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Joessel F, Pichon S, Bavelier D. A video-game-based method to induce states of high and low flow. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:5128-5160. [PMID: 37864115 PMCID: PMC11289307 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02251-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Flow has been defined as a state of full immersion that may emerge when the skills of a person match the challenge of an activity. It is a special case of being on task, as during flow, keeping focused on the task feels effortless. Most experimental investigations of the neural or physiological correlates of flow contrast conditions with different levels of challenge. Yet comparing different levels of challenge that are too distant may trigger states where the participant is off task, such as boredom or frustration. Thus, it remains unclear whether previously observed differences ascribed to flow may rather reflect differences in how much participants were on task-trying their best-across the contrasted conditions. To remedy this, we introduce a method to manipulate flow by contrasting two video game play conditions at personalized levels of difficulty calibrated such that participants similarly tried their best in both conditions. Across three experiments (> 90 participants), higher flow was robustly reported in our high-flow than in our low-flow condition (mean effect size d = 1.31). Cardiac, respiratory, and skin conductance measures confirmed the known difference between a period of rest and the two on-task conditions of high and low flow, but failed to distinguish between these latter two. In light of the conflicting findings regarding the physiological correlates of flow, we discuss the importance of ensuring a low-flow baseline condition that maintains participants on task, and propose that the present method provides a methodological advance toward that goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya Joessel
- Faculté de Psychologie et Sciences de L'Education, (FPSE), Université de Genève, Boulevard du Pont d'Arve, 40, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
- Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines, 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Swann Pichon
- Faculté de Psychologie et Sciences de L'Education, (FPSE), Université de Genève, Boulevard du Pont d'Arve, 40, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
- Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines, 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva School of Health Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daphne Bavelier
- Faculté de Psychologie et Sciences de L'Education, (FPSE), Université de Genève, Boulevard du Pont d'Arve, 40, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines, 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland.
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2
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Dai Y, Qin S, Tang YM, Hou J. Fostering employees' innovative behavior: The importance of proactive personality and work-related flow. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 246:104278. [PMID: 38670040 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Employees' innovative behaviors (EIB) play a crucial role in driving enterprises' innovation and enabling them to adapt to the complex business environment. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of proactive personality in EIB, whereby a mediating effect of work-related flow is proposed in this relationship. The moderating effect of organizational innovation climate is also examined on the indirect of proactive personality on EIB through work-related flow. With purposive sampling, a questionnaire survey was conducted on front-line employees of two digital cultural and creative industrial parks in Southwest China. A total of 279 valid questionnaires were used for hypothesis verification. The findings indicate that employees' proactive personality has a significant positive effect on EIB. Employees with a proactive personality are more likely to experience work-related flow, which in turn promotes their EIB. However, we did not find evidence of the organizational innovation climate moderating the relationship between proactive personality and EIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Dai
- School of Economics and Management, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, PR China; Faculty of Business, City University of Macau, Macau.
| | - Shuwen Qin
- School of Economics and Management, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yuk Ming Tang
- School of Business, Shenzhen Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, PR China; Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Jie Hou
- School of Languages and Communication Studies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, PR China; School of Foreign Languages, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui Province, PR China.
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3
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Mao Y, Luo X, Wang S, Mao Z, Xie M, Bonaiuto M. Flow experience fosters university students' well-being through psychological resilience: A longitudinal design with cross-lagged analysis. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 94:518-538. [PMID: 38238106 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing research has linked individuals' flow experience - a positive affective and cognitive state of deep immersion and engagement in daily activities - and their well-being, particularly among university students. A growing number of longitudinal studies have further contributed to this understanding. However, limited attention has been given to exploring the dynamic interplay between these two variables and their underlying mechanisms (i.e., the mediator) of psychological resilience, specifically among university students in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. AIMS To address this research gap, the present study draws on self-determination, flow and broaden-and-build theories. It examines the temporal dynamics and relationships between flow experience and well-being, and the mediating role of psychological resilience among Chinese university students. SAMPLE The study adopts a three-wave longitudinal design with a sample of 474 university students in Southwest China. METHODS Participants' flow experience, well-being and psychological resilience were measured across three time waves. RESULTS The findings of this study reveal that flow experience predicts well-being across the three waves and that psychological resilience mediates this prediction. This empirical evidence emphasizes the significance of both flow experience and psychological resilience in contributing to the well-being of university students over time amid COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS These findings enrich our understanding of the factors contributing to well-being in educational settings and provide highly relevant and timely insights for developing strategies to foster well-being among university students, especially in the transition into the post-pandemic era; findings also offer valuable insights not only for researchers but also for educators and policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Mao
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Psychological Research and Counseling Center, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyi Luo
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Psychological Research and Counseling Center, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shujun Wang
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Psychological Research and Counseling Center, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuozhu Mao
- Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mei Xie
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marino Bonaiuto
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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De Oliveira P, Juneau C, Stinus C, Corman M, Michelli N, Pellerin N, Shankland R, Dambrun M. Cultivating Self-Transcendence Through Meditation Practice: A Test of the Role of Meta-Awareness, (Dis)identification and Non-Reactivity. Psychol Rep 2024:332941241246469. [PMID: 38669443 DOI: 10.1177/00332941241246469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a study comprising two distinct stages to examine the extent to which metacognitive processes of decentering facilitate the emergence of self-transcendence experiences in everyday life (i.e., the frequency of self-transcendent emotions, flow proneness, and adopting an interconnected identity). In the course of conducting this research, the first stage (N = 374) focused on assessing the structure and validity of the French version of the Metacognitive Processes of Decentering Scale (MPoD-t). Building on this, the second stage (N = 294) examined the potential relationship between meditative practices and psychological decentering processes (i.e., meta-awareness, (dis)identification with internal experiences, and (non)reactivity to thought content) and explored whether these mechanisms explain the association between meditative practices and the experience of self-transcendent states. Overall, the results demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties of the French version of the MPoD and provided enhanced insights into the distinct mediating roles played by various decentering components in the manifestation of self-transcendence experiences in daily life. Indeed, the findings revealed that the relationship between practice and the occurrence of self-transcendent emotions or flow was mediated by the meta-awareness component, while the association between practice and the development of an interconnected identity was explained by the (dis)identification with internal experiences component. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Céline Stinus
