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Helland-Riise F, Norrøne TN, Andersson B. Large-Scale Item-Level Analysis of the Figural Matrices Test in the Norwegian Armed Forces: Examining Measurement Precision and Sex Bias. J Intell 2024; 12:82. [PMID: 39330461 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence12090082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Figural matrices tests are common in intelligence research and have been used to draw conclusions regarding secular changes in intelligence. However, their measurement properties have seldom been evaluated with large samples that include both sexes. Using data from the Norwegian Armed Forces, we study the measurement properties of a test used for selection in military recruitment. Item-level data were available from 113,671 Norwegian adolescents (32% female) tested between the years 2011 and 2017. Utilizing item response theory (IRT), we characterize the measurement properties of the test in terms of difficulty, discrimination, precision, and measurement invariance between males and females. We estimate sex differences in the mean and variance of the latent variable and evaluate the impact of violations to measurement invariance on the estimated distribution parameters. The results show that unidimensional IRT models fit well in all groups and years. There is little difference in precision and test difficulty between males and females, with precision that is generally poor on the upper part of the scale. In the sample, male latent proficiency is estimated to be slightly higher on average, with higher variance. Adjusting for measurement invariance generally reduces the sex differences but does not eliminate them. We conclude that previous studies using the Norwegian GMA data must be interpreted with more caution but that the test should measure males and females equally fairly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tore Nøttestad Norrøne
- The Norwegian Armed Forces, 0593 Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Health Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Björn Andersson
- Centre for Educational Measurement (CEMO), University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Research on Equality in Education (CREATE), University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
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Sudry T, Amit G, Zimmerman DR, Tsadok MA, Baruch R, Yardeni H, Akiva P, Ben Moshe D, Bachmat E, Sadaka Y. Sex-Specific Developmental Scales for Surveillance. Pediatrics 2024; 153:e2023062483. [PMID: 38545666 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2023-062483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental surveillance, conducted routinely worldwide, is fundamental for early detection of children at risk for developmental delay. We aimed to explore sex-related difference in attainment rates of developmental milestones and to evaluate the clinical need for separate sex-specific scales. METHODS This is a cross-sectional, natiowide retrospective study, utilizing data from a national child surveillance program of ∼1000 maternal child health clinics. The main cohort, used for constructing sex-specific developmental scales, included all children born between January 2014 to September 2020, who visited maternal child health clinics from birth to 6 years of age (n = 839 574). Children with abnormal developmental potential were excluded (n = 195 616). A validation cohort included all visits between 2020 and 2021 (n = 309 181). The sex-differences in normative attainment age of 59 developmental milestones from 4 domains were evaluated. The milestones with a significant gap between males and females were identified, and the projected error rates when conducting unified versus sex-specific surveillance were calculated. RESULTS A new sex-specific developmental scale was constructed. In total, females preceded males in most milestones of all developmental domains, mainly at older ages. Conducting routine developmental surveillance using a unified scale, compared with sex-specific scales, resulted in potential missing of females at risk for developmental delay (19.3% of failed assessments) and over-diagnosis of males not requiring further evaluation (5.9% of failed assessments). CONCLUSIONS There are sex-related differences in the normative attainment rates of developmental milestones, indicating possible distortion of the currently used unified scales. These findings suggest that using sex-specific scales may improve the accuracy of early childhood developmental surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Sudry
- Neurodevelopmental Research Center, Mental Health Institute, Beer Sheva, Israel
- KI Research Institute, Kfar Malal, Israel
| | - Guy Amit
- KI Research Institute, Kfar Malal, Israel
| | - Deena R Zimmerman
- Public Health Services, Israel Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Meytal Avgil Tsadok
- TIMNA initiative - Big Data Platform, Israel Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ravit Baruch
- Public Health Services, Israel Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hadar Yardeni
- Department of Child Development and Rehabilitation, Israel Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Dror Ben Moshe
- TIMNA initiative - Big Data Platform, Israel Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eitan Bachmat
- Department of Computer Science, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Simons Foundation, New York, United States
| | - Yair Sadaka
- Neurodevelopmental Research Center, Mental Health Institute, Beer Sheva, Israel
- KI Research Institute, Kfar Malal, Israel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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3
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Fenske SJ, Liu J, Chen H, Diniz MA, Stephens RL, Cornea E, Gilmore JH, Gao W. Sex differences in brain-behavior relationships in the first two years of life. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.31.578147. [PMID: 38352542 PMCID: PMC10862872 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.31.578147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Background Evidence for sex differences in cognition in childhood is established, but less is known about the underlying neural mechanisms for these differences. Recent findings suggest the existence of brain-behavior relationship heterogeneities during infancy; however, it remains unclear whether sex underlies these heterogeneities during this critical period when sex-related behavioral differences arise. Methods A sample of 316 infants was included with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans at neonate (3 weeks), 1, and 2 years of age. We used multiple linear regression to test interactions between sex and resting-state functional connectivity on behavioral scores of working memory, inhibitory self-control, intelligence, and anxiety collected at 4 years of age. Results We found six age-specific, intra-hemispheric connections showing significant and robust sex differences in functional connectivity-behavior relationships. All connections are either with the prefrontal cortex or the temporal pole, which has direct anatomical pathways to the prefrontal cortex. Sex differences in functional connectivity only emerge when associated with behavior, and not in functional connectivity alone. Furthermore, at neonate and 2 years of age, these age-specific connections displayed greater connectivity in males and lower connectivity in females in association with better behavioral scores. Conclusions Taken together, we critically capture robust and conserved brain mechanisms that are distinct to sex and are defined by their relationship to behavioral outcomes. Our results establish brain-behavior mechanisms as an important feature in the search for sex differences during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja J Fenske
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Janelle Liu
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Haitao Chen
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90025
| | - Marcio A Diniz
- The Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Rebecca L Stephens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599
| | - Emil Cornea
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599
| | - John H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599
| | - Wei Gao
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90025
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4
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No Evidence Against the Greater Male Variability Hypothesis: A Commentary on Harrison et al.’s (2022) Meta-Analysis of Animal Personality. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-023-00358-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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Arslan D, Sak U. Factorial Invariance of the Anadolu Sak Intelligence Scale Across Gender. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/07342829231158834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the factorial invariance of the ASIS (Anadolu Sak Intelligence Scale) across gender. Raw scores from the ASIS standardization study ( N = 4641) were used in the analyses. Factorial invariance was analyzed by gender across three age groups: 4–7 ( N = 2528), 8–9 ( N = 848), and 10–12 ( N = 1265) using the Multisample Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Six models were developed from unconstrained to more constrained to test the factorial invariance. Each model tested one hypothesis. The findings showed that the second-order g model of the ASIS was invariant in all age groups. In addition, the first-order and second-order factor loadings and g variance were invariant across gender. A partial subtest intercept invariance was found for ages 4–7. Findings imply that ASIS factor scores mean the same latent variable for boys and girls in different age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ugur Sak
- Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkiye
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6
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Browne KR. The disjunction between evolutionary psychology and sex-discrimination law and policy. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Giofrè D, Allen K, Toffalini E, Caviola S. The Impasse on Gender Differences in Intelligence: a Meta-Analysis on WISC Batteries. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10648-022-09705-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis meta-analysis reviews 79 studies (N = 46,605) that examined the existence of gender difference on intelligence in school-aged children. To do so, we limited the literature search to works that assessed the construct of intelligence through the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children (WISC) batteries, evaluating eventual gender differences in indices and subtests. The theoretical framework we adopted is the cross-battery approach which locates cognitive abilities into different levels, also considering the possible mediating effect of the version of the WISC being used. As for broad abilities, a notable discrepancy emerged in favour of males for visual and crystallized intelligence, while female/male differences on fluid intelligence were negligible. Conversely, females’ performance on the processing speed factor was superior. Interesting results emerged at the subtest levels, albeit with less pronounced differences in performance. Results generally showed that older versions of WISC batteries displayed larger gender differences compared to the most recent ones.
