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McNabb L, Durr PA, Lunt R, Barr J, Adams TE, Pearce L, Poon LLM, Perera RAM, Demissie GF, Bowden TR. Development and preliminary validation of a MERS-CoV ELISA for serological testing of camels and alpacas. J Virol Methods 2024; 327:114923. [PMID: 38561124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
This study describes the development and preliminary validation of a new serological assay using MERS-CoV S1 protein in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) format. This assay has the advantage of being able to test MERS-CoV serum samples in a PC2 laboratory without the need for a high-level biocontainment laboratory (PC3 or PC4), which requires highly trained and skilled staff and a high level of resources and equipment. Furthermore, this MERS-CoV S1 ELISA enables a larger number of samples to be tested quickly, with results obtained in approximately five hours. The MERS-CoV S1 ELISA demonstrated high analytical specificity, with no cross-reactivity observed in serum of animals infected with other viruses, including different coronaviruses. We tested 166 positive and 40 negative camel serum samples and have estimated the diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) to be 99.4% (95% CI: 96.7 - 100.0%) and diagnostic specificity (DSp) to be 100% (95% CI: 97.2%-100.0%) relative to the assigned serology results (ppNT and VNT) using a S/P ratio cut-off value of >0.58. The findings of this study showed that our MERS-CoV S1 ELISA was more sensitive than the commercial EUROIMMUN ELISA (Se 99.4% vs 84.9%) and comparable to the ppNT assay, and therefore could be used as a diagnostic aid in countries in the Middle East where MERS-CoV is endemic in dromedary camels. The assay reagents and protocol were easily adapted and transferred from an Australian laboratory to a laboratory in the University of Hong Kong. Thus, the results described here show that the MERS-CoV S1 ELISA represents a cheap, rapid, robust, and reliable assay to support surveillance of MERS-CoV in camels in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne McNabb
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), East Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Peter A Durr
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), East Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ross Lunt
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), East Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer Barr
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), East Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Leo L M Poon
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Ranawaka Ap M Perera
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Getnet Fekadu Demissie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology, Microbiology and Public Health, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia
| | - Timothy R Bowden
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), East Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Sun Q, Li X, Kuang E. Subversion of autophagy machinery and organelle-specific autophagy by SARS-CoV-2 and coronaviruses. Autophagy 2023; 19:1055-1069. [PMID: 36005882 PMCID: PMC10012907 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2116677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
As a new emerging severe coronavirus, the knowledge on the SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 remains very limited, whereas many concepts can be learned from the homologous coronaviruses. Macroautophagy/autophagy is finely regulated by SARS-CoV-2 infection and plays important roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis. This review will explore the subversion and mechanism of the autophagy-related machinery, vacuoles and organelle-specific autophagy during infection of SARS-CoV-2 and coronaviruses to provide meaningful insights into the autophagy-related therapeutic strategies for infectious diseases of SARS-CoV-2 and coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Sun
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- College of Clinic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ersheng Kuang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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3
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Peiris M, Perlman S. Unresolved questions in the zoonotic transmission of MERS. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 52:258-264. [PMID: 34999369 PMCID: PMC8734234 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is the second of three zoonotic coronaviruses to infect humans since 2002, causing severe pneumonia. Unlike SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, the causes of the severe acute respiratory syndrome and Covid-19, respectively, MERS-CoV is enzootic in dromedary camels, a domestic/companion animal present across Africa, the Middle East and Central or South Asia and is sporadically transmitted to humans. However, it does not transmit readily from human to human except in hospital and household settings. Human MERS disease is reported only from the Arabian Peninsula (and only since 2012 even though the virus was detected in camels from at least the early 1990's) and in travelers from this region. Remarkably, no zoonotic MERS disease has been detected in Africa or Asia, even in areas of high density of MERS-CoV infected dromedaries. Here, we review aspects of MERS biology and epidemiology that might contribute to this lack of correlation between sites of camel infection and human zoonotic disease. Since MERS-CoV or MERS-like CoV have pandemic potential, further investigations into this disparity is critical, to forestall pandemics caused by this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Peiris
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P.R. China; School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P.R. China.
