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Zhang FX, Chen X, Niu DC, Cheng L, Huang CS, Liao M, Xue Y, Shi XL, Mo ZN. Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome induces metabolomic changes in expressed prostatic secretions and plasma. Asian J Androl 2024:00129336-990000000-00219. [PMID: 39119639 DOI: 10.4103/aja202434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a complex disease that is often accompanied by mental health disorders. However, the potential mechanisms underlying the heterogeneous clinical presentation of CP/CPPS remain uncertain. This study analyzed widely targeted metabolomic data of expressed prostatic secretions (EPS) and plasma to reveal the underlying pathological mechanisms of CP/CPPS. A total of 24 CP/CPPS patients from The Second Nanning People's Hospital (Nanning, China), and 35 asymptomatic control individuals from First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University (Nanning, China) were enrolled. The indicators related to CP/CPPS and psychiatric symptoms were recorded. Differential analysis, coexpression network analysis, and correlation analysis were performed to identify metabolites that were specifically altered in patients and associated with various phenotypes of CP/CPPS. The crucial links between EPS and plasma were further investigated. The metabolomic data of EPS from CP/CPPS patients were significantly different from those from control individuals. Pathway analysis revealed dysregulation of amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and the citrate cycle in EPS. The tryptophan metabolic pathway was found to be the most significantly altered pathway associated with distinct CP/CPPS phenotypes. Moreover, the dysregulation of tryptophan and tyrosine metabolism and elevation of oxidative stress-related metabolites in plasma were found to effectively elucidate the development of depression in CP/CPPS. Overall, metabolomic alterations in the EPS and plasma of patients were primarily associated with oxidative damage, energy metabolism abnormalities, neurological impairment, and immune dysregulation. These alterations may be associated with chronic pain, voiding symptoms, reduced fertility, and depression in CP/CPPS. This study provides a local-global perspective for understanding the pathological mechanisms of CP/CPPS and offers potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Xing Zhang
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - De-Cao Niu
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Lang Cheng
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Cai-Sheng Huang
- Department of Urology, The Second Nanning People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Ming Liao
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yu Xue
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Shi
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zeng-Nan Mo
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
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Stone TW, Williams RO. Tryptophan metabolism as a 'reflex' feature of neuroimmune communication: Sensor and effector functions for the indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase kynurenine pathway. J Neurochem 2023. [PMID: 38102897 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Although the central nervous system (CNS) and immune system were regarded as independent entities, it is now clear that immune system cells can influence the CNS, and neuroglial activity influences the immune system. Despite the many clinical implications for this 'neuroimmune interface', its detailed operation at the molecular level remains unclear. This narrative review focuses on the metabolism of tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway, since its products have critical actions in both the nervous and immune systems, placing it in a unique position to influence neuroimmune communication. In particular, since the kynurenine pathway is activated by pro-inflammatory mediators, it is proposed that physical and psychological stressors are the stimuli of an organismal protective reflex, with kynurenine metabolites as the effector arm co-ordinating protective neural and immune system responses. After a brief review of the neuroimmune interface, the general perception of tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway is expanded to emphasize this environmentally driven perspective. The initial enzymes in the kynurenine pathway include indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1), which is induced by tissue damage, inflammatory mediators or microbial products, and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), which is induced by stress-induced glucocorticoids. In the immune system, kynurenic acid modulates leucocyte differentiation, inflammatory balance and immune tolerance by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptors and modulates pain via the GPR35 protein. In the CNS, quinolinic acid activates N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-sensitive glutamate receptors, whereas kynurenic acid is an antagonist: the balance between glutamate, quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid is a significant regulator of CNS function and plasticity. The concept of kynurenine and its metabolites as mediators of a reflex coordinated protection against stress helps to understand the variety and breadth of their activity. It should also help to understand the pathological origin of some psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases involving the immune system and CNS, facilitating the development of new pharmacological strategies for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard O Williams
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Zhang L, Sun W, Zhang Z, Tian F, Chen H. Sex-specific metabolic dysregulation in digestive glands of green mussels following exposure to triazophos. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:105514. [PMID: 37532329 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
As a ubiquitous environmental pollutant in China, triazophos (TP) is known to have neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, and reproductive toxicity to mussels. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of TP toxicity, metabolic changes in the digestive glands of Perna viridis in different sexes were examined after treated with 35 μg/L TP. Notably, 158 significant different metabolites (SDMs) were detected in TP-treated mussels and more than half of the SDMs were lipids and lipid-like molecules, which suggested that TP disturbed the lipid metabolism of P. viridis. In addition, metabolites associated with neurotoxicity and reproductive disturbance were also detected in female and male mussels. Moreover, a larger number of SDMs were found in male mussels (120 SDMs) than females (99 SDMs), and 60 common metabolites exhibited consistent variation tendency and similar magnitude in both sexes. The metabolic alternations in female and male mussels displayed similar protective mechanisms and also sex-specific responses, male mussels were more sensitive to TP exposure. This research provided new data about the molecular mechanisms of TP toxicity and the gender specific changes in mussels after treated by chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resource and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Scientific Observation and Research Field Station of Pearl River Estuary Ecosystem,Guangdong Province,South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510300,China.