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VanDam M, Thompson L, Wilson-Fowler E, Campanella S, Wolfenstein K, De Palma P. Conversation Initiation of Mothers, Fathers, and Toddlers in their Natural Home Environment. COMPUT SPEECH LANG 2022; 73:101338. [PMID: 34970021 PMCID: PMC8713565 DOI: 10.1016/j.csl.2021.101338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In a conversational exchange, interlocutors use social cues including conversational turn-taking to communicate. There has been attention in the literature concerning how mothers, fathers, boys, and girls converse with each other, and in particular who initiates a conversation. Better understanding of conversational dynamics may deepen our understanding of social roles, speech and language development, and individual language variability. Here we use large-scale automatic analysis of 186 naturalistic daylong acoustic recordings to examine the conversational dynamics of 26 families with children about 30 months of age to better understand communication roles. Families included 15 with boys and 11 with girls. There was no difference in conversation initiation rate by child sex, but children initiated more conversations than mothers, and mothers initiated more than fathers. Results support developmental theories of the different and variable roles that interlocutors play in a social context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark VanDam
- Speech & Hearing Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
- Hearing Oral Program of Excellence of Spokane, HOPE School, 502 E. 5 Ave., Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Lauren Thompson
- Speech & Hearing Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - Elizabeth Wilson-Fowler
- Communication Sciences and Disorders, Eastern Washington University, 310 North Riverpoint Blvd, Box B, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - Sarah Campanella
- Speech & Hearing Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - Kiley Wolfenstein
- Speech & Hearing Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - Paul De Palma
- Computer Science, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Gonzaga University, 502 E. Boone Ave., Spokane, WA, 99258, USA
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9
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Wierenga LM, Doucet GE, Dima D, Agartz I, Aghajani M, Akudjedu TN, Albajes‐Eizagirre A, Alnæs D, Alpert KI, Andreassen OA, Anticevic A, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Bargallo N, Baumeister S, Baur‐Streubel R, Bertolino A, Bonvino A, Boomsma DI, Borgwardt S, Bourque J, den Braber A, Brandeis D, Breier A, Brodaty H, Brouwer RM, Buitelaar JK, Busatto GF, Calhoun VD, Canales‐Rodríguez EJ, Cannon DM, Caseras X, Castellanos FX, Chaim‐Avancini TM, Ching CRK, Clark VP, Conrod PJ, Conzelmann A, Crivello F, Davey CG, Dickie EW, Ehrlich S, van't Ent D, Fisher SE, Fouche J, Franke B, Fuentes‐Claramonte P, de Geus EJC, Di Giorgio A, Glahn DC, Gotlib IH, Grabe HJ, Gruber O, Gruner P, Gur RE, Gur RC, Gurholt TP, de Haan L, Haatveit B, Harrison BJ, Hartman CA, Hatton SN, Heslenfeld DJ, van den Heuvel OA, Hickie IB, Hoekstra PJ, Hohmann S, Holmes AJ, Hoogman M, Hosten N, Howells FM, Hulshoff Pol HE, Huyser C, Jahanshad N, James AC, Jiang J, Jönsson EG, Joska JA, Kalnin AJ, Klein M, Koenders L, Kolskår KK, Krämer B, Kuntsi J, Lagopoulos J, Lazaro L, Lebedeva IS, Lee PH, Lochner C, Machielsen MWJ, Maingault S, Martin NG, Martínez‐Zalacaín I, Mataix‐Cols D, Mazoyer B, McDonald BC, McDonald C, McIntosh AM, McMahon KL, McPhilemy G, van der Meer D, Menchón JM, Naaijen J, Nyberg L, Oosterlaan J, Paloyelis Y, Pauli P, Pergola G, Pomarol‐Clotet E, Portella MJ, Radua J, Reif A, Richard G, Roffman JL, Rosa PGP, Sacchet MD, Sachdev PS, Salvador R, Sarró S, Satterthwaite TD, Saykin AJ, Serpa MH, Sim K, Simmons A, Smoller JW, Sommer IE, Soriano‐Mas C, Stein DJ, Strike LT, Szeszko PR, Temmingh HS, Thomopoulos SI, Tomyshev AS, Trollor JN, Uhlmann A, Veer IM, Veltman DJ, Voineskos A, Völzke H, Walter H, Wang L, Wang Y, Weber B, Wen W, West JD, Westlye LT, Whalley HC, Williams SCR, Wittfeld K, Wolf DH, Wright MJ, Yoncheva YN, Zanetti MV, Ziegler GC, de Zubicaray GI, Thompson PM, Crone EA, Frangou S, Tamnes CK. Greater male than female variability in regional brain structure across the lifespan. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:470-499. [PMID: 33044802 PMCID: PMC8675415 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For many traits, males show greater variability than females, with possible implications for understanding sex differences in health and disease. Here, the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) Consortium presents the largest-ever mega-analysis of sex differences in variability of brain structure, based on international data spanning nine decades of life. Subcortical volumes, cortical surface area and cortical thickness were assessed in MRI data of 16,683 healthy individuals 1-90 years old (47% females). We observed significant patterns of greater male than female between-subject variance for all subcortical volumetric measures, all cortical surface area measures, and 60% of cortical thickness measures. This pattern was stable across the lifespan for 50% of the subcortical structures, 70% of the regional area measures, and nearly all regions for thickness. Our findings that these sex differences are present in childhood implicate early life genetic or gene-environment interaction mechanisms. The findings highlight the importance of individual differences within the sexes, that may underpin sex-specific vulnerability to disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara M Wierenga
- Institute of PsychologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and CognitionLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Gaelle E Doucet
- Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Boys Town National Research HospitalOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Danai Dima
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Social Sciences, CityUniversity of LondonLondonUK
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Psychiatric ResearchDiakonhjemmet HospitalOsloNorway
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care ServicesStockholm County CouncilStockholmSweden
| | - Moji Aghajani
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMCVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Research & InnovationGGZ inGeestAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Forensic Family and Youth CareLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Theophilus N Akudjedu
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health SciencesNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
- Institute of Medical Imaging & Visualisation, Faculty of Health & Social SciencesBournemouth UniversityBournemouthUK
| | - Anton Albajes‐Eizagirre
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research FoundationBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Dag Alnæs
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Kathryn I Alpert
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Alan Anticevic
- Department of PsychiatryYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Philip Asherson
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental HealthUniversity of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty MannheimMannheimGermany
| | - Nuria Bargallo
- Imaging Diagnostic CenterHospital ClínicBarcelonaSpain
- Magnetic Resonance Image Core FacilityIDIBAPSBarcelonaSpain
| | - Sarah Baumeister
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental HealthUniversity of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty MannheimMannheimGermany
| | | | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense OrgansUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroBariItaly
| | - Aurora Bonvino
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense OrgansUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroBariItaly
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological PsychologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of LübeckLübeckGermany
| | - Josiane Bourque
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- CHU Sainte‐Justine Research CenterMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Anouk den Braber
- Department of Biological PsychologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Alzheimer CenterAmsterdam UMC, Location VUMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental HealthUniversity of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty MannheimMannheimGermany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric HospitalUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human PhysiologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Neuroscience Centre ZurichUniversity and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Alan Breier
- Department of PsychiatryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Dementia Centre for Research Collaboration, School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Rachel M Brouwer
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain CenterUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive NeuroscienceRadboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Geraldo F Busatto
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM‐21), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Tri‐institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS)Georgia State, Georgia TechAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Erick J Canales‐Rodríguez
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research FoundationBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
| | - Dara M Cannon
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health SciencesNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Xavier Caseras
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and GenomicsCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Francisco X Castellanos
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryNYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric ResearchOrangeburgNew YorkUSA
| | - Tiffany M Chaim‐Avancini
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM‐21), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Christopher RK Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Vincent P Clark
- Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of PsychologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
- Mind Research NetworkAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- CHU Sainte‐Justine Research CenterMontrealQuebecCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of MontrealMontrealCanada
| | - Annette Conzelmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and PsychotherapyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- Department of Psychology (Clinical Psychology II)PFH – Private University of Applied SciencesGöttingenGermany
| | - Fabrice Crivello
- Groupe d'Imagerie NeurofonctionnelleInstitut des Maladies NeurodégénérativesBordeauxFrance
| | - Christopher G Davey
- Centre for Youth Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- OrygenParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Erin W Dickie
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological & Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences; Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of MedicineUniversity Hospital C.G. CarusDresdenGermany
| | - Dennis van't Ent
- Department of Biological PsychologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics DepartmentMax Planck Institute for PsycholinguisticsNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Jean‐Paul Fouche
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of Cape TownCape TownWestern CapeSouth Africa
| | - Barbara Franke
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of Human GeneticsRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of PsychiatryRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Paola Fuentes‐Claramonte
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research FoundationBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
| | - Eco JC de Geus
- Department of Biological PsychologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - David C Glahn
- Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Department of PsychiatryBoston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Olin Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, Institute of LivingHartford HospitalHartfordConnecticutUSA
| | - Ian H Gotlib
- Department of PsychologyStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)Site Rostock/GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Oliver Gruber
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General PsychiatryHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Patricia Gruner
- Department of PsychiatryYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Lifespan Brain InstituteChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Tiril P Gurholt
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department of Early PsychosisAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Beathe Haatveit
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Ben J Harrison
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of PsychiatryThe University of Melbourne & Melbourne HealthMelbourneAustralia
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulationUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sean N Hatton
- Brain and Mind CentreUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dirk J Heslenfeld
- Departments of Experimental and Clinical PsychologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Odile A van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMCVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ian B Hickie
- Brain and Mind CentreUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental HealthUniversity of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty MannheimMannheimGermany
| | - Avram J Holmes
- Department of PsychiatryYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Department of PsychologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Department of PsychiatryMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of Human GeneticsRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Norbert Hosten
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and NeuroradiologyUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Fleur M Howells
- Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of Cape TownCape TownWestern CapeSouth Africa
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental HealthUniversity of Cape TownCape TownWestern CapeSouth Africa
| | - Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain CenterUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Chaim Huyser
- De Bascule, Academic center child and adolescent psychiatryDuivendrechtThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Anthony C James
- Department of PsychiatryWarneford HospitalOxfordUK
- Highfield UnitWarneford HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Jiyang Jiang
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care ServicesStockholm County CouncilStockholmSweden
| | - John A Joska
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental HealthUniversity of Cape TownCape TownWestern CapeSouth Africa
| | - Andrew J Kalnin
- Department of RadiologyThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | | | - Marieke Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain CenterUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of Human GeneticsRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Laura Koenders
- Department of Early PsychosisAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Knut K Kolskår
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HTNesoddenNorway
| | - Bernd Krämer
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General PsychiatryHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Jonna Kuntsi
