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Ben-Azu B, Oritsemuelebi B, Oghorodi AM, Adebesin A, Isibor H, Eduviere AT, Otuacha OS, Akudo M, Ekereya S, Maidoh IF, Iyayi JO, Uzochukwu-Godfrey FC. Psychopharmacological interaction of alcohol and posttraumatic stress disorder: Effective action of naringin. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 978:176791. [PMID: 38944175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are prevalently co-occurring, important risk factors for a broad array of neuropsychiatric diseases. To date, how these two contrastive concomitant pairs increase the risk of neuropsychiatric states, notably exacerbating PTSD-related symptoms, remains unknown. Moreover, pharmacological interventions with agents that could reverse PTSD-AUD comorbidity, however, remained limited. Hence, we investigated the neuroprotective actions of naringin in mice comorbidly exposed to PTSD followed by repeated ethanol (EtOH)-induced AUD. Following a 7-day single-prolong-stress (SPS)-induced PTSD in mice, binge/heavy drinking, notably related to AUD, was induced in the PTSD mice with every-other-day ethanol (2 g/kg, p.o.) administration, followed by daily treatments with naringin (25 and 50 mg/kg) or fluoxetine (10 mg/kg), from days 8-21. PTSD-AUD-related behavioral changes, alcohol preference, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis dysfunction-induced neurochemical alterations, oxidative/nitrergic stress, and inflammation were examined in the prefrontal-cortex, striatum, and hippocampus. PTSD-AUD mice showed aggravated anxiety, spatial-cognitive, social impairments and EtOH intake, which were abated by naringin, similar to fluoxetine. Our assays on the HPA-axis showed exacerbated increased corticosterone release and adrenal hypertrophy, accompanied by marked dopamine and serotonin increase, with depleted glutamic acid decarboxylase enzyme in the three brain regions, which naringin, however, reversed, respectively. PTSD-AUD mice also showed increased TNF-α, IL-6, malondialdehyde and nitrite levels, with decreased antioxidant elements in the prefrontal-cortex, striatum, and hippocampus compared to SPS-EtOH-mice, mainly exacerbating catalase and glutathione decrease in the hippocampus relative SPS-mice. These findings suggest that AUD exacerbates PTSD pathologies in different brain regions, notably comprising neurochemical dysregulations, oxidative/nitrergic and cytokine-mediated inflammation, with HPA dysfunction, which were, however, revocable by naringin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benneth Ben-Azu
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria.
| | - Benjamin Oritsemuelebi
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Akpobo M Oghorodi
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Adaeze Adebesin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo College of Health Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu Campus, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Happy Isibor
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Anthony T Eduviere
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Oghenemine S Otuacha
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Moses Akudo
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Surhirime Ekereya
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Isioma F Maidoh
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Joy O Iyayi
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Faith C Uzochukwu-Godfrey
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
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2
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Ben-Azu B, Toloyai PEY, Adebesin A, Ojiokor VO, Adebayo OG, Fokoua AR, Moke GE, Ejukolemu EJ, Akpojevughe IOO, Abdulkadir AM, Okwuchi E. Alcohol-exacerbates post-traumatic stress psychiatric behavior and its neuropathological sequalae in experimental mice: preventive effects of morin. Alcohol 2024:S0741-8329(24)00111-3. [PMID: 39094850 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2024.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are very prevalent and co-occurring. It is unclear how alcohol exacerbates PTSD predicaments owing to less characterized pathophysiological mechanisms. Also, studies on pharmacological agents that can effectively reverse PTSD-AUD comorbidity have, to date, been scarce. Hence, we designed a methodological approach to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms and pharmacological outcomes of morin, a neuroprotective flavonoid in mice. After 7 days of PTSD following single-prolonged stress (SPS) induction in mice, the PTSD mice were exposed to intermittent binge ethanol administration using ethanol (2g/kg, oral gavage) every other day, alongside daily morin (50 and 100mg/kg) or fluoxetine (10mg/kg) from days 8-21. The consequences of PTSD-AUD behavior, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis (HPA-axis) dysfunction, neurochemistry, oxidative/nitrergic stress, and inflammation were evaluated in the prefrontal-cortex (PFC), striatum, and hippocampus of mice. The exacerbated anxiety-like behavior, and spatial/non-spatial memory deficits, with general depressive phenotypes and social stress susceptibility by SPS-ethanol interaction, were alleviated by morin and fluoxetine, evidenced by reduced corticosterone release and adrenal hypertrophy. SPS-ethanol exacerbates dopamine, serotonin, and glutamic acid decarboxylase alterations, and monoamine oxidase-B and acetylcholinesterase hyperactivities in the striatum, PFC, and hippocampus, respectively, which were prevented by morin. Compared to SPS-ethanol aggravation, morin prevented TNF-α, and IL-6 release, malondialdehyde and nitrite levels, with improved antioxidant (glutathione, superoxide-dismutase, catalase) levels in the hippocampus, PFC, and striatum. Overall, these findings suggest that AUD exacerbated PTSD might be primarily connected, among other mechanisms, with aggravated HPA-axis dysfunction, upregulated neurochemical degradative enzymes, enhancement of oxidative/nitrergic stress and neuroinflammation, stereo-selectively in the mice brains, which morin abated via the preventive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benneth Ben-Azu
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria.
| | - Pere-Ebi Y Toloyai
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Adaeze Adebesin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Abafemi Awolowo College of Health Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu Campus, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Vivian O Ojiokor
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT), Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Olusegun G Adebayo
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Aliance Romain Fokoua
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Research unit of Neuroinflammatory and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Goodes E Moke
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Elo J Ejukolemu
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Ife-Oluwa O Akpojevughe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Abdulkareem M Abdulkadir
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Ephraim Okwuchi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
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Vetlugina TP, Prokopieva VD, Bokhan NA, Nikitina VB, Lobacheva OA, Mandel AI. Hormones, oxidized proteins, and lipids in alcoholism. Duration of remission. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2024; 23:569-585. [PMID: 37982405 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2023.2280089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The instability of remission in alcohol dependence (AD) creates a need to search for criteria for predicting its duration. The aim of study was to determine the hormones, oxidized proteins, and lipids in patients with AD, and the possible relations between these parameters and the duration of remission. Blood samples were obtained from 49 male patients with AD after alcohol detoxification (Total group). Two groups of patients were formed: with unstable therapeutic remission up to 6 months (UTR-group); with stable therapeutic remission which lasted 12 months or longer (STR-group). The control group comprised men without AD. The levels of carbonylated proteins (CP), lipid peroxidation (TBA-RS) were determined in the blood plasma. The levels of cortisol, testosterone total, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine free (fT3), and thyroxine free (fT4) in the blood serum were measured. The Total group of patients showed an increase in CP, TBA-RS, Cortisol, cortisol/testosterone ratio, and a decrease in TSH, fT3, and fT3/fT4 levels. A set of parameters (T, fT3, fT4, cortisol/testosterone ratio) associated with unstable remission was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara P Vetlugina
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Valentina D Prokopieva
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay A Bokhan
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
- Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Valentina B Nikitina
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Olga A Lobacheva
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Anna I Mandel
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
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Canto-de-Souza L, Baptista-de-Souza D, Nunes-de-Souza RL, Planeta C. Distinct roles of the left and right prelimbic cortices in the modulation of ethanol consumption in male mice under acute and chronic social defeat stress. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:1161-1176. [PMID: 38347153 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic stress exposure disrupts the medial prefrontal cortex's (mPFC) ability to regulate impulses, leading to the loss of control over alcohol drinking in rodents, emphasizing the critical role of this forebrain area in regulating alcohol consumption. Moreover, chronic stress exposure causes lateralization of mPFC functions with volumetric and functional changes, resulting in hyperactivity in the right hemisphere and functional decrease in the left. OBJECTIVES This study investigated the inhibitory role of the left prelimbic cortex (LPrL) on ethanol consumption induced by chronic social defeat stress (SDS) in male mice and to examine if inactivation of the LPrL causes disinhibition of the right mPFC, leading to an increase in ethanol consumption. We also investigated the role of lateralization and neurochemical alterations in the mPFC related to ethanol consumption induced by chronic SDS. To this end, we examined the activation patterns of ΔFosB, VGLUT2, and GAD67 in the left and right mPFC. RESULTS Temporarily blocking the LPrL or right PrL (RPrL) cortices during acute SDS did not affect male mice's voluntary ethanol consumption in male mice. When each cortex was blocked in mice previously exposed to chronic SDS, ethanol consumption also remained unaffected. However, male mice with LPrL lesions during chronic SDS showed an increase in voluntary ethanol consumption, which was associated with enhanced ΔFosB/VGLUT2-positive neurons within the RPrL cortex. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the LPrL may play a role in inhibiting ethanol consumption induced by chronic SDS, while the RPrL may be involved in the disinhibition of ethanol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Canto-de-Souza
- Lab. Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Daniela Baptista-de-Souza
- Lab. Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Luiz Nunes-de-Souza
- Lab. Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Cleopatra Planeta
- Lab. Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil.
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
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Kalelkar A, Sipe G, Castro E Costa AR, Lorenzo IM, Nguyen M, Linares-Garcia I, Vazey E, Huda R. A paradigm for ethanol consumption in head-fixed mice during prefrontal cortical two-photon calcium imaging. Neuropharmacology 2024; 245:109800. [PMID: 38056524 PMCID: PMC11292593 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a hub for cognitive behaviors and is a key target for neuroadaptations in alcohol use disorders. Recent advances in genetically encoded sensors and functional microscopy allow multimodal in vivo PFC activity recordings at subcellular and cellular scales. While these methods could enable a deeper understanding of the relationship between alcohol and PFC function/dysfunction, they typically require animals to be head-fixed. Here, we present a method in mice for binge-like ethanol consumption during head-fixation. Male and female mice were first acclimated to ethanol by providing home cage access to 20% ethanol (v/v) for 4 or 8 days. After home cage drinking, mice consumed ethanol from a lick spout during head-fixation. We used two-photon calcium imaging during the head-fixed drinking paradigm to record from a large population of PFC neurons (>1000) to explore how acute ethanol affects their activity. Drinking exerted temporally heterogeneous effects on PFC activity at single neuron and population levels. Intoxication modulated the tonic activity of some neurons while others showed phasic responses around ethanol receipt. Population level activity did not show tonic or phasic modulation but tracked ethanol consumption over the minute-timescale. Network level interactions assessed through between-neuron pairwise correlations were largely resilient to intoxication at the population level while neurons with increased tonic activity showed higher synchrony by the end of the drinking period. By establishing a method for binge-like drinking in head-fixed mice, we lay the groundwork for leveraging advanced microscopy technologies to study alcohol-induced neuroadaptations in PFC and other brain circuits. This article is part of the Special Issue on "PFC circuit function in psychiatric disease and relevant models".
