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Tang Y, Li Y, Cao P, Dong Y, Xu G, Si Q, Li R, Sui Y. Striatum and globus pallidus structural abnormalities in schizophrenia: A retrospective study of the different stages of the disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 133:111022. [PMID: 38692473 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The basal ganglia are important structures for the release of dopamine in the limbic circuits of the midbrain, and the striatum and globus pallidus are the major nuclei of the basal ganglia, and the dysfunction of these regions has been the basis of many models that have attempted to explain the underlying mechanisms of schizophrenia symptoms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the volume of the striatum subregion and globus pallidus in three different stages of schizophrenia, and to analyze whether these volume changes were related to antipsychotic drugs and schizophrenia symptoms. METHODS In this study, we investigated the volume of the striatum and globus pallidus in patients with schizophrenia at three different stages. The study included 57 patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FSZ), 51 patients with early-stage schizophrenia (ESZ), 86 patients with chronic schizophrenia (CSZ), and 191 healthy controls (HC), all of whom underwent structured magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Covariance analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0 was used for covariance analysis to determine whether there were significant differences in striatal subregion and globus pallidus volume between groups, and stratified analysis was used to further eliminate the effect of age on brain volume. Finally, the correlation analysis between the region of interest and the cumulative dose of antipsychotic drugs and psychotic symptoms was performed. RESULTS The comparison between the different stages of the illness showed significant volume differences in the left caudate nucleus (lCAU) (F = 2.665, adjusted p = 0.048), left putamen (lPUT) (F = 12.749, adjusted p < 0.001), left pallidum (lPAL) (F = 41.111, adjusted p < 0.001), and right pallidum (rPAL) (F = 14.479, adjusted p < 0.001). Post-hoc analysis with corrections showed that the volume differences in the lCAU subregion disappeared. Further stratified analysis controlling for age showed that compared with the HC, the lPAL (t = 4.347, p < 0.001) was initially significantly enlarged in the FSZ group, the lPUT (t = 4.493, p < 0.001), rPUT (t = 2.190, p = 0.031), lPAL (t = 7.894, p < 0.001), and rPAL (t = 4.983, p < 0.001) volumes were all significantly increased in the ESZ group, and the lPUT (t = 3.314, p = 0.002), lPAL (t = 6.334, p < 0.001), and rPAL (t = 3.604, p < 0.001) subregion volumes were also significantly increased in the CSZ group. Correlation analysis showed that lPUT and bilateral globus pallidus were associated with cumulative dose of antipsychotics, but were not associated with clinical symptoms in each subregion. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that different subregions of the striatum and globus pallidus show significant volume differences at different stages of schizophrenia compared to HC. These volume differences may be strong radiographic evidence for schizophrenia. In addition, the lPAL was the only significantly different brain region observed in the FSZ group, suggesting that it may be a sensitive indicator of early brain structural changes in schizophrenia. Finally, our findings support the hypothesis that antipsychotic drugs have an effect on the volume of brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Yuting Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Peiyu Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Yingbo Dong
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Guoxin Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Qi Si
- Huai'an No. 3 People's Hospital, China
| | | | - Yuxiu Sui
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China.
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Fujiyama F, Karube F, Hirai Y. Globus pallidus is not independent from striatal direct pathway neurons: an up-to-date review. Mol Brain 2024; 17:34. [PMID: 38849935 PMCID: PMC11157709 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-024-01107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Striatal projection neurons, which are classified into two groups-direct and indirect pathway neurons, play a pivotal role in our understanding of the brain's functionality. Conventional models propose that these two pathways operate independently and have contrasting functions, akin to an "accelerator" and "brake" in a vehicle. This analogy further elucidates how the depletion of dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease can result in bradykinesia. However, the question arises: are these direct and indirect pathways truly autonomous? Despite being distinct types of neurons, their interdependence cannot be overlooked. Single-neuron tracing studies employing membrane-targeting signals have shown that the majority of direct pathway neurons terminate not only in the output nuclei, but also in the external segment of the globus pallidus (GP in rodents), a relay nucleus of the indirect pathway. Recent studies have unveiled the existence of arkypallidal neurons, which project solely to the striatum, in addition to prototypic neurons. This raises the question of which type of GP neurons receive these striatal axon collaterals. Our morphological and electrophysiological experiments showed that the striatal direct pathway neurons may affect prototypic neurons via the action of substance P on neurokinin-1 receptors. Conversely, another research group has reported that direct pathway neurons inhibit arkypallidal neurons via GABA. Regardless of the neurotransmitter involved, it can be concluded that the GP is not entirely independent of direct pathway neurons. This review article underscores the intricate interplay between different neuronal pathways and challenges the traditional understanding of their independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumino Fujiyama
- Laboratory of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Fuyuki Karube
- Laboratory of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Yasuharu Hirai
- Laboratory of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Passaretti M, Piervincenzi C, Baione V, Pasqua G, Colella D, Pietracupa S, Petsas N, Angelini L, Cannavacciuolo A, Paparella G, Berardelli A, Pantano P, Bologna M. The Role of Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia Functional Connectivity in Altered Voluntary Movement Execution in Essential Tremor. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024:10.1007/s12311-024-01699-6. [PMID: 38761352 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-024-01699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Substantial evidence highlights the role of the cerebellum in the pathophysiology of tremor in essential tremor (ET), although its potential involvement in altered movement execution in this condition remains unclear. This study aims to explore potential correlations between the cerebellum and basal ganglia functional connectivity and voluntary movement execution abnormalities in ET, objectively assessed with kinematic techniques. A total of 20 patients diagnosed with ET and 18 healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. Tremor and repetitive finger tapping were recorded using an optoelectronic kinematic system. All participants underwent comprehensive 3T-MRI examinations, including 3D-T1 and blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) sequences during resting state. Morphometric analysis was conducted on the 3D-T1 images, while a seed-based analysis was performed to investigate the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of dorsal and ventral portions of the dentate nucleus and the external and internal segments of the globus pallidus. Finally, potential correlations between rsFC alterations in patients and clinical as well as kinematic scores were assessed. Finger tapping movements were slower in ET than in healthy subjects. Compared to healthy subjects, patients with ET exhibited altered FC of both dentate and globus pallidus with cerebellar, basal ganglia, and cortical areas. Interestingly, both dentate and pallidal FC exhibited positive correlations with movement velocity in patients, differently from that we observed in healthy subjects, indicating the higher the FC, the faster the finger tapping. The findings of this study indicate the possible role of both cerebellum and basal ganglia in the pathophysiology of altered voluntary movement execution in patients with ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Passaretti
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudia Piervincenzi
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Viola Baione
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gabriele Pasqua
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Donato Colella
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Pietracupa
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Nikolaos Petsas
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Giulia Paparella
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Patrizia Pantano
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Matteo Bologna
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 30, 00185, Rome, Italy.
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
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Jones JA, Peña J, Likhotvorik RI, Garcia-Castañeda BI, Wilson CJ. Comparison of unitary synaptic currents generated by indirect and direct pathway neurons of the mouse striatum. J Neurophysiol 2024; 131:914-936. [PMID: 38596834 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00066.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Two subtypes of striatal spiny projection neurons, iSPNs and dSPNs, whose axons form the "indirect" and "direct" pathways of the basal ganglia, respectively, both make synaptic connections in the external globus pallidus (GPe) but are usually found to have different effects on behavior. Activation of the terminal fields of iSPNs or dSPNs generated compound currents in almost all GPe neurons. To determine whether iSPNs and dSPNs have the same or different effects on pallidal neurons, we studied the unitary synaptic currents generated in GPe neurons by action potentials in single striatal neurons. We used optogenetic excitation to elicit repetitive firing in a small number of nearby SPNs, producing sparse barrages of inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in GPe neurons. From these barrages, we isolated sequences of IPSCs with similar time courses and amplitudes, which presumably arose from the same SPN. There was no difference between the amplitudes of unitary IPSCs generated by the indirect and direct pathways. Most unitary IPSCs were small, but a subset from each pathway were much larger. To determine the effects of these unitary synaptic currents on the action potential firing of GPe neurons, we drove SPNs to fire as before and recorded the membrane potential of GPe neurons. Large unitary potentials from iSPNs and dSPNs perturbed the spike timing of GPe neurons in a similar way. Most SPN-GPe neuron pairs are weakly connected, but a subset of pairs in both pathways are strongly connected.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to record the synaptic currents generated by single identified direct or indirect pathway striatal neurons on single pallidal neurons. Each GPe neuron receives synaptic inputs from both pathways. Most striatal neurons generate small synaptic currents that become influential when occurring together, but a few are powerful enough to be individually influential.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Jacob Peña
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States
| | - Rostislav I Likhotvorik
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States
| | - Brandon I Garcia-Castañeda
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States
| | - Charles J Wilson
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States
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5
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Liénard JF, Aubin L, Cos I, Girard B. Estimation of the transmission delays in the basal ganglia of the macaque monkey and subsequent predictions about oscillatory activity under dopamine depletion. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:1657-1680. [PMID: 38414108 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The timescales of the dynamics of a system depend on the combination of the timescales of its components and of its transmission delays between components. Here, we combine experimental stimulation data from 10 studies in macaque monkeys that reveal the timing of excitatory and inhibitory events in the basal ganglia circuit, to estimate its set of transmission delays. In doing so, we reveal possible inconsistencies in the existing data, calling for replications, and we propose two possible sets of transmission delays. We then integrate these delays in a model of the primate basal ganglia that does not rely on direct and indirect pathways' segregation and show that extrastriatal dopaminergic depletion in the external part of the globus pallidus and in the subthalamic nucleus is sufficient to generate β-band oscillations (in the high part, 20-35 Hz, of the band). More specifically, we show that D2 and D5 dopamine receptors in these nuclei play opposing roles in the emergence of these oscillations, thereby explaining how completely deactivating D5 receptors in the subthalamic nucleus can, paradoxically, cancel oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean F Liénard
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique (ISIR), Paris, France
| | - Lise Aubin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique (ISIR), Paris, France
| | - Ignasi Cos
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique (ISIR), Paris, France
- Facultat de Matemàtiques i Informàtica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Serra-Hunter Fellow Program, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benoît Girard
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique (ISIR), Paris, France
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6
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Polyakova Z, Hatanaka N, Chiken S, Nambu A. Subthalamic Activity for Motor Execution and Cancelation in Monkeys. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1911222024. [PMID: 38290848 PMCID: PMC10957207 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1911-22.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) receives cortical inputs via the hyperdirect and indirect pathways, projects to the output nuclei of the basal ganglia, and plays a critical role in the control of voluntary movements and movement disorders. STN neurons change their activity during execution of movements, while recent studies emphasize STN activity specific to cancelation of movements. To address the relationship between execution and cancelation functions, we examined STN activity in two Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata, both sexes) who performed a goal-directed reaching task with a delay that included Go, Cancel, and NoGo trials. We first examined responses to the stimulation of the forelimb regions in the primary motor cortex and/or supplementary motor area. STN neurons with motor cortical inputs were found in the dorsal somatomotor region of the STN. All these STN neurons showed activity changes in Go trials, suggesting their involvement in execution of movements. Part of them exhibited activity changes in Cancel trials and sustained activity during delay periods, suggesting their involvement in cancelation of planed movements and preparation of movements, respectively. The STN neurons rarely showed activity changes in NoGo trials. Go- and Cancel-related activity was selective to the direction of movements, and the selectivity was higher in Cancel trials than in Go trials. Changes in Go- and Cancel-related activity occurred early enough to initiate and cancel movements, respectively. These results suggest that the dorsal somatomotor region of the STN, which receives motor cortical inputs, is involved in preparation and execution of movements and cancelation of planned movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlata Polyakova
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Center for Human Nature, Artificial Intelligence, and Neuroscience, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hatanaka
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Satomi Chiken
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nambu
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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7
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Rueda-Orozco PE, Hidalgo-Balbuena AE, González-Pereyra P, Martinez-Montalvo MG, Báez-Cordero AS. The Interactions of Temporal and Sensory Representations in the Basal Ganglia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1455:141-158. [PMID: 38918350 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-60183-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
In rodents and primates, interval estimation has been associated with a complex network of cortical and subcortical structures where the dorsal striatum plays a paramount role. Diverse evidence ranging from individual neurons to population activity has demonstrated that this area hosts temporal-related neural representations that may be instrumental for the perception and production of time intervals. However, little is known about how temporal representations interact with other well-known striatal representations, such as kinematic parameters of movements or somatosensory representations. An attractive hypothesis suggests that somatosensory representations may serve as the scaffold for complex representations such as elapsed time. Alternatively, these representations may coexist as independent streams of information that could be integrated into downstream nuclei, such as the substantia nigra or the globus pallidus. In this review, we will revise the available information suggesting an instrumental role of sensory representations in the construction of temporal representations at population and single-neuron levels throughout the basal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel E Rueda-Orozco
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Autonomous University of México, Querétaro, Mexico.
