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Deng I, Bobrovskaya L. Lipopolysaccharide mouse models for Parkinson's disease research: a critical appraisal. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:2413-2417. [PMID: 35535880 PMCID: PMC9120679 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.331866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease, the most common movement disorder, has a strong neuroinflammatory aspect. This is evident by increased pro-inflammatory cytokines in the serum, and the presence of activated microglial cells, and inflammatory cytokines in the substantia nigra of post-mortem brains as well as cerebrospinal fluid of Parkinson's disease patients. The central and peripheral neuroinflammatory aspects of Parkinson's disease can be investigated in vivo via administration of the inflammagen lipopolysaccharide, a component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. In this mini-review, we will critically evaluate different routes of lipopolysaccharide administration (including intranasal systemic and stereotasic), their relevance to clinical Parkinson's disease as well as the recent findings in lipopolysaccharide mouse models. We will also share our own experiences with systemic and intrastriatal lipopolysaccharide models in C57BL/6 mice and will discuss the usefulness of lipopolysaccharide mouse models for future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Deng
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Larisa Bobrovskaya
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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2
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Rizwana N, Agarwal V, Nune M. Antioxidant for Neurological Diseases and Neurotrauma and Bioengineering Approaches. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:72. [PMID: 35052576 PMCID: PMC8773039 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants are a class of molecules with an innate affinity to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are known to cause oxidative stress. Oxidative stress has been associated with a wide range of diseases mediated by physiological damage to the cells. ROS play both beneficial and detrimental roles in human physiology depending on their overall concentration. ROS are an inevitable byproduct of the normal functioning of cells, which are produced as a result of the mitochondrial respiration process. Since the establishment of the detrimental effect of oxidative stress in neurological disorders and neurotrauma, there has been growing interest in exploring antioxidants to rescue remaining or surviving cells and reverse the neurological damage. In this review, we present the survey of different antioxidants studied in neurological applications including neurotrauma. We also delve into bioengineering approaches developed to deliver antioxidants to improve their cellular uptake in neurological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasera Rizwana
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine (MIRM), Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, India;
| | - Vipul Agarwal
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Manasa Nune
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine (MIRM), Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, India;
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3
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Hay AM, Howie HL, Gorham JD, D'Alessandro A, Spitalnik SL, Hudson KE, Zimring JC. Mouse background genetics in biomedical research: The devil's in the details. Transfusion 2021; 61:3017-3025. [PMID: 34480352 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetically modified mice are used widely to explore mechanisms in most biomedical fields-including transfusion. Concluding that a gene modification is responsible for a phenotypic change assumes no other differences between the gene-modified and wild-type mice besides the targetted gene. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS To test the hypothesis that the N-terminus of Band3, which regulates metabolism, affects RBC storage biology, RBCs from mice with a modified N-terminus of Band3 were stored under simulated blood bank conditions. All strains of mice were generated with the same initial embryonic stem cells from 129 mice and each strain was backcrossed with C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Both 24-h recoveries post-transfusion and metabolomics were determined for stored RBCs. Genetic profiles of mice were assessed by a high-resolution SNP array. RESULTS RBCs from mice with a mutated Band3 N-terminus had increased lipid oxidation and worse 24-h recoveries, "demonstrating" that Band3 regulates oxidative injury during RBC storage. However, SNP analysis demonstrated variable inheritance of 129 genetic elements between strains. Controlled interbreeding experiments demonstrated that the changes in lipid oxidation and some of the decreased 24-hr recovery were caused by inheritance of a region of chromosome 1 of 129 origin, and not due to the modification of Band 3. SNP genotyping of a panel of commonly used commercially available KO mice showed considerable 129 contamination, despite wild-type B6 mice being listed as the correct control. DISCUSSION Thousands of articles published each year use gene-modified mice, yet genetic background issues are rarely considered. Assessment of such issues are not, but should become, routine norms of murine experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel M Hay
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Heather L Howie
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - James D Gorham
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Steven L Spitalnik
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Krystalyn E Hudson
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - James C Zimring
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Tetorou K, Sisa C, Iqbal A, Dhillon K, Hristova M. Current Therapies for Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischaemic and Infection-Sensitised Hypoxic-Ischaemic Brain Damage. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:709301. [PMID: 34504417 PMCID: PMC8421799 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.709301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain damage is a leading cause of child mortality and morbidity, including cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and cognitive disabilities. The majority of neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic cases arise as a result of impaired cerebral perfusion to the foetus attributed to uterine, placental, or umbilical cord compromise prior to or during delivery. Bacterial infection is a factor contributing to the damage and is recorded in more than half of preterm births. Exposure to infection exacerbates neuronal hypoxic-ischaemic damage thus leading to a phenomenon called infection-sensitised hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury. Models of neonatal hypoxia-ischaemia (HI) have been developed in different animals. Both human and animal studies show that the developmental stage and the severity of the HI insult affect the selective regional vulnerability of the brain to damage, as well as the subsequent clinical manifestations. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is the only clinically approved treatment for neonatal HI. However, the number of HI infants needed to treat with TH for one to be saved from death or disability at age of 18-22 months, is approximately 6-7, which highlights the need for additional or alternative treatments to replace TH or increase its efficiency. In this review we discuss the mechanisms of HI injury to the immature brain and the new experimental treatments studied for neonatal HI and infection-sensitised neonatal HI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mariya Hristova
