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Achouri A, Melizi M, Belbedj H, Azizi A. Comparative study of histological and histo-chemical image processing in muscle fiber sections of broiler chicken. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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2
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Seto JT, Roeszler KN, Meehan LR, Wood HD, Tiong C, Bek L, Lee SF, Shah M, Quinlan KGR, Gregorevic P, Houweling PJ, North KN. ACTN3 genotype influences skeletal muscle mass regulation and response to dexamethasone. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg0088. [PMID: 34215586 PMCID: PMC11060041 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Homozygosity for the common ACTN3 null polymorphism (ACTN3 577X) results in α-actinin-3 deficiency in ~20% of humans worldwide and is linked to reduced sprint and power performance in both elite athletes and the general population. α-Actinin-3 deficiency is also associated with reduced muscle mass, increased risk of sarcopenia, and altered muscle wasting response induced by denervation and immobilization. Here, we show that α-actinin-3 plays a key role in the regulation of protein synthesis and breakdown signaling in skeletal muscle and influences muscle mass from early postnatal development. We also show that α-actinin-3 deficiency reduces the atrophic and anti-inflammatory response to the glucocorticoid dexamethasone in muscle and protects against dexamethasone-induced muscle wasting in female but not male mice. The effects of α-actinin-3 deficiency on muscle mass regulation and response to muscle wasting provide an additional mechanistic explanation for the positive selection of the ACTN3 577X allele in recent human history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane T Seto
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kelly N Roeszler
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lyra R Meehan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Harrison D Wood
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chrystal Tiong
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lucinda Bek
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Siaw F Lee
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Manan Shah
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kate G R Quinlan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter J Houweling
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathryn N North
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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3
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Girgis CM, Cha KM, So B, Tsang M, Chen J, Houweling PJ, Schindeler A, Stokes R, Swarbrick MM, Evesson FJ, Cooper ST, Gunton JE. Mice with myocyte deletion of vitamin D receptor have sarcopenia and impaired muscle function. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2019; 10:1228-1240. [PMID: 31225722 PMCID: PMC6903451 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has long been recognized that vitamin D deficiency is associated with muscle weakness and falls. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is present at very low levels in normal muscle. Whether vitamin D plays a direct role in muscle function is unknown and is a subject of hot debate. Myocyte-specific deletion of VDR would provide a strategy to answer this question. METHODS Myocyte-specific vitamin D receptor (mVDR) null mice were generated by crossing human skeletal actin-Cre mice with floxed VDR mice. The effects of gene deletion on the muscle phenotype were studied in terms of body tissue composition, muscle tissue histology, and gene expression by real-time PCR. RESULTS Unlike whole-body VDR knockout mice, mVDR mice showed a normal body size. The mVDR showed a distinct muscle phenotype featuring reduced proportional lean mass (70% vs. 78% of lean mass), reduced voluntary wheel-running distance (22% decrease, P = 0.009), reduced average running speed, and reduced grip strength (7-16% reduction depending on age at testing). With their decreased voluntary exercise, and decreased lean mass, mVDR have increased proportional fat mass at 20% compared with 13%. Surprisingly, their muscle fibres showed slightly increased diameter, as well as the presence of angular fibres and central nuclei suggesting ongoing remodelling. There were, however, no clear changes in fibre type and there was no increase in muscle fibrosis. VDR is a transcriptional regulator, and changes in the expression of candidate genes was examined in RNA extracted from skeletal muscle. Alterations were seen in myogenic gene expression, and there was decreased expression of cell cycle genes cyclin D1, D2, and D3 and cyclin-dependent kinases Cdk-2 and Cdk-4. Expression of calcium handling genes sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPases (SERCA) Serca2b and Serca3 was decreased and Calbindin mRNA was lower in mVDR muscle. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that vitamin D signalling is needed for myocyte function. Despite the low level of VDR protein normally found muscle, deleting myocyte VDR had important effects on muscle size and strength. Maintenance of normal vitamin D signalling is a useful strategy to prevent loss of muscle function and size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Girgis
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kuan Minn Cha
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Benjamin So
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Tsang
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennifer Chen
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter J Houweling
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aaron Schindeler
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Orthopaedic Research and Biotechnology Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Rebecca Stokes
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael M Swarbrick
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frances J Evesson
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sandra T Cooper
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jenny E Gunton
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Division of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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4