| | | | | | | | - Ana S Báez-Cordero
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Autonomous University of México, Querétaro, Mexico
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8
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Liu W, Zhang R, Feng H, Luo J, Zhu H. Increased expression of Nav1.6 of reactive astrocytes in the globus pallidus is closely associated with motor deficits in a model of Parkinson's disease. Glia 2023; 71:2850-2865. [PMID: 37572007 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease in elderly people, which is characterized by motor disabilities in PD patients. Nav1.6 is the most abundant subtype of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) in the brain of adult mammals and rodents. Here we investigated the role of Nav1.6 in the external globus pallidus (GP) involved in the pathogenesis of motor deficits in unilateral 6-OHDA(6-hydroxydopamine)lesioned rats. The results show that Nav1.6 is dramatically increased in reactive astrocytes of the ipsilateral GP in the middle stage, but not different from the control rats in the later stage of the pathological process in 6-OHDA lesioned rats. Furthermore, the down-regulation of Nav1.6 expression in the ipsilateral GP can significantly improve motor deficits in 6-OHDA lesioned rats in the middle stage of the pathological process. The electrophysiological experiments show that the down-regulation of Nav1.6 expression in the ipsilateral GP significantly decreases the abnormal high synchronization between the ipsilateral M1 (the primary motor cortex) and GP in 6-OHDA lesioned rats. Ca2+ imaging reveals that the down-regulation of Nav1.6 expression reduces the intracellular concentration of Ca2+ ([Ca2+ ]i) in primary cultured astrocytes. These findings suggest that the increased Nav1.6 expression of reactive astrocytes in the GP play an important role in the pathogenesis of motor dysfunction in the middle stage in 6-OHDA lesioned rats, which may participate in astrocyte-neuron communication by regulating [Ca2+ ]i of astrocytes, thereby contributing to the formation of abnormal electrical signals of the basal ganglia (BG) in 6-OHDA lesioned rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitang Liu
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renxing Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hu Feng
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiamin Luo
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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López-Niño J, Padilla-Orozco M, Ortega A, Alejandra Cáceres-Chávez V, Tapia D, Laville A, Galarraga E, Bargas J. Dopaminergic Dependency of Cholinergic Pallidal Neurons. Neuroscience 2023; 528:12-25. [PMID: 37536611 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
We employed the whole-cell patch-clamp method and ChAT-Cre mice to study the electrophysiological attributes of cholinergic neurons in the external globus pallidus. Most neurons were inactive, although approximately 20% displayed spontaneous firing, including burst firing. The resting membrane potential, the whole neuron input resistance, the membrane time constant and the total neuron membrane capacitance were also characterized. The current-voltage relationship showed time-independent inward rectification without a "sag". Firing induced by current injections had a brief initial fast adaptation followed by tonic firing with minimal accommodation. Intensity-frequency plots exhibited maximal average firing rates of about 10 Hz. These traits are similar to those of some cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain. Also, we examined their dopamine sensitivity by acutely blocking dopamine receptors. This action demonstrated that the membrane potential, excitability, and firing pattern of pallidal cholinergic neurons rely on the constitutive activity of dopamine receptors, primarily D2-class receptors. The blockade of these receptors induced a resting membrane potential hyperpolarization, a decrease in firing for the same stimulus, the disappearance of fast adaptation, and the emergence of a depolarization block. This shift in physiological characteristics was evident even when the hyperpolarization was corrected with D.C. current. Neither the currents that generate the action potentials nor those from synaptic inputs were responsible. Instead, our findings suggest, that subthreshold slow ion currents, that require further investigation, are the target of this novel dopaminergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janintzitzic López-Niño
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Montserrat Padilla-Orozco
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Aidán Ortega
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Dagoberto Tapia
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Antonio Laville
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Elvira Galarraga
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - José Bargas
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
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Kromer JA, Bokil H, Tass PA. Synaptic network structure shapes cortically evoked spatio-temporal responses of STN and GPe neurons in a computational model. Front Neuroinform 2023; 17:1217786. [PMID: 37675246 PMCID: PMC10477454 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2023.1217786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The basal ganglia (BG) are involved in motor control and play an essential role in movement disorders such as hemiballismus, dystonia, and Parkinson's disease. Neurons in the motor part of the BG respond to passive movement or stimulation of different body parts and to stimulation of corresponding cortical regions. Experimental evidence suggests that the BG are organized somatotopically, i.e., specific areas of the body are associated with specific regions in the BG nuclei. Signals related to the same body part that propagate along different pathways converge onto the same BG neurons, leading to characteristic shapes of cortically evoked responses. This suggests the existence of functional channels that allow for the processing of different motor commands or information related to different body parts in parallel. Neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease are associated with pathological activity in the BG and impaired synaptic connectivity, together with reorganization of somatotopic maps. One hypothesis is that motor symptoms are, at least partly, caused by an impairment of network structure perturbing the organization of functional channels. Methods We developed a computational model of the STN-GPe circuit, a central part of the BG. By removing individual synaptic connections, we analyzed the contribution of signals propagating along different pathways to cortically evoked responses. We studied how evoked responses are affected by systematic changes in the network structure. To quantify the BG's organization in the form of functional channels, we suggested a two-site stimulation protocol. Results Our model reproduced the cortically evoked responses of STN and GPe neurons and the contributions of different pathways suggested by experimental studies. Cortical stimulation evokes spatio-temporal response patterns that are linked to the underlying synaptic network structure. Our two-site stimulation protocol yielded an approximate functional channel width. Discussion/conclusion The presented results provide insight into the organization of BG synaptic connectivity, which is important for the development of computational models. The synaptic network structure strongly affects the processing of cortical signals and may impact the generation of pathological rhythms. Our work may motivate further experiments to analyze the network structure of BG nuclei and their organization in functional channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus A. Kromer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Hemant Bokil
- Boston Scientific Neuromodulation, Valencia, CA, United States
| | - Peter A. Tass
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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11
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Courtney CD, Pamukcu A, Chan CS. Cell and circuit complexity of the external globus pallidus. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:1147-1159. [PMID: 37336974 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01368-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The external globus pallidus (GPe) of the basal ganglia has been underappreciated owing to poor understanding of its cells and circuits. It was assumed that the GPe consisted of a homogeneous neuron population primarily serving as a 'relay station' for information flowing through the indirect basal ganglia pathway. However, the advent of advanced tools in rodent models has sparked a resurgence in interest in the GPe. Here, we review recent data that have unveiled the cell and circuit complexity of the GPe. These discoveries have revealed that the GPe does not conform to traditional views of the basal ganglia. In particular, recent evidence confirms that the afferent and efferent connections of the GPe span both the direct and the indirect pathways. Furthermore, the GPe displays broad interconnectivity beyond the basal ganglia, consistent with its emerging multifaceted roles in both motor and non-motor functions. In summary, recent data prompt new proposals for computational rules of the basal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor D Courtney
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arin Pamukcu
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - C Savio Chan
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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12
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Villalobos N, Magdaleno-Madrigal VM. Pallidal GABA B receptors: involvement in cortex beta dynamics and thalamic reticular nucleus activity. J Physiol Sci 2023; 73:14. [PMID: 37328793 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-023-00870-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The external globus pallidus (GP) firing rate synchronizes the basal ganglia-thalamus-cortex network controlling GABAergic output to different nuclei. In this context, two findings are significant: the activity and GABAergic transmission of the GP modulated by GABA B receptors and the presence of the GP-thalamic reticular nucleus (RTn) pathway, the functionality of which is unknown. The functional participation of GABA B receptors through this network in cortical dynamics is feasible because the RTn controls transmission between the thalamus and cortex. To analyze this hypothesis, we used single-unit recordings of RTn neurons and electroencephalograms of the motor cortex (MCx) before and after GP injection of the GABA B agonist baclofen and the antagonist saclofen in anesthetized rats. We found that GABA B agonists increase the spiking rate of the RTn and that this response decreases the spectral density of beta frequency bands in the MCx. Additionally, injections of GABA B antagonists decreased the firing activity of the RTn and reversed the effects in the power spectra of beta frequency bands in the MCx. Our results proved that the GP modulates cortical oscillation dynamics through the GP-RTn network via tonic modulation of RTn activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Villalobos
- Academia de Fisiología, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomás, 11340, México City, México.
