels for 32 days. Half of the mice were fed chow containing valganciclovir to induce apoptosis in newly divided neurons, and the other half were fed standard chow. For the first 10 days, mice received daily injections of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to label dividing cells. On the last 4 days, mice were tested for CPP, and then euthanized for measurement of adult hippocampal neurogenesis by counting the number of BrdU-positive neurons in the dentate gyrus. Levels of running were similar in mice fed valganciclovir-containing chow and normal chow. Valganciclovir significantly reduced the numbers of neurons (BrdU-positive/NeuN-positive) in the dentate gyrus of both sedentary mice and runner mice. Valganciclovir-fed runner mice showed similar levels of neurogenesis as sedentary, normal-fed controls. However, valganciclovir-fed runner mice showed the same abolishment of CPP as runner mice with intact neurogenesis. The results demonstrate that elevated adult hippocampal neurogenesis resulting from running is not necessary for running to abolish cocaine CPP in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Mustroph
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Neuroscience Program, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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31
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Pryor WM, Freeman KG, Larson RD, Edwards GL, White LJ. Chronic exercise confers neuroprotection in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:697-706. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William M. Pryor
- Department of Kinesiology; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia
- Department of Neuroscience; The Scripps Research Institute; Jupiter Florida
| | - Kimberly G. Freeman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia
| | - Rebecca D. Larson
- Department of Health and Exercise Science; University of Oklahoma; Norman Oklahoma
| | - Gaylen L. Edwards
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia
| | - Lesley J. White
- Department of Kinesiology; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia
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Merritt JR, Rhodes JS. Mouse genetic differences in voluntary wheel running, adult hippocampal neurogenesis and learning on the multi-strain-adapted plus water maze. Behav Brain Res 2014; 280:62-71. [PMID: 25435316 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Moderate levels of aerobic exercise broadly enhance cognition throughout the lifespan. One hypothesized contributing mechanism is increased adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Recently, we measured the effects of voluntary wheel running on adult hippocampal neurogenesis in 12 different mouse strains, and found increased neurogenesis in all strains, ranging from 2- to 5-fold depending on the strain. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which increased neurogenesis from wheel running is associated with enhanced performance on the water maze for 5 of the 12 strains, chosen based on their levels of neurogenesis observed in the previous study (C57BL/6 J, 129S1/SvImJ, B6129SF1/J, DBA/2 J, and B6D2F1/J). Mice were housed with or without a running wheels for 30 days then tested for learning and memory on the plus water maze, adapted for multiple strains, and rotarod test of motor performance. The first 10 days, animals were injected with BrdU to label dividing cells. After behavioral testing animals were euthanized to measure adult hippocampal neurogenesis using standard methods. Levels of neurogenesis depended on strain but all mice had a similar increase in neurogenesis in response to exercise. All mice acquired the water maze but performance depended on strain. Exercise improved water maze performance in all strains to a similar degree. Rotarod performance depended on strain. Exercise improved rotarod performance only in DBA/2 J and B6D2F1/J mice. Taken together, results demonstrate that despite different levels of neurogenesis, memory performance and motor coordination in these mouse strains, all strains have the capacity to increase neurogenesis and improve learning on the water maze through voluntary wheel running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Merritt
- Department of Psychology, Psychology and Interdisciplinary Sciences Building, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Justin S Rhodes
