1
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Khan R, Laumet G, Leinninger GM. Hungry for relief: Potential for neurotensin to address comorbid obesity and pain. Appetite 2024; 200:107540. [PMID: 38852785 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Chronic pain and obesity frequently occur together. An ideal therapy would alleviate pain without weight gain, and most optimally, could promote weight loss. The neuropeptide neurotensin (Nts) has been separately implicated in reducing weight and pain but could it be a common actionable target for both pain and obesity? Here we review the current knowledge of Nts signaling via its receptors in modulating body weight and pain processing. Evaluating the mechanism by which Nts impacts ingestive behavior, body weight, and analgesia has potential to identify common physiologic mechanisms underlying weight and pain comorbidities, and whether Nts may be common actionable targets for both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabail Khan
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Geoffroy Laumet
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Gina M Leinninger
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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2
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Elafros MA, Reynolds EL, Callaghan BC. Obesity-related neuropathy: the new epidemic. Curr Opin Neurol 2024:00019052-990000000-00172. [PMID: 38864534 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To examine the evidence evaluating the association between obesity and neuropathy as well as potential interventions. RECENT FINDINGS Although diabetes has long been associated with neuropathy, additional metabolic syndrome components, including obesity, are increasingly linked to neuropathy development, regardless of glycemic status. Preclinical rodent models as well as clinical studies are shedding light on the mechanisms of obesity-related neuropathy as well as challenges associated with slowing progression. Dietary and surgical weight loss and exercise interventions are promising, but more data is needed. SUMMARY High-fat-diet rodent models have shown that obesity-related neuropathy is a product of excess glucose and lipid accumulation leading to inflammation and cell death. Clinical studies consistently demonstrate obesity is independently associated with neuropathy; therefore, likely a causal risk factor. Dietary weight loss improves neuropathy symptoms but not examination scores. Bariatric surgery and exercise are promising interventions, but larger, more rigorous studies are needed. Further research is also needed to determine the utility of weight loss medications and ideal timing for obesity interventions to prevent neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evan Lee Reynolds
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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3
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Green-Fulgham SM, Lacagnina MJ, Willcox KF, Li J, Harland ME, Ciena AP, Rocha IRC, Ball JB, Dreher RA, Zuberi YA, Dragavon JM, Chacur M, Maier SF, Watkins LR, Grace PM. Voluntary wheel running prevents formation of membrane attack complexes and myelin degradation after peripheral nerve injury. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:419-431. [PMID: 37924957 PMCID: PMC10842182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular aerobic activity is associated with a reduced risk of chronic pain in humans and rodents. Our previous studies in rodents have shown that prior voluntary wheel running can normalize redox signaling at the site of peripheral nerve injury, attenuating subsequent neuropathic pain. However, the full extent of neuroprotection offered by voluntary wheel running after peripheral nerve injury is unknown. Here, we show that six weeks of voluntary wheel running prior to chronic constriction injury (CCI) reduced the terminal complement membrane attack complex (MAC) at the sciatic nerve injury site. This was associated with increased expression of the MAC inhibitor CD59. The levels of upstream complement components (C3) and their inhibitors (CD55, CR1 and CFH) were altered by CCI, but not increased by voluntary wheel running. Since MAC can degrade myelin, which in turn contributes to neuropathic pain, we evaluated myelin integrity at the sciatic nerve injury site. We found that the loss of myelinated fibers and decreased myelin protein which occurs in sedentary rats following CCI was not observed in rats with prior running. Substitution of prior voluntary wheel running with exogenous CD59 also attenuated mechanical allodynia and reduced MAC deposition at the nerve injury site, pointing to CD59 as a critical effector of the neuroprotective and antinociceptive actions of prior voluntary wheel running. This study links attenuation of neuropathic pain by prior voluntary wheel running with inhibition of MAC and preservation of myelin integrity at the sciatic nerve injury site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Green-Fulgham
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Michael J Lacagnina
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kendal F Willcox
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jiahe Li
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael E Harland
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Adriano Polican Ciena
- Laboratory of Morphology and Physical Activity (LAMAF), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor R Correia Rocha
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Laboratory of Neuroanatomy Functional of Pain, Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jayson B Ball
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Renee A Dreher
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Younus A Zuberi
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joseph M Dragavon
- Advanced Light Microscopy Core, BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Marucia Chacur
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Laboratory of Neuroanatomy Functional of Pain, Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Steven F Maier
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Linda R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Peter M Grace
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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4
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Zhu GC, Chen YW, Tsai KL, Wang JJ, Hung CH, Schmid AB. Swimming exercise attenuates mechanical hypersensitivity and mitigates peripheral nerve degeneration in rats with painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN). Neurosci Lett 2023; 812:137406. [PMID: 37480979 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of swimming exercise in alleviating mechanical hypersensitivity and peripheral nerve degeneration associated with a pre-clinical model of painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN). METHODS This study is a pre-clinical study conducted using the streptozocin (STZ)-induced PDN rat model. Rats were randomly allocated to three groups: a vehicle group of non-diabetic rats (Vehicle, n = 9), a group of rats with PDN (PDN, n = 8), and a group of rats with PDN that performed a swimming exercise program (PDN-SW, n = 10). The swimming exercise program included daily 30-minute swimming exercise, 5 days per week for 4 weeks. Von Frey testing was used to monitor hindpaw mechanical sensitivity over 4 weeks. Assessment of cutaneous peripheral nerve fiber integrity was performed after the 4-week study period via immunohistochemistry for protein gene product 9.5-positive (PGP9.5+) intra-epidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) in hind-paw skin biopsies by a blinded investigator. RESULTS The results showed that swimming exercise mitigated but did not fully reverse mechanical hypersensitivity in rats with PDN. Immunohistochemical testing revealed that the rats in the PDN-SW group retained higher PGP9.5+ IENFD compared to the PDN group but did not reach normal levels of the Vehicle group. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that swimming exercise can mitigate mechanical hypersensitivity and degeneration of peripheral nerve fibers in rats with experimental PDN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Cheng Zhu
- Department of Physical Therapy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Wen Chen
- Department of Physical Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kun-Ling Tsai
- Department of Physical Therapy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jhi-Joung Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Hsia Hung
- Department of Physical Therapy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Annina B Schmid
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Enders J, Jack J, Thomas S, Lynch P, Lasnier S, Cao X, Swanson MT, Ryals JM, Thyfault JP, Puchalska P, Crawford PA, Wright DE. Ketolysis is required for the proper development and function of the somatosensory nervous system. Exp Neurol 2023; 365:114428. [PMID: 37100111 PMCID: PMC10765955 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Ketogenic diets are emerging as protective interventions in preclinical and clinical models of somatosensory nervous system disorders. Additionally, dysregulation of succinyl-CoA 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase 1 (SCOT, encoded by Oxct1), the fate-committing enzyme in mitochondrial ketolysis, has recently been described in Friedreich's ataxia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, the contribution of ketone metabolism in the normal development and function of the somatosensory nervous system remains poorly characterized. We generated sensory neuron-specific, Advillin-Cre knockout of SCOT (Adv-KO-SCOT) mice and characterized the structure and function of their somatosensory system. We used histological techniques to assess sensory neuronal populations, myelination, and skin and spinal dorsal horn innervation. We also examined cutaneous and proprioceptive sensory behaviors with the von Frey test, radiant heat assay, rotarod, and grid-walk tests. Adv-KO-SCOT mice exhibited myelination deficits, altered morphology of putative Aδ soma from the dorsal root ganglion, reduced cutaneous innervation, and abnormal innervation of the spinal dorsal horn compared to wildtype mice. Synapsin 1-Cre-driven knockout of Oxct1 confirmed deficits in epidermal innervation following a loss of ketone oxidation. Loss of peripheral axonal ketolysis was further associated with proprioceptive deficits, yet Adv-KO-SCOT mice did not exhibit drastically altered cutaneous mechanical and thermal thresholds. Knockout of Oxct1 in peripheral sensory neurons resulted in histological abnormalities and severe proprioceptive deficits in mice. We conclude that ketone metabolism is essential for the development of the somatosensory nervous system. These findings also suggest that decreased ketone oxidation in the somatosensory nervous system may explain the neurological symptoms of Friedreich's ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Enders
- Departments of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States of America
| | - Jarrid Jack
- Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States of America
| | - Sarah Thomas
- Departments of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States of America
| | - Paige Lynch
- Departments of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States of America
| | - Sarah Lasnier
- Departments of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States of America
| | - Xin Cao
- Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States of America
| | - M Taylor Swanson
- Departments of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States of America
| | - Janelle M Ryals
- Departments of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States of America
| | - John P Thyfault
- Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States of America; Internal Medicine - Division of Endocrinology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States of America; KU Diabetes Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States of America
| | - Patrycja Puchalska
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States of America
| | - Peter A Crawford
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States of America; Department of Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Douglas E Wright
- Departments of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States of America; KU Diabetes Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States of America.