- C2S, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Maya Corman
- LAPSCO CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Noemi Michelli
- LabPsy UR 4139, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Michael Dambrun
- LAPSCO CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Gaston E, Ullén F, Wesseldijk LW, Mosing MA. Can flow proneness be protective against mental and cardiovascular health problems? A genetically informed prospective cohort study. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:144. [PMID: 38480692 PMCID: PMC10937942 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02855-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Flow is a phenomenon where one experiences optimal challenge, marked by an intense, effortless, and rewarding concentration on a task. Past research shows that flow proneness is associated with good mental and cardiovascular health. However, this research has been primarily cross-sectional, based on self-report data, and has not controlled for potential confounding effects of neuroticism. In a large, longitudinal twin sample (N = 9361), we used nationwide patient registry data to test whether flow proneness predicted registry-based diagnoses of depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, stress-related disorders, or cardiovascular diseases. We used survival analyses taking time to diagnosis into account to test if (a) there is a relationship between flow proneness and health diagnoses over time, (b) neuroticism confounds this relationship, and (c) the relationship remains present within discordant monozygotic twin pairs (N = 952), thereby controlling for genetic and shared environmental confounding. Individuals with higher flow proneness had a decreased risk of receiving diagnoses for depression (16%; CI [14%, 18%]), anxiety (16%; CI [13%, 18%]), schizophrenia (15%; CI [4%, 25%]), bipolar (12%; CI [6%, 18%]), stress-related (9%; CI [9%, 12%]), and cardiovascular disorders (4%; CI [1%, 8%]). When controlling for neuroticism, higher flow proneness still decreased the risk of depression (6%; CI [3%, 9%]) and anxiety diagnoses (5%; CI [1%, 8%]). Monozygotic twins who experienced more flow than their co-twin had a lower risk for depression (16%; CI [5%, 26%]) and anxiety (13%; CI [1%, 24%]), though only the association with depression remained significant when also controlling for neuroticism (13%; CI [1%, 24%]). Findings are in line with a causal protective role of flow experiences on depression and potentially anxiety and highlight that neuroticism and familial factors are notable confounding factors in observed associations between flow proneness and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Gaston
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fredrik Ullén
- Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura W Wesseldijk
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Miriam A Mosing
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
- Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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6
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Smith AC, Ralph BCW, Smilek D, Wammes JD. The relation between trait flow and engagement, understanding, and grades in undergraduate lectures. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 93:742-757. [PMID: 36822580 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Much work has focused on inattention in the classroom, examining how episodes of task-unrelated thought (i.e., mind wandering) and engagement with various forms of media (e.g., media multitasking, smartphone use) influence retention of lecture material. However, considerably less work has examined factors that may positively influence attentiveness in lectures. AIMS We aimed to explore whether the trait-level tendency to experience 'flow'-defined here as the subjective experience of deep and effortless concentration-is related to in-class reports of engagement and understanding during undergraduate lectures, as well as academic performance. SAMPLE Participants were undergraduate students in Psychology at a University in Ontario, Canada. METHODS We measured trait flow (i.e., deep, effortless concentration) at the beginning of each semester, and assessed engagement and understanding during lectures via experience sampling probes throughout two semesters in several university courses. Experience sampling probes were presented intermittently using a laptop application. We also measured students' trait mind wandering and grit, and collected students' course grades. RESULTS The general tendency to experience deep, effortless concentration predicted engagement and understanding in lectures throughout the term, as well as final course grades, over and above students' grittiness and tendency to mind wander. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the everyday tendency to experience flow extends to a classroom environment and has implications for academic success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa C Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brandon C W Ralph
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Smilek
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey D Wammes
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Spark A, Schweitzer D, Ting J. Leveraging personality science to enhance junior doctor well-being, leadership and performance: It's not just about who we are, but also how we act. Intern Med J 2023; 53:1100-1104. [PMID: 37474461 DOI: 10.1111/imj.16158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Spark
- School of Management, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Joseph Ting
- Mater Hospital Brisbane, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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8
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Weintraub J, Nolan KP, Sachdev AR. The Cognitive Control Model of Work-related Flow. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1174152. [PMID: 37384184 PMCID: PMC10293628 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1174152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although several models of flow have been proposed that include environmental and trait-based antecedents of the state, elements of cognitive control that enable workers to experience flow and its subsequent outcomes at work have largely been overlooked. This research proposes and provides empirical support for the "Cognitive Control Model of Work-related Flow," which integrates antecedents of flow at work related to the ability to focus concentration of cognitive resources toward experiencing flow at work. Along with flow at work, the model includes the antecedents of grit, flow metacognition, and mindfulness at work and the outcomes of work performance, engagement, and burnout. Findings across three studies (a cross-sectional, a time-lagged, and a one-day experience sampling method study) utilizing MTurk participants provided support for the model, as grit, mindfulness, and flow metacognition predicted flow, and flow predicted subjective performance, engagement, and burnout. Theoretical implications and the potential for developing flow interventions at work are discussed.
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9
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Zielke J, Anglada-Tort M, Berger J. Inducing and disrupting flow during music performance. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1187153. [PMID: 37333611 PMCID: PMC10272888 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1187153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Flow is defined as a state of total absorption in an activity, involving focused attention, deep engagement, loss of self-conscious awareness, and self-perceived temporal distortion. Musical flow has been associated with enhanced performance, but the bulk of previous research has investigated flow mechanisms using self-report methodology. Thus, little is known about the precise musical features that may induce or disrupt flow. This work aims to consider the experience of flow from a music performance perspective in order to investigate these features and introduces a method of measuring flow in real time. In Study 1, musicians reviewed a self-selected video of themselves performing, noting first, where in the performance they recalled "losing themselves" in the music, and second, where their focused state was interrupted. Thematic analysis of participant flow experiences suggests temporal, dynamic, pitch and timbral dimensions associated with the induction and disruption of flow. In Study 2, musicians were brought into the lab and recorded while performing a self-selected musical composition. Next, participants were asked to estimate the duration of their performance, and to rewatch their recordings to mark those places in which they recalled "losing themselves in the moment." We found that the proportion of performance time spent in flow significantly correlated with self-reported flow intensity, providing an intrinsic measure of flow and confirming the validity of our method to capture flow states in music performance. We then analyzed the music scores and participants' performed melodies. The results showed that stepwise motion, repeated sequence, and a lack of disjunct motion are common to flow state entry points, whereas disjunct motion and syncopation are common to flow state exit points. Overall, such initial findings suggest directions that warrant future study and, altogether, they have implications regarding utilizing flow in music performance contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zielke
- Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | | | - Jonathan Berger
- Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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10