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación de la Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomás, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Victor Manuel Magdaleno-Madrigal
- Laboratorio de Neuromodulación Experimental, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
- Carrera de Psicología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza-UNAM, México City, México
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13
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Di Bisceglie Caballero S, Ces A, Liberge M, Ambroggi F, Amalric M, Ouagazzal AM. Optogenetic Globus Pallidus Stimulation Improves Motor Deficits in 6-Hydroxydopamine-Lesioned Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097935. [PMID: 37175643 PMCID: PMC10178372 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive inhibition of the external globus pallidus (GPe) by striatal GABAergic neurons is considered a central mechanism contributing to motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). While electrophysiological findings support this view, behavioral studies assessing the beneficial effects of global GPe activations are scarce and the reported results are controversial. We used an optogenetic approach and the standard unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) lesion model of PD to explore the effects of GPe photostimulation on motor deficits in mice. Global optogenetic GPe inhibition was used in normal mice to verify whether it reproduced the typical motor impairment induced by DA lesions. GPe activation improved ipsilateral circling, contralateral forelimb akinesia, locomotor hypoactivity, and bradykinesia in 6-OHDA-lesioned mice at ineffective photostimulation parameters (532 nm, 5 Hz, 3 mW) in normal mice. GPe photoinhibition (450 nm, 12 mW) had no effect on locomotor activity and forelimb use in normal mice. Bilateral photoinhibition (450 nm, 6 mW/side) reduced directed exploration and improved working memory performances indicating that recruitment of GPe in physiological conditions may depend on the behavioral task involved. Collectively, these findings shed new light on the functional role of GPe and suggest that it is a promising target for neuromodulatory restoration of motor deficits in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurelia Ces
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LNC (UMR 729), 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Martine Liberge
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LNC (UMR 729), 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Frederic Ambroggi
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LNC (UMR 729), 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Marianne Amalric
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LNC (UMR 729), 13331 Marseille, France
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14
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Song J, Lin H, Liu S. Basal ganglia network dynamics and function: Role of direct, indirect and hyper-direct pathways in action selection. NETWORK (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2023; 34:84-121. [PMID: 36856435 DOI: 10.1080/0954898x.2023.2173816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Basal ganglia (BG) are a widely recognized neural basis for action selection, but its decision-making mechanism is still a difficult problem for researchers. Therefore, we constructed a spiking neural network inspired by the BG anatomical data. Simulation experiments were based on the principle of dis-inhibition and our functional hypothesis within the BG: the direct pathway, the indirect pathway, and the hyper-direct pathway of the BG jointly implement the initiation execution and termination of motor programs. Firstly, we studied the dynamic process of action selection with the network, which contained intra-group competition and inter-group competition. Secondly, we focused on the effects of the stimulus intensity and the proportion of excitation and inhibition on the GPi/SNr. The results suggested that inhibition and excitation shape action selection. They also explained why the firing rate of GPi/SNr did not continue to increase in the action-selection experiment. Finally, we discussed the experimental results with the functional hypothesis. Uniquely, this paper summarized the decision-making neural mechanism of action selection based on the direct pathway, the indirect pathway, and the hyper-direct pathway within BG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Song
- School of Mathematics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shenquan Liu
- School of Mathematics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Peer ND, Yamin HG, Cohen D. Multidimensional encoding of movement and contextual variables by rat globus pallidus neurons during a novel environment exposure task. iScience 2022; 25:105024. [PMID: 36117990 PMCID: PMC9475330 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia (BG) play a critical role in a variety of functions that are essential for animal survival. Information from different cortical areas propagates through the BG in anatomically segregated circuits along the parallel direct and indirect pathways. We examined how the globus pallidus (GP), a nucleus within the indirect pathway, encodes input from the motor and cognitive domains. We chronically recorded and analyzed neuronal activity in the GP of male rats engaged in a novel environment exposure task. GP neurons displayed multidimensional responses to movement and contextual information. A model predicting single unit activity required many task-related behavioral variables, thus confirming the multidimensionality of GP neurons. In addition, populations of GP neurons, but not single units, reliably encoded the animals’ locomotion speed and the environmental novelty. We posit that the GP independently processes information from different domains, effectively compresses it and collectively conveys it to successive nuclei. Single GP neurons encode independently many behavioral and contextual variables Many behavioral variables contribute to the prediction of single neuron firing rate Single neurons fail to approximate the rat’s locomotion and the environment novelty Populations of GP neurons encode the rats’ locomotion and the environment novelty
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16
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Transient Response of Basal Ganglia Network in Healthy and Low-Dopamine State. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0376-21.2022. [PMID: 35140075 PMCID: PMC8938981 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0376-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia (BG) are crucial for a variety of motor and cognitive functions. Changes induced by persistent low-dopamine (e.g., in Parkinson’s disease; PD) result in aberrant changes in steady-state population activity (β band oscillations) and the transient response of the BG. Typically, a brief cortical stimulation results in a triphasic response in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr; an output of the BG). The properties of the triphasic responses are shaped by dopamine levels. While mechanisms underlying aberrant steady state activity are well studied, it is still unclear which BG interactions are crucial for the aberrant transient responses in the BG. Moreover, it is also unclear whether mechanisms underlying the aberrant changes in steady-state activity and transient response are the same. Here, we used numerical simulations of a network model of BG to identify the key factors that determine the shape of the transient responses. We show that an aberrant transient response of the SNr in the low-dopamine state involves changes in the direct pathway and the recurrent interactions within the globus pallidus externa (GPe) and between GPe and subthalamic nucleus (STN). However, the connections from D2-type spiny projection neurons (D2-SPN) to GPe are most crucial in shaping the transient response and by restoring them to their healthy level, we could restore the shape of transient response even in low-dopamine state. Finally, we show that the changes in BG that result in aberrant transient response are also sufficient to generate pathologic oscillatory activity in the steady state.
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17
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Gast R, Gong R, Schmidt H, Meijer HGE, Knösche TR. On the Role of Arkypallidal and Prototypical Neurons for Phase Transitions in the External Pallidum. J Neurosci 2021; 41:6673-6683. [PMID: 34193559 PMCID: PMC8336705 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0094-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The external pallidum (globus pallidus pars externa [GPe]) plays a central role for basal ganglia functions and dynamics and, consequently, has been included in most computational studies of the basal ganglia. These studies considered the GPe as a homogeneous neural population. However, experimental studies have shown that the GPe contains at least two distinct cell types (prototypical and arkypallidal cells). In this work, we provide in silico insight into how pallidal heterogeneity modulates dynamic regimes inside the GPe and how they affect the GPe response to oscillatory input. We derive a mean-field model of the GPe system from a microscopic spiking neural network of recurrently coupled prototypical and arkypallidal neurons. Using bifurcation analysis, we examine the influence of dopamine-dependent changes of intrapallidal connectivity on the GPe dynamics. We find that increased self-inhibition of prototypical cells can induce oscillations, whereas increased inhibition of prototypical cells by arkypallidal cells leads to the emergence of a bistable regime. Furthermore, we show that oscillatory input to the GPe, arriving from striatum, leads to characteristic patterns of cross-frequency coupling observed at the GPe. Based on these findings, we propose two different hypotheses of how dopamine depletion at the GPe may lead to phase-amplitude coupling between the parkinsonian beta rhythm and a GPe-intrinsic γ rhythm. Finally, we show that these findings generalize to realistic spiking neural networks of sparsely coupled Type I excitable GPe neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our work provides (1) insight into the theoretical implications of a dichotomous globus pallidus pars externa (GPe) organization, and (2) an exact mean-field model that allows for future investigations of the relationship between GPe spiking activity and local field potential fluctuations. We identify the major phase transitions that the GPe can undergo when subject to static or periodic input and link these phase transitions to the emergence of synchronized oscillations and cross-frequency coupling in the basal ganglia. Because of the close links between our model and experimental findings on the structure and dynamics of prototypical and arkypallidal cells, our results can be used to guide both experimental and computational studies on the role of the GPe for basal ganglia dynamics in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Gast
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Brain Networks Group, Leipzig, Germany 04103
| | - Ruxue Gong
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Brain Networks Group, Leipzig, Germany 04103
| | - Helmut Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Brain Networks Group, Leipzig, Germany 04103
| | - Hil G E Meijer
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands 7522 NB
| | - Thomas R Knösche
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Brain Networks Group, Leipzig, Germany 04103
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Ilmenau, Germany 98684
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18