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6
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Enders J, Elliott D, Wright DE. Emerging Nonpharmacologic Interventions to Treat Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:989-1000. [PMID: 36503268 PMCID: PMC10402707 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), a complication of metabolic syndrome, type I and type II diabetes, leads to sensory changes that include slow nerve conduction, nerve degeneration, loss of sensation, pain, and gate disturbances. These complications remain largely untreatable, although tight glycemic control can prevent neuropathy progression. Nonpharmacologic approaches remain the most impactful to date, but additional advances in treatment approaches are needed. Recent Advances: This review highlights several emerging interventions, including a focus on dietary interventions and physical activity, that continue to show promise for treating DPN. We provide an overview of our current understanding of how exercise can improve aspects of DPN. We also highlight new studies in which a ketogenic diet has been used as an intervention to prevent and reverse DPN. Critical Issues: Both exercise and consuming a ketogenic diet induce systemic and cellular changes that collectively improve complications associated with DPN. Both interventions may involve similar signaling pathways and benefits but also impact DPN through unique mechanisms. Future Directions: These lifestyle interventions are critically important as personalized medicine approaches will likely be needed to identify specific subsets of neuropathy symptoms and deficits in patients, and determine the most impactful treatment. Overall, these two interventions have the potential to provide meaningful relief for patients with DPN and provide new avenues to identify new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Enders
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Daniel Elliott
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Douglas E. Wright
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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7
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Thomas S, Enders J, Kaiser A, Rovenstine L, Heslop L, Hauser W, Chadwick A, Wright D. Abnormal intraepidermal nerve fiber density in disease: A scoping review. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1161077. [PMID: 37153658 PMCID: PMC10157176 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1161077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) has become an important biomarker for neuropathy diagnosis and research. The consequences of reduced IENFD can include sensory dysfunction, pain, and a significant decrease in quality of life. We examined the extent to which IENFD is being used as a tool in human and mouse models and compared the degree of fiber loss between diseases to gain a broader understanding of the existing data collected using this common technique. Methods We conducted a scoping review of publications that used IENFD as a biomarker in human and non-human research. PubMed was used to identify 1,004 initial articles that were then screened to select articles that met the criteria for inclusion. Criteria were chosen to standardize publications so they could be compared rigorously and included having a control group, measuring IENFD in a distal limb, and using protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5). Results We analyzed 397 articles and collected information related to publication year, the condition studied, and the percent IENFD loss. The analysis revealed that the use of IENFD as a tool has been increasing in both human and non-human research. We found that IENFD loss is prevalent in many diseases, and metabolic or diabetes-related diseases were the most studied conditions in humans and rodents. Our analysis identified 73 human diseases in which IENFD was affected, with 71 reporting IENFD loss and an overall average IENFD change of -47%. We identified 28 mouse and 21 rat conditions, with average IENFD changes of -31.6% and -34.7%, respectively. Additionally, we present data describing sub-analyses of IENFD loss according to disease characteristics in diabetes and chemotherapy treatments in humans and rodents. Interpretation Reduced IENFD occurs in a surprising number of human disease conditions. Abnormal IENFD contributes to important complications, including poor cutaneous vascularization, sensory dysfunction, and pain. Our analysis informs future rodent studies so they may better mirror human diseases impacted by reduced IENFD, highlights the breadth of diseases impacted by IENFD loss, and urges exploration of common mechanisms that lead to substantial IENFD loss as a complication in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Douglas Wright
- Sensory Nerve Disorder Lab, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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8
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Enders J, Jack J, Thomas S, Lynch P, Lasnier S, Cao X, Swanson MT, Ryals JM, Thyfault JP, Puchalska P, Crawford PA, Wright DE. Ketolysis is Required for the Proper Development and Function of the Somatosensory Nervous System. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.11.523492. [PMID: 36711538 PMCID: PMC9882096 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.11.523492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ketogenic diets are emerging as protective interventions in preclinical and clinical models of somatosensory nervous system disorders. Additionally, dysregulation of succinyl-CoA 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase 1 (SCOT, encoded by Oxct1 ), the fate-committing enzyme in mitochondrial ketolysis, has recently been described in Friedreich's ataxia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, the contribution of ketone metabolism in the normal development and function of the somatosensory nervous system remains poorly characterized. We generated sensory neuron-specific, Advillin-Cre knockout of SCOT (Adv-KO-SCOT) mice and characterized the structure and function of their somatosensory system. We used histological techniques to assess sensory neuronal populations, myelination, and skin and spinal dorsal horn innervation. We also examined cutaneous and proprioceptive sensory behaviors with the von Frey test, radiant heat assay, rotarod, and grid-walk tests. Adv-KO-SCOT mice exhibited myelination deficits, altered morphology of putative Aδ soma from the dorsal root ganglion, reduced cutaneous innervation, and abnormal innervation of the spinal dorsal horn compared to wildtype mice. Synapsin 1-Cre-driven knockout of Oxct1 confirmed deficits in epidermal innervation following a loss of ketone oxidation. Loss of peripheral axonal ketolysis was further associated with proprioceptive deficits, yet Adv-KO-SCOT mice did not exhibit drastically altered cutaneous mechanical and thermal thresholds. Knockout of Oxct1 in peripheral sensory neurons resulted in histological abnormalities and severe proprioceptive deficits in mice. We conclude that ketone metabolism is essential for the development of the somatosensory nervous system. These findings also suggest that decreased ketone oxidation in the somatosensory nervous system may explain the neurological symptoms of Friedreich's ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Enders
- Departments of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160
| | - Jarrid Jack
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160
| | - Sarah Thomas
- Departments of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160
| | - Paige Lynch
- Departments of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160
| | - Sarah Lasnier
- Departments of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160
| | - Xin Cao
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160
| | - M Taylor Swanson
- Departments of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160
| | - Janelle M Ryals
- Departments of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160
| | - John P Thyfault
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160
- Internal Medicine - Division of Endocrinology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160
- KU Diabetes Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160
| | - Patrycja Puchalska
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
| | - Peter A Crawford
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
| | - Douglas E Wright
- Departments of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160
- KU Diabetes Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160
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Abnormal Intraepidermal Nerve Fiber Density in Disease: A Scoping Review. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.02.08.23285644. [PMID: 36798392 PMCID: PMC9934806 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.08.23285644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) has become an important biomarker for neuropathy diagnosis and research. The consequences of reduced IENFD can include sensory dysfunction, pain, and a significant decrease in quality of life. We examined the extent to which IENFD is being used as a tool in human and mouse models and compared the degree of fiber loss between diseases to gain a broader understanding of the existing data collected using this common technique. Methods We conducted a scoping review of publications that used IENFD as a biomarker in human and non-human research. PubMed was used to identify 1,004 initial articles that were then screened to select articles that met the criteria for inclusion. Criteria were chosen to standardize publications so they could be compared rigorously and included having a control group, measuring IENFD in a distal limb, and using protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5). Results We analyzed 397 articles and collected information related to publication year, the condition studied, and the percent IENFD loss. The analysis revealed that the use of IENFD as a tool has been increasing in both human and non-human research. We found that IENFD loss is prevalent in many diseases, and metabolic or diabetes-related diseases were the most studied conditions in humans and rodents. Our analysis identified 74 human diseases in which IENFD was affected, with 71 reporting IENFD loss and an overall average IENFD change of -47%. We identified 28 mouse and 21 rat conditions, with average IENFD changes of -31.6 % and - 34.7% respectively. Additionally, we present data describing sub-analyses of IENFD loss according to disease characteristics in diabetes and chemotherapy treatments in humans and rodents. Interpretation Reduced IENFD occurs in a surprising number of human disease conditions. Abnormal IENFD contributes to important complications, including poor cutaneous vascularization, sensory dysfunction, and pain. Our analysis informs future rodent studies so they may better mirror human diseases impacted by reduced IENFD, highlights the breadth of diseases impacted by IENFD loss, and urges exploration of common mechanisms that lead to substantial IENFD loss as a complication in disease.
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10
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Modulatory Effect of Neurotrophic Factors on the TRPV1 Expression: Possible Mechanisms Involved in the Antiepileptic Effect of Exercise. ARCHIVES OF NEUROSCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.5812/ans-134555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Background: Epilepsy is one of the most important diseases of the central nervous system, for which has no definitive treatment. Neurotrophic factors increase the survival of nerve cells and improve the treatment of neurological diseases. Identifying factors that affect the increase of neurotrophins in the brain is an important goal for brain health and function. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of exercise on neurotrophic factors by influencing the expression of vanilloid receptor type 1 (TRPV1). Methods: Convulsions were induced by injecting pentylenetetrazol (PTZ; 35 mg/kg) five hours after exercise. Animals were divided into five groups: sham (Sham), seizure (PTZ), exercise (EX), exercise with seizure induction (EX+PTZ), and exercise before seizure induction (EX-PTZ). The exercise was 30 minutes of forced running on a treadmill, five days a week for four weeks. Results: The average percentage of NGF cells in the exercise groups (EX), exercise with seizure induction (EX+PTZ), and exercise before seizure induction (EX-PTZ), and GDNF in the exercise group with seizure induction (EX+PTZ) had a significant increase compared to the seizure group (PTZ). Also, TRPV1 activity in exercise groups (EX), exercise with seizure induction (EX+PTZ), and exercise before seizure induction (EX-PTZ) showed a significant increase compared to the seizure group (PTZ). Conclusions: Our findings suggested the possible antiepileptic and antiepileptogenesis effects of exercise through activation of neurotrophic factors and TRPV1 modulation.