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jim Lagopoulos
- Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience Thompson InstituteBirtinyaQueenslandAustralia
- University of the Sunshine CoastSunshine CoastQueenslandAustralia
| | - Luisa Lazaro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychologyHospital ClínicBarcelonaSpain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institut (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaSpain
- Department of MedicineUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Irina S Lebedeva
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Multimodal AnalysisMental Health Research CenterMoscowRussia
| | - Phil H Lee
- Department of PsychiatryMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Christine Lochner
- SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of PsychiatryStellenbosch UniversityCape TownWestern CapeSouth Africa
| | | | - Sophie Maingault
- Institut des maladies neurodégénérativesUniversité de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic EpidemiologyQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Ignacio Martínez‐Zalacaín
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University HospitalBellvitge Biomedical Research Institute‐IDIBELLBarcelonaSpain
- Department of Clinical SciencesUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - David Mataix‐Cols
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care ServicesStockholm County CouncilStockholmSweden
| | - Bernard Mazoyer
- University of BordeauxBordeauxFrance
- Bordeaux University HospitalBordeauxFrance
| | - Brenna C McDonald
- Department of Radiology and Imaging SciencesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Colm McDonald
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health SciencesNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | | | - Katie L McMahon
- Herston Imaging Research Facility and School of Clinical SciencesQueensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationQueensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Genevieve McPhilemy
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health SciencesNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Dennis van der Meer
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life SciencesMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - José M Menchón
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University HospitalBellvitge Biomedical Research Institute‐IDIBELLBarcelonaSpain
- Department of Clinical SciencesUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Jilly Naaijen
- Department of Cognitive NeuroscienceRadboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Department of Radiation SciencesUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
- Department of Integrative Medical BiologyUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamEmma Neuroscience Group, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam Reproduction & DevelopmentAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Clinical Neuropsychology SectionVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Yannis Paloyelis
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Paul Pauli
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
- Centre of Mental Health, Medical FacultyUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Giulio Pergola
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense OrgansUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroBariItaly
- Lieber Institute for Brain DevelopmentJohns Hopkins Medical CampusBaltimoreMary LandUSA
| | - Edith Pomarol‐Clotet
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research FoundationBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
| | - Maria J Portella
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- Department of PsychiatryInstitut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant PauBarcelonaSpain
| | - Joaquim Radua
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care ServicesStockholm County CouncilStockholmSweden
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research FoundationBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaSpain
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical‐detection (EPIC) lab, Department of Psychosis StudiesInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital FrankfurtFrankfur am MaintGermany
| | - Geneviève Richard
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Joshua L Roffman
- Department of PsychiatryMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMassachusettsUSA
| | - Pedro GP Rosa
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM‐21), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Matthew D Sacchet
- Center for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress ResearchMcLean Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBelmontMassachusettsUSA
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Neuropsychiatric InstituteThe Prince of Wales HospitalRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Raymond Salvador
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research FoundationBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
| | - Salvador Sarró
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research FoundationBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
| | | | - Andrew J Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging SciencesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease CenterIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Mauricio H Serpa
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM‐21), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Kang Sim
- West Region, Institute of Mental HealthSingaporeSingapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Andrew Simmons
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of PsychiatryPsychology and Neurology, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Department of PsychiatryMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Iris E Sommer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Rijksuniversiteit GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Carles Soriano‐Mas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University HospitalBellvitge Biomedical Research Institute‐IDIBELLBarcelonaSpain
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology in Health SciencesUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Dan J Stein
- SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Dept of Psychiatry & Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of Cape TownCape TownWestern CapeSouth Africa
| | - Lachlan T Strike
- Queensland Brain InstituteUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Philip R Szeszko
- Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC)James J. Peters VA Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Henk S Temmingh
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental HealthUniversity of Cape TownCape TownWestern CapeSouth Africa
| | - Sophia I Thomopoulos
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alexander S Tomyshev
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Multimodal AnalysisMental Health Research CenterMoscowRussia
| | - Julian N Trollor
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Anne Uhlmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental HealthUniversity of Cape TownCape TownWestern CapeSouth Africa
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyFaculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of TU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Ilya M Veer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität BerlinHumboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry & Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam UMC, location VUMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Aristotle Voineskos
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community MedicineUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
- DZD (German Center for Diabetes Research), partner site GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität BerlinHumboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of RadiologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Bernd Weber
- Institute for Experimental Epileptology and Cognition ResearchUniversity Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - John D West
- Department of Radiology and Imaging SciencesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Lars T Westlye
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Heather C Whalley
- Division of PsychiatryUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Division of PsychiatryRoyal Edinburgh HospitalEdinburghUK
| | | | - Katharina Wittfeld
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)Site Rostock/GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Daniel H Wolf
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain InstituteUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Centre for Advanced ImagingUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Yuliya N Yoncheva
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Child Study CenterHassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU LangoneNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Marcus V Zanetti
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM‐21), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
- Instituto de Ensino e PesquisaHospital Sírio‐LibanêsSão PauloBrazil
| | - Georg C Ziegler
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental HealthUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Greig I de Zubicaray
- Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationQueensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Eveline A Crone
- Institute of PsychologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and CognitionLeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies (DPECS), Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral SciencesErasmus University RotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Sophia Frangou
- Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Centre for Brain HealthUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Christian K Tamnes
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Psychiatric ResearchDiakonhjemmet HospitalOsloNorway
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
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Harrison LM, Noble DWA, Jennions MD. A meta-analysis of sex differences in animal personality: no evidence for the greater male variability hypothesis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:679-707. [PMID: 34908228 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The notion that men are more variable than women has become embedded into scientific thinking. For mental traits like personality, greater male variability has been partly attributed to biology, underpinned by claims that there is generally greater variation among males than females in non-human animals due to stronger sexual selection on males. However, evidence for greater male variability is limited to morphological traits, and there is little information regarding sex differences in personality-like behaviours for non-human animals. Here, we meta-analysed sex differences in means and variances for over 2100 effects (204 studies) from 220 species (covering five broad taxonomic groups) across five personality traits: boldness, aggression, activity, sociality and exploration. We also tested if sexual size dimorphism, a proxy for sex-specific sexual selection, explains variation in the magnitude of sex differences in personality. We found no significant differences in personality between the sexes. In addition, sexual size dimorphism did not explain variation in the magnitude of the observed sex differences in the mean or variance in personality for any taxonomic group. In sum, we find no evidence for widespread sex differences in variability in non-human animal personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Harrison
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Daniel W A Noble
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Michael D Jennions
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
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11
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Bulut O, Cormier DC, Aquilina AM, Bulut HC. Age and Sex Invariance of the Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Cognitive Abilities: Evidence from Psychometric Network Modeling. J Intell 2021; 9:35. [PMID: 34287315 PMCID: PMC8293399 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence9030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Cognitive Abilities (WJ IV COG) is a comprehensive assessment battery designed to assess broad and narrow cognitive abilities, as defined by the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory of intelligence. Previous studies examined the invariance of the WJ assessments across sex and age groups using factor analytic methods. Psychometric network modeling is an alternative methodology that can address both direct and indirect relationships among the observed variables. In this study, we employed psychometric network modeling to examine the invariance of the WJ IV COG across sex and age groups. Using a normative sample (n = 4212 participants) representative of the United States population, we tested the extent to which the factorial structure of the WJ IV COG aligned with CHC theory for the school-aged sample. Next, we used psychometric network modeling as a data-driven method to investigate whether the network structure of the WJ IV COG remains similar across different sex and age (age 6 to 19, inclusively) groups. Our results showed that the WJ IV COG maintained the same network structure across all age and sex groups, although the network structure at younger ages indicated weaker relationships among some subtests. Overall, the results provide construct validity evidence for the WJ IV COG, based on both theoretical and data-driven methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okan Bulut
- Centre for Research in Applied Measurement and Evaluation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G5, Canada;
| | - Damien C. Cormier
- Centre for Research in Applied Measurement and Evaluation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G5, Canada;
| | - Alexandra M. Aquilina
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G5, Canada;
| | - Hatice C. Bulut
- Department of Educational Sciences, Cukurova University, Adana 01250, Turkey;
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12
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Converging evidence for greater male variability in time, risk, and social preferences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2026112118. [PMID: 34088838 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026112118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender differences in time, risk, and social preferences are important determinants of differential choices of men and women, with broad implications for gender-specific social and economic outcomes. To better understand the shape and form of gender differences in preferences, researchers have traditionally examined the mean differences between the two genders. We present an alternative perspective of greater male variability in preferences. In a meta-analysis of experimental economics studies with more than 50,000 individuals in 97 samples, we find converging evidence for greater male variability in time, risk, and social preferences. In some cases, we find greater male variability in addition to mean differences; in some cases, we only find greater male variability. Our findings suggest that theories of gender differences are incomplete if they fail to consider how the complex interaction of between-gender differences and within-gender variability determines differential choices and outcomes between women and men.