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
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4
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Suwannarong K, Janetanakit T, Kanthawee P, Suwannarong K, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y, Tun HM, Chanabun S, Amonsin A. Coronavirus seroprevalence among villagers exposed to bats in Thailand. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:464-473. [PMID: 33864357 PMCID: PMC8251071 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A serological survey of human coronavirus antibodies among villagers in 10 provinces of Thailand was conducted during 2016–2018. Serum samples (n = 364) were collected from participants from the villages and tested for coronavirus antibodies using a human coronavirus IgG ELISA kit. Our results showed that 10.44% (38/364; 21 males and 17 females) of the villagers had antibodies against human coronaviruses. The odds ratio for coronavirus positivity in the villagers in the central region who were exposed to bats was 4.75, 95% CI 1.04–21.70, when compared to that in the non‐exposed villagers. The sociodemographics, knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of the villagers were also recorded and analysed by using a quantitative structured questionnaire. Our results showed that 62.36% (227/364) of the villagers had been exposed to bats at least once in the past six months. Low monthly family income was statistically significant in increasing the risk for coronavirus seropositivity among the villagers (OR 2.91, 95% CI 1.13–7.49). In‐depth interviews among the coronavirus‐positive participants (n = 30) showed that cultural context, local norms and beliefs could influence to bat exposure activities. In conclusion, our results provide baseline information on human coronavirus antibodies and KAP regarding to bat exposure among villagers in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokwan Suwannarong
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Taveesak Janetanakit
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Apiradee Theamboonlers
- Center of Excellence for Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence for Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hein M Tun
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sutin Chanabun
- Sirinthorn College of Public Health Khon Kaen, Ministry of Public Health, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Alongkorn Amonsin
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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5
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Frutos R, Serra-Cobo J, Pinault L, Lopez Roig M, Devaux CA. Emergence of Bat-Related Betacoronaviruses: Hazard and Risks. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:591535. [PMID: 33790874 PMCID: PMC8005542 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.591535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The current Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, with more than 111 million reported cases and 2,500,000 deaths worldwide (mortality rate currently estimated at 2.2%), is a stark reminder that coronaviruses (CoV)-induced diseases remain a major threat to humanity. COVID-19 is only the latest case of betacoronavirus (β-CoV) epidemics/pandemics. In the last 20 years, two deadly CoV epidemics, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS; fatality rate 9.6%) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS; fatality rate 34.7%), plus the emergence of HCoV-HKU1 which causes the winter common cold (fatality rate 0.5%), were already a source of public health concern. Betacoronaviruses can also be a threat for livestock, as evidenced by the Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome (SADS) epizootic in pigs. These repeated outbreaks of β-CoV-induced diseases raise the question of the dynamic of propagation of this group of viruses in wildlife and human ecosystems. SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and HCoV-HKU1 emerged in Asia, strongly suggesting the existence of a regional hot spot for emergence. However, there might be other regional hot spots, as seen with MERS-CoV, which emerged in the Arabian Peninsula. β-CoVs responsible for human respiratory infections are closely related to bat-borne viruses. Bats are present worldwide and their level of infection with CoVs is very high on all continents. However, there is as yet no evidence of direct bat-to-human coronavirus infection. Transmission of β-CoV to humans is considered to occur accidentally through contact with susceptible intermediate animal species. This zoonotic emergence is a complex process involving not only bats, wildlife and natural ecosystems, but also many anthropogenic and societal aspects. Here, we try to understand why only few hot spots of β-CoV emergence have been identified despite worldwide bats and bat-borne β-CoV distribution. In this work, we analyze and compare the natural and anthropogenic environments associated with the emergence of β-CoV and outline conserved features likely to create favorable conditions for a new epidemic. We suggest monitoring South and East Africa as well as South America as these regions bring together many of the conditions that could make them future hot spots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Frutos
- Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR 17, Intertryp, Montpellier, France.,Institut d'Électronique et des Systèmes, UMR 5214, Université de Montpellier-CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Jordi Serra-Cobo
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Biodiversity Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucile Pinault
- Aix Marseille University, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Lopez Roig
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Biodiversity Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian A Devaux
- Aix Marseille University, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
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6
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Fernández D, Giné-Vázquez I, Liu I, Yucel R, Nai Ruscone M, Morena M, García VG, Haro JM, Pan W, Tyrovolas S. Are environmental pollution and biodiversity levels associated to the spread and mortality of COVID-19? A four-month global analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116326. [PMID: 33412447 PMCID: PMC7752029 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
On March 12th, 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 as a pandemic. The collective impact of environmental and ecosystem factors, as well as biodiversity, on the spread of COVID-19 and its mortality evolution remain empirically unknown, particularly in regions with a wide ecosystem range. The aim of our study is to assess how those factors impact on the COVID-19 spread and mortality by country. This study compiled a global database merging WHO daily case reports with other publicly available measures from January 21st to May 18th, 2020. We applied spatio-temporal models to identify the influence of biodiversity, temperature, and precipitation and fitted generalized linear mixed models to identify the effects of environmental variables. Additionally, we used count time series to characterize the association between COVID-19 spread and air quality factors. All analyses were adjusted by social demographic, country-income level, and government policy intervention confounders, among 160 countries, globally. Our results reveal a statistically meaningful association between COVID-19 infection and several factors of interest at country and city levels such as the national biodiversity index, air quality, and pollutants elements (PM10, PM2.5, and O3). Particularly, there is a significant relationship of loss of biodiversity, high level of air pollutants, and diminished air quality with COVID-19 infection spread and mortality. Our findings provide an empirical foundation for future studies on the relationship between air quality variables, a country's biodiversity, and COVID-19 transmission and mortality. The relationships measured in this study can be valuable when governments plan environmental and health policies, as alternative strategy to respond to new COVID-19 outbreaks and prevent future crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fernández
- Serra Húnter Fellow, Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, 08028, Spain.
