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Rajamanickam G, Lee ATH, Liao P. Role of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Related Therapeutic Strategies in Central Post-Stroke Pain. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:2303-2318. [PMID: 38856889 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is vital for synaptic plasticity, cell persistence, and neuronal development in peripheral and central nervous systems (CNS). Numerous intracellular signalling pathways involving BDNF are well recognized to affect neurogenesis, synaptic function, cell viability, and cognitive function, which in turn affects pathological and physiological aspects of neurons. Stroke has a significant psycho-socioeconomic impact globally. Central post-stroke pain (CPSP), also known as a type of chronic neuropathic pain, is caused by injury to the CNS following a stroke, specifically damage to the somatosensory system. BDNF regulates a broad range of functions directly or via its biologically active isoforms, regulating multiple signalling pathways through interactions with different types of receptors. BDNF has been shown to play a major role in facilitating neuroplasticity during post-stroke recovery and a pro-nociceptive role in pain development in the nervous system. BDNF-tyrosine kinase receptors B (TrkB) pathway promotes neurite outgrowth, neurogenesis, and the prevention of apoptosis, which helps in stroke recovery. Meanwhile, BDNF overexpression plays a role in CPSP via the activation of purinergic receptors P2X4R and P2X7R. The neuronal hyperexcitability that causes CPSP is linked with BDNF-TrkB interactions, changes in ion channels and inflammatory reactions. This review provides an overview of BDNF synthesis, interactions with certain receptors, and potential functions in regulating signalling pathways associated with stroke and CPSP. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying CPSP, the role of BDNF in CPSP, and the challenges and current treatment strategies targeting BDNF are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Rajamanickam
- Calcium Signalling Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Andy Thiam Huat Lee
- Health and Social Sciences Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ping Liao
- Calcium Signalling Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.
- Health and Social Sciences Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore.
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
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2
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Kimourtzis G, Rangwani N, Jenkins BJ, Jani S, McNaughton PA, Raouf R. Prostaglandin E2 depolarises sensory axons in vitro in an ANO1 and Nav1.8 dependent manner. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17360. [PMID: 39075089 PMCID: PMC11286870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67793-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a major contributor to inflammatory pain hyperalgesia, however, the extent to which it modulates the activity of nociceptive axons is incompletely understood. We developed and characterized a microfluidic cell culture model to investigate sensitisation of the axons of dorsal root ganglia neurons. We show that application of PGE2 to fluidically isolated axons leads to sensitisation of their responses to depolarising stimuli. Interestingly the application of PGE2 to the DRG axons elicited a direct and persistent spiking activity propagated to the soma. Both the persistent activity and the membrane depolarisation in the axons are abolished by the EP4 receptor inhibitor and a blocker of cAMP synthesis. Further investigated into the mechanisms of the spiking activity showed that the PGE2 evoked depolarisation was inhibited by Nav1.8 sodium channel blockers but was refractory to the application of TTX or zatebradine. Interestingly, the depolarisation of axons was blocked by blocking ANO1 channels with T16Ainh-A01. We further show that PGE2-elicited axonal responses are altered by the changes in chloride gradient within the axons following treatment with bumetanide a Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC1 inhibitor, but not by VU01240551 an inhibitor of potassium-chloride transporter KCC2. Our data demonstrate a novel role for PGE2/EP4/cAMP pathway which culminates in a sustained depolarisation of sensory axons mediated by a chloride current through ANO1 channels. Therefore, using a microfluidic culture model, we provide evidence for a potential dual function of PGE2 in inflammatory pain: it sensitises depolarisation-evoked responses in nociceptive axons and directly triggers action potentials by activating ANO1 and Nav1.8 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Kimourtzis
- Wolfson Sensory, Pain and Regeneration Centre (SPaRC), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Natasha Rangwani
- Wolfson Sensory, Pain and Regeneration Centre (SPaRC), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Bethan J Jenkins
- Wolfson Sensory, Pain and Regeneration Centre (SPaRC), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Siddharth Jani
- Wolfson Sensory, Pain and Regeneration Centre (SPaRC), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Peter A McNaughton
- Wolfson Sensory, Pain and Regeneration Centre (SPaRC), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Ramin Raouf
- Wolfson Sensory, Pain and Regeneration Centre (SPaRC), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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3
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Chen X, Tang SJ. Neural Circuitry Polarization in the Spinal Dorsal Horn (SDH): A Novel Form of Dysregulated Circuitry Plasticity during Pain Pathogenesis. Cells 2024; 13:398. [PMID: 38474361 PMCID: PMC10930392 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathological pain emerges from nociceptive system dysfunction, resulting in heightened pain circuit activity. Various forms of circuitry plasticity, such as central sensitization, synaptic plasticity, homeostatic plasticity, and excitation/inhibition balance, contribute to the malfunction of neural circuits during pain pathogenesis. Recently, a new form of plasticity in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH), named neural circuit polarization (NCP), was discovered in pain models induced by HIV-1 gp120 and chronic morphine administration. NCP manifests as an increase in excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in excitatory neurons and a decrease in EPSCs in inhibitory neurons, presumably facilitating hyperactivation of pain circuits. The expression of NCP is associated with astrogliosis. Ablation of reactive astrocytes or suppression of astrogliosis blocks NCP and, concomitantly, the development of gp120- or morphine-induced pain. In this review, we aim to compare and integrate NCP with other forms of plasticity in pain circuits to improve the understanding of the pathogenic contribution of NCP and its cooperation with other forms of circuitry plasticity during the development of pathological pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shao-Jun Tang
- Stony Brook University Pain and Anesthesia Research Center (SPARC), Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
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4
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Caron G, Bilchak J, Marie-Pascale Côté. Bumetanide increases postsynaptic inhibition after chronic SCI and decreases presynaptic inhibition with step-training. J Physiol 2023; 601:1425-1447. [PMID: 36847245 PMCID: PMC10106440 DOI: 10.1113/jp283753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Current anti-spastic medication significantly compromises motor recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI), indicating a critical need for alternative interventions. Because a shift in chloride homeostasis decreases spinal inhibition and contributes to hyperreflexia after SCI, we investigated the effect of bumetanide, an FDA-approved sodium-potassium-chloride intruder (NKCC1) antagonist, on presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibition. We compared its effect with step-training as it is known to improve spinal inhibition by restoring chloride homeostasis. In SCI rats, a prolonged bumetanide treatment increased postynaptic inhibition but not presynaptic inhibition of the plantar H-reflex evoked by posterior biceps and semitendinosus (PBSt) group I afferents. By using in vivo intracellular recordings of motoneurons, we further show that a prolonged bumetanide increased postsynaptic inhibition by hyperpolarizing the reversal potential for inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) after SCI. However, in step-trained SCI rats an acute delivery of bumetanide decreased presynaptic inhibition of the H-reflex, but not postsynaptic inhibition. These results suggest that bumetanide might be a viable option to improve postsynaptic inhibition after SCI, but it also decreases the recovery of presynaptic inhibition with step-training. We discuss whether the effects of bumetanide are mediated by NKCC1 or by off-target effects. KEY POINTS: After spinal cord injury (SCI), chloride homeostasis is dysregulated over time in parallel with the decrease in presynaptic inhibition of Ia afferents and postsynaptic inhibition of motoneurons, and the development of spasticity. While step-training counteracts these effects, it cannot always be implemented in the clinic because of comorbidities. An alternative intervention is to use pharmacological strategies to decrease spasticity without hindering the recovery of motor function with step-training. Here we found that, after SCI, a prolonged bumetanide (an FDA-approved antagonist of the sodium-potassium-chloride intruder, NKCC1) treatment increases postsynaptic inhibition of the H-reflex, and it hyperpolarizes the reversal potential for inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in motoneurons. However, in step-trained SCI, an acute delivery of bumetanide decreases presynaptic inhibition of the H-reflex, but not postsynaptic inhibition. Our results suggest that bumetanide has the potential to decrease spastic symptoms related to a decrease in postsynaptic but not presynaptic inhibition after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Caron
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19129
| | - Jadwiga Bilchak
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19129
| | - Marie-Pascale Côté
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19129
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Himmel NJ, Sakurai A, Patel AA, Bhattacharjee S, Letcher JM, Benson MN, Gray TR, Cymbalyuk GS, Cox DN. Chloride-dependent mechanisms of multimodal sensory discrimination and nociceptive sensitization in Drosophila. eLife 2023; 12:76863. [PMID: 36688373 PMCID: PMC9904763 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual sensory neurons can be tuned to many stimuli, each driving unique, stimulus-relevant behaviors, and the ability of multimodal nociceptor neurons to discriminate between potentially harmful and innocuous stimuli is broadly important for organismal survival. Moreover, disruptions in the capacity to differentiate between noxious and innocuous stimuli can result in neuropathic pain. Drosophila larval class III (CIII) neurons are peripheral noxious cold nociceptors and innocuous touch mechanosensors; high levels of activation drive cold-evoked contraction (CT) behavior, while low levels of activation result in a suite of touch-associated behaviors. However, it is unknown what molecular factors underlie CIII multimodality. Here, we show that the TMEM16/anoctamins subdued and white walker (wwk; CG15270) are required for cold-evoked CT, but not for touch-associated behavior, indicating a conserved role for anoctamins in nociception. We also evidence that CIII neurons make use of atypical depolarizing chloride currents to encode cold, and that overexpression of ncc69-a fly homologue of NKCC1-results in phenotypes consistent with neuropathic sensitization, including behavioral sensitization and neuronal hyperexcitability, making Drosophila CIII neurons a candidate system for future studies of the basic mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akira Sakurai