- Perinatal Brain Repair Group, Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, UCL Institute for Women’s Health, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Hammarlund ME, Darsalia V, Mjörnstedt F, Pattanaik B, Mallard C, Rocha-Ferreira E, Patrone C, Johansson M. The selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist AR-R17779 does not affect ischemia-reperfusion brain injury in mice. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:BSR20210736. [PMID: 34008839 PMCID: PMC8200656 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20210736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a central role in stroke-induced brain injury. The alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) can modulate immune responses in both the periphery and the brain. The aims of the present study were to investigate α7nAChR expression in different brain regions and evaluate the potential effect of the selective α7nAChR agonist AR-R17779 on ischemia-reperfusion brain injury in mice. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) was used to evaluate the absolute expression of the gene encoding α7nAChR (Chrna7) in hippocampus, striatum, thalamus and cortex in adult, naïve mice. Mice subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) or sham surgery were treated with α7nAChR agonist AR-R17779 (12 mg/kg) or saline once daily for 5 days. Infarct size and microglial activation 7 days after tMCAO were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Chrna7 expression was found in all analyzed brain regions in naïve mice with the highest expression in cortex and hippocampus. At sacrifice, white blood cell count was significantly decreased in AR-R17779 treated mice compared with saline controls in the sham groups, although, no effect was seen in the tMCAO groups. Brain injury and microglial activation were evident 7 days after tMCAO. However, no difference was found between mice treated with saline or AR-R17779. In conclusion, α7nAChR expression varies in different brain regions and, despite a decrease in white blood cells in sham mice receiving AR-R17779, this compound does not affect stroke-induced brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Hammarlund
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vladimer Darsalia
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Filip Mjörnstedt
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bagmi Pattanaik
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Mallard
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cesare Patrone
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria E. Johansson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Wang T, Zhang Y, Chen W, Tao J, Xue Q, Ge W, Dou W, Ma C. Proteomic changes in the hippocampus and motor cortex in a rat model of cerebral palsy: Effects of topical treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 133:110844. [PMID: 33186793 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive motor-impairment disorder related to brain injury early in development. To gain new insights into the mechanisms of CP and the therapeutic efficacy of Baimai ointment, we used a high-throughput quantitative proteomic approach to evaluate proteomic changes in the hippocampus and motor cortex in a rat model of CP induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) combined with hypoxia/ischemia (H/I). More than 2000 proteins were identified in each brain region with high confidence. Quantitative analysis demonstrated profound disturbances in the proteomes of the hippocampus and motor cortex after LPS + H/I, in addition to the disruption of the motor system. In contrast, the topical application of Baimai ointment not only alleviated the motor deficit in the CP model rats, but also restored the proteomes in the brain cortex. Furthermore, astrocytes in the hippocampus were strongly activated in the Baimai-treated CP rat brains, associated with an increase in neurotrophic factors. Proteomic analysis demonstrated that the CP model induced neuroinflammatory responses in the brain which were reversed by the topical application of Baimai ointment. This study highlights the unexpected roles of hippocampus and motor cortex neurons in CP progress and treatment, thus providing potentially novel therapeutic targets for CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yusheng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Weiwu Chen
- School of Business Administration, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jin Tao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Qiao Xue
- Tibet Cheezheng Tibetan Medicine Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Wei Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Wanchen Dou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Chao Ma
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100005, China.
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Jinnai M, Koning G, Singh-Mallah G, Jonsdotter A, Leverin AL, Svedin P, Nair S, Takeda S, Wang X, Mallard C, Ek CJ, Rocha-Ferreira E, Hagberg H. A Model of Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage in Preterm Rat Pups. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:535320. [PMID: 33343300 PMCID: PMC7744792 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.535320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is a serious complication in extremely preterm infants associated with neurological deficits and mortality. The purpose of the present study was to develop and characterize a grade III and IV GMH model in postnatal day 5 (P5) rats, the equivalent of preterm human brain maturation. P5 Wistar rats were exposed to unilateral GMH through intracranial injection into the striatum close to the germinal matrix with 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 U of collagenase VII. During 10 days following GMH induction, motor functions and body weight were assessed and brain tissue collected at P16. Animals were tested for anxiety, motor coordination and motor asymmetry on P22–26 and P36–40. Using immunohistochemical staining and neuropathological scoring we found that a collagenase dose of 0.3 U induced GMH. Neuropathological assessment revealed that the brain injury in the collagenase group was characterized by dilation of the ipsilateral ventricle combined with mild to severe cellular necrosis as well as mild to moderate atrophy at the levels of striatum and subcortical white matter, and to a lesser extent, hippocampus and cortex. Within 0.5 h post-collagenase injection there was clear bleeding at the site of injury, with progressive increase in iron and infiltration of neutrophils in the first 24 h, together with focal microglia activation. By P16, blood was no longer observed, although significant gray and white matter brain infarction persisted. Astrogliosis was also detected at this time-point. Animals exposed to GMH performed worse than controls in the negative geotaxis test and also opened their eyes with latency compared to control animals. At P40, GMH rats spent more time in the center of open field box and moved at higher speed compared to the controls, and continued to show ipsilateral injury in striatum and subcortical white matter. We have established a P5 rat model of collagenase-induced GMH for the study of preterm brain injury. Our results show that P5 rat pups exposed to GMH develop moderate brain injury affecting both gray and white matter associated with delayed eye opening and abnormal motor functions. These animals develop hyperactivity and show reduced anxiety in the juvenile stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Jinnai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine, Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gabriella Koning