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Cui Q, Pamukcu A, Cherian S, Chang IYM, Berceau BL, Xenias HS, Higgs MH, Rajamanickam S, Chen Y, Du X, Zhang Y, McMorrow H, Abecassis ZA, Boca SM, Justice NJ, Wilson CJ, Chan CS. Dissociable Roles of Pallidal Neuron Subtypes in Regulating Motor Patterns. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4036-4059. [PMID: 33731450 PMCID: PMC8176746 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2210-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously established that PV+ neurons and Npas1+ neurons are distinct neuron classes in the external globus pallidus (GPe): they have different topographical, electrophysiological, circuit, and functional properties. Aside from Foxp2+ neurons, which are a unique subclass within the Npas1+ class, we lack driver lines that effectively capture other GPe neuron subclasses. In this study, we examined the utility of Kcng4-Cre, Npr3-Cre, and Npy2r-Cre mouse lines (both males and females) for the delineation of GPe neuron subtypes. By using these novel driver lines, we have provided the most exhaustive investigation of electrophysiological studies of GPe neuron subtypes to date. Corroborating our prior studies, GPe neurons can be divided into two statistically distinct clusters that map onto PV+ and Npas1+ classes. By combining optogenetics and machine learning-based tracking, we showed that optogenetic perturbation of GPe neuron subtypes generated unique behavioral structures. Our findings further highlighted the dissociable roles of GPe neurons in regulating movement and anxiety-like behavior. We concluded that Npr3+ neurons and Kcng4+ neurons are distinct subclasses of Npas1+ neurons and PV+ neurons, respectively. Finally, by examining local collateral connectivity, we inferred the circuit mechanisms involved in the motor patterns observed with optogenetic perturbations. In summary, by identifying mouse lines that allow for manipulations of GPe neuron subtypes, we created new opportunities for interrogations of cellular and circuit substrates that can be important for motor function and dysfunction.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Within the basal ganglia, the external globus pallidus (GPe) has long been recognized for its involvement in motor control. However, we lacked an understanding of precisely how movement is controlled at the GPe level as a result of its cellular complexity. In this study, by using transgenic and cell-specific approaches, we showed that genetically-defined GPe neuron subtypes have distinct roles in regulating motor patterns. In addition, the in vivo contributions of these neuron subtypes are in part shaped by the local, inhibitory connections within the GPe. In sum, we have established the foundation for future investigations of motor function and disease pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Cui
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago 60611, Illinois
| | - Arin Pamukcu
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago 60611, Illinois
| | - Suraj Cherian
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago 60611, Illinois
| | - Isaac Y M Chang
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago 60611, Illinois
| | - Brianna L Berceau
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago 60611, Illinois
| | - Harry S Xenias
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago 60611, Illinois
| | - Matthew H Higgs
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio 78249, Texas
| | - Shivakumar Rajamanickam
- Center for Metabolic and degenerative disease, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas, Houston 77030, Texas
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, University of Texas, Houston 77030, Texas
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706, Wisconsin
| | - Xixun Du
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago 60611, Illinois
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago 60611, Illinois
| | - Hayley McMorrow
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago 60611, Illinois
| | - Zachary A Abecassis
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago 60611, Illinois
| | - Simina M Boca
- Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington 20057, DC
| | - Nicholas J Justice
- Center for Metabolic and degenerative disease, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas, Houston 77030, Texas
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, University of Texas, Houston 77030, Texas
| | - Charles J Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio 78249, Texas
| | - C Savio Chan
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago 60611, Illinois
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19
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Fischer P. Mechanisms of Network Interactions for Flexible Cortico-Basal Ganglia-Mediated Action Control. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0009-21.2021. [PMID: 33883192 PMCID: PMC8205496 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0009-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, finely tuned γ synchronization (60-90 Hz) rapidly appears at movement onset in a motor control network involving primary motor cortex, the basal ganglia and motor thalamus. Yet the functional consequences of brief movement-related synchronization are still unclear. Distinct synchronization phenomena have also been linked to different forms of motor inhibition, including relaxing antagonist muscles, rapid movement interruption and stabilizing network dynamics for sustained contractions. Here, I will introduce detailed hypotheses about how intrasite and intersite synchronization could interact with firing rate changes in different parts of the network to enable flexible action control. The here proposed cause-and-effect relationships shine a spotlight on potential key mechanisms of cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical (CBGTC) communication. Confirming or revising these hypotheses will be critical in understanding the neuronal basis of flexible movement initiation, invigoration and inhibition. Ultimately, the study of more complex cognitive phenomena will also become more tractable once we understand the neuronal mechanisms underlying behavioral readouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Fischer
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, United Kingdom
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20
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Abstract
Basal ganglia, which include the striatum and thalamus, have key roles in motivation, emotion, motor function, also contribute to higher-order cognitive function. Previous researches have documented structural and functional alterations in basal ganglia in schizophrenia. While few studies have assessed asymmetries of these characters in basal ganglia of schizophrenia. The current study investigated this issue by using diffusion tensor imaging, anatomic T1-weight image and resting-state functional data from 88 chronic schizophrenic subjects and 92 healthy controls. The structural characteristic, including fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity (MD) and volume, were extracted and quantified from the subregions of basal ganglia, including caudate, putamen, pallidum and thalamus, through automated atlas-based method. The resting-state functional maps of these regions were also calculated through seed-based functional connectivity. Then, the laterality indexes of structural and functional features were calculated. Compared with healthy controls, schizophrenic subjects showed increased left laterality of volume in striatum and reduced left laterality of volume in thalamus. Furthermore, the difference of laterality of subregions in thalamus is compensatory in schizophrenic subjects. Importantly, the severity of patients' positive symptom was negative corelated with reduced left laterality of volume in thalamus. Our findings provide preliminary evidence demonstrating that the possibility of aberrant laterality in neural pathways and connectivity patterns related to the basal ganglia in schizophrenia.
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21
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Huang CS, Wang GH, Chuang HH, Chuang AY, Yeh JY, Lai YC, Yang YC. Conveyance of cortical pacing for parkinsonian tremor-like hyperkinetic behavior by subthalamic dysrhythmia. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109007. [PMID: 33882305 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by both hypokinetic and hyperkinetic symptoms. While increased subthalamic burst discharges have a direct causal relationship with the hypokinetic manifestations (e.g., rigidity and bradykinesia), the origin of the hyperkinetic symptoms (e.g., resting tremor and propulsive gait) has remained obscure. Neuronal burst discharges are presumed to be autonomous or less responsive to synaptic input, thereby interrupting the information flow. We, however, demonstrate that subthalamic burst discharges are dependent on cortical glutamatergic synaptic input, which is enhanced by A-type K+ channel inhibition. Excessive top-down-triggered subthalamic burst discharges then drive highly correlative activities bottom-up in the motor cortices and skeletal muscles. This leads to hyperkinetic behaviors such as tremors, which are effectively ameliorated by inhibition of cortico-subthalamic AMPAergic synaptic transmission. We conclude that subthalamic burst discharges play an imperative role in cortico-subcortical information relay, and they critically contribute to the pathogenesis of both hypokinetic and hyperkinetic parkinsonian symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Syuan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Hsun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Medical Education, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Hao Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Yu Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yu Yeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Lai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chin Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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22
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Yang K, Zhao X, Wang C, Zeng C, Luo Y, Sun T. Circuit Mechanisms of L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia (LID). Front Neurosci 2021; 15:614412. [PMID: 33776634 PMCID: PMC7988225 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.614412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
L-DOPA is the criterion standard of treatment for Parkinson disease. Although it alleviates some of the Parkinsonian symptoms, long-term treatment induces L-DOPA–induced dyskinesia (LID). Several theoretical models including the firing rate model, the firing pattern model, and the ensemble model are proposed to explain the mechanisms of LID. The “firing rate model” proposes that decreasing the mean firing rates of the output nuclei of basal ganglia (BG) including the globus pallidus internal segment and substantia nigra reticulata, along the BG pathways, induces dyskinesia. The “firing pattern model” claimed that abnormal firing pattern of a single unit activity and local field potentials may disturb the information processing in the BG, resulting in dyskinesia. The “ensemble model” described that dyskinesia symptoms might represent a distributed impairment involving many brain regions, but the number of activated neurons in the striatum correlated most strongly with dyskinesia severity. Extensive evidence for circuit mechanisms in driving LID symptoms has also been presented. LID is a multisystem disease that affects wide areas of the brain. Brain regions including the striatum, the pallidal–subthalamic network, the motor cortex, the thalamus, and the cerebellum are all involved in the pathophysiology of LID. In addition, although both amantadine and deep brain stimulation help reduce LID, these approaches have complications that limit their wide use, and a novel antidyskinetic drug is strongly needed; these require us to understand the circuit mechanism of LID more deeply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyue Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Changcai Wang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Taolei Sun
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
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23
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Su F, Chen M, Zu L, Li S, Li H. Model-Based Closed-Loop Suppression of Parkinsonian Beta Band Oscillations Through Origin Analysis. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2021; 29:450-457. [PMID: 33531302 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2021.3056544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Excessive beta band (13-30 Hz) oscillations have been observed in the basal ganglia (BG) of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Understanding the origin and transmission of beta band oscillations are important to improve treatments of PD, such as closed-loop deep brain stimulation (DBS). This paper proposed a model-based closed-loop GPi stimulation system to suppress pathological beta band oscillations of BG. The feedback nucleus was selected through the analysis of GPi oscillations variation when different synaptic currents were blocked, mainly projections from globus pallidus external (GPe), the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and striatum. Since simulation results proved the important role of synaptic current from GPe in shaping the excessive GPi beta band oscillations, the local field potential (LFP) of GPe was chosen as the feedback signal. That is to say, the feedback nucleus was selected based on the origin analysis of the pathological GPi beta band oscillation. The closed-loop algorithm was the multiplication of linear delayed feedback of the filtered GPe-LFP and modeled synaptic dynamics from GPe to GPi. Thus, the formed stimulation waveform was synaptic current like shape, which was proved to be more energy efficient than open-loop continuous DBS in suppressing GPi beta band oscillation. With the development of DBS devices, the efficiency of this closed-loop stimulation could be testified in animal model and clinical.