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Garton FC, Houweling PJ, Vukcevic D, Meehan LR, Lee FXZ, Lek M, Roeszler KN, Hogarth MW, Tiong CF, Zannino D, Yang N, Leslie S, Gregorevic P, Head SI, Seto JT, North KN. The Effect of ACTN3 Gene Doping on Skeletal Muscle Performance. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 102:845-857. [PMID: 29706347 PMCID: PMC5986729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of expression of ACTN3, due to homozygosity of the common null polymorphism (p.Arg577X), is underrepresented in elite sprint/power athletes and has been associated with reduced muscle mass and strength in humans and mice. To investigate ACTN3 gene dosage in performance and whether expression could enhance muscle force, we performed meta-analysis and expression studies. Our general meta-analysis using a Bayesian random effects model in elite sprint/power athlete cohorts demonstrated a consistent homozygous-group effect across studies (per allele OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.3-1.6) but substantial heterogeneity in heterozygotes. In mouse muscle, rAAV-mediated gene transfer overexpressed and rescued α-actinin-3 expression. Contrary to expectation, in vivo "doping" of ACTN3 at low to moderate doses demonstrated an absence of any change in function. At high doses, ACTN3 is toxic and detrimental to force generation, to demonstrate gene doping with supposedly performance-enhancing isoforms of sarcomeric proteins can be detrimental for muscle function. Restoration of α-actinin-3 did not enhance muscle mass but highlighted the primary role of α-actinin-3 in modulating muscle metabolism with altered fatiguability. This is the first study to express a Z-disk protein in healthy skeletal muscle and measure the in vivo effect. The sensitive balance of the sarcomeric proteins and muscle function has relevant implications in areas of gene doping in performance and therapy for neuromuscular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur C Garton
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Peter J Houweling
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Damjan Vukcevic
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; School of BioSciences, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Lyra R Meehan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Fiona X Z Lee
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Monkol Lek
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kelly N Roeszler
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Marshall W Hogarth
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Chrystal F Tiong
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Diana Zannino
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Nan Yang
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Stephen Leslie
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; School of BioSciences, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Stewart I Head
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Jane T Seto
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kathryn N North
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
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5
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Holt LJ, Brandon AE, Small L, Suryana E, Preston E, Wilks D, Mokbel N, Coles CA, White JD, Turner N, Daly RJ, Cooney GJ. Ablation of Grb10 Specifically in Muscle Impacts Muscle Size and Glucose Metabolism in Mice. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1339-1351. [PMID: 29370381 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Grb10 is an adaptor-type signaling protein most highly expressed in tissues involved in insulin action and glucose metabolism, such as muscle, pancreas, and adipose. Germline deletion of Grb10 in mice creates a phenotype with larger muscles and improved glucose homeostasis. However, it has not been determined whether Grb10 ablation specifically in muscle is sufficient to induce hypermuscularity or affect whole body glucose metabolism. In this study we generated muscle-specific Grb10-deficient mice (Grb10-mKO) by crossing Grb10flox/flox mice with mice expressing Cre recombinase under control of the human α-skeletal actin promoter. One-year-old Grb10-mKO mice had enlarged muscles, with greater cross-sectional area of fibers compared with wild-type (WT) mice. This degree of hypermuscularity did not affect whole body glucose homeostasis under basal conditions. However, hyperinsulinemic/euglycemic clamp studies revealed that Grb10-mKO mice had greater glucose uptake into muscles compared with WT mice. Insulin signaling was increased at the level of phospho-Akt in muscle of Grb10-mKO mice compared with WT mice, consistent with a role of Grb10 as a modulator of proximal insulin receptor signaling. We conclude that ablation of Grb10 in muscle is sufficient to affect muscle size and metabolism, supporting an important role for this protein in growth and metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lowenna J Holt
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanda E Brandon
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lewin Small
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eurwin Suryana
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elaine Preston
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Donna Wilks
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nancy Mokbel
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chantal A Coles
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason D White
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel Turner
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roger J Daly
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gregory J Cooney
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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6
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Summers MA, Rupasinghe T, Vasiljevski ER, Evesson FJ, Mikulec K, Peacock L, Quinlan KGR, Cooper ST, Roessner U, Stevenson DA, Little DG, Schindeler A. Dietary intervention rescues myopathy associated with neurofibromatosis type 1. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 27:577-588. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Summers
- Orthopaedic Research & Biotechnology, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Heath, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Emily R Vasiljevski
- Orthopaedic Research & Biotechnology, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Heath, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Frances J Evesson
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children’s Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kathy Mikulec
- Orthopaedic Research & Biotechnology, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Lauren Peacock
- Orthopaedic Research & Biotechnology, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Kate G R Quinlan
- Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Heath, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children’s Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
| | - Sandra T Cooper
- Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Heath, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children’s Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- Metabolomics Australia, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David A Stevenson
- Division of Medical Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David G Little
- Orthopaedic Research & Biotechnology, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Heath, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Aaron Schindeler
- Orthopaedic Research & Biotechnology, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Heath, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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7
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Davey RA, Clarke MV, Russell PK, Rana K, Seto J, Roeszler KN, How JMY, Chia LY, North K, Zajac JD. Androgen Action via the Androgen Receptor in Neurons Within the Brain Positively Regulates Muscle Mass in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3684-3695. [PMID: 28977603 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well established that exogenous androgens have anabolic effects on skeletal muscle mass in humans and mice, data from muscle-specific androgen receptor (AR) knockout (ARKO) mice indicate that myocytic expression of the AR is dispensable for hind-limb muscle mass accrual in males. To identify possible indirect actions of androgens via the AR in neurons to regulate muscle, we generated neuron-ARKO mice in which the dominant DNA binding-dependent actions of the AR are deleted in neurons of the cortex, forebrain, hypothalamus, and olfactory bulb. Serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels were elevated twofold in neuron-ARKO males compared with wild-type littermates due to disruption of negative feedback to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Despite this increase in serum testosterone levels, which was expected to increase muscle mass, the mass of the mixed-fiber gastrocnemius (Gast) and the fast-twitch fiber extensor digitorum longus hind-limb muscles was decreased by 10% in neuron-ARKOs at 12 weeks of age, whereas muscle strength and fatigue of the Gast were unaffected. The mass of the soleus muscle, however, which consists of a high proportion of slow-twitch fibers, was unaffected in neuron-ARKOs, demonstrating a stimulatory action of androgens via the AR in neurons to increase the mass of fast-twitch hind-limb muscles. Furthermore, neuron-ARKOs displayed reductions in voluntary and involuntary physical activity by up to 60%. These data provide evidence for a role of androgens via the AR in neurons to positively regulate fast-twitch hind-limb muscle mass and physical activity in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Davey
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Michele V Clarke
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Patricia K Russell
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Kesha Rana
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Jane Seto
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kelly N Roeszler
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jackie M Y How
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Ling Yeong Chia
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Kathryn North
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
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8
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Latres E, Mastaitis J, Fury W, Miloscio L, Trejos J, Pangilinan J, Okamoto H, Cavino K, Na E, Papatheodorou A, Willer T, Bai Y, Hae Kim J, Rafique A, Jaspers S, Stitt T, Murphy AJ, Yancopoulos GD, Gromada J. Activin A more prominently regulates muscle mass in primates than does GDF8. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15153. [PMID: 28452368 PMCID: PMC5414365 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth and differentiation factor 8 (GDF8) is a TGF-β superfamily member, and negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass. GDF8 inhibition results in prominent muscle growth in mice, but less impressive hypertrophy in primates, including man. Broad TGF-β inhibition suggests another family member negatively regulates muscle mass, and its blockade enhances muscle growth seen with GDF8-specific inhibition. Here we show that activin A is the long-sought second negative muscle regulator. Activin A specific inhibition, on top of GDF8 inhibition, leads to pronounced muscle hypertrophy and force production in mice and monkeys. Inhibition of these two ligands mimics the hypertrophy seen with broad TGF-β blockers, while avoiding the adverse effects due to inhibition of multiple family members. Altogether, we identify activin A as a second negative regulator of muscle mass, and suggest that inhibition of both ligands provides a preferred therapeutic approach, which maximizes the benefit:risk ratio for muscle diseases in man. Inhibition of GDF8 increases muscle mass in mice, but is less effective in monkeys and humans. Here the authors show that activin A also inhibits muscle hypertrophy and that concomitant inhibition of activin A and GDF8 synergistically increases muscle mass in mice and non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Latres
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA
| | - Jason Mastaitis
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA
| | - Wen Fury
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA
| | - Lawrence Miloscio
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA
| | - Jesus Trejos
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA
| | - Jeffrey Pangilinan
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA
| | - Haruka Okamoto
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA
| | - Katie Cavino
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA
| | - Erqian Na
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA
| | - Angelos Papatheodorou
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA
| | - Tobias Willer
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA
| | - Yu Bai
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA
| | - Jee Hae Kim
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA
| | - Ashique Rafique
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA
| | - Stephen Jaspers
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA
| | - Trevor Stitt
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA
| | - George D Yancopoulos
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA