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Mao Y, Kang X, Lai Y, Yu J, Deng X, Zhai Y, Kong F, Ma J, Bonaiuto F. Authentic leadership and employee resilience during the COVID-19: The role of flow, organizational identification, and trust. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 42:1-16. [PMID: 36713621 PMCID: PMC9869839 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-04148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The present work investigated fundamental mediating mechanisms (i.e., flow experience, organizational identification, and trust), underlining the impact of authentic leadership on employee resilience during the turbulent COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 901 frontline employees working in a construction engineering company in China participated in this study. They were asked to respond to a battery of questionnaires comprising Trust Scale (affective-based, cognitive-based, and competence-based), Flow Proneness Questionnaire (FPQ), Organizational Identification Scale, Authentic Leadership Questionnaire, and Employee Resilience Scale. Results of structural equation modeling indicated that: (1) Authentic leadership positively predicted employee resilience in the COVID-19 pandemic, directly and indirectly. (2) As for the indirect relationship, two parallel mediation effects and one chain mediation were detected: employees' flow at work and organizational identification respectively and dependently mediated the relationship between authentic leadership and employee resilience; trust and organizational identification played as a chain mediation role within authentic leadership-employee resilience association. The study provides empirical evidence for organizations' resilience-building and leadership training programs. Findings also contribute to the literature by facilitating flow intervention, promoting organizational identification and trust to enhance the effect of authentic leadership in promoting positive psychological functioning of employee resilience. Limitations with respect to future research directions were also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Mao
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Psychological Research and Counseling Center, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, China
- Department of Psychology and Behavior Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310028 Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Kang
- School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Lai
- School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, China
| | - Junkai Yu
- School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, China
| | - Xuyuan Deng
- School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxi Zhai
- Southwest Branch, China Railway Construction Group Co., Ltd, 610031 Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Kong
- Department of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, 710062 Xian, China
| | - Jianhong Ma
- Department of Psychology and Behavior Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310028 Hangzhou, China
| | - Flavia Bonaiuto
- Facoltà di Economia, Universitas Mercatorum, 00186 Roma, Italy
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11
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Hintze S, Yee JR. Animals in flow - towards the scientific study of intrinsic reward in animals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 98:792-806. [PMID: 36579815 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The concept of flow, a state of complete absorption in an intrinsically rewarding activity, has played a pivotal role in advancing notions of human well-being beyond minimising suffering towards promoting flourishing and thriving. While flow has played a fundamental role in human positive psychology, it has not yet been explored in non-human animals, leaving an enormous void in our understanding of intrinsic motivation in animals. As ethology and related fields keep progressing in uncovering complex cognitive and affective capacities of non-human animals, we propose the time is ripe to translate the concept of flow to animals. We start by embedding flow in the topic of intrinsic motivation and describe its impact on positive human psychology and potentially positive animal welfare. We then disambiguate flow from related concepts discussed in the animal literature. Next, we derive experimental approaches in animals from the canonical characteristics of flow in humans and provide guidelines for both inducing and assessing flow by focusing on two characteristics that do not necessarily depend on self-report, namely resistance to distraction and time distortion. Not all aspects of the human flow experience are (yet) translatable, but those that are may improve quality of life in captive non-human animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hintze
- Institute of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 38, 1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jason R Yee
- Institute of Animal Welfare Science, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
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12
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How Chanting Relates to Cognitive Function, Altered States and Quality of Life. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12111456. [DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12111456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chanting is practiced in many religious and secular traditions and involves rhythmic vocalization or mental repetition of a sound or phrase. This study examined how chanting relates to cognitive function, altered states, and quality of life across a wide range of traditions. A global survey was used to assess experiences during chanting including flow states, mystical experiences, mindfulness, and mind wandering. Further, attributes of chanting were assessed to determine their association with altered states and cognitive benefits, and whether psychological correlates of chanting are associated with quality of life. Responses were analyzed from 456 English speaking participants who regularly chant across 32 countries and various chanting traditions. Results revealed that different aspects of chanting were associated with distinctive experiential outcomes. Stronger intentionality (devotion, intention, sound) and higher chanting engagement (experience, practice duration, regularity) were associated with altered states and cognitive benefits. Participants whose main practice was call and response chanting reported higher scores of mystical experiences. Participants whose main practice was repetitive prayer reported lower mind wandering. Lastly, intentionality and engagement were associated with quality of life indirectly through altered states and cognitive benefits. This research sheds new light on the phenomenology and psychological consequences of chanting across a range of practices and traditions.
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Parsons A, Dubrow-Marshall L, Turner R, Thurston S, Starkey J, Omylinska-Thurston J, Karkou V. The importance of psychological flow in a creative, embodied and enactive psychological therapy approach (Arts for the Blues). BODY MOVEMENT AND DANCE IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/17432979.2022.2130431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ailsa Parsons
- Lecturer in Psychology and Dance Movement Psychotherapist, Directorate of Psychology, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Linda Dubrow-Marshall
- Head of Psychology and Counselling Psychologist, Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | | | - Scott Thurston
- Reader in English and Creative Writing at the University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Jennifer Starkey
- Research Centre for Arts and Wellbeing, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | | | - Vicky Karkou
- Chair of Dance, Arts and Wellbeing, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
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14
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Dunkel CS, van der Linden D, Bardmass M. Measures of flow proneness mainly assess the general factor of personality. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Using a polygenic score in a family design to understand genetic influences on musicality. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14658. [PMID: 36038631 PMCID: PMC9424203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18703-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To further our understanding of the genetics of musicality, we explored associations between a polygenic score for self-reported beat synchronization ability (PGSrhythm) and objectively measured rhythm discrimination, as well as other validated music skills and music-related traits. Using family data, we were able to further explore potential pathways of direct genetic, indirect genetic (through passive gene–environment correlation) and confounding effects (such as population structure and assortative mating). In 5648 Swedish twins, we found PGSrhythm to predict not only rhythm discrimination, but also melody and pitch discrimination (betas between 0.11 and 0.16, p < 0.001), as well as other music-related outcomes (p < 0.05). In contrast, PGSrhythm was not associated with control phenotypes not directly related to music. Associations did not deteriorate within families (N = 243), implying that indirect genetic or confounding effects did not inflate PGSrhythm effects. A correlation (r = 0.05, p < 0.001) between musical enrichment of the family childhood environment and individuals' PGSrhythm, suggests gene–environment correlation. We conclude that the PGSrhythm captures individuals' general genetic musical propensity, affecting musical behavior more likely direct than through indirect or confounding effects.