| | - Wei Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resource and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Scientific Observation and Research Field Station of Pearl River Estuary Ecosystem,Guangdong Province,South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510300,China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resource and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Scientific Observation and Research Field Station of Pearl River Estuary Ecosystem,Guangdong Province,South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510300,China
| | - Fei Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resource and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Scientific Observation and Research Field Station of Pearl River Estuary Ecosystem,Guangdong Province,South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510300,China
| | - Haigang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resource and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Scientific Observation and Research Field Station of Pearl River Estuary Ecosystem,Guangdong Province,South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510300,China.
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Shen H, Xu X, Bai Y, Wang X, Wu Y, Zhong J, Wu Q, Luo Y, Shang T, Shen R, Xi M, Sun H. Therapeutic potential of targeting kynurenine pathway in neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115258. [PMID: 36917881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Kynurenine pathway (KP), the primary pathway of L-tryptophan (Trp) metabolism in mammals, contains several neuroactive metabolites such as kynurenic acid (KA) and quinolinic acid (QA). Its imbalance involved in aging and neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) has attracted much interest in therapeutically targeting KP enzymes and KP metabolite-associated receptors, especially kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO). Currently, many agents have been discovered with significant improvement in animal models but only one aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist 30 (laquinimod) has entered clinical trials for treating Huntington's disease (HD). In this review, we describe neuroactive KP metabolites, discuss the dysregulation of KP in aging and NDs and summarize the development of KP regulators in preclinical and clinical studies, offering an outlook of targeting KP for NDs treatment in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualiang Shen
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Fat-soluble Vitamin, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Xinde Xu
- Zhejiang Medicine Co. Ltd., Shaoxing, 312500, China
| | - Yalong Bai
- Zhejiang Medicine Co. Ltd., Shaoxing, 312500, China
| | | | - Yibin Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Jia Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Qiyi Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Yanjuan Luo
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Fat-soluble Vitamin, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Tianbo Shang
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Fat-soluble Vitamin, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Runpu Shen
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Fat-soluble Vitamin, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Meiyang Xi
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Fat-soluble Vitamin, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
| | - Haopeng Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Pharmacological Inhibition of Membrane Signaling Mechanisms Reduces the Invasiveness of U87-MG and U251-MG Glioblastoma Cells In Vitro. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041027. [PMID: 36831372 PMCID: PMC9954756 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Impairing the motility of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells is a compelling goal for new approaches to manage this highly invasive and rapidly lethal human brain cancer. Work here characterized an array of pharmacological inhibitors of membrane ion and water channels, alone and in combination, as tools for restraining glioblastoma spread in human GBM cell lines U87-MG and U251-MG. Aquaporins, AMPA glutamate receptors, and ion channel classes (shown to be upregulated in human GBM at the transcript level and linked to mechanisms of motility in other cell types) were selected as pharmacological targets for analyses. Effective compounds reduced the transwell invasiveness of U87-MG and U251-MG glioblastoma cells by 20-80% as compared with controls, without cytotoxicity. The compounds and doses used were: AqB013 (14 μM); nifedipine (25 µM); amiloride (10 µM); apamin (10 µM); 4-aminopyridine (250 µM); and CNQX (6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; 30 µM). Invasiveness was quantified in vitro across transwell filter chambers layered with extracellular matrix. Co-application of each of the ion channel agents with the water channel inhibitor AqB013 augmented the inhibition of invasion (20 to 50% greater than either agent alone). The motility impairment achieved by co-application of pharmacological agents differed between the GBM proneural-like subtype U87-MG and classical-like subtype U251-MG, showing patterns consistent with relative levels of target channel expression (Human Protein Atlas database). In addition, two compounds, xanthurenic acid and caelestine C (from the Davis Open Access Natural Product-based Library, Griffith University QLD), were discovered to block invasion at micromolar doses in both GBM lines (IC50 values from 0.03 to 1 µM), without cytotoxicity, as measured by full mitochondrial activity under conditions matching those in transwell assays and by normal growth in spheroid assays. Mechanisms of action of these agents based on published work are likely to involve modulation of glutamatergic receptor signaling. Treating glioblastoma by the concurrent inhibition of multiple channel targets could be a powerful approach for slowing invasive cell spread without cytotoxic side effects, potentially enhancing the effectiveness of clinical interventions focused on eradicating primary tumors.