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13
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A distributional approach to understanding generational differences: What do you mean they vary? JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2021.103585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Alves JM, Angelo BC, Zink J, Chow T, Yunker AG, Clark K, Luo S, Belcher BR, Herting MM, Dieli-Conwright CM, Xiang AH, Page KA. Child physical activity as a modifier of the relationship between prenatal exposure to maternal overweight/obesity and neurocognitive outcomes in offspring. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:1310-1320. [PMID: 33731834 PMCID: PMC8164988 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00794-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES With rising obesity rates among pregnant women, more children are exposed in utero to maternal obesity. In prior epidemiological studies, exposure to maternal obesity was associated with lower intelligence quotient (IQ) scores and worse cognitive abilities in offspring. Further studies have shown that offspring exposed to maternal obesity, exhibit differences in the white matter microstructure properties, fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD). In contrast, physical activity was shown to improve cognition and white matter microstructure during childhood. We examined if child physical activity levels modify the relationship between prenatal exposure to maternal obesity with IQ and white matter microstructure in offspring. SUBJECTS/METHODS One hundred children (59% girls) age 7-11 years underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging and IQ testing. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was abstracted from electronic medical records. White matter was assessed using diffusion tensor imaging with the measures, global FA, MD. The 3-day physical activity recall was used to measure moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and vigorous physical activity (VPA). Linear regression was used to test for interactions between prenatal exposure to maternal overweight/obesity and child PA levels on child IQ and global FA/MD. RESULTS The relationship between prenatal exposure to maternal overweight/obesity and child IQ and global FA varied by child VPA levels. Children exposed to mothers with overweight/obesity who engaged in more VPA had higher IQ scores and global FA compared to exposed children who engaged in less VPA. Associations were independent of child age, sex, BMI Z-score and socioeconomic status. Children born to normal-weight mothers did not differ in either IQ or global FA by time in VPA. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support findings in rodent models and suggest that VPA during childhood modifies the relationship between prenatal exposure to maternal obesity and child IQ and white matter microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin M Alves
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Brendan C Angelo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Jennifer Zink
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Ting Chow
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, 91101, USA
| | - Alexandra G Yunker
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Kristi Clark
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Shan Luo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Britni Ryan Belcher
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Megan M Herting
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Christina M Dieli-Conwright
- Division of Population Sciences, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Anny H Xiang
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, 91101, USA
| | - Kathleen A Page
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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15
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Taylor CL, Barbot B. Gender differences in creativity: Examining the greater male variability hypothesis in different domains and tasks. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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He WJ, Wong WC. Gender Differences in the Distribution of Creativity Scores: Domain-Specific Patterns in Divergent Thinking and Creative Problem Solving. Front Psychol 2021; 12:626911. [PMID: 33746849 PMCID: PMC7969660 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.626911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined gender differences in the distribution of creative abilities through the lens of the greater male variability hypothesis, which postulated that men showed greater interindividual variability than women in both physical and psychological attributes (Ellis, 1894/1934). Two hundred and six (51.9% female) undergraduate students in Hong Kong completed two creativity measures that evaluated different aspects of creativity, including: (a) a divergent thinking test that aimed to assess idea generation and (b) a creative problem-solving test that aimed to assess restructuring ability. The present findings extended the research of greater male variability in creativity by showing that men generally exhibited greater variance than women in the overall distribution of the creativity scores in both divergent thinking and creative problem solving, despite trivial gender differences in mean scores. The findings further enriched the discourse of the greater male variability hypothesis by showing interesting domain-specific gendered patterns: (1) greater male variability was more likely to occur in figural forms of creativity, with larger effect sizes, when compared to the variability in verbal forms of creativity; and (2) mixed gendered patterns were found in the upper tails of the creativity score distribution with respect to the verbal domain but not the figural one, despite greater male representation being consistently observed in the lower tail of the distribution. Possible underlying mechanisms and implications were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Jing He
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong.,Integrated Centre for Wellbeing, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong
| | - Wan-Chi Wong
- Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Stewart-Williams S, Halsey LG. Men, women and STEM: Why the differences and what should be done? EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/0890207020962326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is a well-known and widely lamented fact that men outnumber women in a number of fields in STEM (science, technology, engineering and maths). The most commonly discussed explanations for the gender gaps are discrimination and socialization, and the most common policy prescriptions target those ostensible causes. However, a great deal of evidence in the behavioural sciences suggests that discrimination and socialization are only part of the story. The purpose of this paper is to highlight other aspects of the story: aspects that are commonly overlooked or downplayed. More precisely, the paper has two main aims. The first is to examine the evidence that factors other than workplace discrimination contribute to the gender gaps in STEM. These include relatively large average sex differences in career and lifestyle preferences, and relatively small average differences in cognitive aptitudes – some favouring males, others favouring females – which are associated with progressively larger differences the further above the average one looks. The second aim is to examine the evidence suggesting that these sex differences are not purely a product of social factors but also have a substantial biological (i.e. inherited) component. A more complete picture of the causes of the unequal sex ratios in STEM may productively inform policy discussions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lewis G Halsey
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
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18
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Walter F, Daseking M, Pauls F. Sex Differences in Intelligence in Children Aged 2:6–7:7: Analysis of the Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of the German Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale of Intelligence–Fourth Edition. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0734282920981398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated gender differences in cognitive abilities for children aged 2–7 years on the German Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale of Intelligence–Fourth Edition (WPPSI-IV). WPPSI-IV data of 1,042 children (517 girls and 525 boys) were selected from the extended dataset of the German WPPSI-IV standardization sample. First of all, confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were used to verify the factor structure of the WPPSI-IV, which was proposed by the test developers. Then, multiple-group confirmatory factor models were implemented to explore measurement invariance across gender. Finally, mean differences in the subtests, index scores, as well as full scale IQ (FSIQ) were analyzed. The second-order three-factor model for age group 2:6–3:11 as well as the second-order five-factor model for age group 4:0–7:7 could be verified. For age group 2:6–3:11, full scalar invariance could be accepted, whereas partial scalar invariance could be established by freeing five nonequivalent subtest intercepts for age group 4:0–7:7. These findings support interpretable comparisons of the WPPSI-IV scores between girls and boys. For age group 4:0–7:7, partial invariance should be taken into account in these comparisons. Furthermore, girls aged 4:0–7:7 showed an advantage in processing speed (PS). Mean scores in any of the other cognitive abilities did not differ between girls and boys in both age groups. These results indicated measurement invariance across gender on the WPPSI-IV, so that the tests measure cognitive abilities in the same way for girls and boys. The current findings showed that gender differences in PS may emerge in early childhood, which might lead to gender differences in later educational skills.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Daseking