| | - Jesper Gromada
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA
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9
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Arouche-Delaperche L, Allenbach Y, Amelin D, Preusse C, Mouly V, Mauhin W, Tchoupou GD, Drouot L, Boyer O, Stenzel W, Butler-Browne G, Benveniste O. Pathogenic role of anti-signal recognition protein and anti-3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase antibodies in necrotizing myopathies: Myofiber atrophy and impairment of muscle regeneration in necrotizing autoimmune myopathies. Ann Neurol 2017; 81:538-548. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.24902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louiza Arouche-Delaperche
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, Sorbonne Universities, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, National Center for Scientific Research, Myology Research Center; Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Paris France
| | - Yves Allenbach
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, Sorbonne Universities, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, National Center for Scientific Research, Myology Research Center; Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Paris France
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Department of Inflammation, Immunopathology, and Biotherapy, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Public Hospital Network of Paris; Paris France
| | - Damien Amelin
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, Sorbonne Universities, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, National Center for Scientific Research, Myology Research Center; Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Paris France
| | - Corinna Preusse
- Department of Neuropathology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
| | - Vincent Mouly
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, Sorbonne Universities, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, National Center for Scientific Research, Myology Research Center; Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Paris France
| | - Wladimir Mauhin
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, Sorbonne Universities, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, National Center for Scientific Research, Myology Research Center; Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Paris France
| | - Gaelle Dzangue Tchoupou
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, Sorbonne Universities, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, National Center for Scientific Research, Myology Research Center; Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Paris France
| | - Laurent Drouot
- Department of Immunology; University of Normandy UNIROUEN, National Institute of Health and Medical Research U1234, Rouen University Hospital; Rouen France
| | - Olivier Boyer
- Department of Immunology; University of Normandy UNIROUEN, National Institute of Health and Medical Research U1234, Rouen University Hospital; Rouen France
| | - Werner Stenzel
- Department of Neuropathology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
| | - Gillian Butler-Browne
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, Sorbonne Universities, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, National Center for Scientific Research, Myology Research Center; Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Paris France
| | - Olivier Benveniste
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, Sorbonne Universities, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, National Center for Scientific Research, Myology Research Center; Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Paris France
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Department of Inflammation, Immunopathology, and Biotherapy, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Public Hospital Network of Paris; Paris France
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10
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Hogarth MW, Houweling PJ, Thomas KC, Gordish-Dressman H, Bello L, Pegoraro E, Hoffman EP, Head SI, North KN. Evidence for ACTN3 as a genetic modifier of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14143. [PMID: 28139640 PMCID: PMC5290331 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by muscle degeneration and progressive weakness. There is considerable inter-patient variability in disease onset and progression, which can confound the results of clinical trials. Here we show that a common null polymorphism (R577X) in ACTN3 results in significantly reduced muscle strength and a longer 10 m walk test time in young, ambulant patients with DMD; both of which are primary outcome measures in clinical trials. We have developed a double knockout mouse model, which also shows reduced muscle strength, but is protected from stretch-induced eccentric damage with age. This suggests that α-actinin-3 deficiency reduces muscle performance at baseline, but ameliorates the progression of dystrophic pathology. Mechanistically, we show that α-actinin-3 deficiency triggers an increase in oxidative muscle metabolism through activation of calcineurin, which likely confers the protective effect. Our studies suggest that ACTN3 R577X genotype is a modifier of clinical phenotype in DMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall W Hogarth
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Peter J Houweling
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kristen C Thomas
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Heather Gordish-Dressman
- Research Centre for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Centre, Washington DC 20010, USA
| | - Luca Bello
- Research Centre for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Centre, Washington DC 20010, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova 35122, Italy
| | | | - Elena Pegoraro
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova 35122, Italy
| | - Eric P Hoffman
- Research Centre for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Centre, Washington DC 20010, USA
| | - Stewart I Head
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Kathryn N North
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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11