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Stone TW, Clanchy FIL, Huang YS, Chiang NY, Darlington LG, Williams RO. An integrated cytokine and kynurenine network as the basis of neuroimmune communication. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1002004. [PMID: 36507331 PMCID: PMC9729788 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1002004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two of the molecular families closely associated with mediating communication between the brain and immune system are cytokines and the kynurenine metabolites of tryptophan. Both groups regulate neuron and glial activity in the central nervous system (CNS) and leukocyte function in the immune system, although neither group alone completely explains neuroimmune function, disease occurrence or severity. This essay suggests that the two families perform complementary functions generating an integrated network. The kynurenine pathway determines overall neuronal excitability and plasticity by modulating glutamate receptors and GPR35 activity across the CNS, and regulates general features of immune cell status, surveillance and tolerance which often involves the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR). Equally, cytokines and chemokines define and regulate specific populations of neurons, glia or immune system leukocytes, generating more specific responses within restricted CNS regions or leukocyte populations. In addition, as there is a much larger variety of these compounds, their homing properties enable the superimposition of dynamic variations of cell activity upon local, spatially limited, cell populations. This would in principle allow the targeting of potential treatments to restricted regions of the CNS. The proposed synergistic interface of 'tonic' kynurenine pathway affecting baseline activity and the superimposed 'phasic' cytokine system would constitute an integrated network explaining some features of neuroimmune communication. The concept would broaden the scope for the development of new treatments for disorders involving both the CNS and immune systems, with safer and more effective agents targeted to specific CNS regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W. Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Trevor W. Stone,
| | - Felix I. L. Clanchy
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yi-Shu Huang
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nien-Yi Chiang
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - L. Gail Darlington
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ashtead Hospital, Ashtead, United Kingdom
| | - Richard O. Williams
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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7
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Chen Y, Chen J, Guo D, Yang P, Chen S, Zhao C, Xu C, Zhang Q, Lin C, Zhong S, Zhang S. Tryptophan Metabolites as Biomarkers for Esophageal Cancer Susceptibility, Metastasis, and Prognosis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:800291. [PMID: 35296014 PMCID: PMC8918692 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.800291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perturbation of tryptophan (TRP) metabolism contributes to the immune escape of cancer; however, the explored TRP metabolites are limited, and their efficacy in clarifying the susceptibility and progression of esophageal cancer (EC) remains ambiguous. Our study sought to evaluate the effects of the TRP metabolic profile on the clinical outcomes of EC using a Chinese population cohort; and to develop a risk prediction model targeting TRP metabolism. METHOD A total of 456 healthy individuals as control subjects and 393 patients with EC who were followed up for one year as case subjects were enrolled. Quantification of the plasma concentrations of TRP and its metabolites was performed using HPLC-MS/MS. The logistic regression model was applied to evaluate the effects of the clinical characteristics and plasma metabolites of the subjects on susceptibility and tumor metastasis events, whereas Cox regression analysis was performed to assess the overall survival (OS) of the patients. RESULTS Levels of creatinine and liver enzymes were substantially correlated with multiple metabolites/metabolite ratios in TRP metabolism, suggesting that hepatic and renal function would exert effects on TRP metabolism. Age- and sex-matched case-control subjects were selected using propensity score matching. Plasma exposure to 5-HT was found to be elevated 3.94-fold in case subjects (N = 166) compared to control subjects (N = 203), achieving an AUC of 0.811 for predicting susceptibility event. Subsequent correlation analysis indicated that a higher plasma exposure to 5-HIAA significantly increased the risk of lymph node metastasis (OR: 2.16, p = 0.0114). Furthermore, it was figured out that OS was significantly shorter for patients with elevated XA/KYN ratio (HR: 1.99, p = 0.0016), in which medium and high levels of XA/KYN versus low level had a significantly lower OS (HR: 0.48, p = 0.0080 and HR: 0.42, p = 0.0031, respectively). CONCLUSION This study provides a pivotal basis for targeting endogenous TRP metabolism as a potential therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianliang Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Dainian Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Peixuan Yang
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China;Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengkuan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou Chaonan Minsheng Hospital, Shantou, China
| | - Chengcheng Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Qiuzhen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Chaoxian Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou Chaonan Minsheng Hospital, Shantou, China