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11
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Luo J, Zhu HQ, Gou B, Zheng YL. Mechanisms of exercise for diabetic neuropathic pain. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:975453. [PMID: 36313015 PMCID: PMC9605799 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.975453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) is a common disease that affects the daily lives of diabetic patients, and its incidence rate is very high worldwide. At present, drug and exercise therapies are common treatments for DNP. Drug therapy has various side effects. In recent years, exercise therapy has received frequent research and increasing attention by many researchers. Currently, the treatment of DNP is generally symptomatic. We can better select the appropriate exercise prescription for DNP only by clarifying the exercise mechanism for its therapy. The unique pathological mechanism of DNP is still unclear and may be related to the pathological mechanism of diabetic neuropathy. In this study, the mechanisms of exercise therapy for DNP were reviewed to understand better the role of exercise therapy in treating DNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Xian Physical Education University, Xian, China
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Qi Zhu
- College of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Gou
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Xian Physical Education University, Xian, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Gou,
| | - Yi-Li Zheng
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Gou,
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Green-Fulgham SM, Harland ME, Ball JB, Li J, Lacagnina MJ, D’Angelo H, Dreher RA, Willcox KF, Lorca SA, Kwilasz AJ, Maier SF, Watkins LR, Grace PM. Preconditioning by voluntary wheel running attenuates later neuropathic pain via nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 antioxidant signaling in rats. Pain 2022; 163:1939-1951. [PMID: 35486864 PMCID: PMC9308835 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Animal and human studies have shown that exercise prior to nerve injury prevents later chronic pain, but the mechanisms of such preconditioning remain elusive. Given that exercise acutely increases the formation of free radicals, triggering antioxidant compensation, we hypothesized that voluntary running preconditioning would attenuate neuropathic pain by supporting redox homeostasis after sciatic nerve injury in male and female rats. We show that 6 weeks of voluntary wheel running suppresses neuropathic pain development induced by chronic constriction injury across both sexes. This attenuation was associated with reduced nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity-a marker for peroxynitrite-at the sciatic nerve injury site. Our data suggest that prior voluntary wheel running does not reduce the production of peroxynitrite precursors, as expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase and NADPH oxidase 2 were unchanged. Instead, voluntary wheel running increased superoxide scavenging by elevating expression of superoxide dismutases 1 and 2. Prevention of neuropathic pain was further associated with the activation of the master transcriptional regulator of the antioxidant response, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Six weeks of prior voluntary wheel running increased Nrf2 nuclear translocation at the sciatic nerve injury site; in contrast, 3 weeks of prior wheel running, which failed to prevent neuropathic pain, had no effect on Nrf2 nuclear translocation. The protective effects of prior voluntary wheel running were mediated by Nrf2, as suppression was abolished across both sexes when Nrf2 activation was blocked during the 6-week running phase. This study provides insight into the mechanisms by which physical activity may prevent neuropathic pain. Preconditioning by voluntary wheel running, terminated prior to nerve injury, suppresses later neuropathic pain in both sexes, and it is modulated through the activation of Nrf2-antioxidant signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M. Green-Fulgham
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Michael E. Harland
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jayson B. Ball
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jiahe Li
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael J. Lacagnina
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Heather D’Angelo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Renee A. Dreher
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Kendal F. Willcox
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sabina A. Lorca
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrew J. Kwilasz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Steven F. Maier
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Linda R. Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Peter M. Grace
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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13
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Bonomo R, Kramer S, Aubert VM. Obesity-Associated Neuropathy: Recent Preclinical Studies and Proposed Mechanisms. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:597-612. [PMID: 35152780 PMCID: PMC9527047 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and associated obesity has increased in recent years, affecting millions worldwide. One of the most common complications of obesity is damage to the peripheral nerve system, referred to as neuropathy. The lack of disease-modifying therapy for this complication is largely due to a poor understanding of the complex neurobiology underlying neuropathy. Recent preclinical studies suggest that in addition to glucotoxic events, other mechanisms, including lipid signaling, microbiome, or inflammation, may be viable targets to prevent nerve damage and neuropathic pain in obesity. Recent Advances: Clinical and preclinical studies using diet-induced obesity rodent models have identified novel interventions that improve neuropathy. Notably, mechanistic studies suggest that lipid, calcium signaling, and inflammation are converging pathways. Critical Issues: In this review, we focus on interventions and their mechanisms that are shown to ameliorate neuropathy in MetS obese models, including: (i) inhibition of a sensory neuron population, (ii), modification of dietary components, (iii) activation of nuclear and mitochondrial lipid pathways, (iv) exercise, and (v) modulation of gut microbiome composition and their metabolites. Future Directions: These past years, novel research increased our knowledge about neuropathy in obesity and discovered the involvement of nonglucose signaling. More studies are necessary to uncover the interplay between complex metabolic pathways in the peripheral nerve system of obese individuals. Further mechanistic studies in preclinical models and humans are crucial to create single- or multitarget interventions for this complex disease implying complex metabolic phenotyping. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 597-612.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raiza Bonomo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah Kramer
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Virginie M. Aubert
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
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14
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Umbaugh DS, Maciejewski JC, Wooten JS, Guilford BL. Neuronal Inflammation is Associated with Changes in Epidermal Innervation in High Fat Fed Mice. Front Physiol 2022; 13:891550. [PMID: 36082224 PMCID: PMC9445198 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.891550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy (PN), a debilitating complication of diabetes, is associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome in nondiabetic individuals. Evidence indicates that a high fat diet can induce signs of diabetic peripheral PN in mice but the pathogenesis of high fat diet-induced PN remains unknown. PURPOSE: Determine if neuronal inflammation is associated with the development of mechanical hypersensitivity and nerve fiber changes in high fat fed mice. METHODS: Male C57Bl/6 mice were randomized to a standard (Std, 15% kcal from fat) or high fat diet (HF, 54% kcal from fat) for 2, 4, or 8 weeks (n = 11-12 per group). Lumbar dorsal root ganglia were harvested and inflammatory mediators (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17, MCP-1, IFN-γ, TNF-α, MIP-1α, GMCSF, RANTES) were quantified. Hindpaw mechanical sensitivity was assessed using the von Frey test. Intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) and TrkA nerve fiber density were quantified via immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: After 8 weeks, HF had greater body mass (33.3 ± 1.0 vs 26.7 ± 0.5 g, p < 0.001), fasting blood glucose (160.3 ± 9.4 vs 138.5 ± 3.4 mg/dl, p < 0.05) and insulin (3.58 ± 0.46 vs 0.82 ± 0.14 ng/ml, p < 0.001) compared to Std. IL-1α, RANTES and IL-5 were higher in HF compared to Std after 2 and 4 weeks, respectively (IL-1α: 4.8 ± 1.3 vs 2.9 ± 0.6 pg/mg, p < 0.05; RANTES: 19.6 ± 2.2 vs 13.3 ± 1.2 pg/mg p < 0.05; IL-5: 5.8 ± 0.7 vs 3.1 ± 0.5 pg/mg, p < 0.05). IENFD and TrkA fiber density were also higher in HF vs Std after 4 weeks (IENFD: 39.4 ± 1.2 vs 32.2 ± 1.3 fibers/mm, p < 0.001; TrkA: 30.4 ± 1.8 vs 22.4 ± 1.3 fibers/mm). There were no significant differences in hindpaw sensitivity for Std vs HF. CONCLUSION: Increased inflammatory mediators preceded and accompanied an increase in cutaneous pain sensing nerve fibers in high fat fed mice but was not accompanied by significant mechanical allodynia. Diets high in fat may increase neuronal inflammation and lead to increased nociceptive nerve fiber density.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brianne L. Guilford
- Department of Applied Health, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, United States
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15
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Enders J, Swanson T, Ryals J, Wright D. A ketogenic diet reduces mechanical allodynia and improves epidermal innervation in diabetic mice. Pain 2022; 163:682-689. [PMID: 34252910 PMCID: PMC10067134 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Dietary interventions are promising approaches to treat pain associated with metabolic changes because they impact both metabolic and neural components contributing to painful neuropathy. Here, we tested whether consumption of a ketogenic diet could affect sensation, pain, and epidermal innervation loss in type 1 diabetic mice. C57Bl/6 mice were rendered diabetic using streptozotocin and administered a ketogenic diet at either 3 weeks (prevention) or 9 weeks (reversal) of uncontrolled diabetes. We quantified changes in metabolic biomarkers, sensory thresholds, and epidermal innervation to assess impact on neuropathy parameters. Diabetic mice consuming a ketogenic diet had normalized weight gain, reduced blood glucose, elevated blood ketones, and reduced hemoglobin-A1C levels. These metabolic biomarkers were also improved after 9 weeks of diabetes followed by 4 weeks of a ketogenic diet. Diabetic mice fed a control chow diet developed rapid mechanical allodynia of the hind paw that was reversed within a week of consumption of a ketogenic diet in both prevention and reversal studies. Loss of thermal sensation was also improved by consumption of a ketogenic diet through normalized thermal thresholds. Finally, diabetic mice consuming a ketogenic diet had normalized epidermal innervation, including after 9 weeks of uncontrolled diabetes and 4 weeks of consumption of the ketogenic diet. These results suggest that, in mice, a ketogenic diet can prevent and reverse changes in key metabolic biomarkers, altered sensation, pain, and axon innervation of the skin. These results identify a ketogenic diet as a potential therapeutic intervention for patients with painful diabetic neuropathy and/or epidermal axon loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Enders
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Taylor Swanson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Janelle Ryals
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Douglas Wright
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
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16
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Effects of Physical Training in Different Modes on Cognitive Function and GNDF Level in Old Mice. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-022-09924-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Yorek M. Treatment for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: What have we Learned from Animal Models? Curr Diabetes Rev 2022; 18:e040521193121. [PMID: 33949936 PMCID: PMC8965779 DOI: 10.2174/1573399817666210504101609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Animal models have been widely used to investigate the etiology and potential treatments for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. What we have learned from these studies and the extent to which this information has been adapted for the human condition will be the subject of this review article. METHODS A comprehensive search of the PubMed database was performed, and relevant articles on the topic were included in this review. RESULTS Extensive study of diabetic animal models has shown that the etiology of diabetic peripheral neuropathy is complex, with multiple mechanisms affecting neurons, Schwann cells, and the microvasculature, which contribute to the phenotypic nature of this most common complication of diabetes. Moreover, animal studies have demonstrated that the mechanisms related to peripheral neuropathy occurring in type 1 and type 2 diabetes are likely different, with hyperglycemia being the primary factor for neuropathology in type 1 diabetes, which contributes to a lesser extent in type 2 diabetes, whereas insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and other factors may have a greater role. Two of the earliest mechanisms described from animal studies as a cause for diabetic peripheral neuropathy were the activation of the aldose reductase pathway and increased non-enzymatic glycation. However, continuing research has identified numerous other potential factors that may contribute to diabetic peripheral neuropathy, including oxidative and inflammatory stress, dysregulation of protein kinase C and hexosamine pathways, and decreased neurotrophic support. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated that peripheral neuropathy-like symptoms are present in animal models, representing pre-diabetes in the absence of hyperglycemia. CONCLUSION This complexity complicates the successful treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and results in the poor outcome of translating successful treatments from animal studies to human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Yorek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242 USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, 52246 USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242 USA