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Liu W, Bakker AB, Tse BT, van der Linden D. Does playful work design ‘lead to’ more creativity? A diary study on the role of flow. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1359432x.2022.2104716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Center of Excellence for Positive Organizational Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arnold B. Bakker
- Center of Excellence for Positive Organizational Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Industrial Psychology and People Management, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Barry T. Tse
- School of Social and Health Sciences, James Cook University, Singapore
| | - Dimitri van der Linden
- Center of Excellence for Positive Organizational Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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17
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Mao Y, Lai Y, Zhai Y, Xie M, Yu J, Wang Q, Lu S, Ma J, Bonaiuto M. Authentic Leadership and Employee Resilience: A Moderated Mediation Analysis. Front Psychol 2022; 13:901085. [PMID: 35898984 PMCID: PMC9312127 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.901085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Authentic leadership is essential for predicting employee resilience. However, despite fruitful findings, more adapted models of authentic leadership - employee resilience based on empirical findings can serve as a guide to understand the complex mediators and moderators in different industries such as in construction engineering project organizations during the turbulent pandemic. This study, therefore, based on the organizational identification theory and flow theory through the lens of positive organizational psychology, aims to disentangle the authentic leadership-employee resilience association by investigating their underlying mechanism and their boundary condition. To test our hypothetical model, we applied a cross-sectional design with data collected from a large sample of 884 employees from a big enterprise in China. Findings from confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling analysis, and Hayes's conditional process model indicated that: authentic leadership positively predicted employee resilience through the partial mediation effect of organizational identification, and such a mediation model was moderated by the experience of flow. In other words, flow moderated the relationships between authentic leadership, organizational identification, and employee resilience. Findings provide evidence for cultivating leaders' authenticity in promoting their subordinates' resilience; findings also highlight the significance of organizational identification in bridging authentic leadership and employee resilience and the essential role of flow experience in supporting the relationships mentioned above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Mao
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Psychological Research and Counseling Center, Institute of Applied Psychology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Lai
- School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxi Zhai
- China Railway Construction Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Xie
- School of Foreign Languages, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junkai Yu
- School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiutong Wang
- School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- School of Economics and Business Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing China
| | - Shaokai Lu
- School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianhong Ma
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Marino Bonaiuto
- Department of Psychology of Developmental and Social Processes, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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18
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Bassi M, Carissoli C, Beretta S, Negri L, Fianco A, Delle Fave A. Flow Experience and Emotional Well-Being among Italian Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 156:395-413. [PMID: 35727991 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2022.2074347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research highlighted the negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescents' emotional well-being worldwide. In the attempt to identify resources which could facilitate adolescents' adjustment, this study examined the occurrence of flow experience and related activities, and the association between flow and emotional well-being among Italian teenagers. In Spring 2021, 150 students (40.7% girls) aged 15-19 completed instruments assessing flow and related activities before and during the pandemic, and current positive and negative affect. Findings revealed that only 24.7% of the participants currently reported flow; over half of those reporting flow before the pandemic did not experience it subsequently, and only 6.5% of those not reporting flow before the pandemic currently experienced it. Participants with flow both before and during the pandemic reported higher positive affect than teens who never experienced flow (p = .011), or lost it (p = .006). No group differences were detected for negative affect. Learning, structured leisure, and interpersonal relations were the domains most frequently associated with flow before and during the pandemic, but after the pandemic onset a reduction in the variety of flow activities and limited identification of new flow domains were observed. The association of flow with higher emotional well-being even in pandemic times suggests the potential usefulness of interventions promoting flow retrieval under adverse circumstances.
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19
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Sobhanmanesh A. English as a Foreign Language Teacher Flow: How Do Personality and Emotional Intelligence Factor in? Front Psychol 2022; 13:793955. [PMID: 35795417 PMCID: PMC9252439 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.793955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Teaching is one of the professions that creates opportunities for individuals to experience flow, a state of complete absorption in an activity. However, very few studies have examined ESL/EFL teachers' flow states inside or outside the classroom. As such, this study aimed to explore the quality of experience of 75 EFL teachers in flow and also examine the relationships between their emotional intelligence, the Big Five personality traits and the flow state. To this end, the teachers filled out recurrent flow surveys for a week, and also completed emotional intelligence and the Big Five personality questionnaires. It was found that reading was the major flow trigger outside the classroom and teaching and delivering lessons was the most significant flow-inducing activity for the teachers inside the classroom. Furthermore, correlations and independent samples t-tests indicated that all emotional intelligence and personality traits had significant relationships with flow except agreeableness. Finally, multiple regression analysis showed that two personality traits, conscientiousness and openness to experience were the strongest predictors of the flow state. The implications for future flow-related research in the field of applied linguistics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Sobhanmanesh
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Sheridan College, Oakville, ON, Canada
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20
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Moral-Bofill L, López de la Llave A, Pérez-Llantada MC, Holgado-Tello FP. Development of Flow State Self-Regulation Skills and Coping With Musical Performance Anxiety: Design and Evaluation of an Electronically Implemented Psychological Program. Front Psychol 2022; 13:899621. [PMID: 35783805 PMCID: PMC9248863 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.899621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive Psychology has turned its attention to the study of emotions in a scientific and rigorous way. Particularly, to how emotions influence people's health, performance, or their overall life satisfaction. Within this trend, Flow theory has established a theoretical framework that helps to promote the Flow experience. Flow state, or optimal experience, is a mental state of high concentration and enjoyment that, due to its characteristics, has been considered desirable for the development of the performing activity of performing musicians. Musicians are a population prone to health problems, both psychological and physical, owing to different stressors of their training and professional activity. One of the most common problems is Musical Performance Anxiety. In this investigation, an electronic intervention program was carried out for the development of psychological self-regulation skills whose main objective was to trigger the Flow response in performing musicians and the coping mechanism for Musical Performance Anxiety. A quasi-experimental design was used with a control group in which pre- and post-measures of Flow State, Musical Performance Anxiety and, also, Social Skills were taken. Sixty-two performing musicians from different music colleges in Spain participated in the program. Results indicated that the intervention significantly improved Flow State (t = -2.41, p = 0.02, d = 0.36), and Sense of Control (t = -2.48, p = 0.02, d = 0.47), and decreased Music Performance Anxiety (t = 2.64, p = 0.01, d = 0.24), and self-consciousness (t = -3.66, p = 0.00, d = 0.70) of the participants in the EG but not CG. The changes in the EG after the program showed the inverse relationship between Flow and Anxiety. Two important theoretical factors of both variables (especially in situations of performance and public exposure), such as worry and the feeling of lack of control, could be involved. The results are under discussion and future lines of research are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Moral-Bofill
- Department of Methodology of the Behavioral Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Abstract
The present article critiques standard attempts to make philosophy appear relevant to the scientific study of well-being, drawing examples in particular from works that argue for fundamental differences between different forms of wellbeing (by Besser-Jones, Kristjánsson, and Kraut, for example), and claims concerning the supposedly inherent normativity of wellbeing research (e.g., Prinzing, Alexandrova, and Nussbaum). Specifically, it is argued that philosophers in at least some relevant cases fail to apply what is often claimed to be among their core competences: conceptual rigor—not only in dealing with the psychological construct of flow, but also in relation to apparently philosophical concepts such as normativity, objectivity, or eudaimonia. Furthermore, the uncritical use of so-called thought experiments in philosophy is shown to be inappropriate for the scientific study of wellbeing. As an alternative to such philosophy-as-usual, proper attention to other philosophical traditions is argued to be promising. In particular, the philosophy of ZhuangZi (a contemporary of Aristotle and one of the most important figures in Chinese intellectual history) appears to concord well with today’s psychological knowledge, and to contain valuable ideas for the future development of positive psychology.