| | - Iago Giné-Vázquez
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029, Madrid, Spain, Barcelona, Spain; Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Dr Antoni Pujades, 42, 08830, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivy Liu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Recai Yucel
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Marta Nai Ruscone
- Department of Mathematics - DIMA, University of Genova, 16146, Genova, Italy
| | - Marianthi Morena
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Víctor Gerardo García
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, EEBE, A6.5, 08019, Barcelona, Spain; Fundació Eurecat, Plaça de la Ciència, 2, 08243, Manresa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029, Madrid, Spain, Barcelona, Spain; Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Dr Antoni Pujades, 42, 08830, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - William Pan
- Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Stefanos Tyrovolas
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029, Madrid, Spain, Barcelona, Spain; Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Dr Antoni Pujades, 42, 08830, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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7
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Rabaan AA, Al-Ahmed SH, Sah R, Alqumber MA, Haque S, Patel SK, Pathak M, Tiwari R, Yatoo MI, Haq AU, Bilal M, Dhama K, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. MERS-CoV: epidemiology, molecular dynamics, therapeutics, and future challenges. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2021; 20:8. [PMID: 33461573 PMCID: PMC7812981 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-020-00414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Severe Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has gained research attention worldwide, given the current pandemic. Nevertheless, a previous zoonotic and highly pathogenic coronavirus, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), is still causing concern, especially in Saudi Arabia and neighbour countries. The MERS-CoV has been reported from respiratory samples in more than 27 countries, and around 2500 cases have been reported with an approximate fatality rate of 35%. After its emergence in 2012 intermittent, sporadic cases, nosocomial infections and many community clusters of MERS continued to occur in many countries. Human-to-human transmission resulted in the large outbreaks in Saudi Arabia. The inherent genetic variability among various clads of the MERS-CoV might have probably paved the events of cross-species transmission along with changes in the inter-species and intra-species tropism. The current review is drafted using an extensive review of literature on various databases, selecting of publications irrespective of favouring or opposing, assessing the merit of study, the abstraction of data and analysing data. The genome of MERS-CoV contains around thirty thousand nucleotides having seven predicted open reading frames. Spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins are the four main structural proteins. The surface located spike protein (S) of betacoronaviruses has been established to be one of the significant factors in their zoonotic transmission through virus-receptor recognition mediation and subsequent initiation of viral infection. Three regions in Saudi Arabia (KSA), Eastern Province, Riyadh and Makkah were affected severely. The epidemic progression had been the highest in 2014 in Makkah and Riyadh and Eastern Province in 2013. With a lurking epidemic scare, there is a crucial need for effective therapeutic and immunological remedies constructed on sound molecular investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shamsah H Al-Ahmed
- Specialty Paediatric Medicine, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Mohammed A Alqumber
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing & Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shailesh Kumar Patel
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Mamta Pathak
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shuhama, Alusteng Srinagar, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Abrar Ul Haq
- Division of Clinical Veterinary Medicine Ethics & Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher E Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir, Shuhama, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India.
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia. .,Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. .,School of Medicine, Universidad Privada Franz Tamayo (UNIFRANZ), Cochabamba, Bolivia.
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8
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Schmiege D, Perez Arredondo AM, Ntajal J, Minetto Gellert Paris J, Savi MK, Patel K, Yasobant S, Falkenberg T. One Health in the context of coronavirus outbreaks: A systematic literature review. One Health 2020; 10:100170. [PMID: 33015306 PMCID: PMC7518973 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic threatens global health thereby causing unprecedented social, economic, and political disruptions. One way to prevent such a pandemic is through interventions at the human-animal-environment interface by using an integrated One Health (OH) approach. This systematic literature review documented the three coronavirus outbreaks, i.e. SARS, MERS, COVID-19, to evaluate the evolution of the OH approach, including the identification of key OH actions taken for prevention, response, and control. The OH understandings identified were categorized into three distinct patterns: institutional coordination and collaboration, OH in action/implementation, and extended OH (i.e. a clear involvement of the environmental domain). Across all studies, OH was most often framed as OH in action/implementation and least often in its extended meaning. Utilizing OH as institutional coordination and collaboration and the extended OH both increased over time. OH actions were classified into twelve sub-groups and further categorized as classical OH actions (i.e. at the human-animal interface), classical OH actions with outcomes to the environment, and extended OH actions. The majority of studies focused on human-animal interaction, giving less attention to the natural and built environment. Different understandings of the OH approach in practice and several practical limitations might hinder current efforts to achieve the operationalization of OH by combining institutional coordination and collaboration with specific OH actions. The actions identified here are a valuable starting point for evaluating the stage of OH development in different settings. This study showed that by moving beyond the classical OH approach and its actions towards a more extended understanding, OH can unfold its entire capacity thereby improving preparedness and mitigating the impacts of the next outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Schmiege
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Genscherallee 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Geography, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ana Maria Perez Arredondo
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Genscherallee 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- International Centre for Sustainable Development (IZNE) of the University of Applied Science Bonn Rhein-Sieg (HBRS), Grantham-Allee 20, 53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 174, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Joshua Ntajal
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Genscherallee 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Geography, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Juliana Minetto Gellert Paris
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Genscherallee 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 174, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Merveille Koissi Savi
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Genscherallee 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 174, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Krupali Patel
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Genscherallee 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Geography, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandul Yasobant
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Genscherallee 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Global Health, Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Timo Falkenberg
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Genscherallee 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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9