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18
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Singleton JR, Foster-Palmer S, Marcus RL. Exercise as Treatment for Neuropathy in the Setting of Diabetes and Prediabetic Metabolic Syndrome: A Review of Animal Models and Human Trials. Curr Diabetes Rev 2022; 18:e230921196752. [PMID: 34561989 DOI: 10.2174/1573399817666210923125832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral neuropathy is among the most common complications of diabetes, but a phenotypically identical distal sensory predominant, painful axonopathy afflicts patients with prediabetic metabolic syndrome, exemplifying a spectrum of risk and continuity of pathogenesis. No pharmacological treatment convincingly improves neuropathy in the setting of metabolic syndrome, but evolving data suggest that exercise may be a promising alternative. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to review in depth the current literature regarding exercise treatment of metabolic syndrome neuropathy in humans and animal models, highlight the diverse mechanisms by which exercise exerts beneficial effects, and examine adherence limitations, safety aspects, modes and dose of exercise. RESULTS Rodent models that recapitulate the organismal milieu of prediabetic metabolic syndrome and the phenotype of its neuropathy provide a strong platform to dissect exercise effects on neuropathy pathogenesis. In these models, exercise reverses hyperglycemia and consequent oxidative and nitrosative stress, improves microvascular vasoreactivity, enhances axonal transport, ameliorates the lipotoxicity and inflammatory effects of hyperlipidemia and obesity, supports neuronal survival and regeneration following injury, and enhances mitochondrial bioenergetics at the distal axon. Prospective human studies are limited in scale but suggest exercise to improve cutaneous nerve regenerative capacity, neuropathic pain, and task-specific functional performance measures of gait and balance. Like other heath behavioral interventions, the benefits of exercise are limited by patient adherence. CONCLUSION Exercise is an integrative therapy that potently reduces cellular inflammatory state and improves distal axonal oxidative metabolism to ameliorate features of neuropathy in metabolic syndrome. The intensity of exercise need not improve cardinal features of metabolic syndrome, including weight, glucose control, to exert beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robin L Marcus
- Department Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, UT, United States
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19
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Verdú E, Homs J, Boadas-Vaello P. Physiological Changes and Pathological Pain Associated with Sedentary Lifestyle-Induced Body Systems Fat Accumulation and Their Modulation by Physical Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:13333. [PMID: 34948944 PMCID: PMC8705491 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A sedentary lifestyle is associated with overweight/obesity, which involves excessive fat body accumulation, triggering structural and functional changes in tissues, organs, and body systems. Research shows that this fat accumulation is responsible for several comorbidities, including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and metabolic dysfunctions, as well as pathological pain behaviors. These health concerns are related to the crosstalk between adipose tissue and body systems, leading to pathophysiological changes to the latter. To deal with these health issues, it has been suggested that physical exercise may reverse part of these obesity-related pathologies by modulating the cross talk between the adipose tissue and body systems. In this context, this review was carried out to provide knowledge about (i) the structural and functional changes in tissues, organs, and body systems from accumulation of fat in obesity, emphasizing the crosstalk between fat and body tissues; (ii) the crosstalk between fat and body tissues triggering pain; and (iii) the effects of physical exercise on body tissues and organs in obese and non-obese subjects, and their impact on pathological pain. This information may help one to better understand this crosstalk and the factors involved, and it could be useful in designing more specific training interventions (according to the nature of the comorbidity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Verdú
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
| | - Judit Homs
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
- Department of Physical Therapy, EUSES-University of Girona, 17190 Salt, Spain
| | - Pere Boadas-Vaello
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
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20
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Negri S, Samuel TJ, Lee S. The Potential Role of Exercise Training and Mechanical Loading on Bone-Associated Skeletal Nerves. J Bone Metab 2021; 28:267-277. [PMID: 34905674 PMCID: PMC8671028 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2021.28.4.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial distribution, innervation, and functional role of the bone-associated skeletal nerves have been previously reported in detail. However, studies examining exercise-induced associations between skeletal nerves and bone metabolism are limited. This review introduces a potential relationship between exercise and the skeletal nerves and discusses how it can contribute to exercise-induced bone anabolism. First, the background and current understanding of nerve fiber types and their functions in the skeleton are provided. Next, the influence of exercise and mechanical loading on the skeletal nervous system is elaborated. Effective synthesis of recent studies could serve as an established baseline for the novel discovery of the effects of exercise on skeletal nerve density and bone anabolic activity in the future. Therefore, this review overviews the existing evidence for the neural control of bone metabolism and the potential positive effects of exercise on the peripheral skeletal nervous system. The influence of exercise training models on the relationships of sensory nerve signals with osteoblast-mediated bone formation and the increased bone volume provides the first insight on the potential importance of exercise training in stimulating positive adaptations in the skeletal nerve-bone interaction and its downstream effect on bone metabolism, thereby highlighting its therapeutic potential in a variety of clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Negri
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology of the University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - T Jake Samuel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seungyong Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Glendale, AZ, USA
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21
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Eid SA, Feldman EL. Advances in diet-induced rodent models of metabolically acquired peripheral neuropathy. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:273425. [PMID: 34762126 PMCID: PMC8592018 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is a severe complication that affects over 30% of prediabetic and 60% of type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients. The metabolic syndrome is increasingly recognized as a major driver of PN. However, basic and translational research is needed to understand the mechanisms that contribute to nerve damage. Rodent models of diet-induced obesity, prediabetes, T2D and PN closely resemble the human disease and have proven to be instrumental for the study of PN mechanisms. In this Perspective article, we focus on the development, neurological characterization and dietary fat considerations of diet-induced rodent models of PN. We highlight the importance of investigating sex differences and discuss some of the challenges in translation from bench to bedside, including recapitulating the progressive nature of human PN and modeling neuropathic pain. We emphasize that future research should overcome these challenges in the quest to better mimic human PN in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie A Eid
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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22
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Zinovyeva OE, Ostroumova TM, Koniashova MV, Gorbachev NA. Evaluation and treatment of peripheral nervous system dysfunction in patients with prediabetes. NEUROLOGY, NEUROPSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOSOMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.14412/2074-2711-2021-5-116-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of prediabetes is steadily increasing, with up to a third of patients already showing signs of diabetic neuropathy (DN). Prediabetes includes impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), or a combination of both.Recent diagnostic criteria of prediabetes according to Russian, European, and American clinical guidelines are presented. The review covers the most common forms of DN in patients with prediabetes (distal symmetric sensory polyneuropathy, painful DN, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy) and their prevalence. Recommended methods of DN screening are discussed: diagnostic scales, sensory testing, nerve conduction study, autonomic testing, corneal confocal microscopy. The results of studies evaluating instrumental methods for diagnosing peripheral nervous system (PNS) dysfunction in prediabetes are discussed. Management tactics in patients with prediabetes and PNS dysfunction should include non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions. Combining a low-calorie diet and regular physical activity can delay the development of diabetes mellitus and reduce the severity of neuropathic pain. In patients with painful DN, the first-line therapy includes pregabalin, gabapentin, and duloxetine. Since there is no current data on the effect of hypoglycemic therapy on the risks of development and/or progression of DN in patients with prediabetes, antioxidants are considered pathogenetic therapy. Alpha-lipoic acid (Berlition®) in the management of patients with prediabetes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. E. Zinovyeva
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - T. M. Ostroumova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - M. V. Koniashova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - N. A. Gorbachev
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of Russia
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23
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Voluntary Forelimbs Exercise Reduces Immobilization-Induced Mechanical Hyperalgesia in the Rat Hind Paw. Pain Res Manag 2021; 2021:5592992. [PMID: 34401008 PMCID: PMC8364427 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5592992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Voluntary exercise is sufficient to protect against neuropathic pain. However, it is unclear whether voluntary exercise reduces immobilization-induced hyperalgesia. We examined the effect of voluntary forelimb exercise on immobilized-induced hyperalgesia in hind paws of rats. Wistar rats were randomly divided into the (1) both hind limbs immobilized group (IM group), (2) immobilization and exercise with nonimmobilized fore limbs group (EX group), and (3) control group. In the IM and EX groups, the bilateral ankle joints of each rat were immobilized in full plantar flexion with a plaster cast for eight weeks. In the EX group, voluntary exercise using nonimmobilized forelimbs in the running wheel was administered during the immobilization period, while hind limbs were kept immobilized (60 min/day, 5 days/week). Mechanical hyperalgesia in the hind paw was measured using a digital von Frey device every week. To investigate the abnormality of primary sensory neurons and central sensitization, the number of calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive cells in the dorsal root ganglion and the expression level of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the spinal dorsal horn were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. Immobilization-induced mechanical hyperalgesia was inhibited in the EX group compared to the IM group at three weeks after immobilization. In the EX group, the number of calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive cells in the dorsal root ganglion and the expression level of calcitonin gene-related peptide were significantly decreased compared to those in the IM group. Our results therefore suggest that voluntary forelimb exercise during hind limb immobilization partially reduces immobilization-induced hyperalgesia by suppressing that the plastic changes of the primary sensory nerves that excessively transmit pain and increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in the spinal dorsal horn.