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Liu W, Lao W, Zhang R, Zhu H. Altered expression of voltage gated sodium channel Nav1.1 is involved in motor ability in MPTP-treated mice. Brain Res Bull 2021; 170:187-198. [PMID: 33610724 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a motor disabling disorder owing to the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). The mechanisms causing motor deficits remain debated. High synchronized oscillations in the basal ganglia (BG) were proposed to be associated with motor symptoms in PD patients and animal models of PD. Voltage-gated sodium channels play a vital role in the initiation and propagation of action potentials. Here, we investigated the expression patterns of a VGSC subtype Nav1.1 in the BG of a PD animal model induced by MPTP intraperitoneal injection. The results showed that Nav1.1 was significantly reduced in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive dopaminergic neurons of the SN. Moreover, Nav1.1 expression was significantly increased in calcium binding protein parvalbumin (PV) positive neurons of the globus pallidus (GP) in MPTP-treated mice compared to the rarely undetectable expression of Nav1.1 in the control GP. Furthermore, the administration of phenytoin, a VGSCs blocker, can effectively improve motor disabilities and reduce the synchronous oscillations in the BG of MPTP-treated mice. These findings suggested that the alterations of Nav1.1 expression may be associated with the high synchronous oscillations in the BG of PD animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitang Liu
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwen Lao
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renxing Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
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Globus pallidus, but not entopeduncular nucleus, 6-OHDA-induced lesion attenuates L-Dopa-induced dyskinesia in the rat model of Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 197:173013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Sedov A, Usova S, Popov V, Tomskiy A, Jinnah HA, Shaikh AG. Feedback-dependent neuronal properties make focal dystonias so focal. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:2388-2397. [PMID: 32757424 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Focal dystonia, by definition, affects a specific body part; however, it may have a widespread neural substrate. We tested this hypothesis by examining the intrinsic behaviour and the neuronal properties that are modulated by changes in the physiological behaviour of their connections, that is feedback dependence, of the isolated pallidal neurons. During deep brain stimulation surgery in 12 patients with isolated cervical dystonia (without hand involvement), we measured spontaneous as well as evoked single-unit properties in response to fist making (hand movement) or shoulder shrug (neck movements). We measured the activity of isolated neurons that were only sensitive to the neck movements, hand movement, or not responsive to hand or neck movements. The spontaneous firing behaviour, such as the instantaneous firing rate and its regularity, was comparable in all three types of neurons. The neck movement-sensitive neurons had prominent bursting behaviour in comparison with the hand neurons. The feedback dependence of the neck movement-sensitive neurons was also significantly impaired when compared to hand movement-sensitive neurons. Motor-evoked change in firing rate of neck movement-sensitive neurons rapidly declined; the decay time constant was much shorter compared to hand movement-sensitive neurons. These results suggest that in isolated cervical dystonia, at the resolution of single neurons, the deficits are much widespread, affecting the neurons that drive the neck movement as well as the hand movements. We speculate that clinically discernable dystonia occurs when additional abnormality is added to baseline dysfunctional network, and one source of such abnormality may involve feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Sedov
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Svetlana Usova
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentin Popov
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,N. N. Burdenko National Scientific and Practical Center for Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Tomskiy
- N. N. Burdenko National Scientific and Practical Center for Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Hyder A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aasef G Shaikh
- Departments of Neurology and Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Neurological Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Neurology Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Cortical Control of Subthalamic Neuronal Activity through the Hyperdirect and Indirect Pathways in Monkeys. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7451-7463. [PMID: 32847963 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0772-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) plays a key role in the control of voluntary movements and basal ganglia disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and hemiballismus. The STN receives glutamatergic inputs directly from the cerebral cortex via the cortico-STN hyperdirect pathway and GABAergic inputs from the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe) via the cortico-striato-GPe-STN indirect pathway. The STN then drives the internal segment of the globus pallidus, which is the output nucleus of the basal ganglia. Thus, clarifying how STN neuronal activity is controlled by the two inputs is crucial. Cortical stimulation evokes early excitation and late excitation in STN neurons, intervened by a short gap. Here, to examine the origin of each component of this biphasic response, we recorded neuronal activity in the STN, combined with electrical stimulation of the motor cortices and local drug application in two male monkeys (Macaca fuscata) in the awake state. Local application of glutamate receptor antagonists, a mixture of an AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist and an NMDA receptor antagonist, into the vicinity of recorded STN neurons specifically diminished early excitation. Blockade of the striatum (putamen) or GPe with local injection of a GABAA receptor agonist, muscimol, diminished late excitation in the STN. Blockade of striato-GPe transmission with local injection of a GABAA receptor antagonist, gabazine, into the GPe also abolished late excitation. These results indicate that cortically evoked early and late excitation in the STN is mediated by the cortico-STN glutamatergic hyperdirect and the cortico-striato-GPe-STN indirect pathways, respectively.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Here we show that the subthalamic nucleus (STN), an input station of the basal ganglia, receives cortical inputs through the cortico-STN hyperdirect and cortico-striato-external pallido-STN indirect pathways. This knowledge is important for understanding not only the normal functions of the STN, but also the pathophysiology of STN-related disorders and therapy targeting the STN. Lesions or application of high-frequency stimulation in the STN ameliorates parkinsonian symptoms. These procedures could affect all components in the STN, such as afferent inputs through the hyperdirect and indirect pathways, and STN neuronal activity. If we can understand which component is most affected by such procedures, we may be able to identify more effective manipulation targets or methods to treat Parkinson's disease.
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Subcortical atrophy correlates with the perturbational complexity index in patients with disorders of consciousness. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:1426-1435. [PMID: 32717393 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complexity of neurophysiological brain responses to direct cortical stimulation, referred to as the perturbational complexity index (PCI), has been shown able to discriminate between consciousness and unconsciousness in patients surviving severe brain injury as well as several other conditions (e.g., wake, dreamless sleep, sleep and ketamine dreaming, anesthesia). OBJECTIVE This study asks whether, in patients with a disorder of consciousness (DOC), the complexity of the neurophysiological response to cortical stimulation is preferentially associated with atrophy within specific brain structures. METHODS We perform a retrospective analysis of 40 DOC patients and correlate their maximal PCI to MR-based measurements of cortical thinning and subcortical atrophy. RESULTS PCI was systematically and inversely associated with the degree of local atrophy within the globus pallidus, a region previously linked to electrocortical and behavioral arousal. Conversely, we fail to detect any association between variance in cortical ribbon thickness and PCI. CONCLUSION These findings corroborate the previously reported association between pallidal atrophy and low behavioral arousal and suggest that this region's role in maintaining the overall balance of excitation and inhibition may critically affect the emergence of complex cortical interactions in chronic disorders of consciousness. This finding thus also suggests a target for potential neuromodulatory intervention in DOC patients.
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Abstract
Background:Tics, defined as quick, rapid, sudden, recurrent, non-rhythmic motor movements or vocalizations are required components of Tourette Syndrome (TS) - a complex disorder characterized by the presence of fluctuating, chronic motor and vocal tics, and the presence of co-existing neuropsychological problems. Despite many advances, the underlying pathophysiology of tics/TS remains unknown.Objective:To address a variety of controversies surrounding the pathophysiology of TS. More specifically: 1) the configuration of circuits likely involved; 2) the role of inhibitory influences on motor control; 3) the classification of tics as either goal-directed or habitual behaviors; 4) the potential anatomical site of origin, e.g. cortex, striatum, thalamus, cerebellum, or other(s); and 5) the role of specific neurotransmitters (dopamine, glutamate, GABA, and others) as possible mechanisms (Abstract figure).Methods:Existing evidence from current clinical, basic science, and animal model studies are reviewed to provide: 1) an expanded understanding of individual components and the complex integration of the Cortico-Basal Ganglia-Thalamo-Cortical (CBGTC) circuit - the pathway involved with motor control; and 2) scientific data directly addressing each of the aforementioned controversies regarding pathways, inhibition, classification, anatomy, and neurotransmitters.Conclusion:Until a definitive pathophysiological mechanism is identified, one functional approach is to consider that a disruption anywhere within CBGTC circuitry, or a brain region inputting to the motor circuit, can lead to an aberrant message arriving at the primary motor cortex and enabling a tic. Pharmacologic modulation may be therapeutically beneficial, even though it might not be directed toward the primary abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey S. Singer
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Farhan Augustine
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Abecassis ZA, Berceau BL, Win PH, García D, Xenias HS, Cui Q, Pamukcu A, Cherian S, Hernández VM, Chon U, Lim BK, Kim Y, Justice NJ, Awatramani R, Hooks BM, Gerfen CR, Boca SM, Chan CS. Npas1 +-Nkx2.1 + Neurons Are an Integral Part of the Cortico-pallido-cortical Loop. J Neurosci 2020; 40:743-768. [PMID: 31811030 PMCID: PMC6975296 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1199-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the basal ganglia circuit, the external globus pallidus (GPe) is critically involved in motor control. Aside from Foxp2+ neurons and ChAT+ neurons that have been established as unique neuron types, there is little consensus on the classification of GPe neurons. Properties of the remaining neuron types are poorly defined. In this study, we leverage new mouse lines, viral tools, and molecular markers to better define GPe neuron subtypes. We found that Sox6 represents a novel, defining marker for GPe neuron subtypes. Lhx6+ neurons that lack the expression of Sox6 were devoid of both parvalbumin and Npas1. This result confirms previous assertions of the existence of a unique Lhx6+ population. Neurons that arise from the Dbx1+ lineage were similarly abundant in the GPe and displayed a heterogeneous makeup. Importantly, tracing experiments revealed that Npas1+-Nkx2.1+ neurons represent the principal noncholinergic, cortically-projecting neurons. In other words, they form the pallido-cortical arm of the cortico-pallido-cortical loop. Our data further show that pyramidal-tract neurons in the cortex collateralized within the GPe, forming a closed-loop system between the two brain structures. Overall, our findings reconcile some of the discrepancies that arose from differences in techniques or the reliance on preexisting tools. Although spatial distribution and electrophysiological properties of GPe neurons reaffirm the diversification of GPe subtypes, statistical analyses strongly support the notion that these neuron subtypes can be categorized under the two principal neuron classes: PV+ neurons and Npas1+ neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The poor understanding of the neuronal composition in the external globus pallidus (GPe) undermines our ability to interrogate its precise behavioral and disease involvements. In this study, 12 different genetic crosses were used, hundreds of neurons were electrophysiologically characterized, and >100,000 neurons were histologically- and/or anatomically-profiled. Our current study further establishes the segregation of GPe neuron classes and illustrates the complexity of GPe neurons in adult mice. Our results support the idea that Npas1+-Nkx2.1+ neurons are a distinct GPe neuron subclass. By providing a detailed analysis of the organization of the cortico-pallidal-cortical projection, our findings establish the cellular and circuit substrates that can be important for motor function and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Abecassis