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Affiliation(s)
- Anagha Kalelkar
- WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Brunswick, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08904, USA
| | - Grayson Sipe
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ana Raquel Castro E Costa
- WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Brunswick, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08904, USA
| | - Ilka M Lorenzo
- WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Brunswick, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08904, USA
| | - My Nguyen
- WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Brunswick, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08904, USA
| | - Ivan Linares-Garcia
- WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Brunswick, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08904, USA
| | - Elena Vazey
- Department of Biology, The University of Massachusetts Amherst, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Rafiq Huda
- WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Brunswick, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08904, USA.
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Blaine SK, Ridner C, Campbell B, Crone L, Macatee R, Ansell EB, Robinson JL, Claus ED. People who binge drink show neuroendocrine tolerance to alcohol cues that is associated with immediate and future drinking- results from a randomized clinical experiment. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:1968-1974. [PMID: 37717082 PMCID: PMC10584838 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tolerance to alcohol, i.e., a blunted cortisol response to alcohol, has been linked to Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (VmPFC) alcohol cue reactivity and relapse risk in severe Alcohol Use Disorders (AUDs), but its role in the development of AUDs is not clear. Recent work suggests that blunted cortisol responses to alcohol cues in individuals who engage in binge drinking (BD) may play a role in motivation to consume larger amounts of alcohol, but the link between this dysregulated endocrine response and BD's neural responses to alcohol cues remains unclear. To examine this, two groups of participants were recruited based on their recent drinking history. Thirty-three BD and 31 non-binging, social drinkers (SD) were exposed to alcohol cues and water cues in two separate 7 T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans. Each scan was followed by the Alcohol Taste Test (ATT) of implicit motivation for alcohol and a post-experiment, one-month prospective measurement of their "real world" drinking behavior. During each scan session, blood plasma was collected repeatedly to examine the separate effects of alcohol cues and alcohol consumption on cortisol levels. Relative to water cues and SD, BD demonstrated blunted cortisol cue reactivity that was negatively associated with VmPFC cue reactivity. In BD, both blunted cortisol and greater VmPFC cue reactivity were related to immediate and future alcohol consumption in the month following the scans. Thus, neuroendocrine tolerance in BD may be associated with increased incentive salience of cues and contribute mechanistically to increased alcohol consumption seen in the development of AUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Blaine
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Clayton Ridner
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Benjamin Campbell
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Lily Crone
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Richard Macatee
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Emily B Ansell
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA
| | | | - Eric D Claus
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA
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Pince CL, Whiting KE, Wang T, Lékó AH, Farinelli LA, Cooper D, Farokhnia M, Vendruscolo LF, Leggio L. Role of aldosterone and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in addiction: A scoping review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 154:105427. [PMID: 37858908 PMCID: PMC10865927 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical and human studies suggest a role of aldosterone and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in addiction. This scoping review aimed to summarize (1) the relationship between alcohol and other substance use disorders (ASUDs) and dysfunctions of the aldosterone and MR, and (2) how pharmacological manipulations of MR may affect ASUD-related outcomes. Our search in four databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) indicated that most studies focused on the relationship between aldosterone, MR, and alcohol (n = 30), with the rest focused on opioids (n = 5), nicotine (n = 9), and other addictive substances (n = 9). Despite some inconsistencies, the overall results suggest peripheral and central dysregulations of aldosterone and MR in several species and that these dysregulations depended on the pattern of drug exposure and genetic factors. We conclude that MR antagonism may be a promising target in ASUD, yet future studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Pince
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Stress & Addiction Neuroscience Unit, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kimberly E Whiting
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Tammy Wang
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - András H Lékó
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Center on Compulsive Behaviors, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lisa A Farinelli
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Diane Cooper
- Office of Research Services, Division of Library Services, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mehdi Farokhnia
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Leandro F Vendruscolo
- Stress & Addiction Neuroscience Unit, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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8
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Kalelkar A, Sipe G, Costa ARCE, Lorenzo IM, Nguyen M, Linares-Garcia I, Vazey E, Huda R. A paradigm for ethanol consumption in head-fixed mice during prefrontal cortical two-photon calcium imaging. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.20.549846. [PMID: 37503061 PMCID: PMC10370124 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.20.549846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a hub for higher-level cognitive behaviors and is a key target for neuroadaptations in alcohol use disorders. Preclinical models of ethanol consumption are instrumental for understanding how acute and repeated drinking affects PFC structure and function. Recent advances in genetically encoded sensors of neuronal activity and neuromodulator release combined with functional microscopy (multiphoton and one-photon widefield imaging) allow multimodal in-vivo PFC recordings at subcellular and cellular scales. While these methods could enable a deeper understanding of the relationship between alcohol and PFC function/dysfunction, they require animals to be head-fixed. Here, we present a method in mice for binge-like ethanol consumption during head-fixation. Male and female mice were first acclimated to ethanol by providing home cage access to 20% ethanol (v/v) for 4 or 8 days. After home cage drinking, mice consumed ethanol from a lick spout during head-fixation. We used two-photon calcium imaging during the head-fixed drinking paradigm to record from a large population of PFC neurons (>1000) to explore how acute ethanol affects their activity. Drinking modulated activity rates in a subset of neurons on slow (minutes) and fast (seconds) time scales but the majority of neurons were unaffected. Moreover, ethanol intake did not significantly affect network level interactions in the PFC as assessed through inter-neuronal pairwise correlations. By establishing a method for binge-like drinking in head-fixed mice, we lay the groundwork for leveraging advanced microscopy technologies to study alcohol-induced neuroadaptations in PFC and other brain circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anagha Kalelkar
- WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University – New Brunswick, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway NJ, 08904, USA
| | - Grayson Sipe
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ana Raquel Castro E Costa
- WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University – New Brunswick, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway NJ, 08904, USA
| | - Ilka M. Lorenzo
- WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University – New Brunswick, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway NJ, 08904, USA
| | - My Nguyen
- WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University – New Brunswick, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway NJ, 08904, USA
| | - Ivan Linares-Garcia
- WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University – New Brunswick, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway NJ, 08904, USA
| | - Elena Vazey
- Department of Biology, The University of Massachusetts Amherst, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst MA, 01003, USA
| | - Rafiq Huda
- WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University – New Brunswick, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway NJ, 08904, USA
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9
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Koob GF, Vendruscolo L. Theoretical Frameworks and Mechanistic Aspects of Alcohol Addiction: Alcohol Addiction as a Reward Deficit/Stress Surfeit Disorder. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 37421551 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2023_424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) can be defined by a compulsion to seek and take alcohol, the loss of control in limiting intake, and the emergence of a negative emotional state when access to alcohol is prevented. Alcohol use disorder impacts multiple motivational mechanisms and can be conceptualized as a disorder that includes a progression from impulsivity (positive reinforcement) to compulsivity (negative reinforcement). Compulsive drug seeking that is associated with AUD can be derived from multiple neuroadaptations, but the thesis argued herein is that a key component involves the construct of negative reinforcement. Negative reinforcement is defined as drug taking that alleviates a negative emotional state. The negative emotional state that drives such negative reinforcement is hypothesized to derive from the dysregulation of specific neurochemical elements that are involved in reward and stress within basal forebrain structures that involve the ventral striatum and extended amygdala, respectively. Specific neurochemical elements in these structures include decreases in reward neurotransmission (e.g., decreases in dopamine and opioid peptide function in the ventral striatum) and the recruitment of brain stress systems (e.g., corticotropin-releasing factor [CRF]) in the extended amygdala, which contributes to hyperkatifeia and greater alcohol intake that is associated with dependence. Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids may play a role in sensitizing the extended amygdala CRF system. Other components of brain stress systems in the extended amygdala that may contribute to the negative motivational state of withdrawal include norepinephrine in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, dynorphin in the nucleus accumbens, hypocretin and vasopressin in the central nucleus of the amygdala, and neuroimmune modulation. Decreases in the activity of neuropeptide Y, nociception, endocannabinoids, and oxytocin in the extended amygdala may also contribute to hyperkatifeia that is associated with alcohol withdrawal. Such dysregulation of emotional processing may also significantly contribute to pain that is associated with alcohol withdrawal and negative urgency (i.e., impulsivity that is associated with hyperkatifeia during hyperkatifeia). Thus, an overactive brain stress response system is hypothesized to be activated by acute excessive drug intake, to be sensitized during repeated withdrawal, to persist into protracted abstinence, and to contribute to the compulsivity of AUD. The combination of the loss of reward function and recruitment of brain stress systems provides a powerful neurochemical basis for a negative emotional state that is responsible for the negative reinforcement that at least partially drives the compulsivity of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- George F Koob
- Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Leandro Vendruscolo
- Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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10
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Römer SS, Bliokas V, Teo JT, Thomas SJ. Food addiction, hormones and blood biomarkers in humans: A systematic literature review. Appetite 2023; 183:106475. [PMID: 36716820 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food addiction may play a role in rising obesity rates in connection with obesogenic environments and processed food availability, however the concept of food addiction remains controversial. While animal studies show evidence for addictive processes in relation to processed foods, most human studies are psychologically focussed and there is a need to better understand evidence for biological mechanisms of food addiction in humans. Several key hormones are implicated in models of food addiction, due to their key roles in feeding, energy metabolism, stress and addictive behaviours. This systematic literature review examines evidence for relationships between food addiction, hormones and other blood biomarkers. METHODS A series of literature searches was performed in Scopus, PsychInfo, MedLine, ProQuest, CINAHL and Web of Science. A total of 3111 articles were found, of which 1045 were duplicates. Articles were included if they contained a psychometric measurement of food addiction, such as the Yale Food Addiction Scale, as well as addressed the association between FA and hormones or blood biomarkers in humans. Articles were assessed for eligibility by two independent reviewers. RESULTS Sixteen studies were identified that examined relationships between food addiction and blood biomarkers, published between 2015 and 2021. Significant findings were reported for leptin, ghrelin, cortisol, insulin and glucose, oxytocin, cholesterol, plasma dopamine, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), triglyceride (TG), amylin, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF- α) and cholecystokinin (CCK). Methodological issues included small sample sizes and variation in obesity status, sex and mental health-related comorbidities. Due to methodological limitations, definite connections between FA, hormones and other blood biomarkers cannot yet be determined. CONCLUSION This systematic review identified preliminary evidence linking FA symptoms to hormones and other blood biomarkers related to feeding, addiction, and stress. However, due to the small number of studies and methodological limitations, further research is needed to evaluate biopsychosocial models of FA and to resolve controversies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sophie Römer
- School of Psychology, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Vida Bliokas
- School of Psychology, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, 2522, Australia.
| | - Jillian Terese Teo
- School of Psychology, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Susan J Thomas
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, 2522, Australia; Graduate School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Australia.