| | - Shilong Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuyao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Taleb O, Maammar M, Klein C, Maitre M, Mensah-Nyagan AG. A Role for Xanthurenic Acid in the Control of Brain Dopaminergic Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136974. [PMID: 34203531 PMCID: PMC8268472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthurenic acid (XA) is a metabolite of the kynurenine pathway (KP) synthetized in the brain from dietary or microbial tryptophan that crosses the blood-brain barrier through carrier-mediated transport. XA and kynurenic acid (KYNA) are two structurally related compounds of KP occurring at micromolar concentrations in the CNS and suspected to modulate some pathophysiological mechanisms of neuropsychiatric and/or neurodegenerative diseases. Particularly, various data including XA cerebral distribution (from 1 µM in olfactory bulbs and cerebellum to 0.1–0.4 µM in A9 and A10), its release, and interactions with G protein-dependent XA-receptor, glutamate transporter and metabotropic receptors, strongly support a signaling and/or neuromodulatory role for XA. However, while the parent molecule KYNA is considered as potentially involved in neuropsychiatric disorders because of its inhibitory action on dopamine release in the striatum, the effect of XA on brain dopaminergic activity remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that acute local/microdialysis-infusions of XA dose-dependently stimulate dopamine release in the rat prefrontal cortex (four-fold increase in the presence of 20 µM XA). This stimulatory effect is blocked by XA-receptor antagonist NCS-486. Interestingly, our results show that the peripheral/intraperitoneal administration of XA, which has been proven to enhance intra-cerebral XA concentrations (about 200% increase after 50 mg/kg XA i.p), also induces a dose-dependent increase of dopamine release in the cortex and striatum. Furthermore, our in vivo electrophysiological studies reveal that the repeated/daily administrations of XA reduce by 43% the number of spontaneously firing dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area. In the substantia nigra, XA treatment does not change the number of firing neurons. Altogether, our results suggest that XA may contribute together with KYNA to generate a KYNA/XA ratio that may crucially determine the brain normal dopaminergic activity. Imbalance of this ratio may result in dopaminergic dysfunctions related to several brain disorders, including psychotic diseases and drug dependence.
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Russo MA, Georgius P, Pires AS, Heng B, Allwright M, Guennewig B, Santarelli DM, Bailey D, Fiore NT, Tan VX, Latini A, Guillemin GJ, Austin PJ. Novel immune biomarkers in complex regional pain syndrome. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 347:577330. [PMID: 32731051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated serum levels of 29 cytokines and immune-activated kynurenine and tetrahydrobiopterin pathway metabolites in 15 complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) subjects and 14 healthy controls. Significant reductions in interleukin-37 and tryptophan were found in CRPS subjects, along with positive correlations between kynurenine/tryptophan ratio and TNF-α levels with kinesiophobia, tetrahydrobiopterin levels with McGill pain score, sRAGE, and xanthurenic acid and neopterin levels with depression, anxiety and stress scores. Using machine learning, we identified a set of binary variables, including IL-37 and GM-CSF, capable of distinguishing controls from established CRPS subjects. These results suggest possible involvement of various inflammatory markers in CRPS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Russo
- Hunter Pain Specialists, 91 Chatham Street, Broadmeadow, NSW, 2292, Australia; Genesis Research Services, 220 Denison St, Broadmeadow, NSW, 2292, Australia
| | - Peter Georgius
- Pain Rehab, Suite 4 Noosa Central, 6 Bottlebrush Avenue, Sunshine Coast, QLD, 4567, Australia
| | - Ananda Staats Pires
- Neuroinflammation Group; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia; Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo, LABOX; Departamento de Bioquímica, CCB; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis / SC, Brazil
| | - Benjamin Heng
- Neuroinflammation Group; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Michael Allwright
- ForeFront, Brain & Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Boris Guennewig
- ForeFront, Brain & Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | | | - Dominic Bailey
- Genesis Research Services, 220 Denison St, Broadmeadow, NSW, 2292, Australia
| | - Nathan T Fiore
- Discipline of Anatomy & Histology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Vanessa X Tan
- Neuroinflammation Group; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Alexandra Latini
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo, LABOX; Departamento de Bioquímica, CCB; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis / SC, Brazil
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Paul J Austin