- Department of Psychology, The Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Sobieraj JC, Kim A, Fannon MJ, Mandyam CD. Chronic wheel running-induced reduction of extinction and reinstatement of methamphetamine seeking in methamphetamine dependent rats is associated with reduced number of periaqueductal gray dopamine neurons. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 221:261-76. [PMID: 25273280 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0905-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Exercise (physical activity) has been proposed as a treatment for drug addiction. In rodents, voluntary wheel running reduces cocaine and nicotine seeking during extinction, and reinstatement of cocaine seeking triggered by drug-cues. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of chronic wheel running during withdrawal and protracted abstinence on extinction and reinstatement of methamphetamine seeking in methamphetamine dependent rats, and to determine a potential neurobiological correlate underlying the effects. Rats were given extended access to methamphetamine (0.05 mg/kg, 6 h/day) for 22 sessions. Rats were withdrawn and were given access to running wheels (wheel runners) or no wheels (sedentary) for 3 weeks after which they experienced extinction and reinstatement of methamphetamine seeking. Extended access to methamphetamine self-administration produced escalation in methamphetamine intake. Methamphetamine experience reduced running output, and conversely, access to wheel running during withdrawal reduced responding during extinction and, context- and cue-induced reinstatement of methamphetamine seeking. Immunohistochemical analysis of brain tissue demonstrated that wheel running during withdrawal did not regulate markers of methamphetamine neurotoxicity (neurogenesis, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, vesicular monoamine transporter-2) and cellular activation (c-Fos) in brain regions involved in relapse to drug seeking. However, reduced methamphetamine seeking was associated with running-induced reduction (and normalization) of the number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons in the periaqueductal gray (PAG). The present study provides evidence that dopamine neurons of the PAG region show adaptive biochemical changes during methamphetamine seeking in methamphetamine dependent rats and wheel running abolishes these effects. Given that the PAG dopamine neurons project onto the structures of the extended amygdala, the present findings also suggest that wheel running may be preventing certain allostatic changes in the brain reward and stress systems contributing to the negative reinforcement and perpetuation of the addiction cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery C Sobieraj
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Airee Kim
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - McKenzie J Fannon
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Chitra D Mandyam
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Bhatt DK, Ramachandran R, Christensen SLT, Gupta S, Jansen-Olesen I, Olesen J. CGRP infusion in unanesthetized rats increases expression of c-Fos in the nucleus tractus solitarius and caudal ventrolateral medulla, but not in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Cephalalgia 2014; 35:220-33. [PMID: 24895375 DOI: 10.1177/0333102414535995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) infusion in migraineurs provokes headache resembling spontaneous migraine, and CGRP receptor antagonists are effective in the treatment of acute migraine. We hypothesized that CGRP infusion would increase molecular markers of neuronal activation in migraine-relevant tissues of the rat. METHODS CGRP was infused intravenously (i.v.) in freely moving rats to circumvent factors like anesthesia, acute surgery and severe hypotension, the three confounding factors for c-Fos expression. The trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) was isolated at different time points after CGRP infusion. The level of c-Fos mRNA and protein expression in TNC were analyzed by qPCR and immunohistochemistry. c-Fos-stained nuclei were also counted in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM), integrative sites in the brain stem for processing cardiovascular signals. We also investigated Zif268 protein expression (another immediate early gene) in TNC. The protein expression of p-ERK, p-CREB and c-Fos was analyzed in dura mater, trigeminal ganglion (TG) and TNC samples using Western blot. RESULTS CGRP infusion caused a significant dose-dependent fall in mean arterial blood pressure. No significant activation of c-Fos in the TNC at mRNA and protein levels was observed after CGRP infusion. A significant increase in c-Fos protein was observed in the NTS and CVLM in the brain stem. Zif268 expression in the TNC was also not changed after CGRP infusion. p-ERK was increased in the dura mater 30 minutes after CGRP infusion. CONCLUSION CGRP infusion increased the early expression of p-ERK in the dura mater but did not increase c-Fos and Zif268 expression in the TNC. The rats may, thus, differ from migraine patients, in whom infusion of CGRP caused headache and a delayed migraine attack. The rat CGRP infusion model with c-Fos or Zif268 as neuronal pain markers in TNC is unsuitable for antimigraine drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jes Olesen
- Department of Neurology, Glostrup Hospital, Denmark