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brianna L Berceau
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Phyo H Win
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daniela García
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Harry S Xenias
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Qiaoling Cui
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Arin Pamukcu
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Suraj Cherian
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Vivian M Hernández
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Uree Chon
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Byung Kook Lim
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences Division, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Yongsoo Kim
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas J Justice
- Center for Metabolic and degenerative disease, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas, Houston, Texas
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, University of Texas, Houston, Texas
| | - Raj Awatramani
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bryan M Hooks
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles R Gerfen
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, and
| | - Simina M Boca
- Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - C Savio Chan
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois,
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Karube F, Takahashi S, Kobayashi K, Fujiyama F. Motor cortex can directly drive the globus pallidus neurons in a projection neuron type-dependent manner in the rat. eLife 2019; 8:e49511. [PMID: 31711567 PMCID: PMC6863630 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia are critical for the control of motor behaviors and for reinforcement learning. Here, we demonstrate in rats that primary and secondary motor areas (M1 and M2) make functional synaptic connections in the globus pallidus (GP), not usually thought of as an input site of the basal ganglia. Morphological observation revealed that the density of axonal boutons from motor cortices in the GP was 47% and 78% of that in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) from M1 and M2, respectively. Cortical excitation of GP neurons was comparable to that of STN neurons in slice preparations. FoxP2-expressing arkypallidal neurons were preferentially innervated by the motor cortex. The connection probability of cortico-pallidal innervation was higher for M2 than M1. These results suggest that cortico-pallidal innervation is an additional excitatory input to the basal ganglia, and that it can affect behaviors via the cortex-basal ganglia-thalamus motor loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuki Karube
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain ScienceDoshisha UniversityKyotanabeJapan
| | - Susumu Takahashi
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain ScienceDoshisha UniversityKyotanabeJapan
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Brain ScienceDoshisha UniversityKyotanabeJapan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector DevelopmentNational Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazakiJapan
| | - Fumino Fujiyama
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain ScienceDoshisha UniversityKyotanabeJapan
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Müller UJ, Mawrin C, Frodl T, Dobrowolny H, Busse S, Bernstein HG, Bogerts B, Truebner K, Steiner J. Reduced volumes of the external and internal globus pallidus in male heroin addicts: a postmortem study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 269:317-324. [PMID: 30173319 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-018-0939-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus internus was recently proposed as a potential new treatment target for opioid addiction. DBS requires computer-assisted-3D planning to implant the stimulation electrode precisely. As volumes of brain regions may differ in addiction compared to healthy controls, our aim was to investigate possible volume differences in addicts compared to healthy controls. Volumes of the globus pallidus externus (PE) and internus (PI) in heroin addicts (n = 14) and healthy controls (n = 12) were assessed using morphometry of serial whole-brain sections. Total brain volume was larger in the heroin group (mean 1479 ± 62 cm3 vs. mean 1352 ± 103 cm3), as the heroin group was more than 10 years younger (p = 0.001). Despite larger mean whole brain volume, the mean relative volume of the PE and PI was smaller in addicted subjects compared to healthy controls (PE 0.658 ± 0.183 × 10-3 vs. 0.901 ± 0.284 × 10-3; ANOVA F(1, 24) = 6.945, p = 0.014, η2 = 0.224; PI 0.253 ± 0.095 × 10-3 vs. 0.345 ± 0.107 × 10-3; ANOVA F(1, 24) = 5.374, p = 0.029, η2 = 0.183). These findings were not significantly confounded by age, duration of autolysis, and fixation time. Our results provide further evidence for structural and not only functional deficits of the globus pallidus in addiction. In the context of previous studies, our findings support the idea of shared pathophysiological processes between comorbid depression and impulsivity in opioid addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf J Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany. .,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Christian Mawrin
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Frodl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Dobrowolny
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Busse
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Gert Bernstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Bogerts
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kurt Truebner
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany. .,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Cho SS, Christopher L, Koshimori Y, Li C, Lang AE, Houle S, Strafella AP. Decreased pallidal vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 availability in Parkinson's disease: The contribution of the nigropallidal pathway. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 124:176-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Tiroshi L, Goldberg JA. Population dynamics and entrainment of basal ganglia pacemakers are shaped by their dendritic arbors. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006782. [PMID: 30730886 PMCID: PMC6382172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The theory of phase oscillators is an essential tool for understanding population dynamics of pacemaking neurons. GABAergic pacemakers in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), a main basal ganglia (BG) output nucleus, receive inputs from the direct and indirect pathways at distal and proximal regions of their dendritic arbors, respectively. We combine theory, optogenetic stimulation and electrophysiological experiments in acute brain slices to ask how dendritic properties impact the propensity of the various inputs, arriving at different locations along the dendrite, to recruit or entrain SNr pacemakers. By combining cable theory with sinusoidally-modulated optogenetic activation of either proximal somatodendritic regions or the entire somatodendritic arbor of SNr neurons, we construct an analytical model that accurately fits the empirically measured somatic current response to inputs arising from illuminating the soma and various portions of the dendritic field. We show that the extent of the dendritic tree that is illuminated generates measurable and systematic differences in the pacemaker’s phase response curve (PRC), causing a shift in its peak. Finally, we show that the divergent PRCs correctly predict differences in two major features of the collective dynamics of SNr neurons: the fidelity of population responses to sudden step-like changes in inputs; and the phase latency at which SNr neurons are entrained by rhythmic stimulation, which can occur in the BG under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Our novel method generates measurable and physiologically meaningful spatial effects, and provides the first empirical demonstration of how the collective responses of SNr pacemakers are determined by the transmission properties of their dendrites. SNr dendrites may serve to delay distal striatal inputs so that they impinge on the spike initiation zone simultaneously with pallidal and subthalamic inputs in order to guarantee a fair competition between the influence of the monosynaptic direct- and polysynaptic indirect pathways. The substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) is a main output nucleus of the basal ganglia (BG), where inputs from the competing direct and indirect pathways converge onto the same neurons. Interestingly, these inputs are differentially distributed with direct and indirect pathway projections arriving at distal and proximal regions of the dendritic arbor, respectively. We employ a novel method combining theory with electrophysiological experiments and optogenetics to study the distinct effects of inputs arriving at different locations along the dendrite. Our approach represents a useful compromise between complexity and reduction in modelling. Our work addresses the question of high fidelity encoding of inputs by networks of neurons in the new context of pacemaking neurons, which are driven to fire by their intrinsic dynamics rather than by a network state. We provide the first empirical demonstration that dendritic delays can introduce latencies in the responses of a population of neurons that are commensurate with synaptic delays, suggesting a new role for SNr dendrites with implications for BG function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Tiroshi
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel–Canada, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joshua A. Goldberg
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel–Canada, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Cortico-Striatal Cross-Frequency Coupling and Gamma Genesis Disruptions in Huntington's Disease Mouse and Computational Models. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0210-18. [PMID: 30627632 PMCID: PMC6325534 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0210-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal gamma band power across cortex and striatum is an important phenotype of Huntington's disease (HD) in both patients and animal models, but neither the origin nor the functional relevance of this phenotype is well understood. Here, we analyzed local field potential (LFP) activity in freely behaving, symptomatic R6/2 and Q175 mouse models and corresponding wild-type (WT) controls. We focused on periods of quiet rest, which show strong γ activity in HD mice. Simultaneous recording from motor cortex and its target area in dorsal striatum in the R6/2 model revealed exaggerated functional coupling over that observed in WT between the phase of delta frequencies (1-4 Hz) in cortex and striatum and striatal amplitude modulation of low γ frequencies (25-55 Hz; i.e., phase-amplitude coupling, PAC), but no evidence that abnormal cortical activity alone can account for the increase in striatal γ power. Both HD mouse models had stronger coupling of γ amplitude to δ phase and more unimodal phase distributions than their WT counterparts. To assess the possible role of striatal fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) in these phenomena, we developed a computational model based on additional striatal recordings from Q175 mice. Changes in peak γ frequency and power ratio were readily reproduced by our computational model, accounting for several experimental findings reported in the literature. Our results suggest that HD is characterized by both a reorganization of cortico-striatal drive and specific population changes related to intrastriatal synaptic coupling.