- Discipline of Anatomy & Histology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Steen NE, Dieset I, Hope S, Vedal TSJ, Smeland OB, Matson W, Kaddurah-Daouk R, Agartz I, Melle I, Djurovic S, Jönsson EG, Bogdanov M, Andreassen OA. Metabolic dysfunctions in the kynurenine pathway, noradrenergic and purine metabolism in schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. Psychol Med 2020; 50:595-606. [PMID: 30867076 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed at exploring potential pathophysiological processes across psychotic disorders, applying metabolomics in a large and well-characterized sample of patients and healthy controls. METHODS Patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders (N = 212) and healthy controls (N = 68) had blood sampling with subsequent metabolomics analyses using electrochemical coulometric array detection. Concentrations of 52 metabolites including tyrosine, tryptophan and purine pathways were compared between patients and controls while controlling for demographic and clinical characteristics. Significant findings were further tested in medication-free subsamples. RESULTS Significantly decreased plasma concentrations in patients compared to healthy controls were found for 3-hydroxykynurenine (3OHKY, p = 0.0008), xanthurenic acid (XANU, p = 1.5×10-5), vanillylmandelic acid (VMA, p = 4.5×10-5) and metanephrine (MN, p = 0.0001). Plasma concentration of xanthine (XAN) was increased in the patient group (p = 3.5×10-5). Differences of 3OHKY, XANU, VMA and XAN were replicated across schizophrenia spectrum disorders and bipolar disorders subsamples of medication-free individuals. CONCLUSIONS Although prone to residual confounding, the present results suggest the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism, noradrenergic and purinergic system dysfunction as trait factors in schizophrenia spectrum and bipolar disorders. Of special interest is XANU, a metabolite previously not found to be associated with bipolar disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Eiel Steen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Dieset
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrun Hope
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurohabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trude S J Vedal
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav B Smeland
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093, USA
| | | | - Rima Kaddurah-Daouk
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Institute of Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Tryptophan metabolism as a common therapeutic target in cancer, neurodegeneration and beyond. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:379-401. [PMID: 30760888 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 785] [Impact Index Per Article: 157.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
L-Tryptophan (Trp) metabolism through the kynurenine pathway (KP) is involved in the regulation of immunity, neuronal function and intestinal homeostasis. Imbalances in Trp metabolism in disorders ranging from cancer to neurodegenerative disease have stimulated interest in therapeutically targeting the KP, particularly the main rate-limiting enzymes indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), IDO2 and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) as well as kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO). However, although small-molecule IDO1 inhibitors showed promise in early-stage cancer immunotherapy clinical trials, a phase III trial was negative. This Review summarizes the physiological and pathophysiological roles of Trp metabolism, highlighting the vast opportunities and challenges for drug development in multiple diseases.
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12
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Du Y, Hou L, Chu C, Jin Y, Sun W, Zhang R. Characterization of serum metabolites as biomarkers of carbon black nanoparticles-induced subchronic toxicity in rats by hybrid triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry with non-targeted metabolomics strategy. Toxicology 2019; 426:152268. [PMID: 31437482 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.152268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Carbon black nanoparticles (CBNPs) are one of atmospheric particles components and have been closely related with a series of lung diseases. It can reach the depths of the respiratory tract or even alveolar more easily than those micro-particles. Although some of its toxicities have been confirmed in animals or human bodies, the subchronic toxicity mechanism of CBNPs has been uncertain so far. Therefore, it is very necessary to establish a novel method and clarify the mechanism of subchronic toxicity caused by concentration adjustments of small molecule metabolites in vivo. In animal experiments, CB exposure, recovery and control group were set up. The concentration of CBNPs in chamber was 30.06 ± 4.42 mg/m3. We developed a UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS-based non-targeted metabolomic analysis strategy to analyze serum samples of rats. Then, differential metabolites in serum were found by multivariate data analysis and 39 potential biomarkers were identified. It was showed that main metabolic pathways associated with CBNPs exposure were hormones metabolism, amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism and lipid metabolism. It is worth noting that long-term exposure to CBNPs had the greatest impact on steroid hormones biosynthesis so that the risk of infertility could increase. The results provided a new mechanistic insight into the metabolic alterations owing to CBNPs induced subchronic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Du
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, PR China
| | - Ludan Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, PR China
| | - Chen Chu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, PR China
| | - Yiran Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, PR China; The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, PR China
| | - Wenjing Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, PR China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, PR China.