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine, Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gagandeep Singh-Mallah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine, Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrea Jonsdotter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine, Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna-Lena Leverin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine, Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Svedin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine, Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Syam Nair
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine, Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Satoru Takeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine, Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Carina Mallard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine, Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl Joakim Ek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine, Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine, Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine, Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Hamdy N, Eide S, Sun HS, Feng ZP. Animal models for neonatal brain injury induced by hypoxic ischemic conditions in rodents. Exp Neurol 2020; 334:113457. [PMID: 32889009 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia and resulting encephalopathies are of significant concern. Intrapartum asphyxia is a leading cause of neonatal death globally. Among surviving infants, there remains a high incidence of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy due to neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, manifesting as mild conditions including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and debilitating disorders such as cerebral palsy. Various animal models of neonatal hypoxic brain injury have been implemented to explore cellular and molecular mechanisms, assess the potential of novel therapeutic strategies, and characterize the functional and behavioural correlates of injury. Each of the animal models has individual advantages and limitations. The present review looks at several widely-used and alternative rodent models of neonatal hypoxia and hypoxia-ischemia; it highlights their strengths and limitations, and their potential for continued and improved use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Hamdy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sarah Eide
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Sisa C, Agha-Shah Q, Sanghera B, Carno A, Stover C, Hristova M. Properdin: A Novel Target for Neuroprotection in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2610. [PMID: 31849925 PMCID: PMC6902041 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) encephalopathy is a major cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity, with a global incidence of 3 per 1,000 live births. Intrauterine or perinatal complications, including maternal infection, constitute a major risk for the development of neonatal HI brain damage. During HI, inflammatory response and oxidative stress occur, causing subsequent cell death. The presence of an infection sensitizes the neonatal brain, making it more vulnerable to the HI damage. Currently, therapeutic hypothermia is the only clinically approved treatment available for HI encephalopathy, however it is only partially effective in HI alone and its application in infection-sensitized HI is debatable. Therefore, there is an unmet clinical need for the development of novel therapeutic interventions for the treatment of HI. Such an alternative is targeting the complement system. Properdin, which is involved in stabilization of the alternative pathway convertases, is the only known positive regulator of alternative complement activation. Absence of the classical pathway in the neonatal HI brain is neuroprotective. However, there is a paucity of data on the participation of the alternative pathway and in particular the role of properdin in HI brain damage. Objectives: Our study aimed to validate the effect of global properdin deletion in two mouse models: HI alone and LPS-sensitized HI, thus addressing two different clinical scenarios. Results: Our results indicate that global properdin deletion in a Rice-Vannucci model of neonatal HI and LPS-sensitized HI brain damage, in the short term, clearly reduced forebrain cell death and microglial activation, as well as tissue loss. In HI alone, deletion of properdin reduced TUNEL+ cell death and microglial post-HI response at 48 h post insult. Under the conditions of LPS-sensitized HI, properdin deletion diminished TUNEL+ cell death, tissue loss and microglial activation at 48 h post-HI. Conclusion: Overall, our data suggests a critical role for properdin, and possibly also a contribution in neonatal HI alone and in infection-sensitized HI brain damage. Thus, properdin can be considered a novel target for treatment of neonatal HI brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sisa
- Perinatal Brain Repair Group, UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qudsiyah Agha-Shah
- Perinatal Brain Repair Group, UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Balpreet Sanghera
- Perinatal Brain Repair Group, UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ariela Carno
- Perinatal Brain Repair Group, UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cordula Stover
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Mariya Hristova
- Perinatal Brain Repair Group, UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Transient versus Permanent MCA Occlusion in Mice Genetically Modified to Have Good versus Poor Collaterals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 4. [PMID: 31840083 PMCID: PMC6910253 DOI: 10.20900/mo.20190024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Collateral-dependent blood flow is capable of significantly lessening the severity of stroke. Unfortunately, collateral flow varies widely in patients for reasons that remain unclear. Studies in mice have shown that the number and diameter of cerebral collaterals vary widely due primarily to polymorphisms in genes, e.g., Rabep2, involved in their formation during development. However, understanding how variation in collateral abundance affects stroke progression has been hampered by lack of a method to reversibly ligate the distal middle cerebral artery (MCAO) in mice. Here we present a method and examine infarct volume 24 h after transient (tMCAO, 90 min) versus permanent occlusion (pMCAO) in mice with good versus poor collaterals. Wildtype C57BL/6 mice (have abundant collaterals) sustained small infarctions following tMCAO that increased 2.1-fold after pMCAO, reflecting significant penumbra present at 90 min. Mutant C57BL/6 mice lacking Rabep2 (have reduced collaterals) sustained a 4-fold increase in infarct volume over WT following tMCAO and a smaller additional increase (0.4-fold) after pMCAO, reflecting reduced penumbra. Wildtype BALB/cBy (have a deficient Rabep2 variant and poor collaterals) had large infarctions following tMCAO that increased less (0.6-fold) than the above wildtype C57BL/6 mice following pMCAO. Mutant BALB/cBy mice (have deficient Rabep2 replaced with the C57BL/6 variant thus increased collaterals) sustained smaller infarctions after tMCAO. However, unlike C57BL/6 versus Rabep2 mice, penumbra was not increased since infarct volume increased only 0.3-fold following pMCAO. These findings present a murine model of tMCAO and demonstrate that neuroprotective mechanisms, in addition to collaterals, also vary with genetic background and affect the evolution of stroke.