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Kami K, Tajima F, Senba E. Plastic changes in amygdala subregions by voluntary running contribute to exercise-induced hypoalgesia in neuropathic pain model mice. Mol Pain 2021; 16:1744806920971377. [PMID: 33297861 PMCID: PMC7734490 DOI: 10.1177/1744806920971377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise has been established as a low-cost, safe, and effective way to manage chronic pain, but exact mechanisms underlying such exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH) are not fully understood. Since a growing body of evidence implicated the amygdala (Amyg) as a critical node in emotional affective aspects of chronic pain, we hypothesized that the Amyg may play important roles to produce EIH effects. Here, using partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSL) model mice, we investigated the effects of voluntary running (VR) on the basal amygdala (BA) and the central nuclei of amygdala (CeA). The present study indicated that VR significantly improved heat hyperalgesia which was exacerbated in PSL-Sedentary mice, and that a significant positive correlation was detected between total running distances after PSL-surgery and thermal withdrawal latency. The number of activated glutamate (Glu) neurons in the medal BA (medBA) was significantly increased in PSL-Runner mice, while those were increased in the lateral BA in sedentary mice. Furthermore, in all subdivisions of the CeA, the number of activated gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons was dramatically increased in PSL-Sedentary mice, but these numbers were significantly decreased in PSL-Runner mice. In addition, a tracer experiment demonstrated a marked increase in activated Glu neurons in the medBA projecting into the nucleus accumbens lateral shell in runner mice. Thus, our results suggest that VR may not only produce suppression of the negative emotion such as fear and anxiety closely related with pain chronification, but also promote pleasant emotion and hypoalgesia. Therefore, we conclude that EIH effects may be produced, at least in part, via such plastic changes in the Amyg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Kami
- Department of Rehabilitation, Wakayama Faculty of Health Care Sciences, Takarazuka University of Medical and Health Care, Wakayama, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Tajima
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Emiko Senba
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Osaka Yukioka College of Health Science, Ibaraki, Japan
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25
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Gholami F, Khaki R, Mirzaei B, Howatson G. Resistance training improves nerve conduction and arterial stiffness in older adults with diabetic distal symmetrical polyneuropathy: A randomized controlled trial. Exp Gerontol 2021; 153:111481. [PMID: 34280509 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is the main cause of peripheral neuropathy where older patients are at increased risk of diabetic distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSPN) due to age-related nerve degeneration and vascular changes. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of resistance training on nerve conduction, measures of neuropathy and arterial stiffness in older patients with DSPN. In a randomized controlled trial, thirty-four older adults with type-2 diabetes and peripheral neuropathy were enrolled and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group carried out circuit resistance training (1-3 rounds, 11 exercises, 10-15 reps, 50%-60% of 1RM, 3 times per week) for 12 weeks. Measurements were performed at baseline and 48 h after the intervention. Measures of DSPN including Michigan neuropathy screening instrument (MNSI), Michigan diabetic neuropathy score (MDNS), motor nerve action potential amplitude (APA), sensory and motor nerve conduction velocity (NCV) improved following intervention (p < 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.034, p = 0.001, and p = 0.001, respectively). Sensory APA did not change after the intervention (p = 0.139). Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) and ankle-brachial index (ABI) improved in the experimental group compared with the control group (p = 0.014 and p = 0.033, respectively). In addition, HbA1C decreased following the 12-week resistance training program (p = 0.002). Older adults with DSPN respond positively to resistance training by improved neuropathy symptoms, nerve conduction, arterial stiffness and glucose regulation. Resistance training offers a positive intervention that can abate the progression of DSPN in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Gholami
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Raziyeh Khaki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Semnan, Iran
| | - Batool Mirzaei
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Semnan, Iran
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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26
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Jiang J, Yu Y, Zhang Z, Ji Y, Guo H, Wang X, Yu S. Effects of Nogo-A and its receptor on the repair of sciatic nerve injury in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 54:e10842. [PMID: 34076142 PMCID: PMC8186374 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2020e10842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of injured peripheral nerves is an extremely complex process. Nogo-A (neurite outgrowth inhibitor-A) inhibits axonal regeneration by interacting with Nogo receptor in the myelin sheath of the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Nogo-A and its receptor on the repair of sciatic nerve injury in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats (n=96) were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group (control), sciatic nerve transection group (model), immediate repair group (immediate repair), and delayed repair group (delayed repair). The rats were euthanized 1 week and 6 weeks after operation. The injured end tissues of the spinal cord and sciatic nerve were obtained. The protein expressions of Nogo-A and Nogo-66 receptor (NgR) were detected by immunohistochemistry. The protein expressions of Nogo-A, NgR, and Ras homolog family member A (RhoA) were detected by western blot. At 1 week after operation, the pathological changes in the immediate repaired group were less, and the protein expressions of Nogo-A, NgR, and RhoA in the spinal cord and sciatic nerve tissues were decreased (P<0.05) compared with the model group. After 6 weeks, the pathological changes in the immediate repair group and the delayed repair group were alleviated and the protein expressions decreased (P<0.05). The situation of the immediate repair group was better than that of the delayed repair group. Our data suggest that the expression of Nogo-A and its receptor increased after sciatic nerve injury, indicating that Nogo-A and its receptor play an inhibitory role in the repair process of sciatic nerve injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Jiang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Yuanchen Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Zhiwu Zhang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Yuan Ji
- Department of Hand Surgery, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Hong Guo
- Yantai City Municipal Government Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Shengjun Yu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
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27
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Leitzelar BN, Koltyn KF. Exercise and Neuropathic Pain: A General Overview of Preclinical and Clinical Research. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2021; 7:21. [PMID: 33751253 PMCID: PMC7984211 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a disease of the somatosensory system that is characterized by tingling, burning, and/or shooting pain. Medication is often the primary treatment, but it can be costly, thus there is an interest in understanding alternative low-cost treatments such as exercise. The following review includes an overview of the preclinical and clinical literature examining the influence of exercise on neuropathic pain. Preclinical studies support the hypothesis that exercise reduces hyperalgesia and allodynia in animal models of neuropathic pain. In human research, observational studies suggest that those who are more physically active have lower risk of developing neuropathic pain compared to those who are less active. Exercise studies suggest aerobic exercise training (e.g., 16 weeks); a combination of aerobic and resistance exercise training (e.g., 10–12 weeks); or high-intensity interval training (e.g., 15 weeks) reduces aspects of neuropathic pain such as worst pain over the past month, pain over the past 24 h, pain scores, or pain interference. However, not all measures of pain improve following exercise training (e.g., current pain, heat pain threshold). Potential mechanisms and future directions are also discussed to aid in the goal of understanding the role of exercise in the management of neuropathic pain. Future research using standardized methods to further understanding of the dose of exercise needed to manage neuropathic pain is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna N Leitzelar
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Kelli F Koltyn
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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28
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Gui Q, Li D, Zhuge Y, Xu C. Efficacy of Exercise Rehabilitation Program in Relieving Oxaliplatin Induced Peripheral Neurotoxicity. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:705-709. [PMID: 33773532 PMCID: PMC8286692 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.3.705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral neurotoxicity is common in patients with digestive malignancies receiving chemotherapy containing oxaliplatin, and there is still no effective drug to prevent or treat this complication. METHODS Seventy-nine patients receiving chemotherapy containing oxaliplatin were included, and the relationship between chemotherapy regimens, cycles, and cumulative dose of oxaliplatin and peripheral neurotoxicity was analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups of control or intervention. Twenty-eight patients in the control group received routine chemotherapy care, and 51 patients in the intervention group underwent two-week exercise rehabilitation program. Patients' Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy/Gynecologic Oncology Group - Neurotoxicity (FACT/GOG-Ntx), functional tests, and Brief Pain Inventory(BPI) scores as well as interference life scores were assessed before intervention and two weeks after the intervention. RESULTS In the intervention group, 52.9% patients previously exercised regularly. The FOLFOX regimen was more common in peripheral neurotoxicity (73.4%), and the median oxaliplatin cycles for neurotoxicity was 9 (ranging from 1 to 16). The mean cumulative dose of oxaliplatin was 1080.02 ± 185.22 mg, both the cycles and cumulative dose were positively correlated with the occurrence of peripheral neurotoxicity. Compared with control, the scores of FACT/GOG-Ntx, functional tests, and BPI were significantly decreased in the intervention group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Chemotherapy cycles and cumulative doses were in relation with OIN , and exercise rehabilitation program could effectively alleviate OIN.<br />.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gui
- Departments of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Departments of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhuge
- Departments of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengcheng Xu
- Departments of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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29
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Baeza-Flores GDC, Guzmán-Priego CG, Parra-Flores LI, Murbartián J, Torres-López JE, Granados-Soto V. Metformin: A Prospective Alternative for the Treatment of Chronic Pain. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:558474. [PMID: 33178015 PMCID: PMC7538784 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.558474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin (biguanide) is a drug widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. This drug has been used for 60 years as a highly effective antihyperglycemic agent. The search for the mechanism of action of metformin has produced an enormous amount of research to explain its effects on gluconeogenesis, protein metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, oxidative stress, glucose uptake, autophagy and pain, among others. It was only up the end of the 1990s and beginning of this century that some of its mechanisms were revealed. Metformin induces its beneficial effects in diabetes through the activation of a master switch kinase named AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Two upstream kinases account for the physiological activation of AMPK: liver kinase B1 and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2. Once activated, AMPK inhibits the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which in turn avoids the phosphorylation of p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathways and reduces cap-dependent translation initiation. Since metformin is a disease-modifying drug in type 2 diabetes, which reduces the mTORC1 signaling to induce its effects on neuronal plasticity, it was proposed that these mechanisms could also explain the antinociceptive effect of this drug in several models of chronic pain. These studies have highlighted the efficacy of this drug in chronic pain, such as that from neuropathy, insulin resistance, diabetic neuropathy, and fibromyalgia-type pain. Mounting evidence indicates that chronic pain may induce anxiety, depression and cognitive impairment in rodents and humans. Interestingly, metformin is able to reverse some of these consequences of pathological pain in rodents. The purpose of this review was to analyze the current evidence about the effects of metformin in chronic pain and three of its comorbidities (anxiety, depression and cognitive impairment).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Del Carmen Baeza-Flores
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos de Dolor, División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Mexico
| | - Crystell Guadalupe Guzmán-Priego
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos de Dolor, División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Mexico
| | - Leonor Ivonne Parra-Flores
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos de Dolor, División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Mexico
| | - Janet Murbartián
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, South Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Elías Torres-López
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos de Dolor, División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Mexico.,Departamento de Anestesiología, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad "Dr. Juan Graham Casasús", Villahermosa, Mexico
| | - Vinicio Granados-Soto
- Neurobiology of Pain Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, South Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
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30
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Lesnak JB, Sluka KA. Mechanism of exercise-induced analgesia: what we can learn from physically active animals. Pain Rep 2020; 5:e850. [PMID: 33490844 PMCID: PMC7808683 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity has become a first-line treatment in rehabilitation settings for individuals with chronic pain. However, research has only recently begun to elucidate the mechanisms of exercise-induced analgesia. Through the study of animal models, exercise has been shown to induce changes in the brain, spinal cord, immune system, and at the site of injury to prevent and reduce pain. Animal models have also explored beneficial effects of exercise through different modes of exercise including running, swimming, and resistance training. This review will discuss the central and peripheral mechanisms of exercise-induced analgesia through different modes, intensity, and duration of exercise as well as clinical applications of exercise with suggestions for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B. Lesnak
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kathleen A. Sluka
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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31