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Adney DR, Clancy CS, Bowen RA, Munster VJ. Camelid Inoculation With Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: Experimental Models of Reservoir Host Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121370. [PMID: 33266124 PMCID: PMC7759921 DOI: 10.3390/v12121370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the past two decades, three zoonotic betacoronaviruses have been associated with outbreaks causing severe respiratory disease in humans. Of these, Middle East respiratory s yndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is the only zoonotic coronavirus that is known to consistently result in frequent zoonotic spillover events from the proximate reservoir host—the dromedary camel. A comprehensive understanding of infection in dromedaries is critical to informing public health recommendations and implementing intervention strategies to mitigate spillover events. Experimental models of reservoir disease are absolutely critical in understanding the pathogenesis and transmission, and are key to testing potential dromedary vaccines against MERS-CoV. In this review, we describe experimental infections of dromedary camels as well as additional camelid models used to further understand the camel’s role in MERS-CoV spillover to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle R. Adney
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;
| | - Chad S. Clancy
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;
| | - Richard A. Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA;
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +406-375-7489
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10
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Boardman WSJ, Baker ML, Boyd V, Crameri G, Peck GR, Reardon T, Smith IG, Caraguel CGB, Prowse TAA. Serological evidence of exposure to a coronavirus antigenically related to severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS-CoV-1) in the Grey-headed flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus). Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:2628-2632. [PMID: 33142031 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many infectious pathogens can be transmitted by highly mobile species, like bats that can act as reservoir hosts for viruses such as henipaviruses, lyssaviruses and coronaviruses. In this study, we investigated the seroepidemiology of protein antigens to Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS-CoV-1) and Middle eastern respiratory syndrome virus (MERS-CoV) in Grey-headed flying foxes (Pteropus poliocephalus) in Adelaide, Australia sampled between September 2015 and February 2018. A total of 301 serum samples were collected and evaluated using a multiplex Luminex binding assay, and median fluorescence intensity thresholds were determined using finite-mixture modelling. We found evidence of antibodies reactive to SARS-CoV-1 or a related antigen with 42.5% (CI: 34.3%-51.2%) seroprevalence but insufficient evidence of reactivity to MERS-CoV antigen. This study provides evidence that the Grey-headed flying foxes sampled in Adelaide have been exposed to a SARS-like coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle L Baker
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Vic, Australia
| | - Victoria Boyd
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Vic, Australia
| | - Gary Crameri
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Vic, Australia
| | - Grantley R Peck
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Vic, Australia
| | | | - Ian G Smith
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Zoos South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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11
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Zhang XY, Huang HJ, Zhuang DL, Nasser MI, Yang MH, Zhu P, Zhao MY. Biological, clinical and epidemiological features of COVID-19, SARS and MERS and AutoDock simulation of ACE2. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:99. [PMID: 32690096 PMCID: PMC7369569 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a public catastrophe and global concern. The main symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, cough, myalgia, fatigue and lower respiratory tract infection signs. Almost all populations are susceptible to the virus, and the basic reproduction number (R0) is 2.8–3.9. The fight against COVID-19 should have two aspects: one is the treatment of infected patients, and the other is the mobilization of the society to avoid the spread of the virus. The treatment of patients includes supportive treatment, antiviral treatment, and oxygen therapy. For patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and circulatory support are recommended. Plasma therapy and traditional Chinese medicine have also achieved good outcomes. This review is intended to summarize the research on this new coronavirus, to analyze the similarities and differences between COVID-19 and previous outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and to provide guidance regarding new methods of prevention, diagnosis and clinical treatment based on autodock simulations. Methods This review compares the multifaceted characteristics of the three coronaviruses including COVID-19, SARS and MERS. Our researchers take the COVID-19, SARS, and MERS as key words and search literatures in the Pubmed database. We compare them horizontally and vertically which respectively means concluding the individual characteristics of each coronavirus and comparing the similarities and differences between the three coronaviruses. Results We searched for studies on each outbreak and their solutions and found that the main biological differences among SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are in ORF1a and the sequence of gene spike coding protein-S. We also found that the types and severity of clinical symptoms vary, which means that the diagnosis and nursing measures also require differentiation. In addition to the common route of transmission including airborne transmission, these three viruses have their own unique routes of transmission such as fecal-oral route of transmission COVID-19. Conclusions In evolutionary history, these three coronaviruses have some similar biological features as well as some different mutational characteristics. Their receptors and routes of transmission are not all the same, which makes them different in clinical features and treatments. We discovered through the autodock simulations that Met124 plays a key role in the efficiency of drugs targeting ACE2, such as remdesivir, chloroquine, ciclesonide and niclosamide, and may be a potential target in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Hao-Jie Huang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Dong-Lin Zhuang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510100, Guangdong, China
| | - Moussa Ide Nasser
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510100, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming-Hua Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510100, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ming-Yi Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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12
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van Doremalen N, Haddock E, Feldmann F, Meade-White K, Bushmaker T, Fischer RJ, Okumura A, Hanley PW, Saturday G, Edwards NJ, Clark MHA, Lambe T, Gilbert SC, Munster VJ. A single dose of ChAdOx1 MERS provides protective immunity in rhesus macaques. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba8399. [PMID: 32577525 PMCID: PMC7286676 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba8399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Developing a vaccine to protect against the lethal effects of the many strains of coronavirus is critical given the current global pandemic. For Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), we show that rhesus macaques seroconverted rapidly after a single intramuscular vaccination with ChAdOx1 MERS. The vaccine protected against respiratory injury and pneumonia and reduced viral load in lung tissue by several orders of magnitude. MERS-CoV replication in type I and II pneumocytes of ChAdOx1 MERS-vaccinated animals was absent. A prime-boost regimen of ChAdOx1 MERS boosted antibody titers, and viral replication was completely absent from the respiratory tract tissue of these rhesus macaques. We also found that antibodies elicited by ChAdOx1 MERS in rhesus macaques neutralized six different MERS-CoV strains. Transgenic human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 mice vaccinated with ChAdOx1 MERS were completely protected against disease and lethality for all different MERS-CoV strains. The data support further clinical development of ChAdOx1 MERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeltje van Doremalen
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
- Corresponding author. (N.v.D.); (S.C.G.); (V.J.M.)
| | - Elaine Haddock
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Kimberly Meade-White
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Trenton Bushmaker
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Robert J. Fischer
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Atsushi Okumura
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrick W. Hanley
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Greg Saturday
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | | | - Madeleine H. A. Clark
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Transmission Biology Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah C. Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Corresponding author. (N.v.D.); (S.C.G.); (V.J.M.)
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
- Corresponding author. (N.v.D.); (S.C.G.); (V.J.M.)