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Hogarth MW, Garton FC, Houweling PJ, Tukiainen T, Lek M, Macarthur DG, Seto JT, Quinlan KGR, Yang N, Head SI, North KN. Analysis of the ACTN3 heterozygous genotype suggests that α-actinin-3 controls sarcomeric composition and muscle function in a dose-dependent fashion. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:866-77. [PMID: 26681802 PMCID: PMC4754040 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A common null polymorphism (R577X) in ACTN3 causes α-actinin-3 deficiency in ∼ 18% of the global population. There is no associated disease phenotype, but α-actinin-3 deficiency is detrimental to sprint and power performance in both elite athletes and the general population. However, despite considerable investigation to date, the functional consequences of heterozygosity for ACTN3 are unclear. A subset of studies have shown an intermediate phenotype in 577RX individuals, suggesting dose-dependency of α-actinin-3, while others have shown no difference between 577RR and RX genotypes. Here, we investigate the effects of α-actinin-3 expression level by comparing the muscle phenotypes of Actn3(+/-) (HET) mice to Actn3(+/+) [wild-type (WT)] and Actn3(-/-) [knockout (KO)] littermates. We show reduction in α-actinin-3 mRNA and protein in HET muscle compared with WT, which is associated with dose-dependent up-regulation of α-actinin-2, z-band alternatively spliced PDZ-motif and myotilin at the Z-line, and an incremental shift towards oxidative metabolism. While there is no difference in force generation, HET mice have an intermediate endurance capacity compared with WT and KO. The R577X polymorphism is associated with changes in ACTN3 expression consistent with an additive model in the human genotype-tissue expression cohort, but does not influence any other muscle transcripts, including ACTN2. Overall, ACTN3 influences sarcomeric composition in a dose-dependent fashion in mouse skeletal muscle, which translates directly to function. Variance in fibre type between biopsies likely masks this phenomenon in human skeletal muscle, but we suggest that an additive model is the most appropriate for use in testing ACTN3 genotype associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall W Hogarth
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Fleur C Garton
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic 3052, Australia, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Peter J Houweling
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic 3052, Australia, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Taru Tukiainen
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA and
| | - Monkol Lek
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA and
| | - Daniel G Macarthur
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA and
| | - Jane T Seto
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic 3052, Australia, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Kate G R Quinlan
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nan Yang
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Stewart I Head
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kathryn N North
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic 3052, Australia, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia,
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12
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Altered Ca2+ kinetics associated with α-actinin-3 deficiency may explain positive selection for ACTN3 null allele in human evolution. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004862. [PMID: 25590636 PMCID: PMC4295894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 1.5 billion people lack the skeletal muscle fast-twitch fibre protein α-actinin-3 due to homozygosity for a common null polymorphism (R577X) in the ACTN3 gene. α-Actinin-3 deficiency is detrimental to sprint performance in elite athletes and beneficial to endurance activities. In the human genome, it is very difficult to find single-gene loss-of-function variants that bear signatures of positive selection, yet intriguingly, the ACTN3 null variant has undergone strong positive selection during recent evolution, appearing to provide a survival advantage where food resources are scarce and climate is cold. We have previously demonstrated that α-actinin-3 deficiency in the Actn3 KO mouse results in a shift in fast-twitch fibres towards oxidative metabolism, which would be more “energy efficient” in famine, and beneficial to endurance performance. Prolonged exposure to cold can also induce changes in skeletal muscle similar to those observed with endurance training, and changes in Ca2+ handling by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) are a key factor underlying these adaptations. On this basis, we explored the effects of α-actinin-3 deficiency on Ca2+ kinetics in single flexor digitorum brevis muscle fibres from Actn3 KO mice, using the Ca2+-sensitive dye fura-2. Compared to wild-type, fibres of Actn3 KO mice showed: (i) an increased rate of decay of the twitch transient; (ii) a fourfold increase in the rate of SR Ca2+ leak; (iii) a threefold increase in the rate of SR Ca2+ pumping; and (iv) enhanced maintenance of tetanic Ca2+ during fatigue. The SR Ca2+ pump, SERCA1, and the Ca2+-binding proteins, calsequestrin and sarcalumenin, showed markedly increased expression in muscles of KO mice. Together, these changes in Ca2+ handling in the absence of α-actinin-3 are consistent with cold acclimatisation and thermogenesis, and offer an additional explanation for the positive selection of the ACTN3 577X null allele in populations living in cold environments during recent evolution. α-Actinin-3 is a protein found inside the muscles of most people around the world. It is encoded by a gene called ACTN3, popularly known as “the gene for speed.” In 1.5 billion people, a certain variation in the genetic sequence of their ACTN3 gene causes their muscles to produce no α-actinin-3 protein at all. These people have no muscle disease; however, in elite athletes, a lack of α-actinin-3 seems to be beneficial for endurance activities and detrimental to sprinting activities. Intriguingly, α-actinin-3 deficiency varies in frequency across the globe, being most common in European and Asian populations and least common in African populations. During recent human evolution, there appears to have been strong positive selection for α-actinin-3 deficiency in places where food resources are relatively scarce and climate is cold. We have previously demonstrated that α-actinin-3 deficiency in the Actn3 knockout (KO) mouse causes a shift towards more “energy efficient” forms of muscle metabolism which would enhance survival in times of famine, and benefit endurance performance. Our present study, using single muscle fibres from Actn3 KO mice, demonstrates changes in calcium handling that would adapt muscles to cold environments and provide a survival advantage in cold climates.