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Hossain MJ, Kendig MD, Wild BM, Issar T, Krishnan AV, Morris MJ, Arnold R. Evidence of Altered Peripheral Nerve Function in a Rodent Model of Diet-Induced Prediabetes. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8090313. [PMID: 32872256 PMCID: PMC7555926 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is a debilitating complication of diabetes that affects >50% of patients. Recent evidence suggests that obesity and metabolic disease, which often precede diabetes diagnosis, may influence PN onset and severity. We examined this in a translationally relevant model of prediabetes induced by a cafeteria (CAF) diet in Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 15 CAF versus n = 15 control). Neuropathy phenotyping included nerve conduction, tactile sensitivity, intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) and nerve excitability testing, an in vivo measure of ion channel function and membrane potential. Metabolic phenotyping included body composition, blood glucose and lipids, plasma hormones and inflammatory cytokines. After 13 weeks diet, CAF-fed rats demonstrated prediabetes with significantly elevated fasting blood glucose, insulin and impaired glucose tolerance as well as obesity and dyslipidemia. Nerve conduction, tactile sensitivity and IENFD did not differ; however, superexcitability was significantly increased in CAF-fed rats. Mathematical modeling demonstrated this was consistent with a reduction in sodium–potassium pump current. Moreover, superexcitability correlated positively with insulin resistance and adiposity, and negatively with fasting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In conclusion, prediabetic rats over-consuming processed, palatable foods demonstrated altered nerve function that preceded overt PN. This work provides a relevant model for pathophysiological investigation of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jakir Hossain
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (M.J.H.); (M.D.K.); (B.M.W.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Michael D. Kendig
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (M.J.H.); (M.D.K.); (B.M.W.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Brandon M. Wild
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (M.J.H.); (M.D.K.); (B.M.W.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Tushar Issar
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (T.I.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Arun V. Krishnan
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (T.I.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Margaret J. Morris
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (M.J.H.); (M.D.K.); (B.M.W.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Ria Arnold
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (M.J.H.); (M.D.K.); (B.M.W.); (M.J.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-293858709
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32
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Gonçalves NP, Jager SE, Richner M, Murray SS, Mohseni S, Jensen TS, Vaegter CB. Schwann cell p75 neurotrophin receptor modulates small fiber degeneration in diabetic neuropathy. Glia 2020; 68:2725-2743. [PMID: 32658363 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy has an incidence as high as 50% of diabetic patients and is characterized by damage to neurons, Schwann cells and blood vessels within the peripheral nervous system. The low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75NTR ), particularly expressed by the Schwann cells in the peripheral nerve, has previously been reported to play a role in developmental myelination and cell survival/death. Increased levels of p75NTR , in the endoneurium and plasma from diabetic patients and rodent models of disease, have been observed, proposing that this receptor might be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Therefore, in this study, we addressed this hypothesis by utilizing a mouse model of selective nerve growth factor receptor (Ngfr) deletion in Schwann cells (SC-p75NTR -KO). Electron microscopy of sciatic nerves from mice with high fat diet induced obesity demonstrated how loss of Schwann cell-p75NTR aggravated axonal atrophy and loss of C-fibers. RNA sequencing disclosed several pre-clinical signaling alterations in the diabetic peripheral nerves, dependent on Schwann cell p75NTR signaling, specially related with lysosome, phagosome, and immune pathways. Morphological and biochemical analyses identified abundant lysosomes and autophagosomes in the C-fiber axoplasm of the diabetic SC-p75NTR -KO nerves, which together with increased Cathepsin B protein levels corroborates gene upregulation from the phagolysosomal pathways. Altogether, this study demonstrates that Schwann cell p75NTR deficiency amplifies diabetic neuropathy disease by triggering overactivation of immune-related pathways and increased lysosomal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia P Gonçalves
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience-DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,International Diabetic Neuropathy Consortium (IDNC), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Sara E Jager
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience-DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mette Richner
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience-DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Simon S Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simin Mohseni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Troels S Jensen
- International Diabetic Neuropathy Consortium (IDNC), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Neurology and Danish Pain Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christian B Vaegter
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience-DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,International Diabetic Neuropathy Consortium (IDNC), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
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33
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Smith AG. "Correlation Does Not Imply Causation": Bradford Hill, Causative Inference, and Obesity-Related Neuropathy. Mayo Clin Proc 2020; 95:1306-1309. [PMID: 32622436 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Gordon Smith
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.
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34
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Khataei T, Harding AMS, Janahmadi M, El-Geneidy M, Agha-Alinejad H, Rajabi H, Snyder PM, Sluka KA, Benson CJ. ASICs are required for immediate exercise-induced muscle pain and are downregulated in sensory neurons by exercise training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:17-26. [PMID: 32463731 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00033.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training is an effective therapy for many pain-related conditions, and trained athletes have lower pain perception compared with unconditioned people. Some painful conditions, including strenuous exercise, are associated with elevated levels of protons, metabolites, and inflammatory factors, which may activate receptors and/or ion channels, including acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), on nociceptive sensory neurons. We hypothesized that ASICs are required for immediate exercise-induced muscle pain (IEIP) and that exercise training diminishes IEIP by modulating ASICs within muscle afferents. We found high-intensity interval training (HIIT) reduced IEIP in C57BL/6 mice and diminished ASIC mRNA levels in lumber dorsal root ganglia, and this downregulation of ASICs correlated with improved exercise capacity. Additionally, we found that ASIC3 -/- mice did not develop IEIP; however, the exercise capacity of ASIC3 -/- was similar to wild-type mice. These results suggest that ASICs are required for IEIP and that diminishment of IEIP after exercise training correlates with downregulation of ASICs in sensory neurons.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Exercise performance can be limited by the sensations of muscle fatigue and pain transmitted by muscle afferents. It has been proposed that exercise training abrogates these negative feedback signals. We found that acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are required for immediate exercise-induced muscle pain (IEIP). Moreover, exercise training prevented IEIP and was correlated with downregulation of ASICs in sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahsin Khataei
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucile A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.,Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Anne Marie S Harding
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucile A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.,Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Mahyar Janahmadi
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maram El-Geneidy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucile A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.,Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Hamid Rajabi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peter M Snyder
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucile A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.,Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kathleen A Sluka
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Christopher J Benson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucile A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.,Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucile A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
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35
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Effects of hydrotherapy with massage on serum nerve growth factor concentrations and balance in middle aged diabetic neuropathy patients. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2020; 39:101141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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36
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Lin Y, Lin CS, Chang T, Lee J, Tani J, Chen H, Sung J. Early sensory neurophysiological changes in prediabetes. J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:458-465. [PMID: 31563156 PMCID: PMC7078118 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION To elucidate whether axonal changes arise in the prediabetic state and to find a biomarker for early detection of neurophysiological changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS We enrolled asymptomatic diabetes patients, as well as prediabetic and normoglycemic individuals to test sensory nerve excitability, and we analyzed those findings and their correlation with clinical profiles. RESULTS In nerve excitability tests, superexcitability in the recovery cycle showed increasing changes in the normoglycemic, prediabetes and diabetes cohorts (-19.09 ± 4.56% in normoglycemia, -22.39 ± 3.16% in prediabetes and -23.71 ± 5.15% in diabetes, P = 0.002). Relatively prolonged distal sensory latency was observed in the median nerve (3.12 ± 0.29 ms in normoglycemia, 3.23 ± 0.38 ms in prediabetes and 3.45 ± 0.43 ms in diabetes, P = 0.019). Superexcitability was positively correlated with fasting plasma glucose (r = 0.291, P = 0.009) and glycated hemoglobin (r = 0.331, P = 0.003) in all participants. CONCLUSIONS Sensory superexcitability and latencies are the most sensitive parameters for detecting preclinical physiological dysfunction in prediabetes. In addition, changes in favor of superexcitability were positively correlated with glycated hemoglobin for all participants. These results suggest that early axonal changes start in the prediabetic stage, and that the monitoring strategy for polyneuropathy should start as early as prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Chen Lin
- Department of NeurologyTaipei Municipal Wanfang HospitalTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Neuroscience InstituteTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Cindy Shin‐Yi Lin
- Neural Regenerative MedicineCollege of Medical Science and TechnologyTaipei Medical University and National Health Research InstitutesTaipeiTaiwan
- The Kam Ling Barbara Lo Chair in Neurodegenerative DisordersCentral Clinical SchoolFaculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind CenterThe University of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Tsui‐San Chang
- Department of NeurologyTaipei Municipal Wanfang HospitalTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Neuroscience InstituteTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of NeurologySchool of Medicine, College of MedicineTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Jing‐Er Lee
- Department of NeurologyTaipei Municipal Wanfang HospitalTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Neuroscience InstituteTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Jowy Tani
- Department of NeurologyTaipei Municipal Wanfang HospitalTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Neuroscience InstituteTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Neural Regenerative MedicineCollege of Medical Science and TechnologyTaipei Medical University and National Health Research InstitutesTaipeiTaiwan
- Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative MedicineCollege of Medical Science and TechnologyTaipei Medical University and National Health Research InstitutesTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Hung‐Ju Chen
- Department of NeurologyTaipei Municipal Wanfang HospitalTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Neuroscience InstituteTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Jia‐Ying Sung
- Department of NeurologyTaipei Municipal Wanfang HospitalTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Neuroscience InstituteTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of NeurologySchool of Medicine, College of MedicineTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
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Sanford MT, Yeh JC, Mao JJ, Guo Y, Wang Z, Zhang R, Holschneider DP, Rodriguez LV. Voluntary exercise improves voiding function and bladder hyperalgesia in an animal model of stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity: A multidisciplinary approach to the study of urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome research network study. Neurourol Urodyn 2020; 39:603-612. [PMID: 31944369 DOI: 10.1002/nau.24270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The underlying mechanism of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is not well understood and evaluation of current therapeutic interventions has not identified any generally effective treatments. Physical activity has shown beneficial effects on individuals suffering from chronic pain. Anxiety-prone rats exposed to water avoidance stress (WAS) develop urinary frequency and lower bladder sensory thresholds with high face and construct validity for the study of IC/BPS. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of chronic voluntary exercise on urinary frequency, voiding function, and hyperalgesia in animals exposed to WAS. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-six female Wistar-Kyoto rats were exposed to WAS and thereafter randomized to either voluntary exercise for 3 weeks or sedentary groups. Voiding parameters were assessed at baseline, post-WAS, and weekly for 3 weeks. Before euthanasia, the animals underwent cystometrogram (CMG), external urinary sphincter electromyography, and assessment of visceromotor response (VMR) to isotonic bladder distension (IBD). RESULTS WAS exposure resulted in adverse changes in voiding parameters. Compared with sedentary animals, animals in the voluntary exercise group had improved voiding parameters during metabolic cage and CMG testing, as well as improved bladder sensory thresholds as determined by VMR during IBD. CONCLUSION Voluntary exercise in an animal model of chronic stress leads to improvement in voiding function and visceral bladder hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa T Sanford
- Department of Urology, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Jih-Chao Yeh
- Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jackie J Mao
- Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yumei Guo
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daniel P Holschneider
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Larissa V Rodriguez
- Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to establish an age-dependent normative range and factors affecting the migration rate of the corneal subbasal nerve plexus in a healthy control population. METHODS Corneal nerve migration rate was measured in 60 healthy participants grouped by age: A, aged 20 to 39 years (n = 20); B, 40 to 59 years (n = 20); and C, 60 to 79 years (n = 20). Laser-scanning corneal confocal microscopy was performed on the right eye of all participants at baseline and again after 3 weeks. Fully automated software was used to montage the frames. Distinctive nerve landmarks were manually reidentified between the two montages, and a software program was developed to measure the migration of these landmark points to determine corneal nerve migration rate in micrometers per week (μm/wk). RESULTS The mean ± SD age of all participants in the study was 47.5 ± 15.5 years; 62% of participants were male. The average corneal nerve migration rates of groups A, B, and C were 42.0 ± 14.0, 42.3 ± 15.5, and 42.0 ± 10.8 μm/wk, respectively (P = .99). There was no difference in corneal nerve migration rate between male (41.1 ± 13.5 μm/wk) and female (43.7 ± 13.2 μm/wk) participants (P = .47). There was no significant correlation between age (P = .97), smoking (P = .46), alcohol use (P = .61), and body mass index (P = .49, respectively) with corneal nerve migration rate. However, exercise frequency correlated significantly (P = .04) with corneal nerve migration rate. CONCLUSIONS Corneal nerve migration rate varies in healthy individuals and is not affected by age, sex, or body mass index but is related to physical activity.