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11
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Rocha-Ferreira E, Sisa C, Bright S, Fautz T, Harris M, Contreras Riquelme I, Agwu C, Kurulday T, Mistry B, Hill D, Lange S, Hristova M. Curcumin: Novel Treatment in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1351. [PMID: 31798458 PMCID: PMC6863777 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in neonates, with an estimated global incidence of 3/1,000 live births. HIE brain damage is associated with an inflammatory response and oxidative stress, resulting in the activation of cell death pathways. At present, therapeutic hypothermia is the only clinically approved treatment available for HIE. This approach, however, is only partially effective. Therefore, there is an unmet clinical need for the development of novel therapeutic interventions for the treatment of HIE. Curcumin is an antioxidant reactive oxygen species scavenger, with reported anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activity. Curcumin has been shown to attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction, stabilize the cell membrane, stimulate proliferation, and reduce injury severity in adult models of spinal cord injury, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. The role of curcumin in neonatal HIE has not been widely studied due to its low bioavailability and limited aqueous solubility. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of curcumin treatment in neonatal HIE, including time of administration and dose-dependent effects. Our results indicate that curcumin administration prior to HIE in neonatal mice elevated cell and tissue loss, as well as glial activation compared to HI alone. However, immediate post-treatment with curcumin was significantly neuroprotective, reducing grey and white matter tissue loss, TUNEL+ cell death, microglia activation, reactive astrogliosis, and iNOS oxidative stress when compared to vehicle-treated littermates. This effect was dose-dependent, with 200 μg/g body weight as the optimal dose-regimen, and was maintained when curcumin treatment was delayed by 60 or 120 min post-HI. Cell proliferation measurements showed no changes between curcumin and HI alone, suggesting that the protective effects of curcumin on the neonatal brain following HI are most likely due to curcumin’s anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as seen in the reduced glial and iNOS activity. In conclusion, this study suggests curcumin as a potent neuroprotective agent with potential for the treatment of HIE. The delayed application of curcumin further increases its clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, UCL Institute for Women's Health, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claudia Sisa
- Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, UCL Institute for Women's Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Bright
- Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, UCL Institute for Women's Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tessa Fautz
- Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, UCL Institute for Women's Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Harris
- Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, UCL Institute for Women's Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ingrid Contreras Riquelme
- Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, UCL Institute for Women's Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chinedu Agwu
- Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, UCL Institute for Women's Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tugce Kurulday
- Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, UCL Institute for Women's Health, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Beenaben Mistry
- Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, UCL Institute for Women's Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Hill
- Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, UCL Institute for Women's Health, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Visual Neuroscience, Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegeneration Group, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sigrun Lange
- School of Life Sciences, Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mariya Hristova
- Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, UCL Institute for Women's Health, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Magaña-Guerrero FS, Quiroz-Mercado J, Garfias-Zenteno N, Garfias Y. Comparative analysis of inflammatory response in the BALB/c and C57BL/6 mouse strains in an endotoxin-induced uveitis model. J Immunol Methods 2019; 476:112677. [PMID: 31626758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.112677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Uveitis is an inflammatory disease associated with diverse systemic and autoimmune diseases, defined as the inflammation of any given segment of the uveal tract, uveitis contributes with 5-20% cases of blindness in the USA/Europe and >25% of cases in third-world countries. To understand its pathogenic mechanisms, BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were induced to develop the condition by a single intraperitoneal injection of E. coli lipopolysaccharide, the aim of the present work is to determine leukocyte infiltration in an endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in two non-related mouse strains. Histopathological findings and clinical analysis were conducted 24 and 48 h postinjection. Both strains presented conventional clinical signs of uveitis 24 h post LPS injection and the highest inflammatory leukocyte infiltration in the uveal tract was found in the BALB/c mouse strain. This article will give an insight on the difference of the inflammatory response in the EIU model in two different mouse strains and the relationship between the pathologic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Sofía Magaña-Guerrero
- Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology, Conde de Valenciana Foundation, Chimalpopoca 14, 06800 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Joaquín Quiroz-Mercado
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Zootechnics for Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nicolás Garfias-Zenteno
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis S/N, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yonathan Garfias
- Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology, Conde de Valenciana Foundation, Chimalpopoca 14, 06800 Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico.
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13
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McDonough A, Noor S, Lee RV, Dodge R, Strosnider JS, Shen J, Davidson S, Möller T, Garden GA, Weinstein JR. Ischemic preconditioning induces cortical microglial proliferation and a transcriptomic program of robust cell cycle activation. Glia 2019; 68:76-94. [PMID: 31420975 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is an experimental phenomenon in which a subthreshold ischemic insult applied to the brain reduces damage caused by a subsequent more severe ischemic episode. Identifying key molecular and cellular mediators of IPC will provide critical information needed to develop novel therapies for stroke. Here we report that the transcriptomic response of acutely isolated preconditioned cortical microglia is dominated by marked upregulation of genes involved in cell cycle activation and cellular proliferation. Notably, this transcriptional response occurs in the absence of cortical infarction. We employed ex vivo flow cytometry, immunofluorescent microscopy, and quantitative stereology methods on brain tissue to evaluate microglia proliferation following IPC. Using cellular colocalization of microglial (Iba1) and proliferation (Ki67 and BrdU) markers, we observed a localized increase in the number of microglia and proliferating microglia within the preconditioned hemicortex at 72, but not 24, hours post-IPC. Our quantification demonstrated that the IPC-induced increase in total microglia was due entirely to proliferation. Furthermore, microglia in the preconditioned hemisphere had altered morphology and increased soma volumes, indicative of an activated phenotype. Using transgenic mouse models with either fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1)-haploinsufficiency or systemic type I interferon signaling loss, we determined that microglial proliferation after IPC is dependent on fractalkine signaling but independent of type I interferon signaling. These findings suggest there are multiple distinct targetable signaling pathways in microglia, including CX3CR1-dependent proliferation that may be involved in IPC-mediated protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley McDonough
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Shahani Noor
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Richard V Lee
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ryan Dodge
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - James S Strosnider
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jasmine Shen
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephanie Davidson
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Thomas Möller
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Gwenn A Garden
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jonathan R Weinstein
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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14