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22
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Peifer C, Wolters G, Harmat L, Heutte J, Tan J, Freire T, Tavares D, Fonte C, Andersen FO, van den Hout J, Šimleša M, Pola L, Ceja L, Triberti S. A Scoping Review of Flow Research. Front Psychol 2022; 13:815665. [PMID: 35465560 PMCID: PMC9022035 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.815665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow is a gratifying state of deep involvement and absorption that individuals report when facing a challenging activity and they perceive adequate abilities to cope with it (EFRN, 2014). The flow concept was introduced by Csikszentmihalyi in 1975, and interest in flow research is growing. However, to our best knowledge, no scoping review exists that takes a systematic look at studies on flow which were published between the years 2000 and 2016. Overall, 252 studies have been included in this review. Our review (1) provides a framework to cluster flow research, (2) gives a systematic overview about existing studies and their findings, and (3) provides an overview about implications for future research. The provided framework consists of three levels of flow research. In the first “Individual” level are the categories for personality, motivation, physiology, emotion, cognition, and behavior. The second “Contextual” level contains the categories for contextual and interindividual factors and the third “Cultural” level contains cultural factors that relate to flow. Using our framework, we systematically present the findings for each category. While flow research has made progress in understanding flow, in the future, more experimental and longitudinal studies are needed to gain deeper insights into the causal structure of flow and its antecedents and consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Peifer
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gina Wolters
- Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - László Harmat
- Department of Psychology, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Jean Heutte
- ULR 4354 - CIREL - Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche en Education de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jasmine Tan
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Freire
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Carla Fonte
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Jef van den Hout
- Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Milija Šimleša
- Institute of Psychology Henri Pieron, Université Paris 5 René Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Linda Pola
- Department of Cultural Heritage and Environment, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Ceja
- IESE Business School, University of Navarra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefano Triberti
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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23
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Mantzalas J, Richdale AL, Dissanayake C. A conceptual model of risk and protective factors for autistic burnout. Autism Res 2022; 15:976-987. [PMID: 35416430 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Early qualitative research indicates that autistic burnout is commonly experienced by autistic people and is associated with significant, negative consequences for their mental health, wellbeing, and quality of life, including suicidality. Findings to date suggest that factors associated with being autistic and the widespread lack of autism awareness and acceptance within society contribute to the onset and recurrence of autistic burnout. Based on autistic adults' descriptions of their lived experiences, a Conceptual Model of Autistic Burnout (CMAB) is proposed, which describes a series of hypothesized relationships between identified risk and protective factors that may contribute to, or buffer against, autistic burnout. The theoretical framework for the CMAB is based on the Social-Relational model of disability and neurodiversity paradigm, and the Job Demands-Resources model of burnout, and Conservation of Resources theory. The CMAB offers a holistic perspective for understanding individual, social, and environmental factors that can influence autistic burnout via various direct and indirect pathways. Autistic burnout research is in its infancy and the CMAB provides a foundation for future investigations about this condition. LAY SUMMARY: Although many autistic people describe experiencing autistic burnout, there has been little research on this topic. Based on descriptions of autistic peoples' lived experiences, we developed a conceptual model to explore how various risk and protective factors may interact to contribute to, or prevent, autistic burnout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Mantzalas
- Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amanda L Richdale
- Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cheryl Dissanayake
- Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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24
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Rakei A, Tan J, Bhattacharya J. Flow in contemporary musicians: Individual differences in flow proneness, anxiety, and emotional intelligence. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265936. [PMID: 35333890 PMCID: PMC8956189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow is a highly focussed state of consciousness that is rewarding, fulfilling, and sought after by many, especially musicians. It is characterised by exceptional levels of concentration, loss of self-consciousness, and competent control over one's actions. Several personality and non-cognitive traits have been positively linked with flow proneness, such as emotional intelligence; however, anxiety is thought to be the antithesis of flow, yet the relationship between trait anxiety and flow proneness in musicians is not adequately characterised. This study investigated the individual differences in flow proneness in contemporary musicians (N = 664), focusing on the interaction of trait anxiety and emotional intelligence. We identified a significant negative correlation between trait anxiety and flow. Emotional intelligence was positively correlated with flow proneness and negatively with trait anxiety. Moderation analysis revealed a difference in the relationship between trait anxiety and flow depending on the level of emotional intelligence; there was no correlation in those with low emotional intelligence, whereas a strong negative relationship was found in those with high emotional intelligence. Finally, hierarchical regression indicated that musical training was the most substantial predictor of all the tested variables and that trait anxiety did not add any predictive power on top of the known predictors. Altogether, this study provided new insights into the possible disruption of flow proneness linked to high anxiety and low emotional intelligence in contemporary musicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Rakei
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, England
| | - Jasmine Tan
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, England
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
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25
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The Relationship between Flow Experience and Burnout Symptoms: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19073865. [PMID: 35409547 PMCID: PMC8998023 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: In today’s performance-oriented society, burnout symptoms, defined as consequences of chronic work stress, are an increasing problem. To counteract this development, the important aims are (1) to find protective and modifiable factors that reduce the risk of developing and harboring burnout symptoms and (2) to understand the underlying mechanisms. A phenomenon potentially furthering both aims is flow experience. Based on the earlier literature, we developed a psycho-physiological “Flow-Burnout-Model”, which postulates positive or negative associations between flow and burnout symptoms, depending on the prevailing situational and personal conditions. Methods: To test our Flow-Burnout-Model, we conducted a systematic literature search encompassing flow and burnout symptoms. Eighteen empirical studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Results: The findings of the systematic review as a whole suggest a negative association between flow and burnout symptoms, both cross-sectional and longitudinal. According to the findings from longitudinal studies, flow can be interpreted as a protective factor against burnout symptoms, and burnout symptoms can be interpreted as a factor inhibiting flow. In our conclusion, we maintain the assumption of a bidirectional association between flow and burnout symptoms in the Flow-Burnout-Model but modify the initially suggested positive and negative associations between flow and burnout symptoms towards a predominantly negative relationship. Discussion: Mindful of the heterogeneous findings of earlier studies, the resulting comprehensive Flow-Burnout-Model will lay the foundations for future hypothesis-based research. This includes physiological mechanisms explaining the relationship between flow and burnout symptoms, and likewise, the conditions of their longitudinal association.
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26
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Isham A, Verfuerth C, Armstrong A, Elf P, Gatersleben B, Jackson T. The Problematic Role of Materialistic Values in the Pursuit of Sustainable Well-Being. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063673. [PMID: 35329360 PMCID: PMC8951562 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Strong materialistic values help to maintain consumer capitalism, but they can have negative consequences for individual well-being, for social equity and for environmental sustainability. In this paper, we add to the existing literature on the adverse consequences of materialistic values by highlighting their negative association with engagement in attitudes and actions that support the achievement of sustainable well-being. To do this, we explore the links between materialistic values and attitudes towards sufficiency (consuming “just enough”) as well as mindfulness (non-judgmental awareness of the present moment) and flow (total immersion in an activity), which have all been linked to increased well-being and more sustainable behaviours. We present results from three correlational studies that examine the association between materialistic values and sufficiency attitudes (Study 1, n = 310), a multi-faceted measure of mindfulness (Study 2, n = 468) and the tendency to experience flow (Study 3, n = 2000). Results show that materialistic values were negatively associated with sufficiency attitudes, mindfulness, and flow experiences. We conclude with practical considerations and suggest next steps for tackling the problematic aspects of materialism and encouraging the development of sustainable well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Isham
- Centre for the Understanding of Sustainable Prosperity (CUSP), Centre for Environment and Sustainability, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; (A.A.); (P.E.); (B.G.); (T.J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Caroline Verfuerth
- Centre for Climate Change and Social Transformations (CAST), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK;
| | - Alison Armstrong
- Centre for the Understanding of Sustainable Prosperity (CUSP), Centre for Environment and Sustainability, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; (A.A.); (P.E.); (B.G.); (T.J.)