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Atit A Patel
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgia
| | | | - Jamin M Letcher
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Maggie N Benson
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Thomas R Gray
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgia
| | | | - Daniel N Cox
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgia
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Wu Y, Wang F. Inhibition of NKCC1 in spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglion results in alleviation of neuropathic pain in rats with spinal cord contusion. Mol Pain 2023; 19:17448069231159855. [PMID: 36760008 PMCID: PMC9950615 DOI: 10.1177/17448069231159855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have confirmed the relationship between chloride homeostasis and pain. However, the role of sodium potassium chloride co-transporter isoform 1 (NKCC1) in dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGs) in spinal cord injury (SCI)-induced neuropathic pain (NP) remains inconclusive. Therefore, we aimed to explore whether suppression of NKCC1 in the spinal cord and DRGs alleviate the NP of adult rats with thoracic spinal cord contusion. Thirty adult female Sprague-Dawley rats (8 week-old, weighing 250-280 g) were randomly divided into three groups with ten animals in each group (sham, SCI, and bumetanide groups). The paw withdrawal mechanical threshold and paw withdrawal thermal latency were recorded before injury (baseline) and on post-injury days 14, 21, 28, and 35. At the end of experiment, western blotting (WB) analysis, quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and immunofluorescence were performed to quantify NKCC1 expression. Our results revealed that NKCC1 protein expression in the spinal cord and DRGs was significantly up-regulated in rats with SCI. Intraperitoneal treatment of bumetanide (an NKCC1 inhibitor) reversed the expression of NKCC1 in the dorsal horn and DRGs and ameliorated mechanical ectopic pain and thermal hypersensitivities in the SCI rats. Our study demonstrated the occurrence of NKCC1 overexpression in the spinal cord and DRGs in a rodent model of NP and indicated that changes in the peripheral nervous system also play a major role in promoting pain sensitization after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wu
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, 12517Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyong Wang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, 12517Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
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Trifluoro-icaritin ameliorates spared nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain by inhibiting microglial activation through α7nAChR-mediated blockade of BDNF/TrkB/KCC2 signaling in the spinal cord of rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:114001. [PMID: 36375307 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is still a serious and unsolved health problem. Activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) is known to modulate neuropathic pain by inhibiting microglial activation and BDNF/TrkB/KCC2 signaling. We previously identified that trifluoro-icaritin (ICTF) has an attenuated effect on spared nerve injury (SNI)-induced neuropathic pain, but its potential mechanisms remain unknown. Here, the pain-related behaviors were determined by paw withdrawal threshold (PWT), CatWalk gait analysis, rotarod test, open field test and elevated plus maze test. The expression of pain-related signal molecules was evaluated by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. The results showed that ICTF (5.0 mg/kg, i.p.) successfully relieved SNI-induced mechanical allodynia and anxiety-like behavior, we subsequently found there existed either positive or negative correlation between mechanical allodynia and gait parameters or rotating speed following ICTF treatment. Moreover, ICTF not only enhanced the expression of spinal α7nAChR, KCC2, CD206 and IL-10, but also decreased the levels of spinal BDNF, TrkB, CD11b, Iba-1, CD40 and IL-1β in SNI rats. Conversely, α7nAChR antagonist α-Bgtx (I.T.) effectively reversed the inhibitory effects of ICTF on SNI rats, resulting in a remarkable improvement of mechanical allodynia, activation of microglia. and suppression of α7nAChR-mediated BDNF/TrkB/KCC2 signaling. Additionally, exogenous BDNF (I.T.) dramatically abrogated both blockade of BDNF/TrkB/KCC2 cascade and alleviation of mechanical allodynia by ICTF treatment. Altogether, the study highlighted that ICTF could relieve SNI-induced neuropathic pain by suppressing microglial activation via α7nAChR-mediated inhibition of BDNF/TrkB/KCC2 signaling in the spinal cord, suggesting that ICTF may be served as a possible painkiller against neuropathic pain.
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8
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Talifu Z, Pan Y, Gong H, Xu X, Zhang C, Yang D, Gao F, Yu Y, Du L, Li J. The role of KCC2 and NKCC1 in spinal cord injury: From physiology to pathology. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1045520. [PMID: 36589461 PMCID: PMC9799334 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1045520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance of ion concentrations inside and outside the cell is an essential homeostatic mechanism in neurons and serves as the basis for a variety of physiological activities. In the central nervous system, NKCC1 and KCC2, members of the SLC12 cation-chloride co-transporter (CCC) family, participate in physiological and pathophysiological processes by regulating intracellular and extracellular chloride ion concentrations, which can further regulate the GABAergic system. Over recent years, studies have shown that NKCC1 and KCC2 are essential for the maintenance of Cl- homeostasis in neural cells. NKCC1 transports Cl- into cells while KCC2 transports Cl- out of cells, thereby regulating chloride balance and neuronal excitability. An imbalance of NKCC1 and KCC2 after spinal cord injury will disrupt CI- homeostasis, resulting in the transformation of GABA neurons from an inhibitory state into an excitatory state, which subsequently alters the spinal cord neural network and leads to conditions such as spasticity and neuropathic pain, among others. Meanwhile, studies have shown that KCC2 is also an essential target for motor function reconstruction after spinal cord injury. This review mainly introduces the physiological structure and function of NKCC1 and KCC2 and discusses their pathophysiological roles after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuliyaer Talifu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China,Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China,School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yunzhu Pan
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China,Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China,School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Han Gong
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China,Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China,Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Chunjia Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China,Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Degang Yang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Liangjie Du
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Liangjie Du, ; Jianjun Li,
| | - Jianjun Li
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China,Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China,School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China,*Correspondence: Liangjie Du, ; Jianjun Li,
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Hashemizadeh S, Gharaylou Z, Hosseindoost S, Sardari M, Omidi A, Hosseini ravandi H, Hadjighassem M. Long-term administration of bumetanide improve functional recovery after spinal cord injury in rats. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:932487. [PMID: 36339604 PMCID: PMC9628211 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.932487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion disturbances are among the most remarkable deficits in spinal cord injury (SCI). GABA is an integral part of neural interaction. Action of the GABAA receptor depends on the amount of intracellular chloride. Homeostasis of chloride is controlled by two co-transporters, NKCC1 and KCC2. Previous studies revealed that NKCC1 are disturbed in SCI. In this study, NKCC1 is highly expressed in the epicenter of the lesioned spinal cord at 3 hours after induction of the lesion and reached the peak around 6 hours after SCI. Bumetanide (2 and 4 mg/day), as a specific NKCC1 inhibitor, was used at 3 hours post SCI for 28 days. The functional recovery outcomes were measured by the Basso–Beattie–Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale, ladder walking test, and hot plate test. The rats that received bumetanide 4 mg/day exhibited improved recovery of locomotor function, reduction of NKCC1 gene expression, and upregulation of GAP protein levels 28 days post SCI. Histological tissue evaluations confirmed bumetanide’s neuroprotective and regenerative effects. This study provides novel evidence for the benefits of bumetanide in early administration after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Hashemizadeh
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saereh Hosseindoost
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pain Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Sardari
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ameneh Omidi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahmoudreza Hadjighassem
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Mahmoudreza Hadjighassem,
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Fukui T, Tateno H, Nakamura T, Yamada Y, Sato Y, Iwasaki N, Harashima H, Kadoya K. Retrograde Axonal Transport of Liposomes from Peripheral Tissue to Spinal Cord and DRGs by Optimized Phospholipid and CTB Modification. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126661. [PMID: 35743104 PMCID: PMC9223829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advancements in therapeutic options for disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), the lack of an efficient drug-delivery system (DDS) hampers their clinical application. We hypothesized that liposomes could be optimized for retrograde transport in axons as a DDS from peripheral tissues to the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). Three types of liposomes consisting of DSPC, DSPC/POPC, or POPC in combination with cholesterol (Chol) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) lipid were administered to sciatic nerves or the tibialis anterior muscle of mature rats. Liposomes in cell bodies were detected with infrared fluorescence of DiD conjugated to liposomes. Three days later, all nerve-administered liposomes were retrogradely transported to the spinal cord and DRGs, whereas only muscle-administered liposomes consisting of DSPC reached the spinal cord and DRGs. Modification with Cholera toxin B subunit improved the transport efficiency of liposomes to the spinal cord and DRGs from 4.5% to 17.3% and from 3.9% to 14.3% via nerve administration, and from 2.6% to 4.8% and from 2.3% to 4.1% via muscle administration, respectively. Modification with octa-arginine (R8) improved the transport efficiency via nerve administration but abolished the transport capability via muscle administration. These findings provide the initial data for the development of a novel DDS targeting the spinal cord and DRGs via peripheral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Fukui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; (T.F.); (N.I.)
| | - Hironao Tateno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (H.T.); (Y.Y.); (Y.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (H.T.); (Y.Y.); (Y.S.); (H.H.)