- Helmut-Schmidt-University, University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franz Pauls
- Helmut-Schmidt-University, University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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19
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Thöni C, Volk S, Cortina JM. Greater Male Variability in Cooperation: Meta-Analytic Evidence for an Evolutionary Perspective. Psychol Sci 2020; 32:50-63. [PMID: 33301379 DOI: 10.1177/0956797620956632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Do men and women differ systematically in their cooperation behaviors? Researchers have long grappled with this question, and studies have returned equivocal results. We developed an evolutionary perspective according to which men are characterized by greater intrasex variability in cooperation as a result of sex-differentiated psychological adaptations. We tested our hypothesis in two meta-analyses. The first involved the raw data of 40 samples from 23 social-dilemma studies with 8,123 participants. Findings provided strong support for our perspective. Whereas we found that the two sexes do not differ in average cooperation levels, men are much more likely to behave either selfishly or altruistically, whereas women are more likely to be moderately cooperative. We confirmed our findings in a second meta-analytic study of 28 samples from 23 studies of organizational citizenship behavior with 13,985 participants. Our results highlight the importance of taking intrasex variability into consideration when studying sex differences in cooperation and suggest important future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Thöni
- Faculty of Law, Criminal Justice, and Public Administration, University of Lausanne
| | - Stefan Volk
- University of Sydney Business School, The University of Sydney
| | - Jose M Cortina
- Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, Virginia Commonwealth University
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20
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De Fruyt F, Van Leeuwen K, De Bolle M, De Clercq B. Sex differences in school performance as a function of conscientiousness, imagination and the mediating role of problem behaviour. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The roles of Conscientiousness and Imagination in explaining sex differences in school performance were examined in two Flemish samples of school children using parental and teacher ratings of school performance (N = 599) and school grades (N = 448). Both personality domains predicted parental ratings of school performance and grades. In one sample, girls received slightly higher parental ratings of language achievement and overall performance ratings by teachers. However, controlling for Conscientiousness and Imagination facets, boys scored slightly higher for math and history. In this sample, lower externalising behaviour partially mediated the relation between Conscientiousness facets and school performance in girls but not in boys, but this pattern was not replicated in the second sample. We concluded that sex differences in school performance were small and many could be accounted for by personality traits. In some cases, however, personality traits acted to amplify sex differences in school performance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip De Fruyt
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Karla Van Leeuwen
- Centrum voor Gezins‐en Orthopedagogiek, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marleen De Bolle
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Barbara De Clercq
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
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21
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Adeli E, Zhao Q, Zahr NM, Goldstone A, Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV, Pohl KM. Deep learning identifies morphological determinants of sex differences in the pre-adolescent brain. Neuroimage 2020; 223:117293. [PMID: 32841716 PMCID: PMC7780846 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of data-driven deep learning to identify sex differences in developing brain structures of pre-adolescents has heretofore not been accomplished. Here, the approach identifies sex differences by analyzing the minimally processed MRIs of the first 8144 participants (age 9 and 10 years) recruited by the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The identified pattern accounted for confounding factors (i.e., head size, age, puberty development, socioeconomic status) and comprised cerebellar (corpus medullare, lobules III, IV/V, and VI) and subcortical (pallidum, amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampus, insula, putamen) structures. While these have been individually linked to expressing sex differences, a novel discovery was that their grouping accurately predicted the sex in individual pre-adolescents. Another novelty was relating differences specific to the cerebellum to pubertal development. Finally, we found that reducing the pattern to a single score not only accurately predicted sex but also correlated with cognitive behavior linked to working memory. The predictive power of this score and the constellation of identified brain structures provide evidence for sex differences in pre-adolescent neurodevelopment and may augment understanding of sex-specific vulnerability or resilience to psychiatric disorders and presage sex-linked learning disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Adeli
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Qingyu Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Natalie M Zahr
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for Biomedical Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Aimee Goldstone
- Center for Biomedical Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for Biomedical Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Edith V Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kilian M Pohl
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for Biomedical Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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22
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Student characteristics affecting the recognition of high cognitive ability by teachers and peers. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2019.101820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Buczyłowska D, Ronniger P, Melzer J, Petermann F. Sex Similarities and Differences in Intelligence in Children Aged Two to Eight: Analysis of SON-R 2-8 Scores. J Intell 2019; 7:jintelligence7020011. [PMID: 31162390 PMCID: PMC6630280 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence7020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate sex similarities and differences in visuospatial and fluid abilities and IQ scores based on those abilities in children aged two to eight. Standardization data from the Snijders-Oomen Nonverbal Intelligence Test for Children aged 2-8 (SON-R 2-8) were used. A representative sample composed of 965 children from the Netherlands and 762 children from Germany was examined. Small but significant mean sex differences favoring girls were observed until age four. At ages six and seven, boys achieved similar cognitive development levels to girls regarding all abilities assessed and outperformed girls on the Mosaics subtest measuring visuospatial cognition. Boys also displayed higher variability rates in performance. The distribution of IQ scores, with the overrepresentation of girls scoring above mean and the overrepresentation of boys scoring below mean in early childhood, altered with age towards parity between the sexes. The results suggest that girls tend to mature earlier with respect to cognitive abilities. During the course of development, however, the differences between girls and boys may become negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Buczyłowska
- Center for Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Pola Ronniger
- Center for Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Jessica Melzer
- Center for Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Franz Petermann
- Center for Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
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24
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Cognitive ability and risk aversion: A systematic review and meta analysis. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500004307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAre highly intelligent people less risk averse? Over the last two decades scholars have argued the existence of a negative relationship between cognitive ability and risk aversion. Although numerous studies support this, the link between cognitive ability and risk aversion has not been found consistently. To shed new light on this topic, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. A total of 97 studies were identified and included for meta-analysis in the domain of gains (N=90, 723), 41 in the mixed domain (N=50, 936), and 12 in the domain of losses (N=4, 544). Results indicate that there exists a weak, but significant negative relationship between cognitive ability and risk aversion in the domain of gains. However, no relationship was observed in the mixed domain or in the domain of losses. Several meta-regressions were performed to investigate the influence of moderator variables. None of the moderator variables were found to consistently influence the relationship between cognitive ability and risk aversion across the domain of gains, mixed and losses. Moreover, no significant difference was observed between males and females across all three domains. In conclusion, this systematic review and meta-analysis provides new evidence that the relationship between cognitive ability and risk aversion is domain specific and not as strong as suggested by some previous studies.