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11
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Kokhan VS, Anokhin PK, Abaimov DA, Shamakina IY, Soldatov VO, Deykin AV. Neurokinin‐1 receptor antagonist rolapitant suppresses anxiety and alcohol intake produced by repeated withdrawal episodes. FEBS J 2022; 289:5021-5029. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor S. Kokhan
- V.P. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Narcology Moscow Russia
| | - Petr K. Anokhin
- V.P. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Narcology Moscow Russia
| | | | - Inna Yu. Shamakina
- V.P. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Narcology Moscow Russia
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12
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Savarese AM, Grigsby KB, Jensen BE, Borrego MB, Finn DA, Crabbe JC, Ozburn AR. Corticosterone Levels and Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene Expression in High Drinking in the Dark Mice and Their Heterogeneous Stock (HS/NPT) Founder Line. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:821859. [PMID: 35645743 PMCID: PMC9135139 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.821859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The High Drinking in the Dark (HDID-1) line of mice has been selectively bred for achieving high blood alcohol levels (BALs) in the Drinking in the Dark task, a model of binge-like drinking. Recently, we determined that glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonism with either mifepristone or CORT113176 (a selective GR antagonist) reduced binge-like ethanol intake in the HDID-1 mice, but not in their founder line, HS/NPT. Here, we examined whether the selection process may have altered glucocorticoid functioning by measuring (1) plasma corticosterone levels and (2) expression of the genes encoding GR (Nr3c1) and two of its chaperone proteins FKBP51 and FKBP52 (Fkbp5 and Fkbp4) in the brains (nucleus accumbens, NAc) of HDID-1 and HS/NPT mice. We observed no genotype differences in baseline circulating corticosterone levels. However, HDID-1 mice exhibited a greater stimulated peak corticosterone response to an IP injection (of either ethanol or saline) relative to their founder line. We further observed reduced basal expression of Fkbp4 and Nr3c1 in the NAc of HDID-1 mice relative to HS/NPT mice. Finally, HDID-1 mice exhibited reduced Fkbp5 expression in the NAc relative to HS/NPT mice following an injection of 2 g/kg ethanol. Together, these data suggest that selective breeding for high BALs may have altered stress signaling in the HDID-1 mice, which may contribute to the observed selective efficacy of GR antagonism in reducing binge-like ethanol intake in HDID-1, but not HS/NPT mice. These data have important implications for the role that stress signaling plays in the genetic risk for binge drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia M. Savarese
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- *Correspondence: Antonia M. Savarese,
| | - Kolter B. Grigsby
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Bryan E. Jensen
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Marissa B. Borrego
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Deborah A. Finn
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - John C. Crabbe
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Angela R. Ozburn
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
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13
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Bagheri F, Goudarzi I, Lashkarbolouki T, Elahdadi Salmani M, Goudarzi A, Morley-Fletcher S. The Combined Effects of Perinatal Ethanol and Early-Life Stress on Cognition and Risk-Taking Behavior through Oxidative Stress in Rats. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:925-940. [PMID: 35507233 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00506-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Both prenatal ethanol and early-life stress have been shown to induce reduced risk-taking and explorative behavior as well as cognitive dysfunction in the offspring. In this study, we examined the effect of combined exposure to ethanol and early stress on maternal care, exploratory behavior, memory performances, and oxidative stress in male offspring. Pregnant rats were exposed to ethanol (4 g/kg) from gestational day (GD) 6-to postnatal day (PND) 14 and limited nesting material (LNS) from PND0-PND14 individually or in combination. Maternal behavior was evaluated during diurnal cycle. The level of corticosterone hormone and markers of oxidative stress were evaluated in the pups. Risk-taking and explorative behavior were assessed with the elevated-plus maze (EPM) test and cognitive behavior with the Morris water maze (MWM), novel object recognition (NORT), and object location memory (OLM) tests. In the mothers, perinatal alcohol or LNS either alone or in combination decreased maternal behavior. In the offspring, the combination of the two factors significantly increased the pup's plasma corticosterone concentration in comparison with ethanol and LNS alone. Reduced risk-taking behavior was observed in the ethanol, LNS and ethanol + LNS groups compared with the control group, and this was amplified in the co-exposure of ethanol and LNS groups. The MWM, NORT, and OLM tests revealed spatial and recognition memory impairment in the ethanol and LNS groups. This impairment was more profound in the co-exposure of ethanol and LNS. Also, we observed a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the hippocampus of ethanol and LNS co-exposed animals as compared with individual exposure of ethanol and LNS. While each factor independently produced similar outcomes, the results indicate that the dual exposure paradigm could significantly strengthen the outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iran Goudarzi
- School of Biology, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran.
| | | | | | - Afsaneh Goudarzi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Morley-Fletcher
- UMR 8576, Univ. Lille, CNRS, UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale Et Fonctionnelle, 59000, Lille, France
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14
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Chakrabarty BK, Sud K, Ganguli P, Khan S. Assessment of early morning serum cortisol levels in adult male patients with alcohol-related disorders. Med J Armed Forces India 2022; 78:47-53. [PMID: 35035043 PMCID: PMC8737096 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-related disorders are a major health problem among Indian male professionals because of the unique nature of socioeconomic and demographic conditions. Various studies have highlighted the association between alcohol-related disorders and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction, but the evidence accrued so far is inconclusive. In our study, we have assessed early morning serum total cortisol concentration among Indian adult male population affected with alcohol-related disorder. METHODS A case-based cross-sectional study in which all consecutive patients admitted in the psychiatry ward of a tertiary care hospital with diagnosis of 'alcohol-related disorders', who were meeting all the inclusion criteria, and who had none of the exclusion criteria were part of the study. Diseased controls and healthy controls were chosen by applying strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Serum early morning (0400 h) total cortisol levels were estimated using automated quantitative enzyme-linked fluorescent assay technique. RESULTS 98 psychiatric patients and 50 healthy controls were evaluated. Out of these 98 patients 66 patients were diagnosed cases of alcohol-related disorder. Morning serum total cortisol levels in patients with alcohol-related disorders was found to be significantly different from healthy controls. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that alcohol-related disorders are associated with chronic changes in HPA axis and significant alteration of early morning serum total cortisol levels were demonstrated in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karan Sud
- Graded Specialist (Psychiatry), 151 Base Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Prosenjit Ganguli
- Senior Advisor (Path & Micro), Command Hospital (Eastern Command), Kolkata, India
| | - S.A. Khan
- Classified Specialist (Psychiatry), Command Hospital (Eastern Command), Kolkata, India
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15
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Flores-Bonilla A, De Oliveira B, Silva-Gotay A, Lucier KW, Richardson HN. Shortening time for access to alcohol drives up front-loading behavior, bringing consumption in male rats to the level of females. Biol Sex Differ 2021; 12:51. [PMID: 34526108 PMCID: PMC8444481 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-021-00395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Incentives to promote drinking (“happy hour”) can encourage faster rates of alcohol consumption, especially in women. Sex differences in drinking dynamics may underlie differential health vulnerabilities relating to alcohol in women versus men. Herein, we used operant procedures to model the happy hour effect and gain insight into the alcohol drinking dynamics of male and female rats. Methods Adult male and female Wistar rats underwent operant training to promote voluntary drinking of 10% (w/v) alcohol (8 rats/sex). We tested how drinking patterns changed after manipulating the effort required for alcohol (fixed ratio, FR), as well as the length of time in which rats had access to alcohol (self-administration session length). Rats were tested twice within the 12 h of the dark cycle, first at 2 h (early phase of the dark cycle, “early sessions”) and then again at 10 h into the dark cycle (late phase of the dark cycle, “late sessions”) with an 8-h break between the two sessions in the home cage. Results Adult females consumed significantly more alcohol (g/kg) than males in the 30-min sessions with the FR1 schedule of reinforcement when tested late in the dark cycle. Front-loading of alcohol was the primary factor driving higher consumption in females. Changing the schedule of reinforcement from FR1 to FR3 reduced total consumption. Notably, this manipulation had minimal effect on front-loading behavior in females, whereas front-loading behavior was significantly reduced in males when more effort was required to access alcohol. Compressing drinking access to 15 min to model a happy hour drove up front-loading behavior, generating alcohol drinking patterns in males that were similar to patterns in females (faster drinking and higher intake). Conclusions This strategy could be useful for exploring sex differences in the neural mechanisms underlying alcohol drinking and related health vulnerabilities. Our findings also highlight the importance of the time of testing for detecting sex differences in drinking behavior. Voluntary alcohol drinking is higher in adult female rats compared to adult male rats. This sex difference is most pronounced in the later phase of the dark cycle, and when the operant effort is minimal (when 1 lever press gives 1 reward: fixed ratio 1, FR1). Higher alcohol intake in females is primarily due to “front-loading”, or the rapid consumption of alcohol within the first 5 min of access. Increasing the effort required to obtain alcohol from FR1 to FR3 dampens front-loading drinking behavior, resulting in similar levels of total intake in males and females. Compressing the time of access to 15 min drives up front-loading to such a degree that rats end up consuming more alcohol in total than they do in 30-min sessions. In males, this increase in drinking is large enough that it eliminates the sex difference in total alcohol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Flores-Bonilla
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, The University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Barbara De Oliveira
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Andrea Silva-Gotay
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, The University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Kyle W Lucier
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Heather N Richardson
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, The University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA. .,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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16
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Dos Santos LC, Junqueira Ayres DD, de Sousa Pinto ÍA, Silveira MA, Albino MDC, Holanda VAD, Lima RH, André E, Padovan CM, Gavioli EC, de Paula Soares V. Early and late behavioral consequences of ethanol withdrawal: focus on brain indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase activity. Alcohol 2021; 90:1-9. [PMID: 33031882 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety and depression are symptoms associated with ethanol withdrawal that lead individuals to relapse. In the kynurenine pathway, the enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) is responsible for the conversion of tryptophan to kynurenine, and dysregulation of this pathway has been associated with psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and depression. The present study evaluated the early and late behavioral and biochemical effects of ethanol withdrawal in rats. Male Wistar rats were submitted to increasing concentrations of ethanol in drinking water during 21 days. In experiment 1, both control and withdrawal groups were submitted to a battery of behavioral tests 3, 5, 10, 19, and 21 days following ethanol removal. In experiment 2, animals were euthanized 3 days (short-term) or 21 days (long-term) after withdrawal, and the brains were dissected altogether, following kynurenine concentration analysis in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. Short-term ethanol withdrawal decreased the exploration of the open arms in the elevated plus-maze. In the forced swimming test, long-term ethanol-withdrawn rats displayed higher immobility time than control animals. Ethanol withdrawal altered neither locomotion nor motor coordination of rats. In experiment 2, kynurenine concentrations were increased in the prefrontal cortex after a long-term period of withdrawal. In conclusion, short-term ethanol withdrawal produced anxiety-like behaviors, while long-term withdrawal favored depressive-like behaviors. Long-term ethanol withdrawal elevated kynurenine levels, specifically in the prefrontal cortex, suggesting that the depressive-like responses observed after long-term withdrawal might be related to the increased IDO activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Carla Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Décio Dutra Junqueira Ayres
- Laboratory of Behavioral Pharmacology, Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Ícaro Aleksei de Sousa Pinto
- Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Marana Ali Silveira
- Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Maryelle de Cássia Albino
- Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Victor Anastácio Duarte Holanda
- Laboratory of Behavioral Pharmacology, Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Ramón Hypolito Lima
- Graduate Program in Neuroengineering, Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute for Neuroscience, Macaiba, RN, Brazil
| | - Eunice André
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Maria Padovan
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy Science and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elaine Cristina Gavioli
- Laboratory of Behavioral Pharmacology, Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Vanessa de Paula Soares
- Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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17
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Morales-Puerto N, Giménez-Gómez P, Pérez-Hernández M, Abuin-Martínez C, Gil de Biedma-Elduayen L, Vidal R, Gutiérrez-López MD, O'Shea E, Colado MI. Addiction and the kynurenine pathway: A new dancing couple? Pharmacol Ther 2021; 223:107807. [PMID: 33476641 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Drug use poses a serious threat to health systems throughout the world and the number of consumers rises relentlessly every year. The kynurenine pathway, main pathway of tryptophan degradation, has drawn interest in this field due to its relationship with addictive behaviour. Recently it has been confirmed that modulation of kynurenine metabolism at certain stages of the pathway can reduce, prevent or abolish drug seeking-like behaviours in studies with several different drugs. In this review, we present an up-to-date summary of the evidences of a relationship between drug use and the kynurenine pathway, both the alterations of the pathway due to drug use as well as modulation of the pathway as a potential approach to treat drug addiction. The review discusses ethanol, nicotine, cannabis, amphetamines, cocaine and opioids and new prospects in the drug research field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Morales-Puerto