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Sisa C, Kholia S, Naylor J, Herrera Sanchez MB, Bruno S, Deregibus MC, Camussi G, Inal JM, Lange S, Hristova M. Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Derived Extracellular Vesicles Reduce Hypoxia-Ischaemia Induced Perinatal Brain Injury. Front Physiol 2019; 10:282. [PMID: 30941062 PMCID: PMC6433879 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) insult is a leading cause of disability and death in newborns, with therapeutic hypothermia being the only currently available clinical intervention. Thus there is a great need for adjunct and novel treatments for enhanced or alternative post-HI neuroprotection. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) have recently been shown to exhibit regenerative effects in various injury models. Here we present findings showing neuroprotective effects of MSC-derived EVs in the Rice-Vannucci model of severe HI-induced neonatal brain insult. METHODS Mesenchymal stromal/stem cell-derived EVs were applied intranasally immediately post HI-insult and behavioral outcomes were observed 48 h following MSC-EV treatment, as assessed by negative geotaxis. Brains were thereafter excised and assessed for changes in glial responses, cell death, and neuronal loss as markers of damage at 48 h post HI-insult. RESULTS Brains of the MSC-EV treated group showed a significant decrease in microglial activation, cell death, and percentage tissue volume loss in multiple brain regions, compared to the control-treated groups. Furthermore, negative geotaxis test showed improved behavioral outcomes at 48 h following MSC-EV treatment. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the clinical potential of using MSC-derived EVs following neonatal hypoxia-ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sisa
- Perinatal Brain Protection and Repair Group, EGA Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sharad Kholia
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Jordan Naylor
- Perinatal Brain Protection and Repair Group, EGA Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stefania Bruno
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Deregibus
- 2i3T, Incubator and Technology Transfer, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Jameel M. Inal
- Extracellular Vesicle Research Unit and Bioscience Research Group, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mariya Hristova
- Perinatal Brain Protection and Repair Group, EGA Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Rocha-Ferreira E, Poupon L, Zelco A, Leverin AL, Nair S, Jonsdotter A, Carlsson Y, Thornton C, Hagberg H, Rahim AA. Neuroprotective exendin-4 enhances hypothermia therapy in a model of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. Brain 2018; 141:2925-2942. [PMID: 30165597 PMCID: PMC6158761 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy remains a global health burden. Despite medical advances and treatment with therapeutic hypothermia, over 50% of cooled infants are not protected and still develop lifelong neurodisabilities, including cerebral palsy. Furthermore, hypothermia is not used in preterm cases or low resource settings. Alternatives or adjunct therapies are urgently needed. Exendin-4 is a drug used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus that has also demonstrated neuroprotective properties, and is currently being tested in clinical trials for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Therefore, we hypothesized a neuroprotective effect for exendin-4 in neonatal neurodisorders, particularly in the treatment of neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. Initially, we confirmed that the glucagon like peptide 1 receptor (GLP1R) was expressed in the human neonatal brain and in murine neurons at postnatal Day 7 (human equivalent late preterm) and postnatal Day 10 (term). Using a well characterized mouse model of neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury, we investigated the potential neuroprotective effect of exendin-4 in both postnatal Day 7 and 10 mice. An optimal exendin-4 treatment dosing regimen was identified, where four high doses (0.5 µg/g) starting at 0 h, then at 12 h, 24 h and 36 h after postnatal Day 7 hypoxic-ischaemic insult resulted in significant brain neuroprotection. Furthermore, neuroprotection was sustained even when treatment using exendin-4 was delayed by 2 h post hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury. This protective effect was observed in various histopathological markers: tissue infarction, cell death, astrogliosis, microglial and endothelial activation. Blood glucose levels were not altered by high dose exendin-4 administration when compared to controls. Exendin-4 administration did not result in adverse organ histopathology (haematoxylin and eosin) or inflammation (CD68). Despite initial reduced weight gain, animals restored weight gain following end of treatment. Overall high dose exendin-4 administration was well tolerated. To mimic the clinical scenario, postnatal Day 10 mice underwent exendin-4 and therapeutic hypothermia treatment, either alone or in combination, and brain tissue loss was assessed after 1 week. Exendin-4 treatment resulted in significant neuroprotection alone, and enhanced the cerebroprotective effect of therapeutic hypothermia. In summary, the safety and tolerance of high dose exendin-4 administrations, combined with its neuroprotective effect alone or in conjunction with clinically relevant hypothermia make the repurposing of exendin-4 for the treatment of neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy particularly promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- EGA Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, UK
| | - Laura Poupon
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, UK
| | - Aura Zelco
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, UK
| | - Anna-Lena Leverin
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Syam Nair
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrea Jonsdotter
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ylva Carlsson
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claire Thornton
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, UK
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King s College London, UK
| | - Ahad A Rahim
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, UK
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16
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Baruteau J, Perocheau DP, Hanley J, Lorvellec M, Rocha-Ferreira E, Karda R, Ng J, Suff N, Diaz JA, Rahim AA, Hughes MP, Banushi B, Prunty H, Hristova M, Ridout DA, Virasami A, Heales S, Howe SJ, Buckley SMK, Mills PB, Gissen P, Waddington SN. Argininosuccinic aciduria fosters neuronal nitrosative stress reversed by Asl gene transfer. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3505. [PMID: 30158522 PMCID: PMC6115417 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05972-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) belongs to the hepatic urea cycle detoxifying ammonia, and the citrulline-nitric oxide (NO) cycle producing NO. ASL-deficient patients present argininosuccinic aciduria characterised by hyperammonaemia, multiorgan disease and neurocognitive impairment despite treatment aiming to normalise ammonaemia without considering NO imbalance. Here we show that cerebral disease in argininosuccinic aciduria involves neuronal oxidative/nitrosative stress independent of hyperammonaemia. Intravenous injection of AAV8 vector into adult or neonatal ASL-deficient mice demonstrates long-term correction of the hepatic urea cycle and the cerebral citrulline-NO cycle, respectively. Cerebral disease persists if ammonaemia only is normalised but is dramatically reduced after correction of both ammonaemia and neuronal ASL activity. This correlates with behavioural improvement and reduced cortical cell death. Thus, neuronal oxidative/nitrosative stress is a distinct pathophysiological mechanism from hyperammonaemia. Disease amelioration by simultaneous brain and liver gene transfer with one vector, to treat both metabolic pathways, provides new hope for hepatocerebral metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Baruteau
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
- Metabolic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Dany P Perocheau
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Joanna Hanley
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maëlle Lorvellec
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- Perinatal Brain Repair Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Rajvinder Karda
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Joanne Ng
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
- Neurology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Natalie Suff
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Juan Antinao Diaz
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Ahad A Rahim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Michael P Hughes
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Blerida Banushi
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Helen Prunty
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Mariya Hristova
- Perinatal Brain Repair Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Deborah A Ridout
- Population, Policy and Practice Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1E, UK
| | - Alex Virasami
- Histopathology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Simon Heales
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Stewen J Howe
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Suzanne M K Buckley
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Philippa B Mills
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Paul Gissen
- Metabolic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Simon N Waddington
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK.