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Castilla-Ortega E, Rosell-Valle C, Pedraza C, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Estivill-Torrús G, Santín LJ. Voluntary exercise followed by chronic stress strikingly increases mature adult-born hippocampal neurons and prevents stress-induced deficits in 'what-when-where' memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 109:62-73. [PMID: 24333647 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether voluntary exercise prevents the deleterious effects of chronic stress on episodic-like memory and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. After bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) administration, mice were assigned to receive standard housing, chronic intermittent restraint stress, voluntary exercise or a combination of both (stress starting on the seventh day of exercise). Twenty-four days later, mice were tested in a 'what-when-where' object recognition memory task. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (proliferation, differentiation, survival and apoptosis) and c-Fos expression in the hippocampus and extra-hippocampal areas (medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, accumbens and perirhinal cortex) were assessed after behavior. Chronic intermittent restraint stress impaired neurogenesis and the 'when' memory, while exercise promoted neurogenesis and improved the 'where' memory. The 'when' and 'where' memories correlated with c-Fos expression in CA1 and the dentate gyrus, respectively. Furthermore, analysis suggested that each treatment induced a distinct pattern of functional connectivity among the areas analyzed for c-Fos. In the animals in which stress and exercise were combined, stress notably reduced the amount of voluntary exercise performed. Nevertheless, exercise still improved memory and counteracted the stress induced-deficits in neurogenesis and behavior. Interestingly, compared with the other three treatments, the stressed exercising animals showed a larger increase in cell survival, the maturation of new neurons and apoptosis in the dentate gyrus, with a considerable increase in the number of 24-day-old BrdU+cells that differentiated into mature neurons. The interaction between exercise and stress in enhancing the number of adult-born hippocampal neurons supports a role of exercise-induced neurogenesis in stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Castilla-Ortega
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Spain.
| | - Cristina Rosell-Valle
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Universidad de Málaga, and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), E-29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Carmen Pedraza
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Universidad de Málaga, and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), E-29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Spain
| | - Guillermo Estivill-Torrús
- Unidad de Microscopía and Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), E-29009 Málaga, Spain
| | - Luis J Santín
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Universidad de Málaga, and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), E-29071 Málaga, Spain.
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Lutz CC, Robinson GE. Activity-dependent gene expression in honey bee mushroom bodies in response to orientation flight. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 216:2031-8. [PMID: 23678099 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.084905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The natural history of adult worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) provides an opportunity to study the molecular basis of learning in an ecological context. Foragers must learn to navigate between the hive and floral locations that may be up to miles away. Young pre-foragers prepare for this task by performing orientation flights near the hive, during which they begin to learn navigational cues such as the appearance of the hive, the position of landmarks, and the movement of the sun. Despite well-described spatial learning and navigation behavior, there is currently limited information on the neural basis of insect spatial learning. We found that Egr, an insect homolog of Egr-1, is rapidly and transiently upregulated in the mushroom bodies in response to orientation. This result is the first example of an Egr-1 homolog acting as a learning-related immediate-early gene in an insect and also demonstrates that honey bee orientation uses a molecular mechanism that is known to be involved in many other forms of learning. This transcriptional response occurred both in naïve bees and in foragers induced to re-orient. Further experiments suggest that visual environmental novelty, rather than exercise or memorization of specific visual cues, acts as the stimulus for Egr upregulation. Our results implicate the mushroom bodies in spatial learning and emphasize the deep conservation of Egr-related pathways in experience-dependent plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C Lutz