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13
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Shchelkanov MY, Popova AY, Dedkov VG, Akimkin VG, Maleyev VV. History of investigation and current classification of coronaviruses ( Nidovirales: Coronaviridae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-hoi-1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Yu. Shchelkanov
- International Scientific and Educational Center for Biological Security of Rospotrebnadzor; Federal Scientific Center of East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of RAS; Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Primorsky Territory
| | - A. Yu. Popova
- Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor); Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education
| | | | - V. G. Akimkin
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Rospotrebnadzor
| | - V. V. Maleyev
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Rospotrebnadzor
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14
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Hemida MG. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and the One Health concept. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7556. [PMID: 31497405 PMCID: PMC6708572 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is one of the major threats to the healthcare systems in some countries, especially in the Arabian Peninsula. MERS-CoV is considered an ideal example of the One Health concept. This is due to the animals, especially dromedary camels, play important roles in the transmission and sustainability of the virus, and the virus can be transmitted through aerosols of infected patients into the environment. However, there is some debate regarding the origin of MERS-CoV either from bats or other unknown reservoirs. The dromedary camel is the only identified animal reservoir to date. These animals play important roles in sustaining the virus in certain communities and may act as an amplifier of the virus by secreting it in their body fluids, especially in nasal and rectal discharges. MERS-CoV has been detected in the nasal and rectal secretions of infected camels, and MERS-CoV of this origin has full capacity to infect human airway epithelium in both in vitro and in vivo models. Other evidence confirms the direct transmission of MERS-CoV from camels to humans, though the role of camel meat and milk products has yet to be well studied. Human-to-human transmission is well documented through contact with an active infected patient or some silently infected persons. Furthermore, there are some significant risk factors of individuals in close contact with a positive MERS-CoV patient, including sleeping in the same patient room, removing patient waste (urine, stool, and sputum), and touching respiratory secretions from the index case. Outbreaks within family clusters have been reported, whereby some blood relative patients were infected through their wives in the same house were not infected. Some predisposing genetic factors favor MERS-CoV infection in some patients, which is worth investigating in the near future. The presence of other comorbidities may be another factor. Overall, there are many unknown/confirmed aspects of the virus/human/animal network. Here, the most recent advances in this context are discussed, and the possible reasons behind the emergence and sustainability of MERS-CoV in certain regions are presented. Identification of the exact mechanism of transmission of MERS-CoV from camels to humans and searching for new reservoir/s are of high priority. This will reduce the shedding of the virus into the environment, and thus the risk of human infection can be mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Gomaa Hemida
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hufuf, Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Virology, faculty of veterinary medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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15
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Dighe A, Jombart T, Van Kerkhove MD, Ferguson N. A systematic review of MERS-CoV seroprevalence and RNA prevalence in dromedary camels: Implications for animal vaccination. Epidemics 2019; 29:100350. [PMID: 31201040 PMCID: PMC6899506 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2019.100350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most adult dromedaries in Africa and the Middle East have been infected with MERS-CoV. Seroprevalence increases with age, while active infection is more common in calves. Prevalence is higher at sites where different dromedary populations mix. Further study is needed to determine if prevalence of infection varies seasonally.
Human infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is driven by recurring dromedary-to-human spill-over events, leading decision-makers to consider dromedary vaccination. Dromedary vaccine candidates in the development pipeline are showing hopeful results, but gaps in our understanding of the epidemiology of MERS-CoV in dromedaries must be addressed to design and evaluate potential vaccination strategies. We aim to bring together existing measures of MERS-CoV infection in dromedary camels to assess the distribution of infection, highlighting knowledge gaps and implications for animal vaccination. We systematically reviewed the published literature on MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science that reported seroprevalence and/or prevalence of active MERS-CoV infection in dromedary camels from both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. 60 studies met our eligibility criteria. Qualitative syntheses determined that MERS-CoV seroprevalence increased with age up to 80–100% in adult dromedaries supporting geographically widespread endemicity of MERS-CoV in dromedaries in both the Arabian Peninsula and countries exporting dromedaries from Africa. The high prevalence of active infection measured in juveniles and at sites where dromedary populations mix should guide further investigation – particularly of dromedary movement – and inform vaccination strategy design and evaluation through mathematical modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Dighe
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Medical School Building, St Mary's Hospital, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom.
| | - Thibaut Jombart
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Medical School Building, St Mary's Hospital, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; UK Public Health Rapid Support Team, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.
| | - Maria D Van Kerkhove
- Department of Global Infectious Hazards Management, Health Emergencies Program, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Neil Ferguson
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Medical School Building, St Mary's Hospital, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom.
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16
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Zhu S, Zimmerman D, Deem SL. A Review of Zoonotic Pathogens of Dromedary Camels. ECOHEALTH 2019; 16:356-377. [PMID: 31140075 PMCID: PMC7087575 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dromedary, or one-humped, camels Camelus dromedarius are an almost exclusively domesticated species that are common in arid areas as both beasts of burden and production animals for meat and milk. Currently, there are approximately 30 million dromedary camels, with highest numbers in Africa and the Middle East. The hardiness of camels in arid regions has made humans more dependent on them, especially as a stable protein source. Camels also carry and may transmit disease-causing agents to humans and other animals. The ability for camels to act as a point source or vector for disease is a concern due to increasing human demands for meat, lack of biosafety and biosecurity protocols in many regions, and a growth in the interface with wildlife as camel herds become sympatric with non-domestic species. We conducted a literature review of camel-borne zoonotic diseases and found that the majority of publications (65%) focused on Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), brucellosis, Echinococcus granulosus, and Rift Valley fever. The high fatality from MERS outbreaks during 2012-2016 elicited an immediate response from the research community as demonstrated by a surge of MERS-related publications. However, we contend that other camel-borne diseases such as Yersinia pestis, Coxiella burnetii, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever are just as important to include in surveillance efforts. Camel populations, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, are increasing exponentially in response to prolonged droughts, and thus, the risk of zoonoses increases as well. In this review, we provide an overview of the major zoonotic diseases present in dromedary camels, their risk to humans, and recommendations to minimize spillover events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Zhu