- Correspondence: (T.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Yuma Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (H.T.); (Y.Y.); (Y.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (H.T.); (Y.Y.); (Y.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Norimasa Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; (T.F.); (N.I.)
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (H.T.); (Y.Y.); (Y.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Ken Kadoya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; (T.F.); (N.I.)
- Correspondence: (T.N.); (K.K.)
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Sánchez-Ventura J, Lane MA, Udina E. The Role and Modulation of Spinal Perineuronal Nets in the Healthy and Injured Spinal Cord. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:893857. [PMID: 35669108 PMCID: PMC9163449 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.893857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rather than being a stable scaffold, perineuronal nets (PNNs) are a dynamic and specialized extracellular matrix involved in plasticity modulation. They have been extensively studied in the brain and associated with neuroprotection, ionic buffering, and neural maturation. However, their biological function in the spinal cord and the effects of disrupting spinal PNNs remain elusive. The goal of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of spinal PNNs and their potential in pathological conditions such as traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). We also highlighted interventions that have been used to modulate the extracellular matrix after SCI, targeting the glial scar and spinal PNNs, in an effort to promote regeneration and stabilization of the spinal circuits, respectively. These concepts are discussed in the framework of developmental and neuroplastic changes in PNNs, drawing similarities between immature and denervated neurons after an SCI, which may provide a useful context for future SCI research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Sánchez-Ventura
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Michael A. Lane
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- The Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Esther Udina
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
- *Correspondence: Esther Udina
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12
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Ba X, Ran C, Guo W, Guo J, Zeng Q, Liu T, Sun W, Xiao L, Xiong D, Huang Y, Jiang C, Hao Y. Three-Day Continuous Oxytocin Infusion Attenuates Thermal and Mechanical Nociception by Rescuing Neuronal Chloride Homeostasis via Upregulation KCC2 Expression and Function. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:845018. [PMID: 35401174 PMCID: PMC8988046 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.845018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) and its receptor are promising targets for the treatment and prevention of the neuropathic pain. In the present study, we compared the effects of a single and continuous intrathecal infusion of OT on nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain behaviours in mice and further explore the mechanisms underlying their analgesic properties. We found that three days of continuous intrathecal OT infusion alleviated subsequent pain behaviours for 14 days, whereas a single OT injection induced a transient analgesia for 30 min, suggesting that only continuous intrathecal OT attenuated the establishment and development of neuropathic pain behaviours. Supporting this behavioural finding, continuous intrathecal infusion, but not short-term incubation of OT, reversed the nerve injury-induced depolarizing shift in Cl- reversal potential via restoring the function and expression of spinal K+-Cl- cotransporter 2 (KCC2), which may be caused by OT-induced enhancement of GABA inhibitory transmission. This result suggests that only continuous use of OT may reverse the pathological changes caused by nerve injury, thereby mechanistically blocking the establishment and development of pain. These findings provide novel evidence relevant for advancing understanding of the effects of continuous OT administration on the pathophysiology of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Ba
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chenqiu Ran
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenjun Guo
- Department of Pain Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shenzhen University General Hospital and Shenzhen University Academy of Clinical Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qian Zeng
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wuping Sun
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lizu Xiao
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Donglin Xiong
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yelan Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Changyu Jiang
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue Hao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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13
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Nasirinezhad F, Zarepour L, Hadjighassem M, Gharaylou Z, Majedi H, Ramezani F. Analgesic Effect of Bumetanide on Neuropathic Pain in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury. Basic Clin Neurosci 2021; 12:409-420. [PMID: 34917299 PMCID: PMC8666921 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.12.3.2049.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The current study evaluated the analgesic effects of bumetanide as an adjunctive in the management of neuropathic pain following Spinal Cord Injury (SCI). The peripheral expression of Na-K-Cl Cotransporter-1 (NKCC1) and K-Cl Cotransporter-2 (KCC2) genes in polymorphonuclear lymphocytes (PMLs) was assessed as a possible biomarker indicating central mechanisms underlying the observed response. Methods Through an open-label, single-arm, pilot trial of bumetanide (2 mg/d), an add-on treatment was conducted on 14 SCI patients for 19 weeks. This study consisted of 3 phases: pre-treatment (1 month), titration (3 weeks), and active treatment (4 months). Ultimately, 9 patients completed the study. The primary outcome variables were the endpoint pain score using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), and also the short-form of the McGill pain questionnaire. Secondary endpoints included the short-form of the health survey that assesses the quality of life. Blood samples were collected and used for determining the expression of NKCC1 and KCC2 genes in transcription and translation levels. Results Bumetanide treatment significantly decreased average pain intensity according to the NRS and the short-form of the McGill pain questionnaire scores. Baseline expression of KCC2 protein was low between groups and increased significantly following treatment (P<0.05). In the current study, pain improvement was accompanied by the greater mean change from the baseline (improvement) for the overall quality of life. Conclusion These data highlighted the analgesic effect of bumetanide on neuropathic pain and indicated the potential role of the upregulation of KCC2 protein and involvement of GABAergic disinhibition in producing neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farinaz Nasirinezhad
- Department of Physiology, Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Zarepour
- Department of Physiology, Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoudreza Hadjighassem
- Brain and Spinal cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Gharaylou
- Brain and Spinal cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossin Majedi
- Brain and Spinal cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ramezani
- Department of Physiology, Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Wang C, Hao H, He K, An Y, Pu Z, Gamper N, Zhang H, Du X. Neuropathic Injury-Induced Plasticity of GABAergic System in Peripheral Sensory Ganglia. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:702218. [PMID: 34385921 PMCID: PMC8354334 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.702218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
GABA is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Inhibitory GABAA channel circuits in the dorsal spinal cord are the gatekeepers of the nociceptive input from the periphery to the CNS. Weakening of these spinal inhibitory mechanisms is a hallmark of chronic pain. Yet, recent studies have suggested the existence of an earlier GABAergic “gate” within the peripheral sensory ganglia. In this study, we performed systematic investigation of plastic changes of the GABA-related proteins in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in the process of neuropathic pain development. We found that chronic constriction injury (CCI) induced general downregulation of most GABAA channel subunits and the GABA-producing enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase, consistent with the weakening of the GABAergic inhibition at the periphery. Strikingly, the α5 GABAA subunit was consistently upregulated. Knock-down of the α5 subunit in vivo moderately alleviated neuropathic hyperalgesia. Our findings suggest that while the development of neuropathic pain is generally accompanied by weakening of the peripheral GABAergic system, the α5 GABAA subunit may have a unique pro-algesic role and, hence, might represent a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixue Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Han Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Kaitong He
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yating An
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zeyao Pu
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Nikita Gamper
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Hailin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaona Du
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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15
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GABAergic Mechanisms Can Redress the Tilted Balance between Excitation and Inhibition in Damaged Spinal Networks. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3769-3786. [PMID: 33826070 PMCID: PMC8279998 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Correct operation of neuronal networks depends on the interplay between synaptic excitation and inhibition processes leading to a dynamic state termed balanced network. In the spinal cord, balanced network activity is fundamental for the expression of locomotor patterns necessary for rhythmic activation of limb extensor and flexor muscles. After spinal cord lesion, paralysis ensues often followed by spasticity. These conditions imply that, below the damaged site, the state of balanced networks has been disrupted and that restoration might be attempted by modulating the excitability of sublesional spinal neurons. Because of the widespread expression of inhibitory GABAergic neurons in the spinal cord, their role in the early and late phases of spinal cord injury deserves full attention. Thus, an early surge in extracellular GABA might be involved in the onset of spinal shock while a relative deficit of GABAergic mechanisms may be a contributor to spasticity. We discuss the role of GABA A receptors at synaptic and extrasynaptic level to modulate network excitability and to offer a pharmacological target for symptom control. In particular, it is proposed that activation of GABA A receptors with synthetic GABA agonists may downregulate motoneuron hyperexcitability (due to enhanced persistent ionic currents) and, therefore, diminish spasticity. This approach might constitute a complementary strategy to regulate network excitability after injury so that reconstruction of damaged spinal networks with new materials or cell transplants might proceed more successfully.