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13
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Mars M, Gregory MA. A model for determining baseline morphometrics of skeletal myofibres. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2014; 85:1125. [PMID: 25685981 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v85i1.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The minimum diameter method of morphometry (MDM) is used to measure and detect changes in myofibre diameters (FD). The MDM is used to identify pathology in skeletal muscle. In such studies, an assumption is made that the mean FD in a particular muscle in both limbs is essentially the same. This study explored this premise to determine the accuracy of MDM as a means of morphometric analysis. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the left (G1) and right (G2) tibialis anterior of four vervet monkeys and from the massaged left (G3) and untreated right (G4) tibialis anterior of four animals. Wax sections were prepared for MDM and FD was measured. Three specimens were re-measured on four occasions. The mean FD of each biopsy from G1 and G2 limbs were compared and the number of measurements necessary to produce a meaningful result determined. Repeated measurement showed a difference of < 3.0% in FD means between the first and three subsequent measurements. There was no significant difference of FD means between G1 and G2, whilst the difference between G3 and G4 was 11.2%. When > 175 FD were measured, the difference from the final mean was less than 2.0%. These data show that, (1) FD data derived from a muscle in an untreated limb can be used as a control for experiment mediated changes of FD in the other, (2) MDM is a reliable means of measuring FD and (3) 150-175 FD are needed to provide a dependable result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Mars
- Department of TeleHealth, University of KwaZulu-Natal.
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14
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Meng H, Janssen PML, Grange RW, Yang L, Beggs AH, Swanson LC, Cossette SA, Frase A, Childers MK, Granzier H, Gussoni E, Lawlor MW. Tissue triage and freezing for models of skeletal muscle disease. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 25078247 PMCID: PMC4215994 DOI: 10.3791/51586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a unique tissue because of its structure and function, which requires specific protocols for tissue collection to obtain optimal results from functional, cellular, molecular, and pathological evaluations. Due to the subtlety of some pathological abnormalities seen in congenital muscle disorders and the potential for fixation to interfere with the recognition of these features, pathological evaluation of frozen muscle is preferable to fixed muscle when evaluating skeletal muscle for congenital muscle disease. Additionally, the potential to produce severe freezing artifacts in muscle requires specific precautions when freezing skeletal muscle for histological examination that are not commonly used when freezing other tissues. This manuscript describes a protocol for rapid freezing of skeletal muscle using isopentane (2-methylbutane) cooled with liquid nitrogen to preserve optimal skeletal muscle morphology. This procedure is also effective for freezing tissue intended for genetic or protein expression studies. Furthermore, we have integrated our freezing protocol into a broader procedure that also describes preferred methods for the short term triage of tissue for (1) single fiber functional studies and (2) myoblast cell culture, with a focus on the minimum effort necessary to collect tissue and transport it to specialized research or reference labs to complete these studies. Overall, this manuscript provides an outline of how fresh tissue can be effectively distributed for a variety of phenotypic studies and thereby provides standard operating procedures (SOPs) for pathological studies related to congenital muscle disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Meng
- Division of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin
| | - Paul M L Janssen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University
| | - Robert W Grange
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech
| | - Lin Yang
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Biostatistics, Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky
| | - Alan H Beggs
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Lindsay C Swanson
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Stacy A Cossette
- Division of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin; Cure Congenital Muscular Dystrophy
| | | | | | | | - Emanuela Gussoni
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Michael W Lawlor
- Division of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin;
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15
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Garton F, Seto J, Quinlan K, Yang N, Houweling P, North K. α-Actinin-3 deficiency alters muscle adaptation in response to denervation and immobilization. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:1879-93. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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16
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Sullivan K, El-Hoss J, Quinlan KGR, Deo N, Garton F, Seto JTC, Gdalevitch M, Turner N, Cooney GJ, Kolanczyk M, North KN, Little DG, Schindeler A. NF1 is a critical regulator of muscle development and metabolism. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:1250-9. [PMID: 24163128 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is emerging evidence for reduced muscle function in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). We have examined three murine models featuring NF1 deficiency in muscle to study the effect on muscle function as well as any underlying pathophysiology. The Nf1(+/-) mouse exhibited no differences in overall weight, lean tissue mass, fiber size, muscle weakness as measured by grip strength or muscle atrophy-recovery with limb disuse, although this model lacks many other characteristic features of the human disease. Next, muscle-specific knockout mice (Nf1muscle(-/-)) were generated and they exhibited a failure to thrive leading to neonatal lethality. Intramyocellular lipid accumulations were observed by electron microscopy and Oil Red O staining. More mature muscle specimens lacking Nf1 expression taken from the limb-specific Nf1Prx1(-/-) conditional knockout line showed a 10-fold increase in muscle triglyceride content. Enzyme assays revealed a significant increase in the activities of oxidative metabolism enzymes in the Nf1Prx1(-/-) mice. Western analyses showed increases in the expression of fatty acid synthase and the hormone leptin, as well as decreased expression of a number of fatty acid transporters in this mouse line. These data support the hypothesis that NF1 is essential for normal muscle function and survival and are the first to suggest a direct link between NF1 and mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism.