- Graduate Group in Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Dawn Zimmerman
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
| | - Sharon L Deem
- Institute for Conservation Medicine, Saint Louis Zoo, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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17
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Global status of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: a systematic review - CORRIGENDUM. Epidemiol Infect 2019; 147:e198. [PMID: 31364519 PMCID: PMC6536756 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268819000669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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18
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Hill-Cawthorne G, Negin J, Capon T, Gilbert GL, Nind L, Nunn M, Ridgway P, Schipp M, Firman J, Sorrell TC, Marais BJ. Advancing Planetary Health in Australia: focus on emerging infections and antimicrobial resistance. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e001283. [PMID: 31139446 PMCID: PMC6509602 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With rising population numbers, anthropogenic changes to our environment and unprecedented global connectivity, the World Economic Forum ranks the spread of infectious diseases second only to water crises in terms of potential global impact. Addressing the diverse challenges to human health and well-being in the 21st century requires an overarching focus on ‘Planetary Health’, with input from all sectors of government, non-governmental organisations, academic institutions and industry. To clarify and advance the Planetary Health agenda within Australia, specifically in relation to emerging infectious diseases (EID) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), national experts and key stakeholders were invited to a facilitated workshop. EID themes identified included animal reservoirs, targeted surveillance, mechanisms of emergence and the role of unrecognised human vectors (the ‘invisible man’) in the spread of infection. Themes related to AMR included antimicrobial use in production and companion animals, antimicrobial stewardship, novel treatment approaches and education of professionals, politicians and the general public. Effective infection control strategies are important in both EID and AMR. We provide an overview of key discussion points, as well as important barriers identified and solutions proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Hill-Cawthorne
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity (MBI), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joel Negin
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tony Capon
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gwendolyn L Gilbert
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity (MBI), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lee Nind
- Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Michael Nunn
- Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Patricia Ridgway
- Research Policy and Translation, National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Mark Schipp
- Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jenny Firman
- Department of Health, Office of Health Protection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Tania C Sorrell
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity (MBI), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ben J Marais
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity (MBI), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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19
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Countrywide Survey for MERS-Coronavirus Antibodies in Dromedaries and Humans in Pakistan. Virol Sin 2018; 33:410-417. [PMID: 30311100 PMCID: PMC6235758 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic pathogen capable of causing severe respiratory disease in humans. Although dromedary camels are considered as a major reservoir host, the MERS-CoV infection dynamics in camels are not fully understood. Through surveillance in Pakistan, nasal (n = 776) and serum (n = 1050) samples were collected from camels between November 2015 and February 2018. Samples were collected from animal markets, free-roaming herds and abattoirs. An in-house ELISA was developed to detect IgG against MERS-CoV. A total of 794 camels were found seropositive for MERS-CoV. Prevalence increased with the age and the highest seroprevalence was recorded in camels aged > 10 years (81.37%) followed by those aged 3.1-10 years (78.65%) and ≤ 3 years (58.19%). Higher prevalence was observed in female (78.13%) as compared to male (70.70%). Of the camel nasal swabs, 22 were found to be positive by RT-qPCR though with high Ct values. Moreover, 2,409 human serum samples were also collected from four provinces of Pakistan during 2016-2017. Among the sampled population, 840 humans were camel herders. Although we found a high rate of MERS-CoV antibody positive dromedaries (75.62%) in Pakistan, no neutralizing antibodies were detected in humans with and without contact to camels.
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20
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Harrath R, Abu Duhier FM. Sero-prevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) specific antibodies in dromedary camels in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. J Med Virol 2018; 90:1285-1289. [PMID: 29663439 PMCID: PMC7166535 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) is a novel Coronavirus which was responsible of the first case of human acute respiratory syndrome in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), 2012. Dromedary camels are considered as potential reservoirs for the virus and seem to be the only animal host which may transmit the infection to human. Further studies are required to better understand the animal sources of zoonotic transmission route and the risks of this infection. A primary sero‐prevalence study of MERS‐CoV preexisting neutralizing antibodies in Dromedary camel serum was conducted in Tabuk, western north region of KSA, in order to assess the seopositivity of these animals and to explain their possible role in the transmission of the infection to Human. One hundred seventy one (171) serum samples were collected from healthy dromedary camels with different ages and genders in Tabuk city and tested for specific serum IgG by ELISA using the receptor‐binding S1 subunits of spike proteins of MERS‐CoV. 144 (84,21%) of the total camel sera shown the presence of protein‐specific antibodies against MERS‐CoV. These results may provide evidence that MERS‐CoV has previously infected dromedary camels in Tabuk and may support the possible role of camels in the human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafik Harrath
- Prince Fahd Bin Sultan Research Chair (PFBSRC), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Medical Laboratory Technology Department, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, KSA.,Laboratory of Communicable Diseases and Biologically Active Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Faisel M Abu Duhier
- Prince Fahd Bin Sultan Research Chair (PFBSRC), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Medical Laboratory Technology Department, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, KSA
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21
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An Opportunistic Pathogen Afforded Ample Opportunities: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. Viruses 2017; 9:v9120369. [PMID: 29207494 PMCID: PMC5744144 DOI: 10.3390/v9120369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The human coronaviruses (CoV) include HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1, some of which have been known for decades. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) CoV briefly emerged into the human population but was controlled. In 2012, another novel severely human pathogenic CoV—the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV—was identified in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 80% of over 2000 human cases have been recorded over five years. Targeted research remains key to developing control strategies for MERS-CoV, a cause of mild illness in its camel reservoir. A new therapeutic toolbox being developed in response to MERS is also teaching us more about how CoVs cause disease. Travel-related cases continue to challenge the world’s surveillance and response capabilities, and more data are needed to understand unexplained primary transmission. Signs of genetic change have been recorded, but it remains unclear whether there is any impact on clinical disease. How camels came to carry the virus remains academic to the control of MERS. To date, human-to-human transmission has been inefficient, but virus surveillance, characterisation, and reporting are key to responding to any future change. MERS-CoV is not currently a pandemic threat; it is spread mainly with the aid of human habit and error.