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Jeffrey-Gauthier R, Bouyer J, Piché M, Côté MP, Leblond H. Locomotor deficits induced by lumbar muscle inflammation involve spinal microglia and are independent of KCC2 expression in a mouse model of complete spinal transection. Exp Neurol 2021; 338:113592. [PMID: 33388315 PMCID: PMC7904639 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with damage to musculoskeletal tissues of the spine. Recent findings show that pain and inflammatory processes caused by musculoskeletal injury mediate plastic changes in the spinal cord. These changes could impede the adaptive plastic changes responsible for functional recovery. The underlying mechanism remains unclear, but may involve the microglia-BDNF-KCC2 pathway, which is implicated in sensitization of dorsal horn neurons in neuropathic pain and in the regulation of spinal excitability by step-training. In the present study, we examined the effects of step-training and lumbar muscle inflammation induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) on treadmill locomotion in a mouse model of complete spinal transection. The impact on locomotor recovery of each of these interventions alone or in combination were examined in addition to changes in microglia and KCC2 expression in the dorsal and ventral horns of the sublesional spinal cord. Results show that angular motion at the hip, knee and ankle joint during locomotion were decreased by CFA injection and improved by step-training. Moreover, CFA injection enhanced the expression of the microglial marker Iba1 in both ventral and dorsal horns, with or without step-training. However, this change was not associated with a modulation of KCC2 expression, suggesting that locomotor deficits induced by inflammation are independent of KCC2 expression in the sublesional spinal cord. These results indicate that musculoskeletal injury hinders locomotor recovery after SCI and that microglia is involved in this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Jeffrey-Gauthier
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; CogNAC Research Group, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada.
| | - Julien Bouyer
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19129, United States.
| | - Mathieu Piché
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; CogNAC Research Group, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada.
| | - Marie-Pascale Côté
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19129, United States.
| | - Hugues Leblond
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; CogNAC Research Group, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada.
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17
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Li YC, Tian YQ, Wu YY, Xu YC, Zhang PA, Sha J, Xu GY. Upregulation of Spinal ASIC1 and NKCC1 Expression Contributes to Chronic Visceral Pain in Rats. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:611179. [PMID: 33584200 PMCID: PMC7874109 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.611179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: To determine whether acid-sensing ion channel 1 (ASIC1)–sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) signaling pathway participates in chronic visceral pain of adult rats with neonatal maternal deprivation (NMD). Methods: Chronic visceral pain was detected by colorectal distension (CRD). Western blotting and Immunofluorescence were performed to detect the expression and location of ASIC1 and NKCC1. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were performed to record spinal synaptic transmission. Results: The excitatory synaptic transmission was enhanced and the inhibitory synaptic transmission was weakened in the spinal dorsal horn of NMD rats. ASIC1 and NKCC1 protein expression in the spinal dorsal horn was significantly up-regulated in NMD rats. Incubation of Amiloride reduced the amplitude of mEPSCs. Incubation of Bumetanide (BMT) increased the amplitude of mIPSCs. Intrathecal injection of ASIC1 or NKCC1 inhibitors reversed the threshold of CRD in NMD rats. Also, Amiloride treatment significantly reversed the expression of NKCC1 in the spinal dorsal horn of NMD rats. Conclusion: Our data suggest that the ASIC1-NKCC1 signaling pathway is involved in chronic visceral pain in NMD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Qing Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan-Yan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ping-An Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Sha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, China
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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18
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Presynaptic Inhibition of Pain and Touch in the Spinal Cord: From Receptors to Circuits. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010414. [PMID: 33401784 PMCID: PMC7795800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory primary afferent fibers, conveying touch, pain, itch, and proprioception, synapse onto spinal cord dorsal horn neurons. Primary afferent central terminals express a wide variety of receptors that modulate glutamate and peptide release. Regulation of the amount and timing of neurotransmitter release critically affects the integration of postsynaptic responses and the coding of sensory information. The role of GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) receptors expressed on afferent central terminals is particularly important in sensory processing, both in physiological conditions and in sensitized states induced by chronic pain. During the last decade, techniques of opto- and chemogenetic stimulation and neuronal selective labeling have provided interesting insights on this topic. This review focused on the recent advances about the modulatory effects of presynaptic GABAergic receptors in spinal cord dorsal horn and the neural circuits involved in these mechanisms.
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Zarepour L, Gharaylou Z, Hadjighassem M, Shafaghi L, Majedi H, Behzad E, Hosseindoost S, Ramezani F, Nasirinezhad F. Preliminary study of analgesic effect of bumetanide on neuropathic pain in patients with spinal cord injury. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 81:477-484. [PMID: 33222966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE The current study evaluated the analgesic effects of bumetanide as an adjunctive treatment in managing neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury. The peripheral expression level of Na-K-Cl-cotransporter-1 (NKCC1) and K-Cl-cotransporter-2 (KCC2) genes in polymorphonuclear lymphocytes (PMLs) assessed as a possible biomarker indicating central underlying mechanisms. METHODS This open-label, single-arm, pilot trial of bumetanide (2 mg/day) is an add-on treatment conducted in 14 SCI patients for 19 weeks. The whole duration consisted of three phases: pre-treatment (1 month), titration (3 weeks), and active treatment (4 months). Ultimately, nine patients completed the study. The primary outcome variables were the endpoint pain score measured by the numeric rating scale (NRS), and the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire. Secondary endpoints included the Short-Form Health Survey that measures the quality of life. Blood samples were collected and used for determining the expression of NKCC1 and KCC2 genes in transcription and translation levels. RESULTS Bumetanide treatment significantly reduced average pain intensity according to the NRS and the short form of the McGill Pain Questionnaire scores. The baseline expression of KCC2 protein was low between groups and increased significantly following treatment (P < 0.05). Through the current study, pain improvement accompanied by the more significant mean change from the baseline for the overall quality of life. CONCLUSION These data might be a piece of preliminary evidence for the analgesic effect of bumetanide on neuropathic pain and could support the potential role of the upregulation of KCC2 protein and involvement of GABAergic disinhibition in producing neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Zarepour
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Gharaylou
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoudreza Hadjighassem
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Lida Shafaghi
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Majedi
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Behzad
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saereh Hosseindoost
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ramezani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farinaz Nasirinezhad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Hughes DI, Todd AJ. Central Nervous System Targets: Inhibitory Interneurons in the Spinal Cord. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:874-885. [PMID: 33029722 PMCID: PMC7641291 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00936-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is a percept of critical importance to our daily survival. In most cases, it serves both an adaptive function by helping us respond appropriately in a potentially hostile environment and also a protective role by alerting us to tissue damage. Normally, it is evoked by the activation of peripheral nociceptive nerve endings and the subsequent relay of information to distinct cortical and sub-cortical regions, but under pathological conditions that result in chronic pain, it can become spontaneous. Given that one in three chronic pain patients do not respond to the treatments currently available, the need for more effective analgesics is evident. Two principal obstacles to the development of novel analgesic therapies are our limited understanding of how neuronal circuits that comprise these pain pathways transmit and modulate sensory information under normal circumstances and how these circuits change under pathological conditions leading to chronic pain states. In this review, we focus on the role of inhibitory interneurons in setting pain thresholds and, in particular, how disinhibition in the spinal dorsal horn can lead to aberrant sensory processing associated with chronic pain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Hughes
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
| | - Andrew J Todd
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
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21
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Nagumo Y, Ueta Y, Nakayama H, Osaki H, Takeuchi Y, Uesaka N, Kano M, Miyata M. Tonic GABAergic Inhibition Is Essential for Nerve Injury-Induced Afferent Remodeling in the Somatosensory Thalamus and Ectopic Sensations. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107797. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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22
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Li C, Lei Y, Tian Y, Xu S, Shen X, Wu H, Bao S, Wang F. The etiological contribution of GABAergic plasticity to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Mol Pain 2020; 15:1744806919847366. [PMID: 30977423 PMCID: PMC6509976 DOI: 10.1177/1744806919847366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain developing after peripheral or central nerve injury is the result of pathological changes generated through complex mechanisms. Disruption in the homeostasis of excitatory and inhibitory neurons within the central nervous system is a crucial factor in the formation of hyperalgesia or allodynia occurring with neuropathic pain. The central GABAergic pathway has received attention for its extensive distribution and function in neural circuits, including the generation and development of neuropathic pain. GABAergic inhibitory changes that occur in the interneurons along descending modulatory and nociceptive pathways in the central nervous system are believed to generate neuronal plasticity, such as synaptic plasticity or functional plasticity of the related genes or proteins, that is the foundation of persistent neuropathic pain. The primary GABAergic plasticity observed in neuropathic pain includes GABAergic synapse homo- and heterosynaptic plasticity, decreased synthesis of GABA, down-expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase and GABA transporter, abnormal expression of NKCC1 or KCC2, and disturbed function of GABA receptors. In this review, we describe possible mechanisms associated with GABAergic plasticity, such as central sensitization and GABAergic interneuron apoptosis, and the epigenetic etiologies of GABAergic plasticity in neuropathic pain. Moreover, we summarize potential therapeutic targets of GABAergic plasticity that may allow for successful relief of hyperalgesia from nerve injury. Finally, we compare the effects of the GABAergic system in neuropathic pain to other types of chronic pain to understand the contribution of GABAergic plasticity to neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijuan Li
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanying Lei
- 2 Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yi Tian
- 3 Department of Anesthesiology, Haikou Affiliated Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Haikou People's Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Shiqin Xu
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Shen
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Senzhu Bao
- 2 Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Fuzhou Wang
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China.,4 Group of Neuropharmacology and Neurophysiology, Division of Neuroscience, The Bonoi Academy of Science and Education, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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23
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Kosaka Y, Yafuso T, Shimizu-Okabe C, Kim J, Kobayashi S, Okura N, Ando H, Okabe A, Takayama C. Development and persistence of neuropathic pain through microglial activation and KCC2 decreasing after mouse tibial nerve injury. Brain Res 2020; 1733:146718. [PMID: 32045595 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mature brain, but is excitatory during development and after motor nerve injury. This difference in GABAergic action depends on the intracellular chloride ion concentration ([Cl-]i), primarily regulated by potassium chloride co-transporter 2 (KCC2). To reveal precise processes of the neuropathic pain through changes in GABAergic action, we prepared tibial nerve ligation and severance models using male mice, and examined temporal relationships amongst changes in (1) the mechanical withdrawal threshold in the sural nerve area, (2) localization of the molecules involved in GABAergic transmission and its upstream signaling in the dorsal horn, and (3) histology of the tibial nerve. In the ligation model, tibial nerve degeneration disappeared by day 56, but mechanical allodynia, reduced KCC2 localization, and increased microglia density remained until day 90. Microglia density was higher in the tibial zone than the sural zone before day 21, but this result was inverted after day 28. In contrast, in the severance model, all above changes were detected until day 28, but were simultaneously and significantly recovered by day 90. These results suggested that in male mice, allodynia may be caused by reduced GABAergic synaptic inhibition, resulting from elevated [Cl-]i after the reduction of KCC2 by activated microglia. Furthermore, our results suggested that factors from degenerating nerve terminals may diffuse into the sural zone, whereby they induced the development of allodynia in the sural nerve area, while other factors in the sural zone may mediate persistent allodynia through the same pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Kosaka
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa 9030215, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Yafuso
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa 9030215, Japan
| | - Chigusa Shimizu-Okabe
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa 9030215, Japan
| | - Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa 9030215, Japan; Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Shiori Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa 9030215, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okura
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa 9030215, Japan
| | - Hironobu Ando
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa 9030215, Japan
| | - Akihito Okabe
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa 9030215, Japan; Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Seinan Jo Gakuin University, Fukuoka 803-0835, Japan
| | - Chitoshi Takayama
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa 9030215, Japan.