- Present Minds Ltd., Surrey GU7 3EU, UK
| | - Patrick Elf
- Centre for the Understanding of Sustainable Prosperity (CUSP), Centre for Environment and Sustainability, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; (A.A.); (P.E.); (B.G.); (T.J.)
- Centre for Enterprise and Economic Development Research (CEEDR), Middlesex University Business School, Middlesex University, London NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Birgitta Gatersleben
- Centre for the Understanding of Sustainable Prosperity (CUSP), Centre for Environment and Sustainability, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; (A.A.); (P.E.); (B.G.); (T.J.)
| | - Tim Jackson
- Centre for the Understanding of Sustainable Prosperity (CUSP), Centre for Environment and Sustainability, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; (A.A.); (P.E.); (B.G.); (T.J.)
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Aleksandrova L. Flow theory in foreign and Russian psychology: history, contemporary state of arts and perspectives of development. СОВРЕМЕННАЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНАЯ ПСИХОЛОГИЯ 2022. [DOI: 10.17759/jmfp.2022110314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The article describes the theoretical premises and the logic of the emergence of the Flow concept and its development in almost half of the century. The article presents an overview of the current state of arts in Flow theory being developed by M. Csikszentmihalyi and his followers. Different models of Flow are described, main directions of Flow research are analyzed, an overview of research methods and techniques are highlighted, including qualitative (interviews) and quantitative methods (questionnaires, experience sampling method (ESM). The possibilities and directions of further development of the Flow ideas and research, including interdisciplinary ones, are discussed. The ideas and concepts of representatives of modern Russian psychology, most close to the ideas of M. Csikszentmihalyi and their contribution to flow understanding are listed.
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28
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Wu J, Xie M, Lai Y, Mao Y, Harmat L. Flow as a Key Predictor of Subjective Well-Being Among Chinese University Students: A Chain Mediating Model. Front Psychol 2021; 12:743906. [PMID: 34867624 PMCID: PMC8636857 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.743906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated a conceptual model by testing flow experience and subjective well-being of university students during Coronavirus Diseas-19 (COVID-19) via considering their underlying mechanisms of academic self-efficacy and self-esteem. A total of 1,109 Chinese university students completed a questionnaire containing scales of subjective well-being, flow, academic self-efficacy, and self-esteem. Results yielded from the structural equation modeling analysis indicated a significant and positive association between flow experience and subjective well-being, and such an association was sequentially mediated by academic self-efficacy and self-esteem. Findings also provided empirical evidence for the proposed model highlighting the significant role of flow experience at the higher educational context in predicting subjective well-being of Chinese university students, and how such a relation can be supported by suggested mediating roles academic self-efficacy and self-esteem played.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- School of Foreign Languages, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Xie
- School of Foreign Languages, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Lai
- School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanhui Mao
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Psychological Research and Counseling Center, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Psychology and Behavior Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Laszlo Harmat
- Department of Psychology, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden
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29
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de Manzano Ö, Ullén F. Domain specific traits predict achievement in music and multipotentiality. INTELLIGENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2021.101584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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30
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Clapp SR, McCauley PR, Karwowski W, Hancock PA. The seat of happiness? The effect of seat comfort on the achievement of psychological flow during transactional work. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2021; 96:103508. [PMID: 34157479 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Psychological flow is highly pleasurable, time-limited form of engagement in a task which has been shown to produce benefits in the workplace. Flow has historically been studied in the context of the interaction between the task and the performer. However, in work settings such as an office, many other factors may contribute to or hinder the achievement of flow. This present study broadens the research on flow to test the extent to which seating comfort while executing a challenging task influences an individual's ability to achieve flow. Fifty-four participants in this study were randomly assigned to one of two seat types and given a set of tasks to perform via a computer simulation. Seat comfort, coupled with participants' perceptions of their ability to concentrate on the simulation's set of tasks, was found to predict participants' flow experiences. Implications and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Clapp
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems, University of Central Florida, Florida, USA.
| | | | - Waldemar Karwowski
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems, University of Central Florida, Florida, USA
| | - P A Hancock
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Florida, USA
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Farhat K, Aslam W, Arif I, Ahmed Z. Does the Dark Side of Personality Traits Explain Compulsive Smartphone Use of Higher Education Students? The Interaction Effect of Dark Side of Personality with Desirability and Feasibility of Smartphone Use. IIM KOZHIKODE SOCIETY & MANAGEMENT REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/22779752211000479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Research on compulsive use of smartphones amongst students largely remains unexplored. The study seeks to investigate the feasibility and desirability motives—instant gratification, mood regulations, convenience, flow and personality—to understand the compulsive use of smartphones. The results of the useful data of 200 respondents following purposive sampling design, provided evidence of instant gratification, mood regulation and convenience motives, which significantly explain flow and compulsive smartphone use. Personality of users also appeared as a significant moderator between flow and compulsive smartphone use. The findings of the study reveal that the personality of smartphone users enhances the propensity to build compulsive smartphone use. Additionally, the findings reveal the double-edged sword impact of flow in forming compulsive smartphone use and allowing smartphone brands to design phones that help phone users to develop self-control over their behaviours related to using smartphones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Farhat
- Department of Marketing, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Wajeeha Aslam
- Faculty of Management Science, IQRA University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Arif
- Faculty of Management Science, IQRA University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zohaib Ahmed
- Faculty of Management Science, IQRA University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Gold J, Ciorciari J. A neurocognitive model of flow states and the role of cerebellar internal models. Behav Brain Res 2021; 407:113244. [PMID: 33744335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper conceptualizes a comprehensive body of neurocognitive knowledge of flow states based on two primary competing neurocognitive theories underpinning flow's purported functioning, the transient hypofrontality hypothesis and the network synchronization model. With these models in mind, a new neurocognitive model of flow is synthesized based on the similarities of these pre-existing theories and utilizing the internal models of the cerebellum to elucidate the differences and crossover in the current flow research. Ultimately, this paper works to provide a platform for researchers to use as a future reference and for hypothesis generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Gold
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne Neuroimaging (SNI), Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia.