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Giménez-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Pérez-Hernández
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Abuin-Martínez
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leticia Gil de Biedma-Elduayen
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Vidal
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Gutiérrez-López
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther O'Shea
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Isabel Colado
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
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Cannady R, Nguyen T, Padula AE, Rinker JA, Lopez MF, Becker HC, Woodward JJ, Mulholland PJ. Interaction of chronic intermittent ethanol and repeated stress on structural and functional plasticity in the mouse medial prefrontal cortex. Neuropharmacology 2021; 182:108396. [PMID: 33181147 PMCID: PMC7942177 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Stress is a risk factor that plays a considerable role in the development and maintenance of alcohol (ethanol) abuse and relapse. Preclinical studies examining ethanol-stress interactions have demonstrated elevated ethanol drinking, cognitive deficits, and negative affective behaviors in mice. However, the neural adaptations in prefrontal cortical regions that drive these aberrant behaviors produced by ethanol-stress interactions are unknown. In this study, male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) and repeated forced swim stress (FSS). After two cycles of CIE x FSS, brain slices containing the prelimbic (PrL) and infralimbic (IfL) cortex were prepared for analysis of adaptations in dendritic spines and synaptic plasticity. In the PrL cortex, total spine density was increased in mice exposed to CIE. Immediately following induction of long-term potentiation (LTP), the fEPSP slope was increased in the PrL of CIE x FSS treated mice, indicative of a presynaptic adaptation on post-tetanic potentiation (PTP). In the IfL cortex, CIE exposure regardless of FSS experience resulted in an increase in spine density. FSS alone or when combined with CIE exposure increased PTP following LTP induction. Repeated FSS episodes increased IfL cortical paired-pulse facilitation, a second measure of presynaptic plasticity. In summary, CIE exposure resulted in structural adaptations while repeated stress exposure drove metaplastic changes in presynaptic function, demonstrating distinct morphological and functional changes in PrL and IfL cortical neurons. Thus, the structural and functional adaptations may be one mechanism underlying the development of excessive drinking and cognitive deficits associated with ethanol-stress interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginald Cannady
- Department of Neuroscience, Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 30 Courtenay Drive, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA; Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Barnes Hall 215, Greensboro, NC, 27411, USA
| | - Tiffany Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience, Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 30 Courtenay Drive, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Audrey E Padula
- Department of Neuroscience, Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 30 Courtenay Drive, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Jennifer A Rinker
- Department of Neuroscience, Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 30 Courtenay Drive, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Marcelo F Lopez
- Department of Neuroscience, Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 30 Courtenay Drive, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Howard C Becker
- Department of Neuroscience, Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 30 Courtenay Drive, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - John J Woodward
- Department of Neuroscience, Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 30 Courtenay Drive, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Patrick J Mulholland
- Department of Neuroscience, Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 30 Courtenay Drive, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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Suk JW, Hwang S, Cheong C. Functional and Structural Alteration of Default Mode, Executive Control, and Salience Networks in Alcohol Use Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:742228. [PMID: 34744834 PMCID: PMC8564495 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.742228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) has been related to aberrant functional connectivity (FC) in the salience network (SN), executive control network (ECN), and default mode network (DMN). However, there is a lack of comprehensive and simultaneous examination of these networks in patients with AUD and of their relation to potential anatomical changes. We aimed to comprehensively examine the alteration in FC in the three networks in AUD patients, and the correlation of the alteration with anatomical/structural changes (volume) in the neural areas implicated in these networks, by applying voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and region of interest-to-region of interest connectivity analysis simultaneously. In all, 22 patients with AUD and 22 healthy adults participated in the study and underwent T1 magnetic resonance imaging. Patients with AUD showed increased FCs within the DMN and SN networks, especially in terms of connectivity of the frontal areas and bilateral hippocampi. They also showed decreased FCs in the ECN. In addition, there was significant volume reduction in these areas (frontal areas and hippocampus). The increased FCs within the frontal areas or bilateral hippocampi showed a negative correlation with gray matter volume of these areas in AUD patients. Our findings add to the empirical evidence that the frontal lobe and hippocampi are critical areas that are vulnerable to functional and structural changes due to AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Woo Suk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Soonjo Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Chaejoon Cheong
- Bio-Chemical Analysis Team, Korean Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, South Korea
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Yaeger JD, Krupp KT, Gale JJ, Summers CH. Counterbalanced microcircuits for Orx1 and Orx2 regulation of stress reactivity. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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21
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Listabarth S, König D, Vyssoki B, Hametner S. Does thiamine protect the brain from iron overload and alcohol-related dementia? Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:1591-1595. [PMID: 32808749 PMCID: PMC7983902 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-related dementia (ARD) is a common and severe co-morbidity in alcohol use disorder (AUD). We propose brain iron overload (BIO) to be an important and previously neglected pathogenic process, accelerating cognitive decline in AUD. Furthermore, we suggest thiamine, which is frequently depleted in AUD, to be a key modulator in this process: Thiamine deficiency impairs the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, thereby enabling iron to pass through and accumulate in the brain. This hypothesis is based on findings from animal, translational, and neuroimaging studies, discussed in this article. To validate this hypothesis, translational studies focusing on brain iron homeostasis in AUD, as well as prospective clinical studies investigating prevalence and clinical impact of BIO in AUD, should be conducted. If proven right, this would change the understanding of ARD and may lead to novel therapeutic interventions in prevention and treatment of ARD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Listabarth
- Clinical Division of Social PsychiatryDepartment of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Daniel König
- Clinical Division of Social PsychiatryDepartment of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Benjamin Vyssoki
- Clinical Division of Social PsychiatryDepartment of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Simon Hametner
- Clinical Institute of NeurologyCenter for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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22
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Abstract
Sex differences may play a critical role in modulating how chronic or heavy alcohol use impacts the brain to cause the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). AUD is a multifaceted and complex disorder driven by changes in key neurobiological structures that regulate executive function, memory, and stress. A three-stage framework of addiction (binge/intoxication; withdrawal/negative affect; preoccupation/anticipation) has been useful for conceptualizing the complexities of AUD and other addictions. Initially, alcohol drinking causes short-term effects that involve signaling mediated by several neurotransmitter systems such as dopamine, corticotropin releasing factor, and glutamate. With continued intoxication, alcohol leads to dysfunctional behaviors that are thought to be due in part to alterations of these and other neurotransmitter systems, along with alterations in neural pathways connecting prefrontal and limbic structures. Using the three-stage framework, this review highlights examples of research examining sex differences in drinking and differential modulation of neural systems contributing to the development of AUD. New insights addressing the role of sex differences in AUD are advancing the field forward by uncovering the complex interactions that mediate vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather N Richardson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
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23
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Vetlugina TP, Lobacheva OA, Nikitina VB, Prokopieva VD, Mandel AI, Bokhan NA. [Hormones of stress-response system in alcohol dependence: the ability to predict duration of remission]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:73-78. [PMID: 32621471 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202012005173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the spectrum of hormones of the stress-realizing system in the time course of therapy of withdrawal syndrome and post-withdrawal state and analyze their possible relationships with the duration of therapeutic remission in patients with alcohol dependence. MATERIAL AND METHODS The examination included 74 men admitted in the clinic at Mental Health Research Institute NRMC diagnosed as having «Mental and behavioral disorders due to use of alcohol» (dependence syndrome F10.21 and withdrawal state - F10.30) according to ICD-10. The control group included 35 men matched in age with patients. Concentration of cortisol, testosterone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4) were determined by immunoenzyme method (IEM), in patients - at two points: point 1 - by day 3-5 of the admission in the clinic in the withdrawal syndrome state after alcohol detoxification; point 2 - by day 15-17 of the anti-alcohol therapy. RESULTS In the general group of patients with alcohol dependence the elevation of the level of cortisol in comparison with control was established (pc<0,0001 at both points) and increase of concentration at point 2 (p=0,0253 to point 1). Concentration of testosterone at point 1 exceeded the level of control (pc=0,0203), at point 2 decreased up to control values and in relation to point 1 (p=0,0004). In relation to control the level of TSH in patients was decreased at point 1 (pc=0,0077); the concentration of fT3 and fT4 was reliably decreased at both points; concentration of fT4 decreased further in the process of the therapy of the post-withdrawal state (p=0,0003 to point 1). According to the duration of the last therapeutic remission, two groups of patients were formed: those with unstable remission (up to 6 months) and with the formed stable remission (1 year or more). A comparative analysis of the concentration of cortisol and testosterone in blood serum taken in patients at point 1 revealed a significant excess of testosterone in the group with unstable remission, both in relation to the control (pc=0,0239) and to the indicator in the group of patients with stable remission (p=0,0159). CONCLUSION Dysfunctions in the spectrum of stress-realizing hormones in patients with alcohol dependence in the time course of the therapy for withdrawal syndrome and post-withdrawal state were revealed, the main of which are high level of cortisol, testosterone, reduction of secretion of free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine. Patients with unstable therapeutic remission are characterized by a high concentration of testosterone after alcohol detoxification, which allows us to consider testosterone as a biological criterion that can increase the accuracy of prediction of the duration of remission after anti-alcohol therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Vetlugina
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - O A Lobacheva
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - V B Nikitina
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - V D Prokopieva
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - A I Mandel
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - N A Bokhan
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
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Han J, Wang G, Liu M, Chai R, Guo J, Zhang F, Lu C, Zhang Y, Wang H, Zhang R. Effects of quetiapine on behavioral changes and expression of myelin proteins in a chronic alcohol dependence rat model. Behav Brain Res 2020; 385:112561. [PMID: 32070690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an atypical antipsychotic drug, quetiapine had been approved for bipolar disorder and for adjunctive therapy in major depressive disorder and schizophrenia. Recently quetiapine has been suggested to be a promising pharmacotherapy for alcohol dependence. This study was performed to determine the effects of quetiapine in rats chronically exposed to ethanol. METHODS Rats were exposed to ethanol solution (10 %; v/v) for 6 weeks. Saline or one of three doses of quetiapine (10, 20 or 40 mg/kg/day) was given by oral gavage while ethanol exposure for the next 14 weeks. Performance of learning and memory and withdrawal signs were evaluated. Then immunohistochemistry, western blot, quantitative real-time-PCR and transmission electron microscopy were performed to determine the effects of quetiapine on alterations of brain white matter markers (myelin basic protein, MBP; proteolipid protein, PLP) and morphology caused by chronic ethanol exposure. RESULTS Quetiapine treatment significantly alleviated withdrawal signs in the ethanol exposed rats. Chronic ethanol exposure reduced Y-type electric maze scores and the protein/mRNA expression levels of MBP and PLP in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, and these effects were reversed by quetiapine treatment. Similar ultrastructure morphological changes were observed. CONCLUSIONS Chronic quetiapine treatment alleviated the damage induced by chronic ethanol exposure with regard to learning and memory ability and to brain white matter. Thus, quetiapine appears to be a potentially promising pharmacotherapy for the treatment of alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Han
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China; Department of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Department of Nursing, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China
| | - Meng Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China
| | - Rui Chai
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China
| | - Jiawei Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China
| | - Chengbiao Lu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China
| | - Huiying Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China.