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Munyua P, Corman VM, Bitek A, Osoro E, Meyer B, Müller MA, Lattwein E, Thumbi SM, Murithi R, Widdowson MA, Drosten C, Njenga MK. No Serologic Evidence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection Among Camel Farmers Exposed to Highly Seropositive Camel Herds: A Household Linked Study, Kenya, 2013. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:1318-1324. [PMID: 28719257 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHigh seroprevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) among camels has been reported in Kenya and other countries in Africa. To date, the only report of MERS-CoV seropositivity among humans in Kenya is of two livestock keepers with no known contact with camels. We assessed whether persons exposed to seropositive camels at household level had serological evidence of infection. In 2013, 760 human and 879 camel sera were collected from 275 and 85 households respectively in Marsabit County. Data on human and animal demographics and type of contact with camels were collected. Human and camel sera were tested for anti-MERS-CoV IgG using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Human samples were confirmed by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with seropositivity. The median age of persons sampled was 30 years (range: 5-90) and 50% were males. A quarter (197/760) of the participants reported having had contact with camels defined as milking, feeding, watering, slaughtering, or herding. Of the human sera, 18 (2.4%) were positive on ELISA but negative by PRNT. Of the camel sera, 791 (90%) were positive on ELISA. On univariate analysis, higher prevalence was observed in female and older camels over 4 years of age (P < 0.05). On multivariate analysis, only age remained significantly associated with increased odds of seropositivity. Despite high seroprevalence among camels, there was no serological confirmation of MERS-CoV infection among camel pastoralists in Marsabit County. The high seropositivity suggests that MERS-CoV or other closely related virus continues to circulate in camels and highlights ongoing potential for animal-to-human transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peninah Munyua
- Global Disease Detection Program, Division of Global Health Protection, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Victor Max Corman
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Austine Bitek
- State Department of Veterinary Services; Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric Osoro
- Department of Preventive and Promotive Health, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Benjamin Meyer
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel A Müller
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - S M Thumbi
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington.,Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rees Murithi
- State Department of Veterinary Services; Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Marc-Alain Widdowson
- Global Disease Detection Program, Division of Global Health Protection, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christian Drosten
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Kariuki Njenga
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington.,Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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23
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Falzarano D, Kamissoko B, de Wit E, Maïga O, Cronin J, Samaké K, Traoré A, Milne-Price S, Munster VJ, Sogoba N, Niang M, Safronetz D, Feldmann H. Dromedary camels in northern Mali have high seropositivity to MERS-CoV. One Health 2017; 3:41-43. [PMID: 28616502 PMCID: PMC5454179 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A high percentage (up to 90%) of dromedary camels in the Middle East as well as eastern and central Africa have antibodies to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Here we report comparably high positivity of MERS-CoV antibodies in dromedary camels from northern Mali. This extends the range of MERS-CoV further west in Africa than reported to date and cautions that MERS-CoV should be considered in cases of severe respiratory disease in the region. Dromedary camels in northern Mali have serological evidence of exposure to MERS-CoV. 88% of camels tested were ELISA positive. 78% of camels had neutralizing antibodies. MERS should be considered to be present in northern Malian camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl Falzarano
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Badian Kamissoko
- Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire, Route de Koulikoro, BP 2295 Bamako, Mali
| | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Ousmane Maïga
- International Center for Excellence in Research, Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Jacqueline Cronin
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Kassim Samaké
- Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire, Route de Koulikoro, BP 2295 Bamako, Mali
| | - Abdalah Traoré
- Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire, Route de Koulikoro, BP 2295 Bamako, Mali
| | - Shauna Milne-Price
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Vincent J Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Nafomon Sogoba
- International Center for Excellence in Research, Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Mamadou Niang
- Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire, Route de Koulikoro, BP 2295 Bamako, Mali
| | - David Safronetz
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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24
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Miguel E, Perera RA, Baubekova A, Chevalier V, Faye B, Akhmetsadykov N, Ng CY, Roger F, Peiris M. Absence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Camelids, Kazakhstan, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:555-7. [PMID: 26889787 PMCID: PMC4766892 DOI: 10.3201/eid2203.151284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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25
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Funk AL, Goutard FL, Miguel E, Bourgarel M, Chevalier V, Faye B, Peiris JSM, Van Kerkhove MD, Roger FL. MERS-CoV at the Animal-Human Interface: Inputs on Exposure Pathways from an Expert-Opinion Elicitation. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:88. [PMID: 27761437 PMCID: PMC5051548 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly 4 years after the first report of the emergence of Middle-East respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and nearly 1800 human cases later, the ecology of MERS-CoV, its epidemiology, and more than risk factors of MERS-CoV transmission between camels are poorly understood. Knowledge about the pathways and mechanisms of transmission from animals to humans is limited; as of yet, transmission risks have not been quantified. Moreover the divergent sanitary situations and exposures to animals among populations in the Arabian Peninsula, where human primary cases appear to dominate, vs. other regions in the Middle East and Africa, with no reported human clinical cases and where the virus has been detected only in dromedaries, represents huge scientific and health challenges. Here, we have used expert-opinion elicitation in order to obtain ideas on relative importance of MERS-CoV risk factors and estimates of transmission risks from various types of contact between humans and dromedaries. Fourteen experts with diverse and extensive experience in MERS-CoV relevant fields were enrolled and completed an online questionnaire that examined pathways based on several scenarios, e.g., camels-camels, camels-human, bats/other species to camels/humans, and the role of diverse biological substances (milk, urine, etc.) and potential fomites. Experts believed that dromedary camels play the largest role in MERS-CoV infection of other dromedaries; however, they also indicated a significant influence of the season (i.e. calving or weaning periods) on transmission risk. All experts thought that MERS-CoV-infected dromedaries and asymptomatic humans play the most important role in infection of humans, with bats and other species presenting a possible, but yet undefined, risk. Direct and indirect contact of humans with dromedary camels were identified as the most risky types of contact, when compared to consumption of various camel products, with estimated "most likely" incidence risks of at least 22 and 13% for direct and indirect contact, respectively. The results of our study are consistent with available, yet very limited, published data regarding the potential pathways of transmission of MERS-CoV at the animal-human interface. These results identify key knowledge gaps and highlight the need for more comprehensive, yet focused research to be conducted to better understand transmission between dromedaries and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eve Miguel