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witswatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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17
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Thei L, Rocha-Ferreira E, Peebles D, Raivich G, Hristova M. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 has duality in function between neuronal and astrocyte expression following neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic cerebral injury. J Physiol 2018; 596:6043-6062. [PMID: 29873394 PMCID: PMC6265549 DOI: 10.1113/jp275649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Key points This study identifies phosphorylated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) to be immediately diminished followed by a rapid if transient increase for up to 4 h following hypoxic–ischaemic insult (HI) in the neonatal mouse. Phosphorylated ERK up‐regulation was prevented with systemic injection of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor SL327. Treatment with SL327 both pre‐ and post‐HI gave a strong reduction in the number of dying cells and microgliosis. By utilising transgenic mouse mutations, we observe that neuronal ERK2 significantly contributes to tissue damage, while ERK1 and astrocytic ERK2 are neuroprotective. Compared to global inactivation, selective cell‐specific interference with ERK activity could result in stronger neuroprotection.
Abstract Hypoxia–ischaemia (HI) is a major cause of neonatal brain injury resulting in cerebral palsy, epilepsy, cognitive impairment and other neurological disabilities. The role of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) isoforms and their mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)‐dependent phosphorylation in HI has previously been explored but remains unresolved at cellular level. This is pertinent given the growing awareness of the role of non‐neuronal cells in neuroprotection. Using a modified Rice–Vannucci model of HI in the neonatal mouse we observed time‐ and cell‐dependent ERK phosphorylation (pERK), with strongly up‐regulated pERK immunoreactivity first in periventricular white matter axons within 15–45 min of HI, followed by forebrain astrocytes and neurons (1–4 h post‐HI), and return to baseline by 16 h. We explored the effects of pharmacological ERK blockade through the MEK inhibitor SL327 on neonatal HI‐brain damage following HI alone (30 or 60 min) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐sensitised HI insult (30 min). Global inhibition of ERK phosphorylation with systemically applied SL327 abolished forebrain pERK immunoreactivity, and significantly reduced cell death and associated microglial activation at 48 h post‐HI. We then explored the effects of cell‐specific ERK2 deletion alone or in combination with global ERK1 knockout under the same conditions of HI insult. Neuronal ERK2 deletion strongly decreased infarct size, neuronal cell death and microglial activation in grey matter following both HI alone or LPS‐sensitised HI. ERK1 deletion attenuated the protective effect of neuronal ERK2 deletion. Removal of astroglial ERK2 produced a reverse response, with a 3‐ to 4‐fold increase in microglial activation and cell death. Our data suggest a cell‐specific and time‐dependent role of ERK in neonatal HI, with a predominant, neurotoxic effect of neuronal ERK2, which is counteracted by neuroprotection by ERK1 and astrocytic ERK2. Overall, global pharmacological inhibition of ERK phosphorylation is strongly neuroprotective. This study identifies phosphorylated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) to be immediately diminished followed by a rapid if transient increase for up to 4 h following hypoxic–ischaemic insult (HI) in the neonatal mouse. Phosphorylated ERK up‐regulation was prevented with systemic injection of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor SL327. Treatment with SL327 both pre‐ and post‐HI gave a strong reduction in the number of dying cells and microgliosis. By utilising transgenic mouse mutations, we observe that neuronal ERK2 significantly contributes to tissue damage, while ERK1 and astrocytic ERK2 are neuroprotective. Compared to global inactivation, selective cell‐specific interference with ERK activity could result in stronger neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Thei
- UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London, WC1E 6HX, UK.,School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6UA, UK
| | - Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London, WC1E 6HX, UK.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SE 416 85, Sweden
| | - Donald Peebles
- UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Gennadij Raivich
- UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Mariya Hristova
- UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
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18
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Rocha-Ferreira E, Vincent A, Bright S, Peebles DM, Hristova M. The duration of hypothermia affects short-term neuroprotection in a mouse model of neonatal hypoxic ischaemic injury. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199890. [PMID: 29969470 PMCID: PMC6029790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) is major cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Therapeutic hypothermia is standard clinical care for moderate hypoxic-ischaemic (HI) brain injury, however it reduces the risk of death and disability only by 11% and 40% of the treated infants still develop disabilities. Thus it is necessary to develop supplementary therapies to complement therapeutic hypothermia in the treatment of neonatal HIE. The modified Rice-Vannucci model of HI in the neonatal mouse is well developed and widely applied with different periods of hypothermia used as neuroprotective strategy in combination with other agents. However, different studies use different periods, time of initiation and duration of hypothermia following HI, with subsequent varying degrees of neuroprotection. So far most rodent data is obtained using exposure to 5-6h of therapeutic hypothermia. Our aim was to compare the effect of exposure to three different short periods of hypothermia (1h, 1.5h and 2h) following HI insult in the postnatal day 7 C57/Bl6 mouse, and to determine the shortest period providing neuroprotection. Our data suggests that 1h and 1.5h of hypothermia delayed by 20min following a 60min exposure to 8%O2 do not prove neuroprotective. However, 2h of hypothermia significantly reduced tissue loss, TUNEL+ cell death and microglia and astroglia activation. We also observed improved functional outcome 7 days after HI. We suggest that the minimal period of cooling necessary to provide moderate short term neuroprotection and appropriate for the development and testing of combined treatment is 2h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- UCL Institute for Women’s Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Vincent
- UCL Institute for Women’s Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Bright