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China.
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25
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Arinze I, Moorman DE. Selective impact of lateral orbitofrontal cortex inactivation on reinstatement of alcohol seeking in male Long-Evans rats. Neuropharmacology 2020; 168:108007. [PMID: 32092436 PMCID: PMC10373069 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) plays a fundamental role in motivated behavior and decision-making. In humans, OFC structure and function is significantly disrupted in drug using and dependent individuals, including those exhibiting chronic alcohol use and alcoholism. In animal models, the OFC has been shown to significantly influence the seeking of non-alcohol drugs of abuse. However direct investigations of the OFC during alcohol seeking and use have been more limited. In the studies reported here, we inactivated lateral (lOFC) or medial OFC (mOFC) subregions in rats during multiple stages of alcohol seeking. After one month of intermittent access to homecage 20% ethanol (EtOH), rats were trained to self-administer EtOH under an FR3 schedule and implanted with cannulae directed to lOFC or mOFC. We inactivated OFC subregions with baclofen/muscimol during EtOH self-administration, extinction, cue-induced reinstatement, and progressive ratio testing to broadly characterize the influence of these subregions on alcohol seeking. There were no significant effects of mOFC or lOFC inactivation during FR3 self-administration, extinction, or progressive ratio self-administration. However, lOFC, and not mOFC, inactivation significantly decreased cue-induced reinstatement of EtOH seeking. These findings contribute new information to the specific impact of OFC manipulation on operant alcohol seeking, support previous studies investigating the role of OFC in seeking and consumption of alcohol and other drugs of abuse, and indicate a specific role for lOFC vs. mOFC in reinstatement.
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Trajectories of heroin use predict relapse risk among heroin-dependent patients: A 5-year follow-up study. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 76:134-139. [PMID: 32284287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The relationship between past drug use trajectory and long-term relapse risk after rehabilitation among heroin-dependent patients remain understudied. The primary objectives were to identify longitudinal heroin use patterns of heroin-dependent patients, to determine the associative factors with trajectories and to investigate the impact of trajectory groups on relapse after finishing compulsory rehabilitation programs. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 564 heroin-dependent patients were recruited from 4 compulsory rehabilitation facilities in Shanghai, China between 2007 and 2008. The baseline data was linked to participants' follow-up data on relapse from official records. Group-based trajectory model was used to identify distinctive drug use trajectory groups. The association between the identified group and heroin relapse risk was then analyzed to understand the role of past drug use trajectory on relapse. RESULTS Five trajectory groups were identified in this cohort: (1) Rapid Decrease (9.9%); (2) Persistent High (32.0%); (3) Slow Decrease (34.1%); (4) Gradual Increase (4.5%); (5) Persistent Low (19.5%). Gender, age, education, and impulsivity were found to be different between the five groups. During the 5 years after discharged from the compulsory program, 291 (59.0%) individuals relapsed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the persistent high group (OR: 2.77 [1.46-5.24]), slow decrease group (OR: 2.31 [1.32-4.06]) and gradual increase group (OR: 3.50 [1.18-10.39]) was positively associated with the heroin relapse risk when compared to the persistent low group. CONCLUSIONS Heroin use trajectories vary among heroin-dependent patients in China. The trajectories of heroin use before compulsory rehabilitation are associated with subsequent long-term relapse risk.
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27
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Kim JS, Martin-Fardon R. Possible Role of CRF-Hcrt Interaction in the Infralimbic Cortex in the Emergence and Maintenance of Compulsive Alcohol-Seeking Behavior. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:354-367. [PMID: 31840823 PMCID: PMC7018591 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic, relapsing disorder that is characterized by the compulsive use of alcohol despite numerous health, social, and economic consequences. Initially, the use of alcohol is driven by positive reinforcement. Over time, however, alcohol use can take on a compulsive quality that is driven by the desire to avoid the negative consequences of abstinence, including negative affect and heightened stress/anxiety. This transition from positive reinforcement- to negative reinforcement-driven consumption involves the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system, although mounting evidence now suggests that the CRF system interacts with other neural systems to ultimately produce behaviors that are symptomatic of compulsive alcohol use, such as the hypocretin (Hcrt) system. Hypocretins are produced exclusively in the hypothalamus, but Hcrt neurons project widely throughout the brain and reach regions that perform regulatory functions for numerous behavioral and physiological responses-including the infralimbic cortex (IL) of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Although the entire mPFC undergoes neuroadaptive changes following prolonged alcohol exposure, the IL appears to undergo more robust changes compared with other mPFC substructures. Evidence to date suggests that the IL is likely involved in EtOH-seeking behavior, but ambiguities with respect to the specific role of the IL in this regard make it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. Furthermore, the manner in which CRF interacts with Hcrt in this region as it pertains to alcohol-seeking behavior is largely unknown, although immunohistochemical and electrophysiological experiments have shown that CRF and Hcrt directly interact in the mPFC, suggesting that the interaction between CRF and Hcrt in the IL may be critically important for the development and subsequent maintenance of compulsive alcohol seeking. This review aims to consolidate recent literature regarding the role of the IL in alcohol-seeking behavior and to discuss evidence that supports a functional interaction between Hcrt and CRF in the IL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung S. Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, USA
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28
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Pucci M, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Wille-Bille A, Fernández MS, Maccarrone M, Pautassi RM, Cifani C, D’Addario C. Environmental stressors and alcoholism development: Focus on molecular targets and their epigenetic regulation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 106:165-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Blaine SK, Nautiyal N, Hart R, Guarnaccia J, Sinha R. Craving, cortisol and behavioral alcohol motivation responses to stress and alcohol cue contexts and discrete cues in binge and non-binge drinkers. Addict Biol 2019; 24:1096-1108. [PMID: 30091823 PMCID: PMC6785022 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders are associated with high craving and disruption of stress biology, but their role in behavioral alcohol motivation is less clear. We examined the effects of craving and cortisol responses on behavioral alcohol motivation to stress, alcohol cue and neutral-relaxing context cues, in addition to discrete alcohol cues, in demographically matched binge/heavy (BH) and moderate (MD) social drinkers. Subjects participated in a 3-day laboratory experiment of provocation by three personalized guided imagery contexts and discrete alcohol cues followed by the 'alcohol taste test' (ATT) to assess behavioral motivation, as measured by ATT intake. Post-ATT alcohol effects on craving and cortisol responses were also examined. Results indicate BH consumed significantly more alcohol than MD in the ATT. Stress and alcohol cue contexts, relative to neutral, led to significantly greater ATT intake across both groups, which also correlated positively with self-reported alcohol use in past 30 days. Stress and alcohol context and discrete alcohol cues each significantly increased alcohol craving, more so in the BH than MD, and significantly predicted greater ATT intake in BH only. The BH showed significantly lower cortisol responses than MD overall and blunted cortisol responses to cues predicted significantly greater ATT intake in the stress condition for BH and in the alcohol cue condition for MD. Higher ATT intake predicted greater cortisol response and higher craving post-ATT, and these effects were moderated by group status. In sum, findings suggest a role for sensitized context-induced craving and blunted cortisol responses in increased behavioral motivation for alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K. Blaine
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | | | - Rachel Hart
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - J.B. Guarnaccia
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
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Corticotropin Releasing Factor Type 1 and 2 Receptor Signaling in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Modulates Binge-Like Ethanol Consumption in C57BL/6J Mice. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9070171. [PMID: 31330967 PMCID: PMC6680756 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9070171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) signaling via limbic CRF1 and 2 receptors (CRF1R and CRF2R, respectively) is known to modulate binge-like ethanol consumption in rodents. Though CRF signaling in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been shown to modulate anxiety-like behavior and ethanol seeking, its role in binge ethanol intake is unknown. Here, we used “drinking-in-the-dark” (DID) procedures in male and female C57BL/6J mice to address this gap in the literature. First, the role of CRF1R and CRF2R signaling in the mPFC on ethanol consumption was evaluated through site-directed pharmacology. Next, we evaluated if CRF1R antagonist reduction of binge-intake was modulated in part through CRF2R activation by co-administration of a CRF1R and CRF2R antagonist. Intra-mPFC inhibition of CRF1R and activation of CRF2R resulted in decreased binge-like ethanol intake. Further, the inhibitory effect of the CRF1R antagonist was attenuated by co-administration of a CRF2R antagonist. We provide novel evidence that (1) inhibition of CRF1R or activation of CRF2R in the mPFC reduces binge-like ethanol intake; and (2) the effect of CRF1R antagonism may be mediated via enhanced CRF2R activation. These observations provide the first direct behavioral pharmacological evidence that CRF receptor activity in the mPFC modulates binge-like ethanol consumption.