| | - Joseph Ciorciari
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
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Khoshnoud S, Alvarez Igarzábal F, Wittmann M. Peripheral-physiological and neural correlates of the flow experience while playing video games: a comprehensive review. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10520. [PMID: 33384898 PMCID: PMC7751419 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The flow state is defined by intense involvement in an activity with high degrees of concentration and focused attention accompanied by a sense of pleasure. Video games are effective tools for inducing flow, and keeping players in this state is considered to be one of the central goals of game design. Many studies have focused on the underlying physiological and neural mechanisms of flow. Results are inconsistent when describing a unified mechanism underlying this mental state. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the physiological and neural correlates of flow and explains the relationship between the reported physiological and neural markers of the flow experience. Despite the heterogeneous results, it seems possible to establish associations between reported markers and the cognitive and experiential aspects of flow, particularly regarding arousal, attention control, reward processing, automaticity, and self-referential processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Khoshnoud
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Marc Wittmann
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Freiburg, Germany
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Marty-Dugas J, Howes L, Smilek D. Sustained attention and the experience of flow. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 85:2682-2696. [PMID: 33225384 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-020-01433-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The state of flow-often referred to as being "in the zone"-is characterized by the experience of deep, effortless concentration on the activity one is engaged in. While much of the flow literature seems to imply a tight link between flow and attention processes, relatively little work has assessed this question empirically. In the present study, we explored how the experience of flow relates to behavioural performance on the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART). Flow was indexed at the state level using thought-probes and at the trait level via questionnaires. The main finding was that those who experienced more state-level flow during the SART made fewer commission errors during the task, indicating that flow is linked to better sustained attention. Interestingly, the correlation between flow and sustained attention performance was found to increase in the second half of the task. While trait flow was not related to SART performance, it was found to be predictive of state flow during the task, such that those who tended to experience higher levels of flow in their everyday lives also experienced more flow during the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Marty-Dugas
- University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
| | - Laura Howes
- University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Smilek
- University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Coleman MJ, Barber BL, Donaghue N. Aesthetic salience and flow in young athletes: Exploring the moderating role of personality, gender, and age. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ajpy.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J. Coleman
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia,
| | - Bonnie L. Barber
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia,
- School of Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia,
| | - Ngaire Donaghue
- School of Humanities, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia,
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Groarke JM, Hogan MJ. The Eudaimonic Functions of Music Listening Scale: An Instrument to Measure Transcendence, Flow and Peak Experience in Music. Front Psychol 2020; 11:566296. [PMID: 33013602 PMCID: PMC7506155 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There are many adaptive functions of music listening (AFML) that are relevant for understanding wellbeing. Functions relating to mood and emotion regulation dominate general measures of music listening functions. Eudaimonic functions of music listening (FML) have been identified, but no scale has been developed to measure these functions. The current study reports on the development of a new measure to assess eudaimonic music listening functions. Items were developed based on a prior qualitative study and a literature review focused on music listening and wellbeing. The factor structure was investigated by EFA and CFA in a large sample of participants (N = 637, 17-66 years, M = 22.04, SD = 6.23, 326 males). Tests of dimensionality revealed a three factor scale with seven items. The scale and its subscales possess good internal consistency. The Eudaimonic FML scale measures Transcendence, Flow, and Peak Experience. Contrary to expectations eudaimonic FML did not relate to higher wellbeing (higher positive affect, lower negative affect, higher life satisfaction), rather results suggest that these FML are associated with greater emotional experience more generally. This brief scale will have applications in research focused on music listening benefits, music selection preferences, and experimental and developmental effects of music listening on psychological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Groarke
- Centre for Improving Health-Related Quality of Life, School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Hogan
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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How well do nursing staff assess the wellbeing of nursing home residents? An explorative study of using single-question scales. AGEING & SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/s0144686x20001178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPerson-centred care requires improved documentation of nursing home resident wellbeing, e.g. by nursing staff proxy assessments. Previous studies mainly focused on proxy self-report agreement of quality of life of people with dementia, using lengthy questionnaires. This is the first study to investigate how well nursing staff assess residents’ wellbeing after training, using a single-question assessment method of happiness and engagement. We conducted a cross-sectional mixed-method study, including proxy assessments from 49 nursing staff, and self-reports from 49 nursing home residents without dementia (mean age 85). We explored agreement between colleagues, and between proxy assessments and self-reports, and potential nursing staff characteristics associated to this (age, experience, hours worked per week). Brief written motivations were evaluated on nursing staffs’ understanding of the happiness and engagement concepts. The results showed low agreement between colleagues, and low agreement between proxy assessments and self-reports. Nursing staff assessed happiness and engagement substantially higher than residents’ self-reports. Hours worked per week was related to happiness proxy assessments, but none of the included nursing staff characteristics were related to proxy self-report agreement. Nursing staff interpreted the concepts in diverse ways. Overestimating resident wellbeing when using this single-assessment method may undermine subsequent efforts to improve wellbeing. We could not identify which nursing staff could best provide wellbeing assessments. For now, proxy wellbeing assessments should always be combined with regular self-reports whenever possible.