- UCL Institute for Women’s Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London, United Kingdom
| | - Donald M. Peebles
- UCL Institute for Women’s Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mariya Hristova
- UCL Institute for Women’s Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London, United Kingdom
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Hawkins KE, Corcelli M, Dowding K, Ranzoni AM, Vlahova F, Hau KL, Hunjan A, Peebles D, Gressens P, Hagberg H, de Coppi P, Hristova M, Guillot PV. Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) Have a Superior Neuroprotective Capacity Over Fetal MSCs in the Hypoxic-Ischemic Mouse Brain. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018; 7:439-449. [PMID: 29489062 PMCID: PMC5905231 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have huge potential for regenerative medicine. In particular, the use of pluripotent stem cell‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (PSC‐MSCs) overcomes the hurdle of replicative senescence associated with the in vitro expansion of primary cells and has increased therapeutic benefits in comparison to the use of various adult sources of MSCs in a wide range of animal disease models. On the other hand, fetal MSCs exhibit faster growth kinetics and possess longer telomeres and a wider differentiation potential than adult MSCs. Here, for the first time, we compare the therapeutic potential of PSC‐MSCs (ES‐MSCs from embryonic stem cells) to fetal MSCs (AF‐MSCs from the amniotic fluid), demonstrating that ES‐MSCs have a superior neuroprotective potential over AF‐MSCs in the mouse brain following hypoxia‐ischemia. Further, we demonstrate that nuclear factor (NF)‐κB‐stimulated interleukin (IL)‐13 production contributes to an increased in vitro anti‐inflammatory potential of ES‐MSC‐conditioned medium (CM) over AF‐MSC‐CM, thus suggesting a potential mechanism for this observation. Moreover, we show that induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived MSCs (iMSCs) exhibit many similarities to ES‐MSCs, including enhanced NF‐κB signaling and IL‐13 production in comparison to AF‐MSCs. Future studies should assess whether iMSCs also exhibit similar neuroprotective potential to ES‐MSCs, thus presenting a potential strategy to overcome the ethical issues associated with the use of embryonic stem cells and providing a potential source of cells for autologous use against neonatal hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy in humans. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2018;7:439–449
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Hawkins
- Maternal and Fetal Medicine Department, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michelangelo Corcelli
- Maternal and Fetal Medicine Department, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Dowding
- Maternal and Fetal Medicine Department, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M Ranzoni
- Maternal and Fetal Medicine Department, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Filipa Vlahova
- Maternal and Fetal Medicine Department, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kwan-Leong Hau
- Maternal and Fetal Medicine Department, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Avina Hunjan
- Maternal and Fetal Medicine Department, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Donald Peebles
- Maternal and Fetal Medicine Department, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, St. Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, St. Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo de Coppi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mariya Hristova
- Maternal and Fetal Medicine Department, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pascale V Guillot
- Maternal and Fetal Medicine Department, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Lai JCY, Rocha-Ferreira E, Ek CJ, Wang X, Hagberg H, Mallard C. Immune responses in perinatal brain injury. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 63:210-223. [PMID: 27865947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The perinatal period has often been described as immune deficient. However, it has become clear that immune responses in the neonate following exposure to microbes or as a result of tissue injury may be substantial and play a role in perinatal brain injury. In this article we will review the immune cell composition under normal physiological conditions in the perinatal period, both in the human and rodent. We will summarize evidence of the inflammatory responses to stimuli and discuss how neonatal immune activation, both in the central nervous system and in the periphery, may contribute to perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline C Y Lai
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C Joakim Ek
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Mallard
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Modification to the Rice-Vannucci perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy model in the P7 rat improves the reliability of cerebral infarct development after 48hours. J Neurosci Methods 2017. [PMID: 28648719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Rice-Vannucci model of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) has been associated with a high degree of variability with respect to the development of cerebral infarction and infarct lesion volume. For this reason, we examined the occurrence of communicational blood flow within the common carotid (CCA), internal (ICA), and external (ECA) carotid arteries following CCA occlusion as a source of variability in the model. NEW METHOD We propose a novel modification to the Rice-Vannucci model, whereby both the CCA and ECA are permanently ligated; mitigating communicational blood flow. RESULTS Using magnetic resonance angiography, phase-contrast velocity encoding, and pulsed arterial spin labelling, the modified Rice-Vannucci model (CCA/ECA occlusion) was demonstrated to mitigate communicational blood flow, whilst significantly reducing ipsilateral hemispherical cerebral blood flow (CBF). Comparatively, the original Rice-Vannucci model (CCA occlusion) demonstrated anterograde and retrograde blood flow within the ICA and CCA, respectively, with a non-significant reduction in ipsilateral CBF. Furthermore, CCA/ECA occlusion plus hypoxia (8% O2/92% N2; 2.5h) resulted in 100% of animals presenting with an infarct (vs 87%), significantly larger infarct volume at 48h (18.5% versus 10.0%; p<0.01), reduced standard deviation (±10% versus ±15%), and significantly worsened functional outcomes when compared to CCA occlusion plus hypoxia. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD We compared a modified Rice-Vannucci model (CCA/ECA occlusion±hypoxia) to the commonly used Rice-Vannucci model (CCA occlusion±hypoxia). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that CCA/ECA occlusion in the Rice-Vannucci model of HIE reduces infarct volume variability by limiting communicational blood flow.