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Slivicki RA, Mali SS, Hohmann AG. Voluntary exercise reduces both chemotherapy-induced neuropathic nociception and deficits in hippocampal cellular proliferation in a mouse model of paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN 2019; 6:100035. [PMID: 31528755 PMCID: PMC6739464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2019.100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel treatment did not alter voluntary running activity. Voluntary running reduced mechanical and cold allodynia induced by paclitaxel. Voluntary running reduced paclitaxel-induced deficits in hippocampal cellular proliferation.
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common dose-limiting side-effect of all major chemotherapeutic agents. Here, we explored efficacy of voluntary exercise as a nonpharmacological strategy for suppressing two distinct adverse side effects of chemotherapy treatment. We evaluated whether voluntary running would suppress both neuropathic pain and deficits in hippocampal cell proliferation in a mouse model of CIPN induced by the taxane chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel. Mice were given free access to running wheels or were housed without running wheels during one of three different intervention phases: 1) during the onset (i.e. development phase) of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy, 2) prior to dosing with paclitaxel or its vehicle, or 3) following the establishment (i.e. maintenance phase) of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy. Paclitaxel treatment did not alter running wheel behavior relative to vehicle-treated animals in any study. Animals that engaged in voluntary running during the development phase of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy failed to display mechanical or cold hypersensitivities relative to sedentary control animals that did not have access to running wheels. A prior history of voluntary running delayed the onset of, but did not fully prevent, development of paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain behavior. Voluntary running reduced already established mechanical and cold allodynia induced by paclitaxel. Importantly, voluntary running did not alter mechanical or cold responsivity in vehicle-treated animals, suggesting that the observed antinociceptive effect of exercise was dependent upon the presence of the pathological pain state. In the same animals evaluated for nociceptive responding, paclitaxel also reduced cellular proliferation but not cellular survival in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, as measured by immunohistochemistry for Ki67 and BrdU expression, respectively. Voluntary running abrogated paclitaxel-induced reductions in cellular proliferation to levels observed in vehicle-treated mice and also increased BrdU expression levels irrespective of chemotherapy treatment. Our studies support the hypothesis that voluntary exercise may be beneficial in suppressing both neuropathic pain and markers of hippocampal cellular function that are impacted by toxic challenge with chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Slivicki
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Sonali S. Mali
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Andrea G. Hohmann
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
- Corresponding author at: Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, United States.
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40
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Zilliox LA, Russell JW. Physical activity and dietary interventions in diabetic neuropathy: a systematic review. Clin Auton Res 2019; 29:443-455. [PMID: 31076938 PMCID: PMC6697618 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-019-00607-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetic neuropathy is a common and disabling disorder, and there are currently no proven effective disease-modifying treatments. Physical activity and dietary interventions in patients with diabetes and diabetic neuropathy have multiple beneficial effects and are generally low risk, which makes lifestyle interventions an attractive treatment option. We reviewed the literature on the effects of physical activity and dietary interventions on length-dependent peripheral neuropathy and cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetes. METHODS The electronic database PubMed was systematically searched for original human and mouse model studies examining the effect of either dietary or physical activity interventions in subjects with diabetes, prediabetes, or metabolic syndrome. RESULTS Twenty studies are included in this review. Fourteen studies were human studies and six were in mice. Studies were generally small with few controlled trials, and there are no widely agreed upon outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS Recent research indicates that dietary interventions are effective in modifying diabetic neuropathy in animal models, and there are promising data that they may also ameliorate diabetic neuropathy in humans. It has been known for some time that lifestyle interventions can prevent the development of diabetic neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects. However, there is emerging evidence that lifestyle interventions are effective in individuals with established diabetic neuropathy. In addition to the observed clinical value of lifestyle interventions, there is emerging evidence of effects on biochemical pathways that improve muscle function and affect other organ systems, including the peripheral nerve. However, data from randomized controlled trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Zilliox
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 3S-129, 110 South Paca Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201-1595, USA
- Maryland VA Healthcare System, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James W Russell
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 3S-129, 110 South Paca Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201-1595, USA.
- Maryland VA Healthcare System, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Mangus LM, Rao DB, Ebenezer GJ. Intraepidermal Nerve Fiber Analysis in Human Patients and Animal Models of Peripheral Neuropathy: A Comparative Review. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 48:59-70. [PMID: 31221022 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319855969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of intraepidermal nerve fibers (IENFs) in skin biopsy samples has become a standard clinical tool for diagnosing peripheral neuropathies in human patients. Compared to sural nerve biopsy, skin biopsy is safer, less invasive, and can be performed repeatedly to facilitate longitudinal assessment. Intraepidermal nerve fiber analysis is also more sensitive than conventional nerve histology or electrophysiological tests for detecting damage to small-diameter sensory nerve fibers. The techniques used for IENF analysis in humans have been adapted for large and small animal models and successfully used in studies of diabetic neuropathy, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, HIV-associated sensory neuropathy, among others. Although IENF analysis has yet to become a routine end point in nonclinical safety testing, it has the potential to serve as a highly relevant indicator of sensory nerve fiber status in neurotoxicity studies, as well as development of neuroprotective and neuroregenerative therapies. Recently, there is also interest in the evaluation of IENF via skin biopsy as a biomarker of small fiber neuropathy in the regulatory setting. This article provides an overview of the anatomic and pathophysiologic principles behind IENF analysis, its use as a diagnostic tool in humans, and applications in animal models with focus on comparative methodology and considerations for study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Mangus
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deepa B Rao
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Gigi J Ebenezer
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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42
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Cooper MA, McCoin C, Pei D, Thyfault JP, Koestler D, Wright DE. Reduced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production in peripheral nerves of mice fed a ketogenic diet. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:1206-1212. [PMID: 30088302 DOI: 10.1113/ep087083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Do peripheral sensory neurons metabolize fat-based fuel sources, and does a ketogenic diet modify these processes? What is the main finding and its importance We show that peripheral axons from mice fed a ketogenic diet respond to fat-based fuel sources with reduced respiration and H2 O2 emission compared with mice fed a control diet. These results add to our understanding of the responses of sensory neurons to neuropathy associated with poor diet, obesity and metabolic syndrome. These findings should be incorporated into current ideas of axonal protection and might identify how dietary interventions may change mitochondrial function in settings of sensory dysfunction. ABSTRACT Metabolic syndrome and obesity are increasing epidemics that significantly impact the peripheral nervous system and lead to negative changes in sensation and peripheral nerve function. Research to understand the consequences of diet, obesity and fuel usage in sensory neurons has commonly focused on glucose metabolism. Here, we tested whether mouse sensory neurons and nerves have the capacity to metabolize fat-based fuels (palmitoyl-CoA) and whether these effects are altered by feeding of a ketogenic (90% kcal fat) diet compared with a control diet (14% kcal fat). Male C57Bl/6 mice were placed on the diets for 10 weeks, and after the mice were killed, the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and sciatic nerve (SN) were placed in an Oroboros oxygraph-2K to examine diet-induced alterations in metabolism (respiration) of palmitoyl-CoA and H2 O2 emission (fluorescence). In addition, RNAseq was performed on the DRG of mice fed a control or a ketogenic diet for 12 weeks, and genes associated with mitochondrial respiratory function were analysed. Our results suggest that the sciatic nerves from mice fed a ketogenic diet display reduced O2 respiration and H2 O2 emission when metabolizing palmitoyl-CoA compared with mice fed a control diet. Assessments of changes in mRNA gene expression reveal alterations in genes encoding the NADH dehydrogenase complex and complex IV, which could alter production of reactive oxygen species. These new findings highlight the ability of sensory neurons and axons to oxidize fat-based fuel sources and show that these mechanisms are adaptable to dietary changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Cooper
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Colin McCoin
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Dong Pei
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Devin Koestler
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Douglas E Wright
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Physical activity is increasingly recommended for chronic pain. In this review, we briefly survey recent, high-quality meta-analyses on the effects of exercise in human chronic pain populations, followed by a critical discussion of the rodent literature. RECENT FINDINGS Most meta-analytical studies on the effects of exercise in human chronic pain populations describe moderate improvements in various types of chronic pain, despite substantial variability in the outcomes reported in the primary literature. The most consistent findings suggest that while greater adherence to exercise programs produces better outcomes, there is minimal support for the superiority of one type of exercise over another. The rodent literature similarly suggests that while regular exercise reduces hypersensitivity in rodent models of chronic pain, exercise benefits do not appear to relate to either the type of injury or any particular facet of the exercise paradigm. Potential factors underlying these results are discussed, including the putative involvement of stress-induced analgesic effects associated with certain types of exercise paradigms. Exercise research using rodent models of chronic pain would benefit from increased attention to the role of stress in exercise-induced analgesia, as well as the incorporation of more clinically relevant exercise paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Henry Pitcher
- Pain and Integrative Neuroscience Laboratory, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Room 1E-420, 35A Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Kami K, Tajima F, Senba E. Activation of mesolimbic reward system via laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and hypothalamus in exercise-induced hypoalgesia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11540. [PMID: 30069057 PMCID: PMC6070570 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29915-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons are the primary source of dopamine in target structures that constitute the mesolimbic reward system. Previous studies demonstrated that voluntary wheel running (VWR) by neuropathic pain (NPP) model mice produces exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH), and that activation of mesolimbic reward system may lead to EIH. However, the neuronal mechanism by which the mesolimbic reward system is activated by VWR is unknown. Here, we found that VWR produces EIH effects and reverses the marked reduction in activated lateral VTA (lVTA)-DA neurons induced by NPP. The proportions of activated laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT)-cholinergic and lateral hypothalamus-orexin neurons were significantly enhanced by VWR. Retrograde tracing and dual immunostaining revealed that VWR activates lVTA-projecting LDT-cholinergic/non-cholinergic and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA)-orexin/non-orexin neurons. Therefore, EIH effects may be produced, at least in part, by activation of the mesolimbic reward system via activation of LDT and LHA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Kami
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama City, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan.