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Boggs DL, Cortes-Briones JA, Surti T, Luddy C, Ranganathan M, Cahill JD, Sewell AR, D'Souza DC, Skosnik PD. The dose-dependent psychomotor effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9-THC) in humans. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:1308-1318. [PMID: 30255720 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118799953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binding studies have demonstrated that levels of the cannabinoid receptor type-1 are highest in the basal ganglia and cerebellum, two areas critical for motor control. However, no studies have systematically examined the dose-related effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the primary cannabinoid receptor type-1 partial agonist in cannabis, on broad domains of psychomotor function in humans. AIMS Therefore, three domains of psychomotor function were assessed in former cannabis users (cannabis abstinent for a minimum of three months; n=23) in a three test-day, within-subject, double-blind, randomized, cross-over, and counterbalanced study during which they received intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (placebo, 0.015 mg/kg, and 0.03 mg/kg). METHODS Gross motor function was assessed via the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery Motor Screening Task, fine motor control via the Lafayette Instrument Grooved Pegboard task, and motor timing via a Paced Finger-Tapping Task. In addition, the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery Rapid Visual Processing Task was utilized to determine whether delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced motor deficits were confounded by disruptions in sustained attention. RESULTS/OUTCOMES Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol resulted in robust dose-dependent deficits in fine motor control (Grooved Pegboard Task) and motor timing (Paced Finger-Tapping Task), while gross motor performance (Motor Screening Task) and sustained attention (Rapid Visual Processing Task) were unimpaired. Interestingly, despite the observed dose-dependent increases in motor impairment and blood levels of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, subjects reported similar levels of intoxication in the two drug conditions. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These data suggest that while several domains of motor function are disrupted by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, subjective feelings of intoxication are dissociable from cannabinoid-induced psychomotor effects. Results are discussed in terms of the potential neural mechanisms of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in motor structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L Boggs
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA.,2 Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jose A Cortes-Briones
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA.,2 Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Toral Surti
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA.,2 Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christina Luddy
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA.,2 Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mohini Ranganathan
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA.,2 Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - John D Cahill
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA.,2 Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew R Sewell
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA.,2 Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Deepak C D'Souza
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA.,2 Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Patrick D Skosnik
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA.,2 Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
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Sen-Bhattacharya B, James S, Rhodes O, Sugiarto I, Rowley A, Stokes AB, Gurney K, Furber SB. Building a Spiking Neural Network Model of the Basal Ganglia on SpiNNaker. IEEE Trans Cogn Dev Syst 2018. [DOI: 10.1109/tcds.2018.2797426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mutant Huntingtin Causes a Selective Decrease in the Expression of Synaptic Vesicle Protein 2C. Neurosci Bull 2018; 34:747-758. [PMID: 29713895 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-018-0230-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the huntingtin (Htt) protein. Mutant Htt causes synaptic transmission dysfunctions by interfering in the expression of synaptic proteins, leading to early HD symptoms. Synaptic vesicle proteins 2 (SV2s), a family of synaptic vesicle proteins including 3 members, SV2A, SV2B, and SV2C, plays important roles in synaptic physiology. Here, we investigated whether the expression of SV2s is affected by mutant Htt in the brains of HD transgenic (TG) mice and Neuro2a mouse neuroblastoma cells (N2a cells) expressing mutant Htt. Western blot analysis showed that the protein levels of SV2A and SV2B were not significantly changed in the brains of HD TG mice expressing mutant Htt with 82 glutamine repeats. However, in the TG mouse brain there was a dramatic decrease in the protein level of SV2C, which has a restricted distribution pattern in regions particularly vulnerable in HD. Immunostaining revealed that the immunoreactivity of SV2C was progressively weakened in the basal ganglia and hippocampus of TG mice. RT-PCR demonstrated that the mRNA level of SV2C progressively declined in the TG mouse brain without detectable changes in the mRNA levels of SV2A and SV2B, indicating that mutant Htt selectively inhibits the transcriptional expression of SV2C. Furthermore, we found that only SV2C expression was progressively inhibited in N2a cells expressing a mutant Htt containing 120 glutamine repeats. These findings suggest that the synaptic dysfunction in HD results from the mutant Htt-mediated inhibition of SV2C transcriptional expression. These data also imply that the restricted distribution and decreased expression of SV2C contribute to the brain region-selective pathology of HD.
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Blunted mGluR Activation Disinhibits Striatopallidal Transmission in Parkinsonian Mice. Cell Rep 2017; 17:2431-2444. [PMID: 27880915 PMCID: PMC5489133 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevailing circuit model predicts that hyperactivity of the striatopallidal pathway and subsequently increased inhibition of external globus pallidus (GPe) neurons lead to the hypokinetic symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). It is believed that hyperactivity of the striatopallidal pathway is due to inactivity of dopamine receptors on the somatodendritic membrane of striatopallidal neurons, but the exact cellular underpinnings remain unclear. In this study, we show that mouse GPe astrocytes critically control ambient glutamate level, which in turn gates striatopallidal transmission via the activation of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors. This presynaptic inhibition of striatopallidal transmission is diminished after the chronic loss of dopamine. Elevation of intracellular glutamate content in astrocytes restores the proper regulation of the striatopallidal input in PD models. These findings argue that astrocytes are key regulators of the striatopallidal synapse. Targeting this cell class may serve as an alternative therapeutic strategy for PD.
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Lotankar S, Prabhavalkar KS, Bhatt LK. Biomarkers for Parkinson's Disease: Recent Advancement. Neurosci Bull 2017; 33:585-597. [PMID: 28936761 PMCID: PMC5636742 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a multi-factorial degenerative disease, Parkinson's disease (PD) leads to tremor, gait rigidity, and hypokinesia, thus hampering normal living. As this disease is usually detected in the later stages when neurons have degenerated completely, cure is on hold, ultimately leading to death due to the lack of early diagnostic techniques. Thus, biomarkers are required to detect the disease in the early stages when prevention is possible. Various biomarkers providing early diagnosis of the disease include those of imaging, cerebrospinal fluid, oxidative stress, neuroprotection, and inflammation. Also, biomarkers, alone or in combination, are used in the diagnosis and evolution of PD. This review encompasses various biomarkers available for PD and discusses recent advances in their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharvari Lotankar
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Kedar S Prabhavalkar
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India.
| | - Lokesh K Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
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Blenkinsop A, Anderson S, Gurney K. Frequency and function in the basal ganglia: the origins of beta and gamma band activity. J Physiol 2017; 595:4525-4548. [PMID: 28334424 DOI: 10.1113/jp273760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Neuronal oscillations in the basal ganglia have been observed to correlate with behaviours, although the causal mechanisms and functional significance of these oscillations remain unknown. We present a novel computational model of the healthy basal ganglia, constrained by single unit recordings from non-human primates. When the model is run using inputs that might be expected during performance of a motor task, the network shows emergent phenomena: it functions as a selection mechanism and shows spectral properties that match those seen in vivo. Beta frequency oscillations are shown to require pallido-striatal feedback, and occur with behaviourally relevant cortical input. Gamma oscillations arise in the subthalamic-globus pallidus feedback loop, and occur during movement. The model provides a coherent framework for the study of spectral, temporal and functional analyses of the basal ganglia and lays the foundation for an integrated approach to study basal ganglia pathologies such as Parkinson's disease in silico. ABSTRACT Neural oscillations in the basal ganglia (BG) are well studied yet remain poorly understood. Behavioural correlates of spectral activity are well described, yet a quantitative hypothesis linking time domain dynamics and spectral properties to BG function has been lacking. We show, for the first time, that a unified description is possible by interpreting previously ignored structure in data describing globus pallidus interna responses to cortical stimulation. These data were used to expose a pair of distinctive neuronal responses to the stimulation. This observation formed the basis for a new mathematical model of the BG, quantitatively fitted to the data, which describes the dynamics in the data, and is validated against other stimulus protocol experiments. A key new result is that when the model is run using inputs hypothesised to occur during the performance of a motor task, beta and gamma frequency oscillations emerge naturally during static-force and movement, respectively, consistent with experimental local field potentials. This new model predicts that the pallido-striatum connection has a key role in the generation of beta band activity, and that the gamma band activity associated with motor task performance has its origins in the pallido-subthalamic feedback loop. The network's functionality as a selection mechanism also occurs as an emergent property, and closer fits to the data gave better selection properties. The model provides a coherent framework for the study of spectral, temporal and functional analyses of the BG and therefore lays the foundation for an integrated approach to study BG pathologies such as Parkinson's disease in silico.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean Anderson
- Automatic Control & Systems Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Kevin Gurney
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TP, UK
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Untangling Basal Ganglia Network Dynamics and Function: Role of Dopamine Depletion and Inhibition Investigated in a Spiking Network Model. eNeuro 2017; 3:eN-NWR-0156-16. [PMID: 28101525 PMCID: PMC5228592 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0156-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia are a crucial brain system for behavioral selection, and their function is disturbed in Parkinson's disease (PD), where neurons exhibit inappropriate synchronization and oscillations. We present a spiking neural model of basal ganglia including plausible details on synaptic dynamics, connectivity patterns, neuron behavior, and dopamine effects. Recordings of neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus and Type A (TA; arkypallidal) and Type I (TI; prototypical) neurons in globus pallidus externa were used to validate the model. Simulation experiments predict that both local inhibition in striatum and the existence of an indirect pathway are important for basal ganglia to function properly over a large range of cortical drives. The dopamine depletion-induced increase of AMPA efficacy in corticostriatal synapses to medium spiny neurons (MSNs) with dopamine receptor D2 synapses (CTX-MSN D2) and the reduction of MSN lateral connectivity (MSN-MSN) were found to contribute significantly to the enhanced synchrony and oscillations seen in PD. Additionally, reversing the dopamine depletion-induced changes to CTX-MSN D1, CTX-MSN D2, TA-MSN, and MSN-MSN couplings could improve or restore basal ganglia action selection ability. In summary, we found multiple changes of parameters for synaptic efficacy and neural excitability that could improve action selection ability and at the same time reduce oscillations. Identification of such targets could potentially generate ideas for treatments of PD and increase our understanding of the relation between network dynamics and network function.