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17
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Seto JT, Quinlan KGR, Lek M, Zheng XF, Garton F, MacArthur DG, Hogarth MW, Houweling PJ, Gregorevic P, Turner N, Cooney GJ, Yang N, North KN. ACTN3 genotype influences muscle performance through the regulation of calcineurin signaling. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:4255-63. [PMID: 24091322 DOI: 10.1172/jci67691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Actinin-3 deficiency occurs in approximately 16% of the global population due to homozygosity for a common nonsense polymorphism in the ACTN3 gene. Loss of α-actinin-3 is associated with reduced power and enhanced endurance capacity in elite athletes and nonathletes due to "slowing" of the metabolic and physiological properties of fast fibers. Here, we have shown that α-actinin-3 deficiency results in increased calcineurin activity in mouse and human skeletal muscle and enhanced adaptive response to endurance training. α-Actinin-2, which is differentially expressed in α-actinin-3-deficient muscle, has higher binding affinity for calsarcin-2, a key inhibitor of calcineurin activation. We have further demonstrated that α-actinin-2 competes with calcineurin for binding to calsarcin-2, resulting in enhanced calcineurin signaling and reprogramming of the metabolic phenotype of fast muscle fibers. Our data provide a mechanistic explanation for the effects of the ACTN3 genotype on skeletal muscle performance in elite athletes and on adaptation to changing physical demands in the general population. In addition, we have demonstrated that the sarcomeric α-actinins play a role in the regulation of calcineurin signaling.
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18
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Quantifiable diagnosis of muscular dystrophies and neurogenic atrophies through network analysis. BMC Med 2013; 11:77. [PMID: 23514382 PMCID: PMC3621542 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of neuromuscular diseases is strongly based on the histological characterization of muscle biopsies. However, this morphological analysis is mostly a subjective process and difficult to quantify. We have tested if network science can provide a novel framework to extract useful information from muscle biopsies, developing a novel method that analyzes muscle samples in an objective, automated, fast and precise manner. METHODS Our database consisted of 102 muscle biopsy images from 70 individuals (including controls, patients with neurogenic atrophies and patients with muscular dystrophies). We used this to develop a new method, Neuromuscular DIseases Computerized Image Analysis (NDICIA), that uses network science analysis to capture the defining signature of muscle biopsy images. NDICIA characterizes muscle tissues by representing each image as a network, with fibers serving as nodes and fiber contacts as links. RESULTS After a 'training' phase with control and pathological biopsies, NDICIA was able to quantify the degree of pathology of each sample. We validated our method by comparing NDICIA quantification of the severity of muscular dystrophies with a pathologist's evaluation of the degree of pathology, resulting in a strong correlation (R = 0.900, P <0.00001). Importantly, our approach can be used to quantify new images without the need for prior 'training'. Therefore, we show that network science analysis captures the useful information contained in muscle biopsies, helping the diagnosis of muscular dystrophies and neurogenic atrophies. CONCLUSIONS Our novel network analysis approach will serve as a valuable tool for assessing the etiology of muscular dystrophies or neurogenic atrophies, and has the potential to quantify treatment outcomes in preclinical and clinical trials.