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Jaque SV, Thomson P, Zaragoza J, Werner F, Podeszwa J, Jacobs K. Creative Flow and Physiologic States in Dancers During Performance. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1000. [PMID: 32528376 PMCID: PMC7266962 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-professional and professional dancers (n = 60) participated in this ambulatory psychophysiology study that investigated performance flow and heart rate and autonomic nervous system (ANS) function during three time periods: baseline rest, performance, and post-performance rest. To gather these results, the psychophysiology laboratory traveled to the concert hall to collect data on dancers. The self-report Flow State Scale (FSS) measured global flow, challenge–skill balance, sense of control, and autotelic experiences; it addresses important features of the creative experience of performing artists. These data were collected immediately following the performance. The flow measures were compared with physiologic responses to performance [heart rate, pre-ejection period (PEP), root mean square differences of successive R-R (heartbeat) intervals (RMSSD), cardiac autonomic balance, and cardiac autonomic regulation]. The regression analyses indicated that greater sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation with performance (PEP change from base to performance) explained 8.8% of the variance in sense of control, whereas less cardiac autonomic regulation explained 13.8% of the variance in autotelic experiences. The sample was then divided into high and low flow groupings and four autonomic groups. During performance, the high autotelic group and high sense of control group had a higher distribution of dancers with co-inhibition of both ANS branches than had the low autotelic and sense of control groups who employed more co-activation of both ANS branches (chi-square analyses). These novel findings add to the growing information about the interaction of both branches of the ANS during creative performance flow states.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Victoria Jaque
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Paula Thomson
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Theater, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Paula Thomson,
| | - Jessica Zaragoza
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Frances Werner
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jeff Podeszwa
- Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, United States
| | - Kristin Jacobs
- Cardiac Rehabilitation and Wellness, UC San Diego Health, San Diego, CA, United States
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Gu H, Wen Z, Fan X. Investigating the Multidimensionality of the Work-Related Flow Inventory (WOLF): A Bifactor Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling Framework. Front Psychol 2020; 11:740. [PMID: 32435216 PMCID: PMC7218516 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the factor structure of the Work-Related Flow Inventory (WOLF) through the application of the bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling (B-ESEM) framework. Using a sample of 577 Chinese teachers, we contrasted a series of competing models, including CFA, ESEM, bifactor CFA, and B-ESEM models. The results suggested that the B-ESEM structure with three S-factors (absorption, work enjoyment, and intrinsic work motivation) and one G-factor (global flow) was the best representation of the WOLF ratings. The results also supported the composite reliability and the strict invariance of this measurement structure between male and female groups. Relative to males, female teachers showed a higher level of global work-related flow experience. Finally, the nomological validity of WOLF ratings was supported by the statistical relationships of the WOLF factors with job satisfaction and autonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Gu
- Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhonglin Wen
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xitao Fan
- School of Humanities & Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
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Schermuly CC, Meyer B. Transformational leadership, psychological empowerment, and flow at work. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1359432x.2020.1749050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bertolt Meyer
- Institute for Psychology, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz
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Differentiating Flow Experiences in Physical Versus Mental Activities: A Sequential Explanatory Study. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL SPORT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1123/jcsp.2018-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Flow is a desirable state of consciousness and absorption in an optimally challenging activity. Prior research has investigated individual differences in flow. The present study investigates flow by contrasting physical versus mental activities, using a mixed-methods, sequential explanatory design. The sample from the quantitative phase included 205 undergraduate university students assessed on measures of personality, difficulties in emotion regulation, and flow. The big-five traits intellect and conscientiousness, as well as the emotion regulation subscale “lack of emotional clarity” predicted flow during mental activities, but unexpectedly no variables significantly predicted physical flow activities. The second phase used semi-structured interviews with 10 participants. Analyses of the interviews helped further explain the statistical findings, revealing four main themes: role of stress, source of guilt, presence of others, and satisfaction and fulfillment. We conclude that flow is especially relevant in physical activities which have advantages over mental activities in opportunities to experience flow.
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Tse DCK, Nakamura J, Csikszentmihalyi M. Living well by “flowing’ well: The indirect effect of autotelic personality on well-being through flow experience. THE JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2020.1716055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dwight C. K. Tse
- Quality of Life Research Center, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, USA
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jeanne Nakamura
- Quality of Life Research Center, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, USA
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45
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A meta-analysis of flow effects and the perception of time. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2019; 198:102836. [PMID: 31279183 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An altered sense of the experience of time represents one of the nine dimensions that is conceived as characterizing a state of flow. While a number of other factors necessarily contribute to this overall experience of flow, subjective time perception is of particular quantitative interest and thus serves as the focus of the present meta-analysis. The extant body of relevant quantitative research was evaluated to identify data relating to both flow and change in the sense of time. Sixty-three (n = 63) articles were determined to qualify under the current specified inclusion criteria. These sixty-three studies yielded one thousand and ninety-four (n = 1094) effect sizes. All studies included in the meta-analysis were also coded for relevant moderator variables. Results indicated moderately positive correlations between affective, consciousness, and performance based aspects of flow (r = 0.4, 0.21, 0.17 respectively), thus reinforcing the original conceptualization of their relationship for the generation and maintenance of the flow state. Additionally, variations in environmental conditions (both physical and social) were found to have differential effects on the overall level of experienced flow. The results of this meta-analysis also serve to inform the process of further model development that can more accurately quantify and predict temporal perception as one metric of flow.
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Salehzadeh Niksirat K, Park K, Silpasuwanchai C, Wang Z, Ren X. The relationship between flow proneness in everyday life and variations in the volume of gray matter in the dopaminergic system: A cross-sectional study. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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van den Hout JJJ, Davis OC, Weggeman MCDP. The Conceptualization of Team Flow. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 152:388-423. [PMID: 30089084 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2018.1449729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the noted potential for team flow to enhance a team's effectiveness, productivity, performance, and capabilities, studies on the construct in the workplace context are scarce. Most research on flow at the group level has been focused on performance in athletics or the arts, and looks at the collective experience. But, the context of work has different parameters, which necessitate a look at individual and team level experiences. In this review, we extend current theories and essay a testable, multilevel model of team flow in the workplace that includes its likely prerequisites, characteristics, and benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Orin C Davis
- b New York Institute of Technology (EMBA).,c Iona College
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48
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Ulrich M, Niemann J, Boland M, Kammer T, Niemann F, Grön G. The neural correlates of flow experience explored with transcranial direct current stimulation. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:3223-3237. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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49
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Tse DCK, Lau VWY, Perlman R, McLaughlin M. The Development and Validation of the Autotelic Personality Questionnaire. J Pers Assess 2018; 102:88-101. [PMID: 30183366 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2018.1491855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Autotelic personality is a constellation of dispositional attributes that facilitate engagement and enjoyment in daily activities. However, there is no existing measurement directly capturing the attributes of autotelic personality that are identified in the literature. In the three studies reported here (total N = 900), we developed an Autotelic Personality Questionnaire (APQ) and evaluated its reliability and validity. Results from the studies provide support for adequate internal consistency, longitudinal invariance, and test-retest reliability (Study 1 and Study 2). Furthermore, APQ scores were significantly correlated with measures of conscientiousness, openness to experience, extraversion, neuroticism, and internal locus of control. In addition, APQ scores predicted flow proneness and satisfaction with life (Study 2). These results provide support for construct and criterion validity. Finally, people high in autotelic personality experienced more flow state than those low in autotelic personality during a word unscrambling task (Study 3), indicating good criterion validity of the APQ scores. Limitations, future research, and implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight C K Tse
- Division on Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont Graduate University
| | - Vienne Wing-Yan Lau
- Division on Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont Graduate University
| | - Rachael Perlman
- Division on Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont Graduate University
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50
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Deep, effortless concentration: re-examining the flow concept and exploring relations with inattention, absorption, and personality. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 83:1760-1777. [PMID: 29948186 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-018-1031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Conceptualizing the construct of flow in terms of 'deep and effortless concentration', we developed two measurement scales designed to index individual differences in flow during 'internal' tasks, such as thinking (deep effortless concentration: internal-DECI) and during 'external' tasks, such as while playing a sport (deep effortless concentration: external-DECE). These scales were highly correlated, indicating that individuals prone to experiencing flow in external contexts are also prone to experience flow in internal contexts. Nonetheless, a measurement model construing internal and external flow as related, but separate, constructs was found to fit the data significantly better than a model where they were construed as a single construct. We then explored associations between flow and various forms of everyday inattention. In addition, we explored the relation between flow and the Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS), an index of absorption, as well as the Big Five personality traits. Amongst other things, we found that flow was negatively related to inattention, indicating that people who experience flow more frequently may experience relatively less inattention in everyday contexts.
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