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Rossi F, Miggiano R, Ferraris DM, Rizzi M. The Synthesis of Kynurenic Acid in Mammals: An Updated Kynurenine Aminotransferase Structural KATalogue. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:7. [PMID: 30873412 PMCID: PMC6400995 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a bioactive compound that is produced along the kynurenine pathway (KP) during tryptophan degradation. In a few decades, KYNA shifted from being regarded a poorly characterized by-product of the KP to being considered a main player in many aspects of mammalian physiology, including the control of glutamatergic and cholinergic synaptic transmission, and the coordination of immunomodulation. The renewed attention being paid to the study of KYNA homeostasis is justified by the discovery of selective and potent inhibitors of kynurenine aminotransferase II, which is considered the main enzyme responsible for KYNA synthesis in the mammalian brain. Since abnormally high KYNA levels in the central nervous system have been associated with schizophrenia and cognitive impairment, these inhibitors promise the development of novel anti-psychotic and pro-cognitive drugs. Here, we summarize the currently available structural information on human and rodent kynurenine aminotransferases (KATs) as the result of global efforts aimed at describing the full complement of mammalian isozymes. These studies highlight peculiar features of KATs that can be exploited for the development of isozyme-specific inhibitors. Together with the optimization of biochemical assays to measure individual KAT activities in complex samples, this wealth of knowledge will continue to foster the identification and rational design of brain penetrant small molecules to attenuate KYNA synthesis, i.e., molecules capable of lowering KYNA levels without exposing the brain to the harmful withdrawal of KYNA-dependent neuroprotective actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Rossi
- Biochemistry and Biocrystallography Unit, DSF-Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Riccardo Miggiano
- Biochemistry and Biocrystallography Unit, DSF-Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Davide M Ferraris
- Biochemistry and Biocrystallography Unit, DSF-Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Menico Rizzi
- Biochemistry and Biocrystallography Unit, DSF-Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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14
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Sathyasaikumar KV, Tararina M, Wu HQ, Neale SA, Weisz F, Salt TE, Schwarcz R. Xanthurenic Acid Formation from 3-Hydroxykynurenine in the Mammalian Brain: Neurochemical Characterization and Physiological Effects. Neuroscience 2017; 367:85-97. [PMID: 29031603 PMCID: PMC5819007 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Xanthurenic acid (XA), formed from 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation, may modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission by inhibiting the vesicular glutamate transporter and/or activating Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors. Here we examined the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which 3-HK controls the neosynthesis of XA in rat, mouse and human brain, and compared the physiological actions of 3-HK and XA in the rat brain. In tissue homogenates, XA formation from 3-HK was observed in all three species and traced to a major role of kynurenine aminotransferase II (KAT II). Transamination of 3-HK to XA was also demonstrated using human recombinant KAT II. Neosynthesis of XA was significantly increased in the quinolinate-lesioned rat striatum, indicating a non-neuronal localization of the process. Studies using rat cortical slices revealed that newly produced XA is rapidly released into the extracellular compartment, and that XA biosynthesis can be manipulated experimentally in the same way as the production of kynurenic acid from kynurenine (omission of Na+ or glucose, depolarizing conditions, or addition of 2-oxoacids). The synthesis of XA from 3-HK was confirmed in vivo by striatal microdialysis. In slices from the rat hippocampus, both 3-HK and XA reduced the slopes of dentate gyrus field EPSPs. The effect of 3-HK was reduced in the presence of the KAT inhibitor aminooxyacetic acid. Finally, both 3-HK and XA reduced the power of gamma-oscillatory activity recorded from the hippocampal CA3 region. Endogenous XA, newly formed from 3-HK, may therefore play a physiological role in attentional and cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Sathyasaikumar
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
| | - M Tararina
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
| | - H-Q Wu
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
| | - S A Neale
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK; Neurexpert Ltd., London, UK
| | - F Weisz
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - T E Salt
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK; Neurexpert Ltd., London, UK
| | - R Schwarcz
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA.
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