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Nishijima T, Kawakami M, Kita I. Long-term exercise is a potent trigger for ΔFosB induction in the hippocampus along the dorso-ventral axis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81245. [PMID: 24282574 PMCID: PMC3840114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise improves multiple aspects of hippocampal function. In line with the notion that neuronal activity is key to promoting neuronal functions, previous literature has consistently demonstrated that acute bouts of exercise evoke neuronal activation in the hippocampus. Repeated activating stimuli lead to an accumulation of the transcription factor ΔFosB, which mediates long-term neural plasticity. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that long-term voluntary wheel running induces ΔFosB expression in the hippocampus, and examined any potential region-specific effects within the hippocampal subfields along the dorso–ventral axis. Male C57BL/6 mice were housed with or without a running wheel for 4 weeks. Long-term wheel running significantly increased FosB/ΔFosB immunoreactivity in all hippocampal regions measured (i.e., in the DG, CA1, and CA3 subfields of both the dorsal and ventral hippocampus). Results confirmed that wheel running induced region-specific expression of FosB/ΔFosB immunoreactivity in the cortex, suggesting that the uniform increase in FosB/ΔFosB within the hippocampus is not a non-specific consequence of running. Western blot data indicated that the increased hippocampal FosB/ΔFosB immunoreactivity was primarily due to increased ΔFosB. These results suggest that long-term physical exercise is a potent trigger for ΔFosB induction throughout the entire hippocampus, which would explain why exercise can improve both dorsal and ventral hippocampus-dependent functions. Interestingly, we found that FosB/ΔFosB expression in the DG was positively correlated with the number of doublecortin-immunoreactive (i.e., immature) neurons. Although the mechanisms by which ΔFosB mediates exercise-induced neurogenesis are still uncertain, these data imply that exercise-induced neurogenesis is at least activity dependent. Taken together, our current results suggest that ΔFosB is a new molecular target involved in regulating exercise-induced hippocampal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nishijima
- Laboratory of Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masashi Kawakami
- Laboratory of Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kita
- Laboratory of Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
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Voss MW, Vivar C, Kramer AF, van Praag H. Bridging animal and human models of exercise-induced brain plasticity. Trends Cogn Sci 2013; 17:525-44. [PMID: 24029446 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 614] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in understanding the neurobiological mechanisms through which exercise protects and restores the brain. In this feature review, we integrate animal and human research, examining physical activity effects across multiple levels of description (neurons up to inter-regional pathways). We evaluate the influence of exercise on hippocampal structure and function, addressing common themes such as spatial memory and pattern separation, brain structure and plasticity, neurotrophic factors, and vasculature. Areas of research focused more within species, such as hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents, also provide crucial insight into the protective role of physical activity. Overall, converging evidence suggests exercise benefits brain function and cognition across the mammalian lifespan, which may translate into reduced risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle W Voss
- Department of Psychology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Aging Mind and Brain Initiative (AMBI), The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Physical exercise prevents stress-induced activation of granule neurons and enhances local inhibitory mechanisms in the dentate gyrus. J Neurosci 2013; 33:7770-7. [PMID: 23637169 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5352-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is known to reduce anxiety. The ventral hippocampus has been linked to anxiety regulation but the effects of running on this subregion of the hippocampus have been incompletely explored. Here, we investigated the effects of cold water stress on the hippocampus of sedentary and runner mice and found that while stress increases expression of the protein products of the immediate early genes c-fos and arc in new and mature granule neurons in sedentary mice, it has no such effect in runners. We further showed that running enhances local inhibitory mechanisms in the hippocampus, including increases in stress-induced activation of hippocampal interneurons, expression of vesicular GABA transporter (vGAT), and extracellular GABA release during cold water swim stress. Finally, blocking GABAA receptors in the ventral hippocampus, but not the dorsal hippocampus, with the antagonist bicuculline, reverses the anxiolytic effect of running. Together, these results suggest that running improves anxiety regulation by engaging local inhibitory mechanisms in the ventral hippocampus.