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25
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Eccleston C, Doherty K, Bindoff A, Robinson A, Vickers J, McInerney F. Building dementia knowledge globally through the Understanding Dementia Massive Open Online Course (MOOC). NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2019; 4:3. [PMID: 30993003 PMCID: PMC6458180 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-019-0042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of dementia is escalating world-wide and knowledge deficits remain a barrier to community inclusiveness and quality care. The need for quality, comprehensive education has been identified as a key priority for global action plans on dementia. The Understanding Dementia Massive Open Online Course (UDMOOC) offers the potential to improve dementia knowledge globally. Completion rates for the UDMOOC (2016-2017) were on average 42% of enrolments, and 69% of participants care or have cared for people with dementia. The current study shows baseline dementia knowledge was positively related to previous learning about dementia from various types of exposure to the condition including having family members and/or working with people with the condition, and having undertaken dementia education. However, knowledge of all participant groups showed substantial improvements after completion of the UDMOOC. This was shown regardless of educational background and previous experience of dementia, and group differences after completing the UDMOOC were minimised. The UDMOOC is therefore an effective knowledge translation strategy to improve dementia knowledge for a diverse, international learner group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Eccleston
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Kathleen Doherty
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Aidan Bindoff
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Andrew Robinson
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - James Vickers
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Fran McInerney
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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26
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He WJ. A 4-Year Longitudinal Study of the Sex-Creativity Relationship in Childhood, Adolescence, and Emerging Adulthood: Findings of Mean and Variability Analyses. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2331. [PMID: 30534104 PMCID: PMC6275319 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between sex and creativity remains an unresolved research question. The present study aimed to approach this question through the lens of the developmental theory of sex differences in intelligence, which posits a dynamic pattern of sex differences in intellectual abilities from female superiority in childhood and early adolescence to male superiority starting at 16 years of age. A total of 775 participants from three age groups (i.e., children, adolescents, and emerging adults) completed a 4-year longitudinal study comprising four assessments of creative thinking at 1-year intervals. Creative thinking was assessed with the Test for Creative Thinking-Drawing Production. While the results revealed female superiority in childhood and early adolescence, male superiority was not found in adolescence and emerging adulthood. Rather, greater sex similarities and greater male variability were found based on mean and variability analyses, respectively. This study elucidated the link between sex and creativity by (1) taking a developmental perspective, (2) employing a 4-year longitudinal design in three age groups (i.e., children, adolescents, and emerging adults), and (3) analyzing sex differences based on both mean and variability analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Jing He
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong
- Integrated Centre for Wellbeing, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong
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27
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Schweizer F, Arx PHV, Ledermann T, Grob A. Geschlechtsinvarianz und Geschlechtsdifferenzen in der Intelligenzeinschätzung mit den Intelligence and Development Scales. DIAGNOSTICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1026/0012-1924/a000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Die Studie untersucht die Messinvarianz über das Geschlecht und Geschlechtsdifferenzen in der Intelligenz mit den Intelligence and Development Scales-Preschool (IDS-P; Grob, Reimann, Gut & Frischknecht, 2013 ) und Intelligence and Development Scales (IDS; Grob, Meyer & Hagmann-von Arx, 2013 ). Die IDS-P (3.0 to 5.11) und IDS (5.0 to 10.11) erfassen die allgemeine Intelligenz anhand von 7 Untertests. Die Studie verwendete die Normierungsstichproben mit N(IDS-P) = 700 und N(IDS) = 1 330 (je 50 % Jungen). Beide Verfahren wiesen latente partielle Messinvarianz auf Ebene der Untertests sowie auf Ebene der allgemeinen Intelligenz auf. Auf manifester Ebene zeigten sich keine Mittelwertdifferenzen für die allgemeine Intelligenz. In einigen Untertests ergaben sich Unterschiede zwischen den Geschlechtern: Jungen zeigten im Durchschnitt in Denken Bildlich in beiden Verfahren, Mädchen in Aufmerksamkeit Selektiv und in Gedächtnis Auditiv bessere Leistungen in den IDS-P. Die manifesten Varianzen unterschieden sich nicht. Die Befunde belegen, dass die Verfahren invariant bezüglich ihrer Struktur über das Geschlecht sind und folglich eine faire Intelligenzeinschätzung für beide Geschlechter ermöglichen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florine Schweizer
- Universität Basel, Fakultät für Psychologie, Entwicklungs- und Persönlichkeitspsychologie
| | - Priska Hagmann-von Arx
- Universität Basel, Fakultät für Psychologie, Entwicklungs- und Persönlichkeitspsychologie
| | | | - Alexander Grob
- Universität Basel, Fakultät für Psychologie, Entwicklungs- und Persönlichkeitspsychologie
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28
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Krüger M. Second language acquisition effects of a primary physical education intervention: A pilot study with young refugees. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203664. [PMID: 30222753 PMCID: PMC6141098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A physical education (PE) intervention for young refugees was designed combining physical activity within the context of primary PE games with second language learning activities in German. The intervention was based on theoretical implications from the field of second language acquisition and evidence for positive effects of physical activity on cognitive outcomes (e.g. language acquisition). The aim of this study was to analyze short term effects on second language acquisition. METHODS Sixty-one young refugees were included in the study (age: 8.5 ± 1.4 years). The intervention group participated in language-enriched PE lessons based on an elaborated approach to second language learning acquisition. The control group did not receive any treatment. Both groups were pre-and post-tested in domain specific vocabulary, listening comprehension and use of local prepositions within the context of primary PE games. RESULTS Results from linear mixed-effect modelling suggest that the intervention group significantly improved domain specific vocabulary and listening comprehension in comparison to the control group. CONCLUSIONS The intervention was successful since the PE lessons contributed to the second language acquisition of young refugees. Therefore, this learning approach might also be useful for physical activity based second language learning activities in other PE contexts for early second language learners in primary school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Krüger
- Division of Social Sciences in Sports, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, North-Rhine Westfalia, Germany
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29
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Böing-Messing F, Mulder J. Automatic Bayes Factors for Testing Equality- and Inequality-Constrained Hypotheses on Variances. PSYCHOMETRIKA 2018; 83:586-617. [PMID: 29725929 DOI: 10.1007/s11336-018-9615-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In comparing characteristics of independent populations, researchers frequently expect a certain structure of the population variances. These expectations can be formulated as hypotheses with equality and/or inequality constraints on the variances. In this article, we consider the Bayes factor for testing such (in)equality-constrained hypotheses on variances. Application of Bayes factors requires specification of a prior under every hypothesis to be tested. However, specifying subjective priors for variances based on prior information is a difficult task. We therefore consider so-called automatic or default Bayes factors. These methods avoid the need for the user to specify priors by using information from the sample data. We present three automatic Bayes factors for testing variances. The first is a Bayes factor with equal priors on all variances, where the priors are specified automatically using a small share of the information in the sample data. The second is the fractional Bayes factor, where a fraction of the likelihood is used for automatic prior specification. The third is an adjustment of the fractional Bayes factor such that the parsimony of inequality-constrained hypotheses is properly taken into account. The Bayes factors are evaluated by investigating different properties such as information consistency and large sample consistency. Based on this evaluation, it is concluded that the adjusted fractional Bayes factor is generally recommendable for testing equality- and inequality-constrained hypotheses on variances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Böing-Messing
- Jheronimus Academy of Data Science, Sint Janssingel 92, 5211 DA , 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands.
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
| | - Joris Mulder
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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30
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Flouri E, Moulton V, Ploubidis GB. The role of intelligence in decision-making in early adolescence. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 37:101-111. [PMID: 30125367 PMCID: PMC6492004 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of intelligence and its development across childhood in decision‐making in adolescence (age 11 years). The sample was 12,514 children from the UK's Millennium Cohort Study, followed at ages 3, 5, 7, and 11 years. Decision‐making (risk‐taking, quality of decision‐making, risk adjustment, deliberation time, and delay aversion) was measured with the Cambridge Gambling Task. Even after adjustment for confounding, intelligence was positively associated with risk adjustment and quality of decision‐making in both boys and girls. Furthermore, in girls risk adjustment was related positively to IQ gains. Our findings suggest that there are important, substantively, associations between intelligence and adapting behaviour to risk at the cusp of adolescence, the period when the response to risk can shape life trajectories. Statement of Contribution What is already known on this subject In children, intelligence and decision‐making, measured with gambling tasks, are inconsistently linked. This could be due to gambling tasks not separating risk‐taking from contingency‐learning.