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Singh‐Bains MK, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RLM. The role of the human globus pallidus in Huntington's disease. Brain Pathol 2016; 26:741-751. [PMID: 27529459 PMCID: PMC8029019 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is characterized by pronounced pathology of the basal ganglia, with numerous studies documenting the pattern of striatal neurodegeneration in the human brain. However, a principle target of striatal outflow, the globus pallidus (GP), has received limited attention in comparison, despite being a core component of the basal ganglia. The external segment (GPe) is a major output of the dorsal striatum, connecting widely to other basal ganglia nuclei via the indirect motor pathway. The internal segment (GPi) is a final output station of both the direct and indirect motor pathways of the basal ganglia. The ventral pallidum (VP), in contrast, is a primary output of the limbic ventral striatum. Currently, there is a lack of consensus in the literature regarding the extent of GPe and GPi neurodegeneration in HD, with a conflict between pallidal neurons being preserved, and pallidal neurons being lost. In addition, no current evidence considers the fate of the VP in HD, despite it being a key structure involved in reward and motivation. Understanding the involvement of these structures in HD will help to determine their involvement in basal ganglia pathway dysfunction in the disease. A clear understanding of the impact of striatal projection loss on the main neurons that receive striatal input, the pallidal neurons, will aid in the understanding of disease pathogenesis. In addition, a clearer picture of pallidal involvement in HD may contribute to providing a morphological basis to the considerable variability in the types of motor, behavioral, and cognitive symptoms in HD. This review aims to highlight the importance of the globus pallidus, a critical component of the cortical-basal ganglia circuits, and its role in the pathogenesis of HD. This review also summarizes the current literature relating to human studies of the globus pallidus in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malvindar K. Singh‐Bains
- Centre for Brain Research, University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Department of Anatomy with Medical ImagingUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Henry J. Waldvogel
- Centre for Brain Research, University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Department of Anatomy with Medical ImagingUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Richard L. M. Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Department of Anatomy with Medical ImagingUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
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Okada N, Fukunaga M, Yamashita F, Koshiyama D, Yamamori H, Ohi K, Yasuda Y, Fujimoto M, Watanabe Y, Yahata N, Nemoto K, Hibar DP, van Erp TGM, Fujino H, Isobe M, Isomura S, Natsubori T, Narita H, Hashimoto N, Miyata J, Koike S, Takahashi T, Yamasue H, Matsuo K, Onitsuka T, Iidaka T, Kawasaki Y, Yoshimura R, Watanabe Y, Suzuki M, Turner JA, Takeda M, Thompson PM, Ozaki N, Kasai K, Hashimoto R. Abnormal asymmetries in subcortical brain volume in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:1460-6. [PMID: 26782053 PMCID: PMC5030462 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Subcortical structures, which include the basal ganglia and parts of the limbic system, have key roles in learning, motor control and emotion, but also contribute to higher-order executive functions. Prior studies have reported volumetric alterations in subcortical regions in schizophrenia. Reported results have sometimes been heterogeneous, and few large-scale investigations have been conducted. Moreover, few large-scale studies have assessed asymmetries of subcortical volumes in schizophrenia. Here, as a work completely independent of a study performed by the ENIGMA consortium, we conducted a large-scale multisite study of subcortical volumetric differences between patients with schizophrenia and controls. We also explored the laterality of subcortical regions to identify characteristic similarities and differences between them. T1-weighted images from 1680 healthy individuals and 884 patients with schizophrenia, obtained with 15 imaging protocols at 11 sites, were processed with FreeSurfer. Group differences were calculated for each protocol and meta-analyzed. Compared with controls, patients with schizophrenia demonstrated smaller bilateral hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus and accumbens volumes as well as intracranial volume, but larger bilateral caudate, putamen, pallidum and lateral ventricle volumes. We replicated the rank order of effect sizes for subcortical volumetric changes in schizophrenia reported by the ENIGMA consortium. Further, we revealed leftward asymmetry for thalamus, lateral ventricle, caudate and putamen volumes, and rightward asymmetry for amygdala and hippocampal volumes in both controls and patients with schizophrenia. Also, we demonstrated a schizophrenia-specific leftward asymmetry for pallidum volume. These findings suggest the possibility of aberrant laterality in neural pathways and connectivity patterns related to the pallidum in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Okada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Fukunaga
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - F Yamashita
- Division of Ultrahigh Field MRI, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - D Koshiyama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Yamamori
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - K Ohi
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y Yasuda
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - M Fujimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y Watanabe
- Department of Radiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - N Yahata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - K Nemoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - D P Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - T G M van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - H Fujino
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - M Isobe
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - S Isomura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Natsubori
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Narita
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - N Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - J Miyata
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - S Koike
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Office for Mental Health Support, Division for Counseling and Support, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Takahashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
| | - H Yamasue
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Matsuo
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - T Onitsuka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Iidaka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Y Kawasaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - R Yoshimura
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Y Watanabe
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - M Suzuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
| | - J A Turner
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M Takeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - P M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - N Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - K Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - R Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - COCORO
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, Japan
- Division of Ultrahigh Field MRI, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Imaging Genetics Center, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
- Office for Mental Health Support, Division for Counseling and Support, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Zhu H, Wang Z, Jin J, Pei X, Zhao Y, Wu H, Lin W, Tao J, Ji Y. Parkinson’s disease-like forelimb akinesia induced by BmK I, a sodium channel modulator. Behav Brain Res 2016; 308:166-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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O'Halloran R, Kopell BH, Sprooten E, Goodman WK, Frangou S. Multimodal Neuroimaging-Informed Clinical Applications in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:63. [PMID: 27148092 PMCID: PMC4835492 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in neuroimaging data acquisition and analysis hold the promise to enhance the ability to make diagnostic and prognostic predictions and perform treatment planning in neuropsychiatric disorders. Prior research using a variety of types of neuroimaging techniques has confirmed that neuropsychiatric disorders are associated with dysfunction in anatomical and functional brain circuits. We first discuss current challenges associated with the identification of reliable neuroimaging markers for diagnosis and prognosis in mood disorders and for neurosurgical treatment planning for deep brain stimulation (DBS). We then present data on the use of neuroimaging for the diagnosis and prognosis of mood disorders and for DBS treatment planning. We demonstrate how multivariate analyses of functional activation and connectivity parameters can be used to differentiate patients with bipolar disorder from those with major depressive disorder and non-affective psychosis. We also present data on connectivity parameters that mediate acute treatment response in affective and non-affective psychosis. We then focus on precision mapping of functional connectivity in native space. We describe the benefits of integrating anatomical fiber reconstruction with brain functional parameters and cortical surface measures to derive anatomically informed connectivity metrics within the morphological context of each individual brain. We discuss how this approach may be particularly promising in psychiatry, given the clinical and etiological heterogeneity of the disorders, and particularly in treatment response prediction and planning. Precision mapping of connectivity is essential for DBS. In DBS, treatment electrodes are inserted into positions near key gray matter nodes within the circuits considered relevant to disease expression. However, targeting white matter tracts that underpin connectivity within these circuits may increase treatment efficacy and tolerability therefore relevant for effective treatment. We demonstrate how this approach can be validated in the treatment of Parkinson's disease by identifying connectivity patterns that can be used as biomarkers for treatment planning and thus refine the traditional approach of DBS planning that uses only gray matter landmarks. Finally, we describe how this approach could be used in planning DBS treatment of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael O'Halloran
- Brain Imaging Center, Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
| | - Brian H Kopell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emma Sprooten
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
| | - Wayne K Goodman
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sophia Frangou
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
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Parvalbumin+ Neurons and Npas1+ Neurons Are Distinct Neuron Classes in the Mouse External Globus Pallidus. J Neurosci 2015; 35:11830-47. [PMID: 26311767 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4672-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Compelling evidence suggests that pathological activity of the external globus pallidus (GPe), a nucleus in the basal ganglia, contributes to the motor symptoms of a variety of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Recent studies have challenged the idea that the GPe comprises a single, homogenous population of neurons that serves as a simple relay in the indirect pathway. However, we still lack a full understanding of the diversity of the neurons that make up the GPe. Specifically, a more precise classification scheme is needed to better describe the fundamental biology and function of different GPe neuron classes. To this end, we generated a novel multicistronic BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) transgenic mouse line under the regulatory elements of the Npas1 gene. Using a combinatorial transgenic and immunohistochemical approach, we discovered that parvalbumin-expressing neurons and Npas1-expressing neurons in the GPe represent two nonoverlapping cell classes, amounting to 55% and 27% of the total GPe neuron population, respectively. These two genetically identified cell classes projected primarily to the subthalamic nucleus and to the striatum, respectively. Additionally, parvalbumin-expressing neurons and Npas1-expressing neurons were distinct in their autonomous and driven firing characteristics, their expression of intrinsic ion conductances, and their responsiveness to chronic 6-hydroxydopamine lesion. In summary, our data argue that parvalbumin-expressing neurons and Npas1-expressing neurons are two distinct functional classes of GPe neurons. This work revises our understanding of the GPe, and provides the foundation for future studies of its function and dysfunction. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Until recently, the heterogeneity of the constituent neurons within the external globus pallidus (GPe) was not fully appreciated. We addressed this knowledge gap by discovering two principal GPe neuron classes, which were identified by their nonoverlapping expression of the markers parvalbumin and Npas1. Our study provides evidence that parvalbumin and Npas1 neurons have different topologies within the basal ganglia.
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Ríos A, Barrientos R, Alatorre A, Delgado A, Perez-Capistran T, Chuc-Meza E, García-Ramirez M, Querejeta E. Dopamine-dependent modulation of rat globus pallidus excitation by nicotine acetylcholine receptors. Exp Brain Res 2015; 234:605-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4491-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Right external globus pallidus changes are associated with altered causal awareness in youth with depression. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e653. [PMID: 26440541 PMCID: PMC4930125 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a functionally disabling feature of depression contributing to maladaptive decision-making, a loss of behavioral control and an increased disease burden. The ability to calculate the causal efficacy of ones actions in achieving specific goals is critical to normal decision-making and, in this study, we combined voxel-based morphometry (VBM), shape analysis and diffusion tensor tractography to investigate the relationship between cortical-basal ganglia structural integrity and such causal awareness in 43 young subjects with depression and 21 demographically similar healthy controls. Volumetric analysis determined a relationship between right pallidal size and sensitivity to the causal status of specific actions. More specifically, shape analysis identified dorsolateral surface vertices where an inward location was correlated with reduced levels of causal awareness. Probabilistic tractography revealed that affected parts of the pallidum were primarily connected with the striatum, dorsal thalamus and hippocampus. VBM did not reveal any whole-brain gray matter regions that correlated with causal awareness. We conclude that volumetric reduction within the indirect pathway involving the right dorsolateral pallidum is associated with reduced awareness of the causal efficacy of goal-directed actions in young depressed individuals. This causal awareness task allows for the identification of a functionally and biologically relevant subgroup to which more targeted cognitive interventions could be applied, potentially enhancing the long-term outcomes for these individuals.
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Zhou DW, Mowrey DD, Tang P, Xu Y. Percolation Model of Sensory Transmission and Loss of Consciousness Under General Anesthesia. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:108103. [PMID: 26382705 PMCID: PMC4656020 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.108103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Neurons communicate with each other dynamically; how such communications lead to consciousness remains unclear. Here, we present a theoretical model to understand the dynamic nature of sensory activity and information integration in a hierarchical network, in which edges are stochastically defined by a single parameter p representing the percolation probability of information transmission. We validate the model by comparing the transmitted and original signal distributions, and we show that a basic version of this model can reproduce key spectral features clinically observed in electroencephalographic recordings of transitions from conscious to unconscious brain activities during general anesthesia. As p decreases, a steep divergence of the transmitted signal from the original was observed, along with a loss of signal synchrony and a sharp increase in information entropy in a critical manner; this resembles the precipitous loss of consciousness during anesthesia. The model offers mechanistic insights into the emergence of information integration from a stochastic process, laying the foundation for understanding the origin of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - David D. Mowrey
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Pei Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
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