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Benitez-López Y, Redolar-Ripoll D, Ruvalcaba-Delgadillo Y, Jáuregui-Huerta F. Inhibitory control failures and blunted cortisol response to psychosocial stress in amphetamine consumers after 6 months of abstinence. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 24:20. [PMID: 31007690 PMCID: PMC6450134 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_1148_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amphetamine abuse has been conceived as an addictive illness where stress regulation and inhibitory control may be crucial factors determining chronicity and relapse. Since amphetamine consumption may disrupt the cerebral systems regulating inhibition and stress behaviors, deregulation on these systems may be expected even after long-term abstinence periods. The present study aimed to evaluate the ability of abstinent amphetamine consumers to regulate stress parameters and to inhibit cognitive patterns under the acute trier social stress test (TSST) paradigm. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cohort study was conducted in a sample of 44 young individuals (average age: 24.6 years). The sample included 22 amphetamine consumers recruited from an addiction treatment center and 22 healthy nonconsumers belonging to the same sociodemographic conditions. Both groups were exposed to the TSST once the consumers completed 6 months in abstinence. To evaluate stress reactivity, we collected five saliva samples distributed before, during, and after stress exposure. Inhibitory capacity was also assessed before and after stress using the Stroop and d2 cancellation tests. RESULTS Under stress conditions, cortisol measures were significantly lower in amphetamine consumers (1105.34 ± 756.958) than in healthy nonconsumers (1771.86 ± 1174.248) P = 0.022. Without stress, amphetamine consumers also showed lower cortisol values (1027.61 ± 709.8) than nonconsumers (1844.21 ± 1099.15) P = 0.016. Regarding inhibitory capacity, stress also was associated to consumer's lower scores on the Stroop (5.17 ± 8.34 vs. 10.58 ± 7.83) P = 0.032 and d2 tests (190.27 ± 29.47 vs. 218.00 ± 38.08) P = 0.010. CONCLUSION We concluded that both the stress regulatory system and executive function system (attentional/inhibitory control) represent key vulnerability conditions to the long-term effect of compulsive amphetamine consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yermein Benitez-López
- Neurosciences Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Diego Redolar-Ripoll
- Cognitive NeuroLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Jáuregui-Huerta
- Neurosciences Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Mexico,Address for correspondence: Prof. Fernando Jauregui-Huerta, Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Nevada 950, Col. Independencia, CP 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. E-mail:
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Pahng AR, Paulsen RI, McGinn MA, Farooq MA, Edwards KN, Edwards S. Dysregulation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation in alcohol dependence. Alcohol 2019; 75:11-18. [PMID: 30321699 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic, relapsing psychiatric disease characterized by the emergence of negative emotional states and the development of motivational deficits that manifest during alcohol withdrawal. Accordingly, alcohol may be sought after and taken in excessive amounts to alleviate withdrawal-related symptoms. To develop more effective treatments for AUD, it is necessary to identify potential molecular targets that underlie the transition from initial alcohol use to alcohol dependence, and our previous work has implicated a role for potentiated glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling in this regard. As a key negative regulator of GR-mediated signaling, the current study first measured c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation in animals following an acute alcohol challenge. We found that JNK phosphorylation (pJNK) was significantly increased in the hippocampus, frontal cortical regions, and striatum of adult male Wistar rats following alcohol challenge, indicating that initial alcohol exposure increases JNK activity across several brain regions. A separate group of adult male Wistar rats were made dependent via chronic, intermittent ethanol vapor exposure and were trained to self-administer alcohol. We found that alcohol-dependent animals consumed significantly more alcohol and escalated their drinking over time compared to non-dependent animals. We then measured alterations in JNK phosphorylation in this alcohol-dependent group during acute withdrawal and found that pJNK was selectively decreased in the dorsal hippocampus, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, and cingulate cortex. These findings demonstrate that withdrawal from chronic alcohol exposure leads to region-specific deficits in JNK phosphorylation. JNK signaling dysregulation may foster long-lasting behavioral and motivational impairments in alcohol dependence, either as a result of increased GR-mediated stress signaling or via other downstream mechanisms.
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Strathearn L, Mertens CE, Mayes L, Rutherford H, Rajhans P, Xu G, Potenza MN, Kim S. Pathways Relating the Neurobiology of Attachment to Drug Addiction. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:737. [PMID: 31780957 PMCID: PMC6857543 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorders constitute a significant public health problem in North America and worldwide. Specifically, substance addictions in women during pregnancy or in the postpartum period have adverse effects not only on the mother, but also on mother-infant attachment and the child's subsequent development. Additionally, there is growing evidence suggesting that parental addiction may be transmitted intergenerationally, where the child of parents with addiction problems is more likely to experience addiction as an adult. The current review takes a developmental perspective and draws from animal and human studies to examine how compromised early experience, including insecure attachment, early abuse/neglect, and unresolved trauma, may influence the development of neurobiological pathways associated with addictions, ultimately increasing one's susceptibility to addictions later in life. We approach this from three different levels: molecular, neuroendocrine and behavioral; and examine the oxytocin affiliation system, dopamine reward system, and glucocorticoid stress response system in this regard. Increased understanding of these underlying mechanisms may help identify key targets for early prevention efforts and inform needed intervention strategies related to both insecure attachment and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lane Strathearn
- Attachment and Neurodevelopment Laboratory, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Center for Disabilities and Development, University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Carol E Mertens
- Attachment and Neurodevelopment Laboratory, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Center for Disabilities and Development, University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Linda Mayes
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Helena Rutherford
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Purva Rajhans
- Attachment and Neurodevelopment Laboratory, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Guifeng Xu
- Attachment and Neurodevelopment Laboratory, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Center for Disabilities and Development, University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and the National Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Sohye Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Gonzalez DA, Jia T, Pinzón JH, Acevedo SF, Ojelade SA, Xu B, Tay N, Desrivières S, Hernandez JL, Banaschewski T, Büchel C, Bokde AL, Conrod PJ, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland PA, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Lathrop M, Martinot JL, Paus T, Smolka MN, Rodan AR, Schumann G, Rothenfluh A. The Arf6 activator Efa6/PSD3 confers regional specificity and modulates ethanol consumption in Drosophila and humans. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:621-628. [PMID: 28607459 PMCID: PMC5729071 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitously expressed genes have been implicated in a variety of specific behaviors, including responses to ethanol. However, the mechanisms that confer this behavioral specificity have remained elusive. Previously, we showed that the ubiquitously expressed small GTPase Arf6 is required for normal ethanol-induced sedation in adult Drosophila. Here, we show that this behavioral response also requires Efa6, one of (at least) three Drosophila Arf6 guanine exchange factors. Ethanol-naive Arf6 and Efa6 mutants were sensitive to ethanol-induced sedation and lacked rapid tolerance upon re-exposure to ethanol, when compared with wild-type flies. In contrast to wild-type flies, both Arf6 and Efa6 mutants preferred alcohol-containing food without prior ethanol experience. An analysis of the human ortholog of Arf6 and orthologs of Efa6 (PSD1-4) revealed that the minor G allele of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs13265422 in PSD3, as well as a haplotype containing rs13265422, was associated with an increased frequency of drinking and binge drinking episodes in adolescents. The same haplotype was also associated with increased alcohol dependence in an independent European cohort. Unlike the ubiquitously expressed human Arf6 GTPase, PSD3 localization is restricted to the brain, particularly the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed that the same PSD3 haplotype was also associated with a differential functional magnetic resonance imaging signal in the PFC during a Go/No-Go task, which engages PFC-mediated executive control. Our translational analysis, therefore, suggests that PSD3 confers regional specificity to ubiquitous Arf6 in the PFC to modulate human alcohol-drinking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante A. Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,Program in Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, United Kingdom,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge H. Pinzón
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Summer F. Acevedo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Shamsideen A. Ojelade
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,Program in Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Bing Xu
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, United Kingdom,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Tay
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, United Kingdom,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, United Kingdom,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeannie L. Hernandez
- Department of Psychiatry, Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Arun L.W. Bokde
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patricia J. Conrod
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, United Kingdom,Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Canada
| | - Herta Flor
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA
| | - Penny A. Gowland
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark Lathrop
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 “Imaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Tomás Paus
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom,Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Canada
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany,Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Aylin R. Rodan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, United Kingdom,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,Program in Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,Department of Psychiatry, Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
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Mies GW, Verweij KJH, Treur JL, Ligthart L, Fedko IO, Hottenga JJ, Willemsen G, Bartels M, Boomsma DI, Vink JM. Polygenic risk for alcohol consumption and its association with alcohol-related phenotypes: Do stress and life satisfaction moderate these relationships? Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 183:7-12. [PMID: 29220643 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic and environmental factors contribute about equally to alcohol-related phenotypes in adulthood. In the present study, we examined whether more stress at home or low satisfaction with life might be associated with heavier drinking or more alcohol-related problems in individuals with a high genetic susceptibility to alcohol use. METHODS Information on polygenic scores and drinking behavior was available in 6705 adults (65% female; 18-83 years) registered with the Netherlands Twin Register. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) were constructed for all subjects based on the summary statistics of a large genome-wide association meta-analysis on alcohol consumption (grams per day). Outcome measures were quantity of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems assessed with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Stress at home and life satisfaction were moderating variables whose significance was tested by Generalized Estimating Equation analyses taking familial relatedness, age and sex into account. RESULTS PRSs for alcohol were significantly associated with quantity of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems in the past year (R2=0.11% and 0.10% respectively). Participants who reported to have experienced more stress in the past year and lower life satisfaction, scored higher on alcohol-related problems (R2=0.27% and 0.29 respectively), but not on alcohol consumption. Stress and life satisfaction did not moderate the association between PRSs and the alcohol outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS There were significant main effects of polygenic scores and of stress and life satisfaction on drinking behavior, but there was no support for PRS-by-stress or PRS-by-life satisfaction interactions on alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabry W Mies
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lannie Ligthart
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iryna O Fedko
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Vink
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Animal models provide rapid, inexpensive assessments of an investigational drug's therapeutic potential. Ideally, they support the plausibility of therapeutic efficacy and provide a rationale for further investigation. Here, I discuss how the absence of clear effective-ineffective categories for alcohol use disorder (AUD) medications and biases in the clinical and preclinical literature affect the development of predictive preclinical alcohol dependence (AD) models. Invoking the analogical argument concept from the philosophy of science field, I discuss how models of excessive alcohol drinking support the plausibility of clinical pharmacotherapy effects. Even though these models are not likely be completely discriminative, they are sensitive to clinically effective medications and have revealed dozens of novel medication targets. In that context, I discuss recent preclinical work on GLP-1 receptor agonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, glucocorticoid receptor antagonists, nociception agonists and antagonists, and CRF1 antagonists. Clinically approved medications are available for each of these drug classes. I conclude by advocating a translational approach in which drugs are evaluated highly congruent preclinical models and human laboratory studies. Once translation is established, I suggest the burden is to develop hypothesis-based therapeutic interventions maximizing the impact of the confirmed pharmacotherapeutic effects in the context of additional variables falling outside the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Egli
- Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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37
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Anderson RI, Moorman DE, Becker HC. Contribution of Dynorphin and Orexin Neuropeptide Systems to the Motivational Effects of Alcohol. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29526023 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the neural systems that drive alcohol motivation and are disrupted in alcohol use disorders is of critical importance in developing novel treatments. The dynorphin and orexin/hypocretin neuropeptide systems are particularly relevant with respect to alcohol use and misuse. Both systems are strongly associated with alcohol-seeking behaviors, particularly in cases of high levels of alcohol use as seen in dependence. Furthermore, both systems also play a role in stress and anxiety, indicating that disruption of these systems may underlie long-term homeostatic dysregulation seen in alcohol use disorders. These systems are also closely interrelated with one another - dynorphin/kappa opioid receptors and orexin/hypocretin receptors are found in similar regions and hypocretin/orexin neurons also express dynorphin - suggesting that these two systems may work together in the regulation of alcohol seeking and may be mutually disrupted in alcohol use disorders. This chapter reviews studies demonstrating a role for each of these systems in motivated behavior, with a focus on their roles in regulating alcohol-seeking and self-administration behaviors. Consideration is also given to evidence indicating that these neuropeptide systems may be viable targets for the development of potential treatments for alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel I Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Science and Technology Policy Fellowships, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David E Moorman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Neuroscience and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Howard C Becker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. .,Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. .,Department of Veterans Affairs, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Somkuwar SS, Vendruscolo LF, Fannon MJ, Schmeichel B, Nguyen TB, Guevara J, Sidhu H, Contet C, Zorrilla EP, Mandyam CD. Abstinence from prolonged ethanol exposure affects plasma corticosterone, glucocorticoid receptor signaling and stress-related behaviors. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 84. [PMID: 28647675 PMCID: PMC5557646 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol dependence is linked to dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Here, we investigated effects of repeated ethanol intoxication-withdrawal cycles (using chronic intermittent ethanol vapor inhalation; CIE) and abstinence from CIE on peak and nadir plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels. Irritability- and anxiety-like behaviors as well as glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) were assessed at various intervals (2h-28d) after cessation of CIE. Results show that peak CORT increased during CIE, transiently decreased during early abstinence (1-11d), and returned to pre-abstinence levels during protracted abstinence (17-27d). Acute withdrawal from CIE enhanced aggression- and anxiety-like behaviors. Early abstinence from CIE reduced anxiety-like behavior. mPFC-GR signaling (indexed by relative phosphorylation of GR at Ser211) was transiently decreased when measured at time points during early and protracted abstinence. Further, voluntary ethanol drinking in CIE (CIE-ED) and CIE-naïve (ED) rats, and effects of CIE-ED and ED on peak CORT levels and mPFC-GR were investigated during acute withdrawal (8h) and protracted abstinence (28d). CIE-ED and ED increased peak CORT during drinking. CIE-ED and ED decreased expression and signaling of mPFC-GR during acute withdrawal, an effect that was reversed by systemic mifepristone treatment. CIE-ED and ED demonstrate robust reinstatement of ethanol seeking during protracted abstinence and show increases in mPFC-GR expression. Collectively, the data demonstrate that acute withdrawal from CIE produces robust alterations in GR signaling, CORT and negative affect symptoms which could facilitate excessive drinking. The findings also show that CIE-ED and ED demonstrate enhanced relapse vulnerability triggered by ethanol cues and these changes are partially mediated by altered GR expression in the mPFC. Taken together, transition to alcohol dependence could be accompanied by alterations in mPFC stress-related pathways that may increase negative emotional symptoms and increase vulnerability to relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brooke Schmeichel
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tran Bao Nguyen
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Harpreet Sidhu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Candice Contet
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Eric P. Zorrilla
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Chitra D. Mandyam
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, CA, USA,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA,Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
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Becker HC. Influence of stress associated with chronic alcohol exposure on drinking. Neuropharmacology 2017; 122:115-126. [PMID: 28431971 PMCID: PMC5497303 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Stress is commonly regarded as an important trigger for relapse and a significant factor that promotes increased motivation to drink in some individuals. However, the relationship between stress and alcohol is complex, likely changing in form during the transition from early moderated alcohol use to more heavy uncontrolled alcohol intake. A growing body of evidence indicates that prolonged excessive alcohol consumption serves as a potent stressor, producing persistent dysregulation of brain reward and stress systems beyond normal homeostatic limits. This progressive dysfunctional (allostatic) state is characterized by changes in neuroendocrine and brain stress pathways that underlie expression of withdrawal symptoms that reflect a negative affective state (dysphoria, anxiety), as well as increased motivation to self-administer alcohol. This review highlights literature supportive of this theoretical framework for alcohol addiction. In particular, evidence for stress-related neural, physiological, and behavioral changes associated with chronic alcohol exposure and withdrawal experience is presented. Additionally, this review focuses on the effects of chronic alcohol-induced changes in several pro-stress neuropeptides (corticotropin-releasing factor, dynorphin) and anti-stress neuropeptide systems (nocicepton, neuropeptide Y, oxytocin) in contributing to the stress, negative emotional, and motivational consequences of chronic alcohol exposure. Studies involving use of animal models have significantly increased our understanding of the dynamic stress-related physiological mechanisms and psychological underpinnings of alcohol addiction. This, in turn, is crucial for developing new and more effective therapeutics for treating excessive, harmful drinking, particularly stress-enhanced alcohol consumption. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Alcoholism".
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard C Becker
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, RHJ Department of Veterans Affairs, Charleston, SC 29464, USA.
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40
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Role of addiction and stress neurobiology on food intake and obesity. Biol Psychol 2017; 131:5-13. [PMID: 28479142 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The US remains at the forefront of a global obesity epidemic with a significant negative impact on public health. While it is well known that a balance between energy intake and expenditure is homeostatically regulated to control weight, growing evidence points to multifactorial social, neurobehavioral and metabolic determinants of food intake that influence obesity risk. This review presents factors such as the ubiquitous presence of rewarding foods in the environment and increased salience of such foods that stimulate brain reward motivation and stress circuits to influence eating behaviors. These rewarding foods via conditioned and reinforcing effects stimulate not only metabolic, but also stress hormones, that, in turn, hijack the brain emotional (limbic) and motivational (striatal) pathways, to promote food craving and excessive food intake. Furthermore, the impact of high levels of stress and trauma and altered metabolic environment (e.g. higher weight, altered insulin sensitivity) on prefrontal cortical self-control processes that regulate emotional, motivational and visceral homeostatic mechanisms of food intake and obesity risk are also discussed. A heuristic framework is presented in which the interactive dynamic effects of neurobehavioral adaptations in metabolic, motivation and stress neurobiology may further support food craving, excessive food intake and weight gain in a complex feed-forward manner. Implications of such adaptations in brain addictive-motivational and stress pathways and their effects on excessive food intake and weight gain are discussed to highlight key questions that requires future research attention in order to better understand and address the growing obesity epidemic.
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41
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Reward loss and addiction: Opportunities for cross-pollination. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 154:39-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Blaine SK, Sinha R. Alcohol, stress, and glucocorticoids: From risk to dependence and relapse in alcohol use disorders. Neuropharmacology 2017; 122:136-147. [PMID: 28159647 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we detail the clinical evidence supporting the role of psychological and physiological stress in instrumental motivation for alcohol consumption during the development of mild to moderate alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and in the compulsive, habitual alcohol consumption seen in severe, chronic, relapsing AUDs. Traditionally, the study of AUDs has focused on the direct and indirect effects of alcohol on striatal dopaminergic pathways and their role in the reinforcing effects of alcohol. However, growing evidence also suggests that alcohol directly stimulates the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and has effects on glucocorticoid receptors in extrahypothalamic, limbic forebrain, and medial Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) circuits, which contribute to the development of AUDs and their progression in severity, chronicity, and relapse risk. Evidence indicates HPA axis, glucocorticoid, and PFC dysfunction during protracted withdrawal and under high arousal conditions in those with severe AUDs, and novel evidence is also emerging to suggest HPA axis dysfunction with binge/heavy drinking, which is associated with motivation for alcohol in non-dependent individuals. Specifically, alcohol-associated alterations in HPA axis responses to stress and alcohol cues may serve as interoceptive physiological signals and facilitate conditioning mechanisms to influence alcohol motivation. Thus, this dysfunction may serve as a potential biomarker of both risk and of relapse. Based on this emerging data, we conceptualize and present early evidence for treatment targets that may improve PFC function and/or normalize HPA axis functioning and may be beneficial in the treatment and relapse prevention of AUDs. Finally, we suggest that individual differences in alcohol-related pathophysiology in these circuits may modulate treatment and recovery response, thereby supporting the need for building personalized medicine algorithms to understand and treat AUDs. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Alcoholism".
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Blaine
- Department of Psychiatry Yale University School of Medicine, Yale Interdisciplinary Stress Center, 2 Church Street South, Suite 209, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry Yale University School of Medicine, Yale Interdisciplinary Stress Center, 2 Church Street South, Suite 209, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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43
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Pahng AR, McGinn MA, Paulsen RI, Edwards S. The Prefrontal Cortex as a Critical Gate of Negative Affect and Motivation in Alcohol Use Disorder. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2017; 13:139-143. [PMID: 28111628 PMCID: PMC5242235 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) represents and executes the highest forms of goal-directed behavior, and has thereby attained a central neuroanatomical position in most pathophysiological conceptualizations of motivational disorders, including alcohol use disorder (AUD). Excessive, intermittent exposure to alcohol produces an allostatic dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis along with heightened forebrain glucocorticoid signaling that can damage PFC architecture and function. Negative affective states intimately associated with the transition to alcohol dependence result not only from a dysregulated HPA axis, but also from the inability of a damaged PFC to regulate subcortical stress and reinforcement centers, including the ventral striatum and amygdala. Several cognitive symptoms commonly associated with severe AUD, ranging from poor risk management to the cognitive/affective dimension of pain, are likely mediated by altered function of key anatomical elements that modulate PFC executive function, including contributions from the cingulate cortex and insula. Future therapeutic strategies for severe AUD should focus on attenuating the deleterious effects of excessive stress hormone activity on cognitive/affective and motivational behaviors gated by the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Pahng
- Department of Physiology, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - M Adrienne McGinn
- Department of Physiology, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Rod I Paulsen
- Department of Physiology, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Scott Edwards
- Department of Physiology, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
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Zahr NM, Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV. Perspectives on fronto-fugal circuitry from human imaging of alcohol use disorders. Neuropharmacology 2017; 122:189-200. [PMID: 28118989 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Descriptions of the cognitive functions affected by alcohol use disorders (AUD) often highlight dysfunction of executive processes such attention, inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Such complex cognitive functions have historically been ascribed to the prefrontal cortex. AUD, however, disrupts extensive areas of the brain. Structural and functional MRI studies suggest a central role for degradation of circuitry originating in the prefrontal cortex including nodes in widespread brain regions. This review features fronto-fugal circuits affected by AUD including frontocerebellar, frontolimbic, and frontostriatal networks and their relations to the salient, enduring, and debilitating cognitive and motor deficits reported in AUD. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Alcoholism".