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19
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Kostrominova TY, Reiner DS, Haas RH, Ingermanson R, McDonough PM. Automated methods for the analysis of skeletal muscle fiber size and metabolic type. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 306:275-332. [PMID: 24016528 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407694-5.00007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It is of interest to quantify the size, shape, and metabolic subtype of skeletal muscle fibers in many areas of biomedical research. To do so, skeletal muscle samples are sectioned transversely to the length of the muscle and labeled for extracellular or membrane proteins to delineate the fiber boundaries and additionally for biomarkers related to function or metabolism. The samples are digitally photographed and the fibers "outlined" for quantification of fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) using pointing devices interfaced to a computer, which is tedious, prone to error, and can be nonobjective. Here, we review methods for characterizing skeletal muscle fibers and describe new automated techniques, which rapidly quantify CSA and biomarkers. We discuss the applications of these methods to the characterization of mitochondrial dysfunctions, which underlie a variety of human afflictions, and we present a novel approach, utilizing images from the online Human Protein Atlas to predict relationships between fiber-specific protein expression, function, and metabolism.
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20
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Greenspan EJ, Lee H, Dyba M, Pan J, Mekambi K, Johnson T, Blancato J, Mueller S, Berry DL, Chung FL. High-throughput, quantitative analysis of acrolein-derived DNA adducts in human oral cells by immunohistochemistry. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 60:844-53. [PMID: 22899861 DOI: 10.1369/0022155412459759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrolein (Acr) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant as well as an endogenous compound. Acrolein-derived 1,N(2)-propanodeoxyguanosines (Acr-dG) are exocyclic DNA adducts formed following exposure to cigarette smoke or from lipid peroxidation. Acr-dG is mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic and may represent a useful biomarker for the early detection of cancers related to smoking or other oxidative conditions, such as chronic inflammation. In this study, we have developed a high-throughput, automated method using a HistoRx PM-2000 imaging system combined with MetaMorph software for quantifying Acr-dG adducts in human oral cells by immunohistochemical detection using a monoclonal antibody recently developed by our laboratory. This method was validated in a cell culture system using BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells treated with known concentrations of Acr. The results were further verified by quantitative analysis of Acr-dG in DNA of BEAS-2B cells using a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry/multiple-reaction monitoring method. The automated method is a quicker, more accurate method than manual evaluation of counting cells expressing Acr-dG and quantifying fluorescence intensity. It may be applied to other antibodies that are used for immunohistochemical detection in tissues as well as cell lines, primary cultures, and other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Greenspan
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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21
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Larsen S, Kristensen JM, Stride N, Wojtaszewski JFP, Helge JW, Dela F. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration in AMPKα2 kinase-dead mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 205:314-20. [PMID: 22192354 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study whether the phenotypical characteristics (exercise intolerance; reduced spontaneous activity) of the AMPKα2 kinase-dead (KD) mice can be explained by a reduced mitochondrial respiratory flux rates (JO(2) ) in skeletal muscle. Secondly, the effect of the maturation process on JO(2) was studied. METHODS In tibialis anterior (almost exclusively type 2 fibres) muscle from young (12-17 weeks, n = 7) and mature (25-27 weeks, n = 12) KD and wild-type (WT) (12-17 weeks, n = 9; 25-27 weeks, n = 11) littermates, JO(2) was quantified in permeabilized fibres ex vivo by respirometry, using a substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor-titration (SUIT) protocol: malate, octanoyl carnitine, ADP and glutamate (GMO(3) ), + succinate (GMOS(3) ), + uncoupler (U) and inhibitor (rotenone) of complex I respiration. Citrate synthase (CS) activity was measured as an index of mitochondrial content. RESULTS Citrate synthase activity was highest in young WT animals and lower in KD animals compared with age-matched WT. JO(2) per mg tissue was lower (P < 0.05) in KD animals (state GMOS(3) ). No uncoupling effect was seen in any of the animals. Normalized oxygen flux (JO(2) /CS) revealed a uniform pattern across the SUIT protocol with no effect of KD. However, JO(2) /CS was higher [GMO(3) , GMOS(3) , U and rotenone (only WT)] in the mature compared with the young mice - irrespective of the genotype (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Exercise intolerance and reduced activity level seen in KD mice may be explained by reduced JO(2) in the maximally coupled respiratory state. Furthermore, an enhancement of oxidative phosphorylation capacity per mitochondrion is seen with the maturation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Larsen
- Xlab - Center for Healthy Aging; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - J. M. Kristensen
- Molecular Physiology Group; Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences; Faculty of Natural Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - N. Stride
- Xlab - Center for Healthy Aging; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - J. F. P. Wojtaszewski
- Molecular Physiology Group; Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences; Faculty of Natural Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - J. W. Helge
- Xlab - Center for Healthy Aging; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - F. Dela
- Xlab - Center for Healthy Aging; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen; Denmark
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The effect of α-actinin-3 deficiency on muscle aging. Exp Gerontol 2011; 46:292-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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