What the present study adds This study measured 11‐year‐olds’ decision‐making using a gambling task in which probabilities of different outcomes are presented explicitly. IQ was positively associated with risk adjustment and quality of decision‐making. Also significant were IQ gains (for risk adjustment, only in girls). There are links between intelligence and adapting behaviour to statistical risk in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Flouri
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, UK
| | - Vanessa Moulton
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, UK
| | - George B Ploubidis
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, UK
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31
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Wierenga LM, Sexton JA, Laake P, Giedd JN, Tamnes CK. A Key Characteristic of Sex Differences in the Developing Brain: Greater Variability in Brain Structure of Boys than Girls. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:2741-2751. [PMID: 28981610 PMCID: PMC6041809 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In many domains, including cognition and personality, greater variability is observed in males than in females in humans. However, little is known about how variability differences between sexes are represented in the brain. The present study tested whether there is a sex difference in variance in brain structure using a cohort of 643 males and 591 females aged between 3 and 21 years. The broad age-range of the sample allowed us to test if variance differences in the brain differ across age. We observed significantly greater male than female variance for several key brain structures, including cerebral white matter and cortex, hippocampus, pallidum, putamen, and cerebellar cortex volumes. The differences were observed at both upper and lower extremities of the distributions and appeared stable across development. These findings move beyond mean levels by showing that sex differences were pronounced for variability, thereby providing a novel perspective on sex differences in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara M Wierenga
- Brain and Development Research Center, Leiden University, RB Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph A Sexton
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Petter Laake
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jay N Giedd
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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32
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Chamberlain R, Brunswick N, Siev J, McManus IC. Meta-analytic findings reveal lower means but higher variances in visuospatial ability in dyslexia. Br J Psychol 2018; 109:897-916. [PMID: 29938776 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Conflicting empirical and theoretical accounts suggest that dyslexia is associated with either average, enhanced, or impoverished high-level visuospatial processing relative to controls. Such heterogeneous results could be due to the presence of wider variability in dyslexic samples, which is unlikely to be identified at the single study level, due to lack of power. To address this, this study reports a meta-analysis of means and variances in high-level visuospatial ability in 909 non-dyslexic and 956 dyslexic individuals. The findings suggest that dyslexia is associated not only with a lower mean performance on visuospatial tasks but also with greater variability in performance. Through novel meta-analytic techniques, we demonstrate a negative effect size for mean differences (-.457), but a positive effect size for SD differences (+.118; SD ratio = 1.107). In doing so, this is the first study to demonstrate impoverished visuospatial processing of the majority of individuals with dyslexia in addition to greater variance in performance in this group. The findings advocate for further consideration of both the presence of, and reasons for, increased variance in perception, attention, and memory across neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph Siev
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, USA
| | - I C McManus
- Department of Psychology, University College London, UK
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Del Giudice M, Barrett ES, Belsky J, Hartman S, Martel MM, Sangenstedt S, Kuzawa CW. Individual differences in developmental plasticity: A role for early androgens? Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 90:165-173. [PMID: 29500952 PMCID: PMC5864561 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Developmental plasticity is a widespread property of living organisms, but different individuals in the same species can vary greatly in how susceptible they are to environmental influences. In humans, research has sought to link variation in plasticity to physiological traits such as stress reactivity, exposure to prenatal stress-related hormones such as cortisol, and specific genes involved in major neurobiological pathways. However, the determinants of individual differences in plasticity are still poorly understood. Here we present the novel hypothesis that, in both sexes, higher exposure to androgens during prenatal and early postnatal life should lead to increased plasticity in traits that display greater male variability (i.e., a majority of physical and behavioral traits). First, we review evidence of greater phenotypic variation and higher susceptibility to environmental factors in males; we then consider evolutionary models that explain greater male variability and plasticity as a result of sexual selection. These empirical and theoretical strands converge on the hypothesis that androgens may promote developmental plasticity, at least for traits that show greater male variability. We discuss a number of potential mechanisms that may mediate this effect (including upregulation of neural plasticity), and address the question of whether androgen-induced plasticity is likely to be adaptive or maladaptive. We conclude by offering suggestions for future studies in this area, and considering some research designs that could be used to empirically test our hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Del Giudice
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Emily S Barrett
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jay Belsky
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Hartman
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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GENDER DIFFERENCES IN INTELLIGENCE OF 5- TO 11-YEAR-OLDS ON THE COLOURED PROGRESSIVE MATRICES IN EGYPT. J Biosoc Sci 2018; 51:154-156. [PMID: 29502554 DOI: 10.1017/s0021932018000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study was based on data for a sample of 1756 Egyptian primary school children (863 boys and 893 girls) aged 5-11 years assessed for intelligence with Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM). The results showed that boys obtained a slightly higher IQ than girls and had greater variance.
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Ion A, Nye CD, Iliescu D. Age and Gender Differences in the Variability of Vocational Interests. JOURNAL OF CAREER ASSESSMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1069072717748646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Gender- and age-related differences in the variability of various human attributes and abilities have been investigated. This article investigates the age and gender differences in the variability of Holland’s six vocational dimensions with a sample including 1,519 participants, divided into four age groups: early adolescence (12–15 years old), adolescence (16–20 years old), young adulthood (21–30 years old), and adulthood (31–59 years old). The results showed nontrivial differences in the variability of vocational interests across gender and age groups alike. Although significant differences in variability were observed for all vocational interest dimensions except investigative, the most pronounced differences in variability across age and gender were observed for realistic and conventional dimensions. Generally, the observed differences in variability were larger in adolescence than in adulthood. Overall, vocational interests displayed less differentiation within the younger age groups (early adolescence and early adulthood) as compared to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Ion
- Department of Psychology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Dragoş Iliescu
- Department of Psychology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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Karwowski M, Jankowska DM, Gajda A, Marczak M, Groyecka A, Sorokowski P. Greater Male Variability in Creativity Outside the WEIRD World. CREATIVITY RESEARCH JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2016.1229978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Paessler K. Sex Differences in Variability in Vocational Interests: Evidence from Two Large Samples. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/per.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Greater male variability has been established in cognitive abilities and physical attributes. This study investigated sex differences in variability in vocational interests with two large samples (N > 40 000 and N > 70 000). The results show that although men varied more in Realistic and Enterprising interests, women varied more in Artistic and Conventional interests. These differences in variability had considerable influence on the female–male tail ratios in vocational interests that have been found to contribute to reported gender disparities in certain fields of work and academic disciplines. Moreover, differences in means and variability interacted non–linearly in shaping tail–ratio imbalances. An age–specific analysis additionally revealed that differences in variability diminished with age: Older samples showed smaller differences in variance in Realistic, Artistic, and Social interests than younger samples. Thus, I found no evidence that greater male variability applies for vocational interests in general. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Paessler
- School of Applied Psychology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Olten, Switzerland
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Sex differences across different racial ability levels: Theories of origin and societal consequences. INTELLIGENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Johnson W, Carothers A, Deary IJ. A Role for the X Chromosome in Sex Differences in Variability in General Intelligence? PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015; 4:598-611. [PMID: 26161735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that males are more variable than females in general intelligence. In recent years, researchers have presented this as a reason that, although there is little, if any, mean sex difference in general intelligence, males tend to be overrepresented at both ends of its overall distribution. Part of the explanation could be the presence of genes on the X chromosome related both to syndromal disorders involving mental retardation and to population variation in general intelligence occurring normally. Genes on the X chromosome appear overrepresented among genes with known involvement in mental retardation, which is consistent with a model we developed of the population distribution of general intelligence as a mixture of two normal distributions. Using this model, we explored the expected ratios of males to females at various points in the distribution and estimated the proportion of variance in general intelligence potentially due to genes on the X chromosome. These estimates provide clues to the extent to which biologically based sex differences could be manifested in the environment as sex differences in displayed intellectual abilities. We discuss these observations in the context of sex differences in specific cognitive abilities and evolutionary theories of sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Johnson
- University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, and
| | - Andrew Carothers
- Public Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, United Kingdom
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Johnson W, Carothers A, Deary IJ. Sex Differences in Variability in General Intelligence: A New Look at the Old Question. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015; 3:518-31. [PMID: 26158978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The idea that general intelligence may be more variable in males than in females has a long history. In recent years it has been presented as a reason that there is little, if any, mean sex difference in general intelligence, yet males tend to be overrepresented at both the top and bottom ends of its overall, presumably normal, distribution. Clear analysis of the actual distribution of general intelligence based on large and appropriately population-representative samples is rare, however. Using two population-wide surveys of general intelligence in 11-year-olds in Scotland, we showed that there were substantial departures from normality in the distribution, with less variability in the higher range than in the lower. Despite mean IQ-scale scores of 100, modal scores were about 105. Even above modal level, males showed more variability than females. This is consistent with a model of the population distribution of general intelligence as a mixture of two essentially normal distributions, one reflecting normal variation in general intelligence and one refecting normal variation in effects of genetic and environmental conditions involving mental retardation. Though present at the high end of the distribution, sex differences in variability did not appear to account for sex differences in high-level achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Johnson
- MRC Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
| | - Andrew Carothers
- Public Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J Deary
- MRC Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Lubinski D, Benbow CP. Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth After 35 Years: Uncovering Antecedents for the Development of Math-Science Expertise. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015; 1:316-45. [PMID: 26151798 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an account of the Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth (SMPY) after 35 years of longitudinal research. Findings from recent 20-year follow-ups from three cohorts, plus 5- or 10-year findings from all five SMPY cohorts (totaling more than 5,000 participants), are presented. SMPY has devoted particular attention to uncovering personal antecedents necessary for the development of exceptional math-science careers and to developing educational interventions to facilitate learning among intellectually precocious youth. Along with mathematical gifts, high levels of spatial ability, investigative interests, and theoretical values form a particularly promising aptitude complex indicative of potential for developing scientific expertise and of sustained commitment to scientific pursuits. Special educational opportunities, however, can markedly enhance the development of talent. Moreover, extraordinary scientific accomplishments require extraordinary commitment both in and outside of school. The theory of work adjustment (TWA) is useful in conceptualizing talent identification and development and bridging interconnections among educational, counseling, and industrial psychology. The lens of TWA can clarify how some sex differences emerge in educational settings and the world of work. For example, in the SMPY cohorts, although more mathematically precocious males than females entered math-science careers, this does not necessarily imply a loss of talent because the women secured similar proportions of advanced degrees and high-level careers in areas more correspondent with the multidimensionality of their ability-preference pattern (e.g., administration, law, medicine, and the social sciences). By their mid-30s, the men and women appeared to be happy with their life choices and viewed themselves as equally successful (and objective measures support these subjective impressions). Given the ever-increasing importance of quantitative and scientific reasoning skills in modern cultures, when mathematically gifted individuals choose to pursue careers outside engineering and the physical sciences, it should be seen as a contribution to society, not a loss of talent.