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24
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Wilke BU, Kummer KK, Leitner MG, Kress M. Chloride - The Underrated Ion in Nociceptors. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:287. [PMID: 32322187 PMCID: PMC7158864 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to pain processing neurons in the spinal cord, where the importance of chloride conductances is already well established, chloride homeostasis in primary afferent neurons has received less attention. Sensory neurons maintain high intracellular chloride concentrations through balanced activity of Na+-K+-2Cl– cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) and K+-Cl– cotransporter 2 (KCC2). Whereas in other cell types activation of chloride conductances causes hyperpolarization, activation of the same conductances in primary afferent neurons may lead to inhibitory or excitatory depolarization depending on the actual chloride reversal potential and the total amount of chloride efflux during channel or transporter activation. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons express a multitude of chloride channel types belonging to different channel families, such as ligand-gated, ionotropic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or glycine receptors, Ca2+-activated chloride channels of the anoctamin/TMEM16, bestrophin or tweety-homolog family, CLC chloride channels and transporters, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) as well as volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs). Specific chloride conductances are involved in signal transduction and amplification at the peripheral nerve terminal, contribute to excitability and action potential generation of sensory neurons, or crucially shape synaptic transmission in the spinal dorsal horn. In addition, chloride channels can be modified by a plethora of inflammatory mediators affecting them directly, via protein-protein interaction, or through signaling cascades. Since chloride channels as well as mediators that modulate chloride fluxes are regulated in pain disorders and contribute to nociceptor excitation and sensitization it is timely and important to emphasize their critical role in nociceptive primary afferents in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina U Wilke
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kai K Kummer
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael G Leitner
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michaela Kress
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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25
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Tan CY, Wang YP, Han YY, Lu BH, Ji W, Zhu LC, Wang Y, Shi WY, Shan LY, Zhang L, Ma KT, Li L, Si JQ. Expression and effect of sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter on dorsal root ganglion neurons in a rat model of chronic constriction injury. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:912-921. [PMID: 31719257 PMCID: PMC6990784 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.268904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) and potassium-chloride cotransporter 2 (KCC2) are associated with the transmission of peripheral pain. We investigated whether the increase of NKCC1 and KCC2 is associated with peripheral pain transmission in dorsal root ganglion neurons. To this aim, rats with persistent hyperalgesia were randomly divided into four groups. Rats in the control group received no treatment, and the rat sciatic nerve was only exposed in the sham group. Rats in the chronic constriction injury group were established into chronic constriction injury models by ligating sciatic nerve and rats were given bumetanide, an inhibitor of NKCC1, based on chronic constriction injury modeling in the chronic constriction injury + bumetanide group. In the experiment measuring thermal withdrawal latency, bumetanide (15 mg/kg) was intravenously administered. In the patch clamp experiment, bumetanide (10 µg/µL) and acutely isolated dorsal root ganglion neurons (on day 14) were incubated for 1 hour, or bumetanide (5 µg/µL) was intrathecally injected. The Hargreaves test was conducted to detect changes in thermal hyperalgesia in rats. We found that the thermal withdrawal latency of rats was significantly decreased on days 7, 14, and 21 after model establishment. After intravenous injection of bumetanide, the reduction in thermal retraction latency caused by model establishment was significantly inhibited. Immunohistochemistry and western blot assay results revealed that the immune response and protein expression of NKCC1 in dorsal root ganglion neurons of the chronic constriction injury group increased significantly on days 7, 14, and 21 after model establishment. No immune response or protein expression of KCC2 was observed in dorsal root ganglion neurons before and after model establishment. The Cl– (chloride ion) fluorescent probe technique was used to evaluate the change of Cl– concentration in dorsal root ganglion neurons of chronic constriction injury model rats. We found that the relative optical density of N-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-6-methoxyquinolinium bromide (a Cl– fluorescent probe whose fluorescence intensity decreases as Cl– concentration increases) in the dorsal root ganglion neurons of the chronic constriction injury group was significantly decreased on days 7 and 14 after model establishment. The whole-cell patch clamp technique revealed that the resting potential and action potential frequency of dorsal root ganglion neurons increased, and the threshold and rheobase of action potentials decreased in the chronic constriction injury group on day 14 after model establishment. After bumetanide administration, the above indicators were significantly suppressed. These results confirm that CCI can induce abnormal overexpression of NKCC1, thereby increasing the Cl– concentration in dorsal root ganglion neurons; this then enhances the excitability of dorsal root ganglion neurons and ultimately promotes hyperalgesia and allodynia. In addition, bumetanide can achieve analgesic effects. All experiments were approved by the Institutional Ethics Review Board at the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, China on February 22, 2017 (approval No. A2017-169-01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yang Tan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province; Department of Health, Karamay Army Division, Chinese People's Liberation Army, Karamay, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yan-Ping Wang
- Department of Physiology; Department of Nursing, Medical College of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Han
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Department of Clinical Medicine, Karamay College of Xinjiang Medical University, Karamay, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Bi-Han Lu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Li-Cang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine; The key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wen-Yan Shi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine; The key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Li-Ya Shan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine; The key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine; The key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ke-Tao Ma
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine; The key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province; The key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jun-Qiang Si
- Department of Physiology; The key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University; Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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26
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Gradwell MA, Callister RJ, Graham BA. Reviewing the case for compromised spinal inhibition in neuropathic pain. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 127:481-503. [PMID: 31641856 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A striking and debilitating property of the nervous system is that damage to this tissue can cause chronic intractable pain, which persists long after resolution of the initial insult. This neuropathic form of pain can arise from trauma to peripheral nerves, the spinal cord, or brain. It can also result from neuropathies associated with disease states such as diabetes, human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS, herpes, multiple sclerosis, cancer, and chemotherapy. Regardless of the origin, treatments for neuropathic pain remain inadequate. This continues to drive research into the underlying mechanisms. While the literature shows that dysfunction in numerous loci throughout the CNS can contribute to chronic pain, the spinal cord and in particular inhibitory signalling in this region have remained major research areas. This review focuses on local spinal inhibition provided by dorsal horn interneurons, and how such inhibition is disrupted during the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Gradwell
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - R J Callister
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - B A Graham
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.