| | - Fumihiro Tajima
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama City, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Emiko Senba
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama City, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Osaka Yukioka College of Health Science, 1-1-41 Sojiji, Ibaraki City, Osaka, 567-0801, Japan
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Paddock N, Sheppard P, Gardiner P. Chronic Increases in Daily Neuromuscular Activity Promote Changes in Gene Expression in Small and Large Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons in Rat. Neuroscience 2018; 388:171-180. [PMID: 30031124 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the response, in rat, to chronic physical activity in small and large DRG neurons. Rats were cage-confined or underwent 16-18 weeks of daily increased activity, via 2 h of treadmill running per day or free access to voluntary exercise wheels, following which small (≤30 µm) and large (≥40 µm) diameter DRG neurons were harvested by laser capture microdissection from flash-frozen lumbar DRGs. Relative mRNA levels were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Following chronic treadmill and voluntary wheel exercise, gene expression responses in neurons mostly differed between exercise types. Changes in both small and large DRG neurons included increases in opioid receptor mu subunit (MOR), NGF and GAP43, and decreases in 5HT1A, TrkA, TrkB, and delta-type opioid receptor (DOR) mRNAs. In small DRG neurons, treadmill exercise increased the expression of mRNA for 5HT1D and decreased expression for 5HT1F receptors. In large DRG neurons, voluntary wheel exercise decreased the expression for 5HT1D receptors, whereas both treadmill and voluntary wheel exercise decreased the expression of mRNA for TrkC receptors. DRG neurons show slightly more changes in gene expression after voluntary exercise compared to the treadmill exercise group. Small and large lumbar sensory neurons are responsive to chronically increased neuromuscular activity by changing the expression of genes, the products of which could potentially change the sensory processing of nociceptors and proprioceptors, which could in turn alter functions such as pain transmission and locomotor coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Paddock
- Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Patricia Sheppard
- Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Phillip Gardiner
- Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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46
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Ye H, Du X, Hua Q. Effects of voluntary exercise on antiretroviral therapy-induced neuropathic pain in mice. J Physiol Sci 2018; 68:521-530. [PMID: 28975573 PMCID: PMC10717227 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-017-0570-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) often results in painful peripheral neuropathy. Given that voluntary exercise has been shown to be beneficial in terms of modulating pain-like behaviors in various animal models of peripheral neuropathy, we have investigated the effects of voluntary wheel running on neuropathic pain induced by chronic ART. We first established an animal model of peripheral neuropathy induced by chronic 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC) treatment. We showed that mice receiving ddC (3 mg/kg/day) had increased mechanical and thermal sensitivity at 9 weeks after the onset of the treatment. We also found that voluntary wheel running attenuated or delayed the onset of ddC-induced peripheral neuropathy. This phenomenon was associated with the attenuation of dorsal root ganglion nociceptive neuron membrane excitability and reduction in the expression of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1). Taken together, these results suggest that voluntary exercise is an effective strategy by which ART-induced peripheral neuropathy can be alleviated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Daqing Oil Field General Hospital, No. 9 Saertu District, Daqing, 163000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xingguang Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Daqing Oil Field General Hospital, No. 9 Saertu District, Daqing, 163000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qingli Hua
- Department of Anesthesiology, Daqing Longnan Hospital, No. 35 Patriotic Road, Ranghulu District, Daqing, 163000, Heilongjiang, China.
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47
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Tai LW, Yeung SC, Cheung CW. Enriched Environment and Effects on Neuropathic Pain: Experimental Findings and Mechanisms. Pain Pract 2018; 18:1068-1082. [PMID: 29722923 DOI: 10.1111/papr.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain inflicts tremendous biopsychosocial suffering for patients worldwide. However, safe and effective treatment of neuropathic pain is a prominent unmet clinical need. Environmental enrichment (EE) is an emerging cost-effective nonpharmacological approach to alleviate neuropathic pain and complement rehabilitation care. We present here a review of preclinical studies in ascertaining the efficacy of EE for neuropathic pain. Their proposed mechanisms, including the suppression of ascending nociceptive signaling to the brain, enhancement of the descending inhibitory system, and neuroprotection of the peripheral and central nervous systems, may collectively reduce pain perception and improve somatic and emotional functioning in neuropathic pain. The current evidence offers critical insights for future preclinical research and the translational application of EE in clinical pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Wai Tai
- Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Sung Ching Yeung
- Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chi Wai Cheung
- Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China.,Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone & Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
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48
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Cooper MA, O'Meara B, Jack MM, Elliot D, Lamb B, Khan ZW, Menta BW, Ryals JM, Winter MK, Wright DE. Intrinsic Activity of C57BL/6 Substrains Associates with High-Fat Diet-Induced Mechanical Sensitivity in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2018; 19:1285-1295. [PMID: 29803670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Pain is significantly impacted by the increasing epidemic of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Our understanding of how these features impact pain is only beginning to be developed. Herein, we have investigated how small genetic differences among C57BL/6 mice from 2 different commercial vendors lead to important differences in the development of high-fat diet-induced mechanical sensitivity. Two substrains of C57BL/6 mice from Jackson Laboratories (Bar Harbor, ME; C57BL/6J and C57BL/6NIH), as well as C57BL/6 from Charles Rivers Laboratories (Wilmington, MA; C57BL/6CR) were placed on high-fat diets and analyzed for changes in metabolic features influenced by high-fat diet and obesity, as well as measures of pain-related behaviors. All 3 substrains responded to the high-fat diet; however, C57BL/6CR mice had the highest weights, fat mass, and impaired glucose tolerance of the 3 substrains. In addition, the C57BL/6CR mice were the only strain to develop significant mechanical sensitivity over the course of 8 weeks. Importantly, the C57BL/6J mice were protected from mechanical sensitivity, which may be based on increased physical activity compared with the other 2 substrains. These findings suggest that activity may play a powerful role in protecting metabolic changes associated with a high-fat diet and that these may also be protective in pain-associated changes as a result of a high-fat diet. These findings also emphasize the importance of selection and transparency in choosing C57BL/6 substrains in pain-related research. PERSPECTIVE: Obesity and the metabolic syndrome play an important role in pain. This study identifies key differences in the response to a high-fat diet among substrains of C57BL/6 mice and differences in intrinsic physical activity that may influence pain sensitivity. The results emphasize physical activity as a powerful modulator of obesity-related pain sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Cooper
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Bryn O'Meara
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Megan M Jack
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Dan Elliot
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Bradley Lamb
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Zair W Khan
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Blaise W Menta
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Janelle M Ryals
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Michelle K Winter
- Departments of Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Douglas E Wright
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
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49
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Cooper MA, Menta BW, Perez-Sanchez C, Jack MM, Khan ZW, Ryals JM, Winter M, Wright DE. A ketogenic diet reduces metabolic syndrome-induced allodynia and promotes peripheral nerve growth in mice. Exp Neurol 2018; 306:149-157. [PMID: 29763602 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Current experiments investigated whether a ketogenic diet impacts neuropathy associated with obesity and prediabetes. Mice challenged with a ketogenic diet were compared to mice fed a high-fat diet or a high-fat diet plus exercise. Additionally, an intervention switching to a ketogenic diet following 8 weeks of high-fat diet was performed to compare how a control diet, exercise, or a ketogenic diet affects metabolic syndrome-induced neural complications. When challenged with a ketogenic diet, mice had reduced bodyweight and fat mass compared to high-fat-fed mice, and were similar to exercised, high-fat-fed mice. High-fat-fed, exercised and ketogenic-fed mice had mildly elevated blood glucose; conversely, ketogenic diet-fed mice were unique in having reduced serum insulin levels. Ketogenic diet-fed mice never developed mechanical allodynia contrary to mice fed a high-fat diet. Ketogenic diet fed mice also had increased epidermal axon density compared all other groups. When a ketogenic diet was used as an intervention, a ketogenic diet was unable to reverse high-fat fed-induced metabolic changes but was able to significantly reverse a high-fat diet-induced mechanical allodynia. As an intervention, a ketogenic diet also increased epidermal axon density. In vitro studies revealed increased neurite outgrowth in sensory neurons from mice fed a ketogenic diet and in neurons from normal diet-fed mice given ketone bodies in the culture medium. These results suggest a ketogenic diet can prevent certain complications of prediabetes and provides significant benefits to peripheral axons and sensory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Cooper
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Blaise W Menta
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Consuelo Perez-Sanchez
- Department of Integrative and Molecular Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Megan M Jack
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Zair W Khan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Janelle M Ryals
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Michelle Winter
- Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Douglas E Wright
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States.
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Robertson J, Raizer J, Hodges JS, Gradishar W, Allen JA. Risk factors for the development of paclitaxel‐induced neuropathy in breast cancer patients. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2018; 23:129-133. [DOI: 10.1111/jns.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jetter Robertson
- Department of Neurology University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Jeffrey Raizer
- Department of Neurology Northwestern University Chicago Illinois
| | - James S. Hodges
- Division of Biostatistics University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota
| | | | - Jeffrey A. Allen
- Department of Neurology University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota
- Department of Neurology Northwestern University Chicago Illinois
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