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Zahr
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Neuroscience Department, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
| | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Neuroscience Department, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Edith V Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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45
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Gass JT, McGonigal JT, Chandler LJ. Deficits in the extinction of ethanol-seeking behavior following chronic intermittent ethanol exposure are attenuated with positive allosteric modulation of mGlu5. Neuropharmacology 2016; 113:198-205. [PMID: 27725153 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholism is a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by periods of heavy alcohol consumption and unsuccessful attempts at abstinence. Relapse is one of the most problematic aspects in the treatment of alcoholism and is triggered by ethanol-associated cues. Extinction-based cue exposure therapies have proven ineffective in the treatment of alcoholism. However, positive allosteric modulation of mGlu5 with CDPPB enhances the extinction learning of alcohol-seeking behavior. The current study investigated the impact of chronic alcohol exposure on the extinction of ethanol-seeking behavior. Adult Wistar rats were trained to self-administer alcohol with a light/tone stimulus serving as the alcohol cue. After training, one group of rats was exposed to chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) daily for a period of 2 weeks to induce ethanol dependence. Control rats were exposed to air for the same period of time. Both groups were then retrained to self-administer ethanol and subsequently tested for changes in extinction learning. CIE exposed rats consumed more ethanol compared to their pre-CIE levels and to control rats. During extinction training, CIE rats responded significantly more on the previously active lever and required more sessions to reach extinction criteria compared to control rats. Treatment with CDPPB facilitated extinction in control rats and attenuated the increased resistance to extinction in CIE-exposed rats. These results demonstrate that chronic ethanol exposure not only alters ethanol intake, but also the extinction of ethanol-seeking behaviors. The ability to attenuate deficits through modulation of mGlu5 provides a potential target for pharmacological manipulation that could ultimately reduce relapse in alcoholics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Gass
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President St, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
| | - J T McGonigal
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President St, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - L J Chandler
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President St, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
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46
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Holleran KM, Winder DG. Preclinical voluntary drinking models for alcohol abstinence-induced affective disturbances in mice. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 16:8-14. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. M. Holleran
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville TN USA
| | - D. G. Winder
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville TN USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville TN USA
- Department of Psychiatry; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville TN USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville TN USA
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47
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Packard AEB, Egan AE, Ulrich-Lai YM. HPA Axis Interactions with Behavioral Systems. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1897-1934. [PMID: 27783863 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Perhaps the most salient behaviors that individuals engage in involve the avoidance of aversive experiences and the pursuit of pleasurable experiences. Engagement in these behaviors is regulated to a significant extent by an individual's hormonal milieu. For example, glucocorticoid hormones are produced by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, and influence most aspects of behavior. In turn, many behaviors can influence HPA axis activity. These bidirectional interactions not only coordinate an individual's physiological and behavioral states to each other, but can also tune them to environmental conditions thereby optimizing survival. The present review details the influence of the HPA axis on many types of behavior, including appetitively-motivated behaviors (e.g., food intake and drug use), aversively-motivated behaviors (e.g., anxiety-related and depressive-like) and cognitive behaviors (e.g., learning and memory). Conversely, the manuscript also describes how engaging in various behaviors influences HPA axis activity. Our current understanding of the neuronal and/or hormonal mechanisms that underlie these interactions is also summarized. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1897-1934, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E B Packard
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ann E Egan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yvonne M Ulrich-Lai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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48
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Calleja‐Conde J, Echeverry‐Alzate V, Giné E, Bühler K, Nadal R, Maldonado R, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Gual A, López‐Moreno JA. Nalmefene is effective at reducing alcohol seeking, treating alcohol-cocaine interactions and reducing alcohol-induced histone deacetylases gene expression in blood. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2490-505. [PMID: 27238566 PMCID: PMC4959953 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The opioid antagonist nalmefene (selincro®) was approved for alcohol-related disorders by the European Medicines Agency in 2013. However, there have been no studies regarding the effectiveness of nalmefene when alcohol is used in combination with cocaine. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using operant alcohol self-administration in Wistar rats and qRT-PCR, we evaluated (i) the dose-response curve for s.c. and p.o. nalmefene; (ii) the effects of nalmefene with increasing concentrations of alcohol; (iii) the efficacy of nalmefene on cocaine-potentiated alcohol responding; and (iv) the gene expression profiles of histone deacetylases (Hdac1-11) in peripheral blood in vivo and in the prefrontal cortex, heart, liver and kidney post mortem. KEY RESULTS S.c. (0.01, 0.05, 0.1 mg·kg(-1) ) and p.o. (10, 20, 40 mg·kg(-1) ) nalmefene dose-dependently reduced alcohol-reinforced responding by up to 50.3%. This effect of nalmefene was not dependent on alcohol concentration (10, 15, 20%). Cocaine potentiated alcohol responding by approximately 40% and nalmefene (0.05 mg·kg(-1) ) reversed this effect of cocaine. Alcohol increased Hdac gene expression in blood and nalmefene prevented the increases in Hdacs 3, 8, 5, 7, 9, 6 and 10. In the other tissues, alcohol and nalmefene either did not alter the gene expression of Hdacs, as in the prefrontal cortex, or a tissue-Hdac-specific effect was observed. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Nalmefene might be effective as a treatment for alcohol-dependent patients who also use cocaine. Also, the expression of Hdacs in peripheral blood might be useful as a biomarker of alcohol use and drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Calleja‐Conde
- Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, Campus de SomosaguasComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Victor Echeverry‐Alzate
- Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, Campus de SomosaguasComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Elena Giné
- Department of Cellular Biology, School of MedicineComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Kora‐Mareen Bühler
- Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, Campus de SomosaguasComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Roser Nadal
- Psychobiology Unit, School of PsychologyInstitut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la SalutUniversitat Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, Campus de SomosaguasComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
- Instituto IBIMA de Málaga, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud MentalHospital Regional UniversitarioMálagaSpain
| | - Antoni Gual
- Addictions Unit, Department of PsychiatryClinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital ClínicBarcelonaSpain
| | - Jose Antonio López‐Moreno
- Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, Campus de SomosaguasComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
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Quadir SG, Santos JRBD, Campbell RR, Wroten MG, Singh N, Holloway JJ, Bal SK, Camarini R, Szumlinski KK. Homer2 regulates alcohol and stress cross-sensitization. Addict Biol 2016; 21:613-33. [PMID: 25916683 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An interaction exists between stress and alcohol in the etiology and chronicity of alcohol use disorders, yet a knowledge gap exists regarding the neurobiological underpinnings of this interaction. In this regard, we employed an 11-day unpredictable, chronic, mild stress (UCMS) procedure to examine for stress-alcohol cross-sensitization of motor activity as well as alcohol consumption/preference and intoxication. We also employed immunoblotting to relate the expression of glutamate receptor-related proteins within subregions of the nucleus accumbens (NAC) to the manifestation of behavioral cross-sensitization. UCMS mice exhibited a greater locomotor response to an acute injection of 2 g/kg alcohol than unstressed controls and this cross-sensitization extended to alcohol intake (0-20 percent), as well as to the intoxicating and sedative properties of 3 and 5 g/kg alcohol, respectively. Regardless of prior alcohol injection (2 g/kg), UCMS mice exhibited elevated NAC shell levels of mGlu1α, GluN2b and Homer2, as well as lower phospholipase Cβ within this subregion. GluN2b levels were also lower within the NAC core of UCMS mice. The expression of stress-alcohol locomotor cross-sensitization was associated with lower mGlu1α within the NAC core and lower extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity within both NAC subregions. As Homer2 regulates alcohol sensitization, we assayed also for locomotor cross-sensitization in Homer2 wild-type (WT) and knock-out (KO) mice. WT mice exhibited a very robust cross-sensitization that was absent in KO animals. These results indicate that a history of mild stress renders an animal more sensitive to the psychomotor and rewarding properties of alcohol, which may depend on neuroplasticity within NAC glutamate transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema G. Quadir
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Neuroscience Research Institute; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara CA USA
| | | | - Rianne R. Campbell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Neuroscience Research Institute; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Melissa G. Wroten
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Neuroscience Research Institute; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Nimrita Singh
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Neuroscience Research Institute; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - John J. Holloway
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Neuroscience Research Institute; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Sukhmani K. Bal
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Neuroscience Research Institute; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Rosana Camarini
- Department of Pharmacology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Karen K. Szumlinski
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Neuroscience Research Institute; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara CA USA
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50
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Blaine SK, Milivojevic V, Fox H, Sinha R. Alcohol Effects on Stress Pathways: Impact on Craving and Relapse Risk. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2016; 61:145-53. [PMID: 27254089 PMCID: PMC4813419 DOI: 10.1177/0706743716632512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A significant amount of neurobiological research regarding the development of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) has focused on alcohol-related activation and long-term alterations in the mesocortical dopaminergic reward pathways. However, alcohol does not only interact with brain reward systems. Many of its acute and chronic effects may be related to allostatic adaptations in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic stress regulation pathways. For example, acute binge intoxication is associated with hypothalamically driven increases in blood cortisol, norepinephrine, and sex steroid metabolite levels. This may contribute to the development of mesocortical sensitization to alcohol. Furthermore, chronic alcohol exposure is associated with systemic dysregulation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, sympathetic adrenal medullary system, and sex steroid systems. This dysregulation appears to manifest as neuroendocrine tolerance. In this review, we first summarize the literature suggesting that alcohol-induced alterations in these hypothalamic systems influence craving and contribute to the development of AUDs. We note that for women, the effects of alcohol on these neuroendocrine stress regulation systems may be influenced by the rhythmic variations of hormones and steroids across the menstrual cycle. Second, we discuss how changes in these systems may indicate progression of AUDs and increased risk of relapse in both sexes. Specifically, neuroendocrine tolerance may contribute to mesocortical sensitization, which in turn may lead to decreased prefrontal inhibitory control of the dopaminergic reward and hypothalamic stress systems. Thus, pharmacological strategies that counteract alcohol-associated changes in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic stress regulation pathways may slow the development and progression of AUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Blaine
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Verica Milivojevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Helen Fox
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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