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27
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Kharod SC, Kang SK, Kadam SD. Off-Label Use of Bumetanide for Brain Disorders: An Overview. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:310. [PMID: 31068771 PMCID: PMC6491514 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bumetanide (BTN or BUM) is a FDA-approved potent loop diuretic (LD) that acts by antagonizing sodium-potassium-chloride (Na-K-Cl) cotransporters, NKCC1 (SLc12a2) and NKCC2. While NKCC1 is expressed both in the CNS and in systemic organs, NKCC2 is kidney-specific. The off-label use of BTN to modulate neuronal transmembrane Cl− gradients by blocking NKCC1 in the CNS has now been tested as an anti-seizure agent and as an intervention for neurological disorders in pre-clinical studies with varying results. BTN safety and efficacy for its off-label use has also been tested in several clinical trials for neonates, children, adolescents, and adults. It failed to meet efficacy criteria for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) neonatal seizures. In contrast, positive outcomes in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), autism, and schizophrenia trials have been attributed to BTN in studies evaluating its off-label use. NKCC1 is an electroneutral neuronal Cl− importer and the dominance of NKCC1 function has been proposed as the common pathology for HIE seizures, TLE, autism, and schizophrenia. Therefore, the use of BTN to antagonize neuronal NKCC1 with the goal to lower internal Cl− levels and promote GABAergic mediated hyperpolarization has been proposed. In this review, we summarize the data and results for pre-clinical and clinical studies that have tested off-label BTN interventions and report variable outcomes. We also compare the data underlying the developmental expression profile of NKCC1 and KCC2, highlight the limitations of BTN’s brain-availability and consider its actions on non-neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani C Kharod
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Seok Kyu Kang
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shilpa D Kadam
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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28
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Allen LL, Seven YB, Baker TL, Mitchell GS. Cervical spinal contusion alters Na +-K +-2Cl- and K +-Cl- cation-chloride cotransporter expression in phrenic motor neurons. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2019; 261:15-23. [PMID: 30590202 PMCID: PMC6939623 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal chloride-dependent synaptic inhibition is critical in regulating breathing and requires neuronal chloride gradients established by cation-chloride cotransporters Na+-K+-2Cl- (NKCC1) and K+-Cl- (KCC2). Spinal transection disrupts NKCC1/KCC2 balance, diminishing chloride gradients in neurons below injury, contributing to spasticity and chronic pain. It is not known if similar disruptions in NKCC1/KCC2 balance occur in respiratory motor neurons after incomplete cervical contusion (C2SC). We hypothesized that C2SC disrupts NKCC1/KCC2 balance in phrenic motor neurons. NKCC1 and KCC2 immunoreactivity was assessed in CtB-positive phrenic motor neurons. Five weeks post-C2SC: 1) neither membrane-bound nor cytosolic NKCC1 expression were significantly changed, although the membrane/cytosolic ratio increased, consistent with net chloride influx; and 2) both membrane and cytosolic KCC2 expression increased, although the membrane/cytosolic ratio decreased, consistent with net chloride efflux. Thus, contrary to our original hypothesis, complex shifts in NKCC1/KCC2 balance occur post-C2SC. The functional significance of these changes remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latoya L Allen
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA; Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Yasin B Seven
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA; Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Tracy L Baker
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Gordon S Mitchell
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA; Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
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29
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Arbat-Plana A, Puigdomenech M, Navarro X, Udina E. Role of Noradrenergic Inputs From Locus Coeruleus on Changes Induced on Axotomized Motoneurons by Physical Exercise. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:65. [PMID: 30863285 PMCID: PMC6399159 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical rehabilitation is one of the cornerstones for the treatment of lesions of the nervous system. After peripheral nerve injuries, activity dependent therapies promote trophic support for the paralyzed muscles, enhance axonal growth and also modulate the maladaptive plastic changes induced by the injury at the spinal level. We have previously demonstrated that an intensive protocol of treadmill running (TR) in rats reduces synaptic stripping on axotomized motoneurons, preserves their perineuronal nets (PNN) and attenuates microglia reactivity. However, it is not clear through which mechanisms exercise is exerting these effects. Here we aimed to evaluate if activation of the locus coeruleus (LC), the noradrenergic center in the brain stem, plays a role in these effects. Since LC is strongly activated during stressful situations, as during intensive exercise, we selectively destroyed the LC by administering the neurotoxin DPS-4 before injuring the sciatic nerve of adult rats. Animals without LC had increased microglia reactivity around injured motoneurons. In these animals, an increasing intensity protocol of TR was not able to prevent synaptic stripping on axotomized motoneurons and the reduction in the thickness of their PNN. In contrast, TR was still able to attenuate microglia reactivity in DSP-4 treated animals, thus indicating that the noradrenergic projections are important for some but not all the effects that exercise induces on the spinal cord after peripheral nerve injury. Moreover, animals subjected to treadmill training showed delayed muscle reinnervation, more evident if treated with DSP-4. However, we did not find differences in treated animals regarding the H/M amplitude ratio, which increased during the first stages of regeneration in all injured groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Arbat-Plana
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Maria Puigdomenech
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Esther Udina
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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30
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López-Álvarez VM, Cobianchi S, Navarro X. Chronic electrical stimulation reduces hyperalgesia and associated spinal changes induced by peripheral nerve injury. Neuromodulation 2019; 22:509-518. [PMID: 30786105 DOI: 10.1111/ner.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate if different protocols of electrical stimulation following nerve injury might improve neuropathic pain outcomes and modify associated plastic changes at the spinal cord level. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult rats were subjected to sciatic nerve transection and repair, and distributed in four groups: untreated (SNTR, n = 12), repeated acute electrical stimulation (rAES, 50 Hz, one hour, n = 12), chronic electrical stimulation (CES, 50 Hz, one hour, n = 12), and increasing-frequency chronic electrical stimulation (iCES, one hour, n = 12) delivered during two weeks following the lesion. The threshold of nociceptive withdrawal to mechanical stimuli was evaluated by means of a Von Frey algesimeter during three weeks postlesion. Spinal cord samples were processed by immunohistochemistry for labeling glial cells, adrenergic receptors, K+ -Cl- cotransporter 2 (KCC2) and GABA. RESULTS Acute electrical stimulation (50 Hz, one hour) delivered at 3, 7, and 14 days induced an immediate increase of mechanical pain threshold that disappeared after a few days. Chronic electrical stimulation given daily reduced mechanical hyperalgesia until the end of follow-up, being more sustained with the iCES than with constant 50 Hz stimulation (CES). Chronic stimulation protocols restored the expression of β2 adrenergic receptor and of KCC2 in the dorsal horn, which were significantly reduced by nerve injury. These treatments decreased also the activation of microglia and astrocytes in the dorsal horn. CONCLUSION Daily electrical stimulation, especially if frequency-patterned, was effective in ameliorating hyperalgesia after nerve injury, and partially preventing the proinflammatory and hyperalgesic changes in the dorsal horn associated to neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M López-Álvarez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Stefano Cobianchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
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31
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Blaszczyk L, Maître M, Lesté-Lasserre T, Clark S, Cota D, Oliet SHR, Fénelon VS. Sequential alteration of microglia and astrocytes in the rat thalamus following spinal nerve ligation. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:349. [PMID: 30572902 PMCID: PMC6302506 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal reactive astrocytes and microglia are known to participate to the initiation and maintenance of neuropathic pain. However, whether reactive astrocytes and microglia in thalamic nuclei that process sensory-discriminative aspects of pain play a role in pain behavior remains poorly investigated. Therefore, the present study evaluated whether the presence of reactive glia (hypertrophy, increased number and upregulation of glial markers) in the ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus (VPL) correlates with pain symptoms, 14 and 28 days after unilateral L5/L6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) in rats. Methods Mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia (von Frey filament stimulation) as well as ambulatory pain (dynamic weight bearing apparatus) were assessed. Levels of nine glial transcripts were determined by quantitative real-time PCR on laser microdissected thalamic nuclei, and levels of proteins were assessed by Western blot. We also studied by immunohistofluorescence the expression of glial markers that label processes (GFAP for astrocytes and iba-1 for microglia) and cell body (S100β for astrocytes and iba-1 for microglia) and quantified the immunostained surface and the number of astrocytes and microglia (conventional counts and optical dissector method of stereological counting). Results Differential, time-dependent responses were observed concerning microglia and astrocytes. Specifically, at day 14, iba-1 immunostained area and number of iba-1 immunopositive cells were decreased in the VPL of SNL as compared to naïve rats. By contrast, at day 28, GFAP-immunostained area was increased in the VPL of SNL as compared to naïve rats while number of GFAP/S100β immunopositive cells remained unchanged. Using quantitative real-time PCR of laser microdissected VPL, we found a sequential increase in mRNA expression of cathepsin S (day 14), fractalkine (day 28), and fractalkine receptor (day 14), three well-known markers of microglial reactivity. Using Western blot, we confirmed an increase in protein expression of fractalkine receptor at day 14. Conclusions Our results demonstrate a sequential alteration of microglia and astrocytes in the thalamus of animals with lesioned peripheral nerves. Furthermore, our data report unprecedented concomitant molecular signs of microglial activation and morphological signs of microglial decline in the thalamus of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Blaszczyk
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marlène Maître
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thierry Lesté-Lasserre
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Samantha Clark
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Daniela Cota
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphane H R Oliet
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Valérie S Fénelon
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France. .,Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France.
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Abstract
Substance P (SP) is a highly conserved member of the tachykinin peptide family that is widely expressed throughout the animal kingdom. The numerous members of the tachykinin peptide family are involved in a multitude of neuronal signaling pathways, mediating sensations and emotional responses (Steinhoff et al. in Physiol Rev 94:265–301, 2014). In contrast to receptors for classical transmitters, such as glutamate (Parsons et al. in Handb Exp Pharmacol 249–303, 2005), only a minority of neurons in certain brain areas express neurokinin receptors (NKRs) (Mantyh in J Clin Psychiatry 63:6–10, 2002). SP is also expressed by a variety of non-neuronal cell types such as microglia, as well as immune cells (Mashaghi et al. in Cell Mol Life Sci 73:4249–4264, 2016). SP is an 11-amino acid neuropeptide that preferentially activates the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R). It transmits nociceptive signals via primary afferent fibers to spinal and brainstem second-order neurons (Cao et al. in Nature 392:390–394, 1998). Compounds that inhibit SP’s action are being investigated as potential drugs to relieve pain. More recently, SP and NKR have gained attention for their role in complex psychiatric processes. It is a key goal in the field of pain research to understand mechanisms involved in the transition between acute pain and chronic pain. The influence of emotional and cognitive inputs and feedbacks from different brain areas makes pain not only a perception but an experience (Zieglgänsberger et al. in CNS Spectr 10:298–308, 2005; Trenkwaldner et al. Sleep Med 31:78–85, 2017). This review focuses on functional neuronal plasticity in spinal dorsal horn neurons as a major relay for nociceptive information.