- Cirad, UPR AGIRs Research Unit, Montpellier, France; UMR MIVEGEC, IRD 224-CNRS 5290-UM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Bernard Faye
- Cirad, UPR AGIRs Research Unit , Montpellier , France
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Hong Kong, China; School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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26
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Younan M, Bornstein S, Gluecks IV. MERS and the dromedary camel trade between Africa and the Middle East. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 48:1277-82. [PMID: 27324244 PMCID: PMC7089074 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dromedary camels are the most likely source for the coronavirus that sporadically causes Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in humans. Serological results from archived camel sera provide evidence for circulation of MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) among dromedary camels in the Greater Horn of Africa as far back as 1983 and in Saudi Arabia as far back as 1992. High seroprevalences of MERS-CoV antibodies and the high virus prevalence in Saudi Arabian dromedary camels indicate an endemicity of the virus in the Arabian Peninsula, which predates the 2012 human MERS index case. Saudi Arabian dromedary camels show significantly higher MERS-CoV carrier rates than dromedary camels imported from Africa. Two MERS-CoV lineages identified in Nigerian camels were found to be genetically distinct from those found in camels and humans in the Middle East. This supports the hypothesis that camel imports from Africa are not of significance for circulation of the virus in camel populations of the Arabian Peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Younan
- Animal Health and Livestock Consultant, P.O. Box 847-10400, Nanyuki, Kenya.
| | - S Bornstein
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I V Gluecks
- Animal Health and Livestock Consultant, P.O. Box 25654-00603, Nairobi, Kenya
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27
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Crameri G, Durr PA, Klein R, Foord A, Yu M, Riddell S, Haining J, Johnson D, Hemida MG, Barr J, Peiris M, Middleton D, Wang LF. Experimental Infection and Response to Rechallenge of Alpacas with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:1071-4. [PMID: 27070733 PMCID: PMC4880109 DOI: 10.3201/eid2206.160007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a challenge/rechallenge trial in which 3 alpacas were infected with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. The alpacas shed virus at challenge but were refractory to further shedding at rechallenge on day 21. The trial indicates that alpacas may be suitable models for infection and shedding dynamics of this virus.
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28
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Mohd HA, Al-Tawfiq JA, Memish ZA. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) origin and animal reservoir. Virol J 2016; 13:87. [PMID: 27255185 PMCID: PMC4891877 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0544-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a novel coronavirus discovered in 2012 and is responsible for acute respiratory syndrome in humans. Though not confirmed yet, multiple surveillance and phylogenetic studies suggest a bat origin. The disease is heavily endemic in dromedary camel populations of East Africa and the Middle East. It is unclear as to when the virus was introduced to dromedary camels, but data from studies that investigated stored dromedary camel sera and geographical distribution of involved dromedary camel populations suggested that the virus was present in dromedary camels several decades ago. Though bats and alpacas can serve as potential reservoirs for MERS-CoV, dromedary camels seem to be the only animal host responsible for the spill over human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq
- Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.,Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ziad A Memish
- Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. .,College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, P.O. Box 54146, Riyadh, 11514, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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29
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Mackay IM, Arden KE. MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission. Virol J 2015; 12:222. [PMID: 26695637 PMCID: PMC4687373 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0439-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The first known cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), associated with infection by a novel coronavirus (CoV), occurred in 2012 in Jordan but were reported retrospectively. The case first to be publicly reported was from Jeddah, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Since then, MERS-CoV sequences have been found in a bat and in many dromedary camels (DC). MERS-CoV is enzootic in DC across the Arabian Peninsula and in parts of Africa, causing mild upper respiratory tract illness in its camel reservoir and sporadic, but relatively rare human infections. Precisely how virus transmits to humans remains unknown but close and lengthy exposure appears to be a requirement. The KSA is the focal point of MERS, with the majority of human cases. In humans, MERS is mostly known as a lower respiratory tract (LRT) disease involving fever, cough, breathing difficulties and pneumonia that may progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiorgan failure and death in 20% to 40% of those infected. However, MERS-CoV has also been detected in mild and influenza-like illnesses and in those with no signs or symptoms. Older males most obviously suffer severe disease and MERS patients often have comorbidities. Compared to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), another sometimes- fatal zoonotic coronavirus disease that has since disappeared, MERS progresses more rapidly to respiratory failure and acute kidney injury (it also has an affinity for growth in kidney cells under laboratory conditions), is more frequently reported in patients with underlying disease and is more often fatal. Most human cases of MERS have been linked to lapses in infection prevention and control (IPC) in healthcare settings, with approximately 20% of all virus detections reported among healthcare workers (HCWs) and higher exposures in those with occupations that bring them into close contact with camels. Sero-surveys have found widespread evidence of past infection in adult camels and limited past exposure among humans. Sensitive, validated reverse transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-rtPCR)-based diagnostics have been available almost from the start of the emergence of MERS. While the basic virology of MERS-CoV has advanced over the past three years, understanding of the interplay between camel, environment, and human remains limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Mackay
- Department of Health, Public and Environmental Health Virology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, Archerfield, QLD, Australia.
- The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
- Queensland University of Technology, George St, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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