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Messinger DS, Young GS, Webb SJ, Ozonoff S, Bryson SE, Carter A, Carver L, Charman T, Chawarska K, Curtin S, Dobkins K, Hertz-Picciotto I, Hutman T, Iverson JM, Landa R, Nelson CA, Stone WL, Tager-Flusberg H, Zwaigenbaum L. Early sex differences are not autism-specific: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium (BSRC) study. Mol Autism 2015; 6:32. [PMID: 26045943 PMCID: PMC4455973 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-015-0027-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increased male prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may be mirrored by the early emergence of sex differences in ASD symptoms and cognitive functioning. The female protective effect hypothesis posits that ASD recurrence and symptoms will be higher among relatives of female probands. This study examined sex differences and sex of proband differences in ASD outcome and in the development of ASD symptoms and cognitive functioning among the high-risk younger siblings of ASD probands and low-risk children. METHODS Prior to 18 months of age, 1824 infants (1241 high-risk siblings, 583 low-risk) from 15 sites were recruited. Hierarchical generalized linear model (HGLM) analyses of younger sibling and proband sex differences in ASD recurrence among high-risk siblings were followed by HGLM analyses of sex differences and group differences (high-risk ASD, high-risk non-ASD, and low-risk) on the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) subscales (Expressive and Receptive Language, Fine Motor, and Visual Reception) at 18, 24, and 36 months and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) domain scores (social affect (SA) and restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRB)) at 24 and 36 months. RESULTS Of 1241 high-risk siblings, 252 had ASD outcomes. Male recurrence was 26.7 % and female recurrence 10.3 %, with a 3.18 odds ratio. The HR-ASD group had lower MSEL subscale scores and higher RRB and SA scores than the HR non-ASD group, which had lower MSEL subscale scores and higher RRB scores than the LR group. Regardless of group, males obtained lower MSEL subscale scores, and higher ADOS RRB scores, than females. There were, however, no significant interactions between sex and group on either the MSEL or ADOS. Proband sex did not affect ASD outcome, MSEL subscale, or ADOS domain scores. CONCLUSIONS A 3.2:1 male:female odds ratio emerged among a large sample of prospectively followed high-risk siblings. Sex differences in cognitive performance and repetitive behaviors were apparent not only in high-risk children with ASD, but also in high-risk children without ASD and in low-risk children. Sex differences in young children with ASD do not appear to be ASD-specific but instead reflect typically occurring sex differences seen in children without ASD. Results did not support a female protective effect hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara Jane Webb
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA USA ; University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | - Susan E Bryson
- Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ted Hutman
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | | | - Rebecca Landa
- Kennedy Krieger Institute and John Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Charles A Nelson
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ; Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, UK ; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA USA
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Ju C, Duan Y, You X. Retesting the greater male variability hypothesis in mainland China: A cross-regional study. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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He WJ, Wong WC. Greater male variability in overexcitabilities: Domain-specific patterns. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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A study of the greater male variability hypothesis in creative thinking in Mainland China: Male superiority exists. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Brunner M, Gogol KM, Sonnleitner P, Keller U, Krauss S, Preckel F. Gender differences in the mean level, variability, and profile shape of student achievement: Results from 41 countries. INTELLIGENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Borkenau P, McCrae RR, Terracciano A. Do Men Vary More than Women in Personality? A Study in 51 Cultures. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2013; 47:135-144. [PMID: 23559686 PMCID: PMC3612964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Do men vary more than women in personality? Evolutionary, genetic, and cultural arguments suggest that hypothesis. In this study we tested it using 12,156 college student raters from 51 cultures who described a person they knew well on the 3rd-person version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. In most cultures, male targets varied more than female targets, and ratings by female informants varied more than ratings by male informants, which may explain why higher variances for men are not found in self-reports. Variances were higher in more developed, and effects of target sex were stronger in more individualistic societies. It seems that individualistic cultures enable a less restricted expression of personality, resulting in larger variances and particularly so among men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Borkenau
- Department of Psychology, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Messinger D, Young GS, Ozonoff S, Dobkins K, Carter A, Zwaigenbaum L, Landa RJ, Charman T, Stone WL, Constantino JN, Hutman T, Carver LJ, Bryson S, Iverson JM, Strauss MS, Rogers SJ, Sigman M. Beyond autism: a baby siblings research consortium study of high-risk children at three years of age. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013; 52:300-308.e1. [PMID: 23452686 PMCID: PMC3625370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE First-degree relatives of persons with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at increased risk for ASD-related characteristics. As little is known about the early expression of these characteristics, this study characterizes the non-ASD outcomes of 3-year-old high-risk (HR) siblings of children with ASD. METHOD Two groups of children without ASD participated: 507 HR siblings and 324 low-risk (LR) control subjects (no known relatives with ASD). Children were enrolled at a mean age of 8 months, and outcomes were assessed at 3 years. Outcome measures were Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) calibrated severity scores, and Mullen Verbal and Non-Verbal Developmental Quotients (DQ). RESULTS At 3 years, HR siblings without an ASD outcome exhibited higher mean ADOS severity scores and lower verbal and non-verbal DQs than LR controls. HR siblings were over-represented (21% HR versus 7% LR) in latent classes characterized by elevated ADOS severity and/or low to low-average DQs. The remaining HR siblings without ASD outcomes (79%) belonged to classes in which they were not differentially represented with respect to LR siblings. CONCLUSIONS Having removed a previously identified 18.7% of HR siblings with ASD outcomes from all analyses, HR siblings nevertheless exhibited higher mean levels of ASD severity and lower levels of developmental functioning than LR children. However, the latent class membership of four-fifths of the HR siblings was not significantly different from that of LR control subjects. One-fifth of HR siblings belonged to classes characterized by higher ASD severity and/or lower levels of developmental functioning. This empirically derived characterization of an early-emerging pattern of difficulties in a minority of 3-year-old HR siblings suggests the importance of developmental surveillance and early intervention for these children.
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Haworth CMA, Davis OSP, Plomin R. Twins Early Development Study (TEDS): a genetically sensitive investigation of cognitive and behavioral development from childhood to young adulthood. Twin Res Hum Genet 2013; 16:117-25. [PMID: 23110994 PMCID: PMC3817931 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2012.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The Twins Early Development Study (TEDS) is a large longitudinal sample of twins born in England and Wales between 1994 and 1996. The focus of TEDS has been on cognitive and behavioral development, including difficulties in the context of normal development. TEDS began when multiple births were identified from birth records and the families were invited to take part in the study; 16,810 pairs of twins were originally enrolled in TEDS. More than 10,000 of these twin pairs remain enrolled in the study to date. DNA has been collected for more than 7,000 pairs, and genome-wide genotyping data for two million DNA markers are available for 3,500 individuals. The TEDS families have taken part in studies when the twins were aged 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, and 16 years of age. Data collection is currently underway to assess the adult destinations of the twins as they move from school to university and the workplace. Between January 2012 and December 2014, all of the TEDS twins will turn 18, and the study will transition to an adult sample. TEDS represents an outstanding resource for investigating the developmental effects of genes and environments on complex quantitative traits from childhood to young adulthood and beyond.
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