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Schmidt T, Ghaffarian N, Philippot C, Seifert G, Steinhäuser C, Pape HC, Blaesse P. Differential regulation of chloride homeostasis and GABAergic transmission in the thalamus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13929. [PMID: 30224811 PMCID: PMC6141474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The thalamus is important for sensory integration with the ventrobasal thalamus (VB) as relay controlled by GABAergic projections from the nucleus reticularis thalami (NRT). Depending on the [Cl-]i primarily set by cation-chloride-cotransporters, GABA is inhibitory or excitatory. There is evidence that VB and NRT differ in terms of GABA action, with classical hyperpolarization in VB due to the expression of the Cl- extruder KCC2 and depolarizing/excitatory GABA action in the NRT, where KCC2 expression is low and Cl- accumulation by the Cl- inward transporter NKCC1 has been postulated. However, data on NKCC1 expression and functional analysis of both transporters are missing. We show that KCC2-mediated Cl- extrusion set the [Cl-]i in VB, while NKCC1 did not contribute substantially to Cl- accumulation and depolarizing GABA action in the NRT. The finding that NKCC1 did not play a major role in NRT neurons is of high relevance for ongoing studies on the therapeutic use of NKCC1 inhibitors trying to compensate for a disease-induced up-regulation of NKCC1 that has been described for various brain regions and disease states like epilepsy and chronic pain. These data suggest that NKCC1 inhibitors might have no major effect on healthy NRT neurons due to limited NKCC1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schmidt
- Institute of Physiology I, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nikoo Ghaffarian
- Institute of Physiology I, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Camille Philippot
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gerald Seifert
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Peter Blaesse
- Institute of Physiology I, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Sánchez-Brualla I, Boulenguez P, Brocard C, Liabeuf S, Viallat-Lieutaud A, Navarro X, Udina E, Brocard F. Activation of 5-HT 2A Receptors Restores KCC2 Function and Reduces Neuropathic Pain after Spinal Cord Injury. Neuroscience 2018; 387:48-57. [PMID: 28844001 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Downregulation of the potassium chloride cotransporter type 2 (KCC2) after a spinal cord injury (SCI) disinhibits motoneurons and dorsal horn interneurons causing spasticity and neuropathic pain, respectively. We showed recently (Bos et al., 2013) that specific activation of 5-HT2A receptors by TCB-2 [(4-bromo-3,6-dimethoxybenzocyclobuten-1-yl)methylamine hydrobromide] upregulates KCC2 function, restores motoneuronal inhibition and reduces SCI-induced spasticity. Here, we tested the potential analgesic effect of TCB-2 on central (thoracic hemisection) and peripheral [spared nerve injury (SNI)] neuropathic pain. We found mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia reduced by an acute administration of TCB-2 in rats with SCI. This analgesic effect was associated with an increase in dorsal horn membrane KCC2 expression and was prevented by pharmacological blockade of KCC2 with an intrathecal injection of DIOA [(dihydroindenyl)oxy]alkanoic acid]. In contrast, the SNI-induced neuropathic pain was not attenuated by TCB-2 although there was a slight increase of membrane KCC2 expression in the dorsal horn ipsilateral to the lesion. Up-regulation of KCC2 function by targeting 5-HT2A receptors, therefore, has therapeutic potential in the treatment of neuropathic pain induced by SCI but not by SNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sánchez-Brualla
- Team P3M, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, Aix Marseille Université and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marseille, France; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Pascale Boulenguez
- Team P3M, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, Aix Marseille Université and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marseille, France
| | - Cécile Brocard
- Team P3M, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, Aix Marseille Université and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marseille, France
| | - Sylvie Liabeuf
- Team P3M, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, Aix Marseille Université and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marseille, France
| | - Annelise Viallat-Lieutaud
- Team P3M, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, Aix Marseille Université and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marseille, France
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Esther Udina
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Frédéric Brocard
- Team P3M, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, Aix Marseille Université and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marseille, France.
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Dai S, Qi Y, Fu J, Li N, Zhang X, Zhang J, Zhang W, Xu H, Zhou H, Ma Z. Dexmedetomidine attenuates persistent postsurgical pain by upregulating K +-Cl - cotransporter-2 in the spinal dorsal horn in rats. J Pain Res 2018; 11:993-1004. [PMID: 29872336 PMCID: PMC5973459 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s158737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dexmedetomidine (DEX) could have an analgesic effect on pain transmission through the modulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In addition, KCC2-induced shift in neuronal Cl− homeostasis is crucial for postsynaptic inhibition mediated by GABAA receptors. Accumulating evidence shows that nerve injury, peripheral inflammation and stress activate the spinal BDNF/TrkB signal, which results in the downregulation of KCC2 transport and expression, eventually leads to GAGAergic disinhibition and hyperalgesia. The aim of this experiment was to explore the interaction between DEX and KCC2 at a molecular level in rats in the persistent postsurgical pain (PPSP). Methods PPSP in rats was evoked by the skin/muscle incision and retraction (SMIR). Mechanical hypersensitivity was assessed with the Dynamic Plantar Aesthesiometer. Western blot and immunofluorescence assay were used to assess the expressions of related proteins. Results In the first part of our experiment, the results revealed that the BDNF/TrkB-KCC2 signal plays a critical role in the development of SMIR-evoked PPSP; the second part showed that intraperitoneal administrations of 40 µg/kg DEX at 15 min presurgery and 1 to 3 days post-surgery significantly attenuated SMIR-evoked PPSP. Simultaneously, SMIR-induced KCC2 downregulation was partly reversed, which coincided with the inhibition of the BDNF/TrkB signal in the spinal dorsal horn. Moreover, intrathecal administrations of KCC2 inhibitor VU0240551 significantly reduced the analgesic effect of DEX on SMIR-evoked PPSP. Conclusion The results of our study indicated that DEX attenuated PPSP by restoring KCC2 function through reducing BDNF/TrkB signal in the spinal dorsal horn in rats, which provides a new insight into the treatment of chronic pain in clinical postsurgical pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, XuZhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, XuZhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, XuZhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, XuZhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, XuZhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- The Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haijun Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, XuZhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hai Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, XuZhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhengliang Ma
- The Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Pérez-Rodríguez MJ, Velazquez-Lagunas I, Pluma-Pluma A, Barragán-Iglesias P, Granados-Soto V. Anion exchanger 3 in dorsal root ganglion contributes to nerve injury-induced chronic mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:374-382. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
To determine the role of anion exchanger 3 (AE3) in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in nerve injury-induced chronic nociception in the rat.
Methods
Spared nerve injury (SNI) was used to induce neuropathic pain. Von Frey filaments and Hargreaves test were used to assess tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, respectively. Drugs were given by intrathecal administration. Western blotting was used to determine AE3 expression in DRG.
Key findings
SNI produced long-lasting mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. AE3 was found in DRG of sham-operated rats. SNI enhanced baseline AE3 expression in L4 and L5 DRGs at days 7 and 14, respectively. In contrast, SNI did not affect AE3 expression in L6 DRG. AE3 expression returned to baseline levels 21 days after SNI. Intrathecal 4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (DIDS) (5–50 μg) pretreatment prevented SNI-induced allodynia and, at a lesser extent, hyperalgesia. Moreover, DIDS (50 μg) reduced SNI-induced AE3 upregulation in L4, but not L5, DRGs. Intrathecal DIDS (5–50 μg) or anti-AE3 antibody (1 μg), but not vehicle, post-treatment (6 days) partially reversed SNI-induced allodynia and hyperalgesia. DIDS or anti-AE3 antibody post-treatment diminished SNI-induced AE3 upregulation in L4 and L5 DRGs.
Conclusions
Data suggest that AE3 is present in DRG and contributes to mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in neuropathic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian J Pérez-Rodríguez
- Neurobiology of Pain Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, Unidad Coapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Isabel Velazquez-Lagunas
- Neurobiology of Pain Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, Unidad Coapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Pluma-Pluma
- Neurobiology of Pain Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, Unidad Coapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Paulino Barragán-Iglesias
- Neurobiology of Pain Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, Unidad Coapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Vinicio Granados-Soto
- Neurobiology of Pain Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, Unidad Coapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Kitayama T. The Role of K +-Cl --Cotransporter-2 in Neuropathic Pain. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:110-115. [PMID: 28677029 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2344-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The pain sensory system normally functions under a fine balance between excitation and inhibition. When this balance is perturbed for some reason, it leads to neuropathic pain. There is accumulating evidence that attributes this pain generation to specific dysfunctions of the inhibitory system in the spinal cord. One possible mechanism leading to the induction of these dysfunctions is the down-regulation of K+-Cl--cotransporter-2 (KCC2) expression. In fact, various neuropathic pain models indicate a decrease of KCC2 expression in the spinal cord. The alteration of KCC2 expression affects GABAergic and glycinergic neurotransmissions, because KCC2 is a potassium-chloride exporter and serves to maintain intracellular chloride concentration. When there is a low level of KCC2 expression, GABAergic and glycinergic neurotransmissions transform from inhibitory signals to excitatory signals. In this review, the hypothesis that an alteration of KCC2 expression has a crucial influence on the initiation/development or maintenance of neuropathic pain is discussed. In addition, it is suggested that the alteration of inhibitory signals is dependent on the time after peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Kitayama
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68 Koshien-Kyubanmachi, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8179, Japan.