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Huang L, Zhao F, Qu Y, Zhang L, Wang Y, Mu D. Animal models of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: optimal choices for the best outcomes. Rev Neurosci 2017; 28:31-43. [PMID: 27559689 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), a serious disease leading to neonatal death, is becoming a key area of pediatric neurological research. Despite remarkable advances in the understanding of HIE, the explicit pathogenesis of HIE is unclear, and well-established treatments are absent. Animal models are usually considered as the first step in the exploration of the underlying disease and in evaluating promising therapeutic interventions. Various animal models of HIE have been developed with distinct characteristics, and it is important to choose an appropriate animal model according to the experimental objectives. Generally, small animal models may be more suitable for exploring the mechanisms of HIE, whereas large animal models are better for translational studies. This review focuses on the features of commonly used HIE animal models with respect to their modeling strategies, merits, and shortcomings, and associated neuropathological changes, providing a comprehensive reference for improving existing animal models and developing new animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Huang
- 1Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fengyan Zhao
- 1Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Qu
- 1Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li Zhang
- 1Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yan Wang
- 1Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- 1Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- 3Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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23
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Harding B, Conception K, Li Y, Zhang L. Glucocorticoids Protect Neonatal Rat Brain in Model of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE). Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010017. [PMID: 28025500 PMCID: PMC5297652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) resulting from asphyxia in the peripartum period is the most common cause of neonatal brain damage and can result in significant neurologic sequelae, including cerebral palsy. Currently therapeutic hypothermia is the only accepted treatment in addition to supportive care for infants with HIE, however, many additional neuroprotective therapies have been investigated. Of these, glucocorticoids have previously been shown to have neuroprotective effects. HIE is also frequently compounded by infectious inflammatory processes (sepsis) and as such, the infants may be more amenable to treatment with an anti-inflammatory agent. Thus, the present study investigated dexamethasone and hydrocortisone treatment given after hypoxic-ischemic (HI) insult in neonatal rats via intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection and intranasal administration. In addition, we examined the effects of hydrocortisone treatment in HIE after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) sensitization in a model of HIE and sepsis. We found that dexamethasone significantly reduced rat brain infarction size when given after HI treatment via ICV injection; however it did not demonstrate any neuroprotective effects when given intranasally. Hydrocortisone after HI insult also significantly reduced brain infarction size when given via ICV injection; and the intranasal administration showed to be protective of brain injury in male rats at a dose of 300 µg. LPS sensitization did significantly increase the brain infarction size compared to controls, and hydrocortisone treatment after LPS sensitization showed a significant decrease in brain infarction size when given via ICV injection, as well as intranasal administration in both genders at a dose of 300 µg. To conclude, these results show that glucocorticoids have significant neuroprotective effects when given after HI injury and that these effects may be even more pronounced when given in circumstances of additional inflammatory injury, such as neonatal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Harding
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Katherine Conception
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Yong Li
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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Abstract
Ischemic disorders, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, are the most common causes of debilitating disease and death in westernized cultures. The extent of tissue injury relates directly to the extent of blood flow reduction and to the length of the ischemic period, which influence the levels to which cellular ATP and intracellular pH are reduced. By impairing ATPase-dependent ion transport, ischemia causes intracellular and mitochondrial calcium levels to increase (calcium overload). Cell volume regulatory mechanisms are also disrupted by the lack of ATP, which can induce lysis of organelle and plasma membranes. Reperfusion, although required to salvage oxygen-starved tissues, produces paradoxical tissue responses that fuel the production of reactive oxygen species (oxygen paradox), sequestration of proinflammatory immunocytes in ischemic tissues, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and development of postischemic capillary no-reflow, which amplify tissue injury. These pathologic events culminate in opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores as a common end-effector of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced cell lysis and death. Emerging concepts include the influence of the intestinal microbiome, fetal programming, epigenetic changes, and microparticles in the pathogenesis of I/R. The overall goal of this review is to describe these and other mechanisms that contribute to I/R injury. Because so many different deleterious events participate in I/R, it is clear that therapeutic approaches will be effective only when multiple pathologic processes are targeted. In addition, the translational significance of I/R research will be enhanced by much wider use of animal models that incorporate the complicating effects of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:113-170, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Kalogeris
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Christopher P. Baines
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Maike Krenz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Ronald J. Korthuis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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25
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Hristova M, Rocha-Ferreira E, Fontana X, Thei L, Buckle R, Christou M, Hompoonsup S, Gostelow N, Raivich G, Peebles D. Inhibition of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) reduces neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain damage. J Neurochem 2016; 136:981-94. [PMID: 26669927 PMCID: PMC4843952 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy is a leading cause of child death, with high mortality and morbidity, including cerebral palsy, epilepsy and cognitive disabilities. Hypoxia‐ischaemia (HI) strongly up‐regulates Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) in the immature brain. Our aim was to establish whether STAT3 up‐regulation is associated with neonatal HI‐brain damage and evaluate the phosphorylated STAT3‐contribution from different cell types in eliciting damage. We subjected postnatal day seven mice to unilateral carotid artery ligation followed by 60 min hypoxia. Neuronal STAT3‐deletion reduced cell death, tissue loss, microglial and astroglial activation in all brain regions. Astroglia‐specific STAT3‐deletion also reduced cell death, tissue loss and microglial activation, although not as strongly as the deletion in neurons. Systemic pre‐insult STAT3‐blockade at tyrosine 705 (Y705) with JAK2‐inhibitor WP1066 reduced microglial and astroglial activation to a more moderate degree, but in a pattern similar to the one produced by the cell‐specific deletions. Our results suggest that STAT3 is a crucial factor in neonatal HI‐brain damage and its removal in neurons or astrocytes, and, to some extent, inhibition of its phosphorylation via JAK2‐blockade reduces inflammation and tissue loss. Overall, the protective effects of STAT3 inactivation make it a possible target for a therapeutic strategy in neonatal HI.
Current data show that neuronal and astroglial STAT3 molecules are involved in the pathways underlying cell death, tissue loss and gliosis following neonatal hypoxia‐ischaemia, but differ with respect to the target of their effect. Y705‐phosphorylation contributes to hypoxic‐ischaemic histopathology. Protective effects of STAT3 inactivation make it a possible target for a therapeutic strategy in neonatal hypoxia‐ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Hristova
- UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Xavier Fontana
- Cell Growth and Regeneration Lab, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Laura Thei
- UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Rheanan Buckle
- UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Melina Christou
- UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Supanida Hompoonsup
- UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Naomi Gostelow
- UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Gennadij Raivich
- UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Donald Peebles
- UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London WC1E 6HX, UK
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