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Pang TY, Renoir T, Du X, Lawrence AJ, Hannan AJ. Depression-related behaviours displayed by female C57BL/6J mice during abstinence from chronic ethanol consumption are rescued by wheel-running. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 37:1803-10. [PMID: 23551162 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Withdrawal from a chronic period of alcohol consumption is commonly associated with the manifestation of depression, potentially exerting a significant influence on treatment prospects and increasing the likelihood of relapse. Better therapeutic strategies need to be developed to assist with rehabilitation. Here, we report the detection of depression-related behaviours in a mouse model of 6-week free-choice ethanol (10%, v/v) consumption followed by 2-week abstinence. Mice abstinent from alcohol showed increased immobility time on the forced-swim test, reduced saccharin consumption and increased latency to feed in the novelty-suppressed feeding test. By comparison, there was no significant effect on anxiety-related behaviours as determined by testing on the light-dark box and elevated plus maze. We found that the provision of running-wheels through the duration of abstinence attenuated depressive behaviour in the forced-swim and novelty-suppressed feeding tests, and increased saccharin consumption. Given the link between withdrawal from addictive substances and depression, this model will be useful for the study of the pathophysiology underlying alcohol-related depression. The findings of this study establish an interaction between physical activity and the development of behavioural changes following cessation of alcohol consumption that could have implications for the development of rehabilitative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Y Pang
- Behavioural Neurosciences Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.
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Kohman RA, Rhodes JS. Neurogenesis, inflammation and behavior. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 27:22-32. [PMID: 22985767 PMCID: PMC3518576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Before the 1990s it was widely believed that the adult brain was incapable of regenerating neurons. However, it is now established that new neurons are continuously produced in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and olfactory bulb throughout life. The functional significance of adult neurogenesis is still unclear, but it is widely believed that the new neurons contribute to learning and memory and/or maintenance of brain regions by replacing dead or dying cells. Many different factors are known to regulate adult neurogenesis including immune responses and signaling molecules released by immune cells in the brain. While immune activation (i.e., enlargement of microglia, release of cytokines) within the brain is commonly viewed as a harmful event, the impact of immune activation on neural function is highly dependent on the form of the immune response as microglia and other immune-reactive cells in the brain can support or disrupt neural processes depending on the phenotype and behavior of the cells. For instance, microglia that express an inflammatory phenotype generally reduce cell proliferation, survival and function of new neurons whereas microglia displaying an alternative protective phenotype support adult neurogenesis. The present review summarizes current understanding of the role of new neurons in cognition and behavior, with an emphasis on the immune system's ability to influence adult hippocampal neurogenesis during both an inflammatory episode and in the healthy uninjured brain. It has been proposed that some of the cognitive deficits associated with inflammation may in part be related to inflammation-induced reductions in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Elucidating how the immune system contributes to the regulation of adult neurogenesis will help in predicting the impact of immune activation on neural plasticity and potentially facilitate the discovery of treatments to preserve neurogenesis in conditions characterized by chronic inflammation.
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Dabe EC, Majdak P, Bhattacharya TK, Miller DS, Rhodes JS. Chronic D-amphetamine administered from childhood to adulthood dose-dependently increases the survival of new neurons in the hippocampus of male C57BL/6J mice. Neuroscience 2012. [PMID: 23178911 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adderall is widely prescribed for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) though long term neurological effects of the main ingredient d-amphetamine are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to examine effects of clinically prescribed doses of d-amphetamine and one abuse dose administered from childhood to adulthood on adult hippocampal neurogenesis and activation of the granule layer of the dentate gyrus. Beginning in early adolescence (age 28 days) to adulthood (age 71), male C57BL/6J mice were administered twice daily i.p. injections of vehicle, 0.25, 0.5 or 2mg/kg d-amphetamine. Locomotor activity was measured in home cages by video tracking. At age 53-56, mice received bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) injections to label dividing cells. Immunohistochemical detection of BrdU, neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN), doublecortin (DCX) and Ki67 was used to measure neurogenesis and cell proliferation at age 71. ΔFosB was measured as an indicator of repeated neuronal activation. An additional cohort of mice was treated similarly except euthanized at age 58 to measure activation of granule neurons from d-amphetamine (by detection of c-Fos) and cell proliferation (Ki67) at a time when the fate of BrdU cells would have been determined in the first cohort. d-Amphetamine dose-dependently increased survival and differentiation of BrdU cells into neurons and increased number of DCX cells without affecting the number of Ki67 cells. Low doses of d-amphetamine decreased c-Fos and ΔFosB in the granule layer. Only the high dose induced substantial locomotor stimulation and sensitization. Results suggest both therapeutic and abuse doses of d-amphetamine increase the number of new neurons in the hippocampus when administered from adolescence to adulthood by increasing survival and differentiation of cells into neurons not by increasing progenitor cell proliferation. Mechanisms for amphetamine-induced neurogenesis are unknown but appear activity independent. Results suggest part of the beneficial effects of therapeutic doses of d-amphetamine for ADHD could be via increased hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Dabe
- Department of Psychology, The Beckman Institute, 405 N Mathews Avenue, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Onksen JL, Briand LA, Galante RJ, Pack AI, Blendy JA. Running-induced anxiety is dependent on increases in hippocampal neurogenesis. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2012; 11:529-38. [PMID: 22471438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2012.00788.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exercise, specifically voluntary wheel running, is a potent stimulator of hippocampal neurogenesis in adult mice. In addition, exercise induces behavioral changes in numerous measures of anxiety in rodents. However, the physiological underpinnings of these changes are poorly understood. To investigate the role of neurogenesis in exercise-mediated anxiety, we examined the cellular and behavioral effects of voluntary wheel running in mice with a reduction in hippocampal neurogenesis, achieved through conditional deletion of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated and rad-3-related protein (ATR), a cell cycle checkpoint kinase necessary for normal levels of neurogenesis. Following hippocampal microinjection of an adeno-associated virus expressing Cre recombinase to delete ATR, mice were exposed to 4 weeks of voluntary wheel running and subsequently evaluated for anxiety-like behavior. Wheel running resulted in increased cell proliferation and neurogenesis, as measured by bromodeoxyuridine and doublecortin, respectively. Wheel running also resulted in heightened anxiety in the novelty-induced hypophagia, open field and light-dark box tests. However, both the neurogenic and anxiogenic effects of wheel running were attenuated following hippocampal ATR deletion, suggesting that increased neurogenesis is an important mediator of exercise-induced anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Onksen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
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Clark PJ, Bhattacharya TK, Miller DS, Kohman RA, DeYoung EK, Rhodes JS. New neurons generated from running are broadly recruited into neuronal activation associated with three different hippocampus-involved tasks. Hippocampus 2012; 22:1860-7. [PMID: 22467337 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Running increases the formation of new neurons in the adult rodent hippocampus. However, the function of new neurons generated from running is currently unknown. One hypothesis is that new neurons from running contribute to enhanced cognitive function by increasing plasticity in the adult hippocampus. An alternative hypothesis is that new neurons generated from running incorporate into experience-specific hippocampal networks that only become active during running. The purpose of this experiment was to determine if new neurons generated from running are selectively activated by running, or can become recruited into granule cell activity occurring during performance on other behavioral tasks that engage the hippocampus. Therefore, the activation of new 5-6 week neurons was detected using BrdU, NeuN, and Zif268 triple-label immunohistochemistry in cohorts of female running and sedentary adult C57BL/6J mice following participation in one of three different tasks: the Morris water maze, novel environment exploration, or wheel running. Results showed that running and sedentary mice displayed a nearly equivalent proportion of new neurons that expressed Zif268 following each task. Since running approximately doubled the number of new neurons, the results demonstrated that running mice had a greater number of new neurons recruited into the Zif268 induction in the granule cell layer following each task than sedentary mice. The results suggest that new neurons incorporated into hippocampal circuitry from running are not just activated by wheel running itself, but rather become broadly recruited into granule cell layer activity during distinct behavioral experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Clark
- Department of Psychology, The Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
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