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38
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Liabeuf S, Stuhl-Gourmand L, Gackière F, Mancuso R, Sanchez Brualla I, Marino P, Brocard F, Vinay L. Prochlorperazine Increases KCC2 Function and Reduces Spasticity after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:3397-3406. [PMID: 28747093 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In mature neurons, low intracellular chloride level required for inhibition is maintained by the potassium-chloride cotransporter, KCC2. Impairment of Cl- extrusion after KCC2 dysfunction has been involved in many central nervous system disorders, such as seizures, neuropathic pain, or spasticity, after a spinal cord injury (SCI). This makes KCC2 an appealing drug target for restoring Cl- homeostasis and inhibition in pathological conditions. In the present study, we screen the Prestwick Chemical Library® and identify conventional antipsychotics phenothiazine derivatives as enhancers of KCC2 activity. Among them, prochlorperazine hyperpolarizes the Cl- equilibrium potential in motoneurons of neonatal rats and restores the reciprocal inhibition post-SCI. The compound alleviates spasticity in chronic adult SCI rats with an efficacy equivalent to the antispastic agent, baclofen, and rescues the SCI-induced downregulation of KCC2 in motoneurons below the lesion. These pre-clinical data support prochlorperazine for a new therapeutic indication in the treatment of spasticity post-SCI and neurological disorders involving a KCC2 dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Liabeuf
- Team P3M, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, Aix Marseille Université and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Marseille, France
| | - Laetitia Stuhl-Gourmand
- Team P3M, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, Aix Marseille Université and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Marseille, France
| | - Florian Gackière
- Team P3M, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, Aix Marseille Université and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Marseille, France
| | - Renzo Mancuso
- Team P3M, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, Aix Marseille Université and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Marseille, France
| | - Irene Sanchez Brualla
- Team P3M, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, Aix Marseille Université and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Marino
- Team P3M, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, Aix Marseille Université and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Brocard
- Team P3M, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, Aix Marseille Université and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Vinay
- Team P3M, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, Aix Marseille Université and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Marseille, France
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Monoaminergic descending pathways contribute to modulation of neuropathic pain by increasing-intensity treadmill exercise after peripheral nerve injury. Exp Neurol 2017; 299:42-55. [PMID: 28993250 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study characterizes the impact of increasing-intensity treadmill exercise (iTR) on noradrenergic (NE) and serotonergic (5HT) modulation of neuropathic pain. Following sciatic nerve transection and repair (SNTR) rats developed significant mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia that was partially prevented by iTR performed during the first 2weeks after injury. Marked decrease in the expression of 5HT2A and α1A and β-, but not α2A adrenergic receptors in the spinal cord dorsal horn was associated to SNTR and recovered by iTR, particularly in lamina II. iTR significantly increased 5HT2A in periaqueductal grey (PAG), raphe magnus (RM) and dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), with a pattern suggesting reorganization of serotonergic excitatory interconnections between PAG and DRN. iTR also increased the expression of α1A in locus coeruleus (LC) and DRN, and β2 in LC, indicating that exercise enhanced activity of NE neurons, likely by activating autologous projections from DRN and PAG. iTR hypoalgesia was antagonized by blockade of β2 and 5HT2A receptors with administration of butoxamine and ketanserin. The neurotoxin DSP4 was injected to induce depletion of NE projections from LC before starting iTR. DSP4 treatment worsened mechanical hyperalgesia, but iTR hypoalgesia was similarly produced. Moreover, 5HT2A expression in LC further increased after DSP4 injection, all these results suggesting an intrinsic regulation of 5HT and NE activity between PAG, DRN and LC neurons activated by iTR. Finally, iTR significantly reduced microglial reactivity in LC and increased non-microglial BDNF expression, an effect that was reverted by butoxamine, implicating BDNF regulation in central 5HT/NE actions on neuropathic pain.
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Boadas-Vaello P, Homs J, Reina F, Carrera A, Verdú E. Neuroplasticity of Supraspinal Structures Associated with Pathological Pain. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:1481-1501. [PMID: 28263454 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve and spinal cord injuries, along with other painful syndromes such as fibromyalgia, diabetic neuropathy, chemotherapeutic neuropathy, trigeminal neuralgia, complex regional pain syndrome, and/or irritable bowel syndrome, cause several neuroplasticity changes in the nervous system along its entire axis affecting the different neuronal nuclei. This paper reviews these changes, focusing on the supraspinal structures that are involved in the modulation and processing of pain, including the periaqueductal gray matter, red nucleus, locus coeruleus, rostral ventromedial medulla, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum, habenula, primary, and secondary somatosensory cortex, motor cortex, mammillary bodies, hippocampus, septum, amygdala, cingulated, and prefrontal cortex. Hyperexcitability caused by the modification of postsynaptic receptor expression, central sensitization, and potentiation of presynaptic delivery of neurotransmitters, as well as the reduction of inhibitory inputs, changes in dendritic spine, neural circuit remodeling, alteration of gray matter, and upregulation of proinflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines) by reactivation of astrocytes and microglial cells are the main functional, structural, and molecular neuroplasticity changes observed in the above supraspinal structures, associated with pathological pain. Studying these changes in greater depth may lead to the implementation and improvement of new therapeutic strategies against pathological pain. Anat Rec, 300:1481-1501, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Boadas-Vaello
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Catalonia, 17003, Spain
| | - Judit Homs
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Catalonia, 17003, Spain.,Department of Physical Therapy EUSES-Universitat of Girona, Salt (Girona), Catalonia, 17190, Spain
| | - Francisco Reina
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Catalonia, 17003, Spain
| | - Ana Carrera
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Catalonia, 17003, Spain
| | - Enrique Verdú
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Catalonia, 17003, Spain
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Yousuf MS, Zubkow K, Tenorio G, Kerr B. The chloride co-transporters, NKCC1 and KCC2, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Neuroscience 2017; 344:178-186. [PMID: 28057537 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) often complain of neuropathic pain. According to the Gate Control Theory of Pain, spinal networks of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons are important in modulating nociceptive inputs from the periphery. Na+-K+-2Cl- co-transporter 1 (NKCC1) and K+-Cl- co-transporter 2 (KCC2) generally dictate the tone of GABA/glycine inhibition by regulating intracellular chloride concentrations. In this study, we investigated the role of NKCC1 and KCC2 in neuropathic pain observed in the animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a commonly used model to study the pathophysiology of MS. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed no change in NKCC1 mRNA transcripts in dorsal root ganglia throughout EAE disease course. However, NKCC1 and KCC2 mRNA levels in the dorsal spinal cord were significantly reduced at disease onset and peak only to recover by the chronic time point. Similarly, Western blot data revealed a significant downregulation of NKCC1 and KCC2 in the dorsal spinal cord at disease onset but an upregulation of NKCC1 protein in the dorsal root ganglia at this time point. Treatment with bumetanide, an NKCC inhibitor, had no effect on mechanical hypersensitivity seen in mice with EAE even though it reversed the changes in the levels of NKCC1 and KCC2. We noted that bumetanide treatment, while effective at reversing the changes in monomeric KCC2 levels was ineffective at reversing the changes in oligomeric KCC2 which remained repressed. These results indicate that mechanical hypersensitivity in EAE is not mediated by altered levels of NKCC1.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bumetanide/pharmacology
- Disease Progression
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Ganglia, Spinal/pathology
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Hyperalgesia/drug therapy
- Hyperalgesia/metabolism
- Hyperalgesia/pathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Neuralgia/drug therapy
- Neuralgia/metabolism
- Neuralgia/pathology
- Peptide Fragments
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 2/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Symporters/metabolism
- K Cl- Cotransporters
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Yousuf
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Kasia Zubkow
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Gustavo Tenorio
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Bradley Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6E 2H7, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada.
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Zhang C, Chen RX, Zhang Y, Wang J, Liu FY, Cai J, Liao FF, Xu FQ, Yi M, Wan Y. Reduced GABAergic transmission in the ventrobasal thalamus contributes to thermal hyperalgesia in chronic inflammatory pain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41439. [PMID: 28150719 PMCID: PMC5288727 DOI: 10.1038/srep41439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventrobasal (VB) thalamus is innervated by GABAergic afferents from the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) and participates in nociception. But how the TRN-VB pathway regulates pain is not fully understood. In the present study, we reported decreased extracellular GABA levels in the VB of rats with CFA-induced chronic inflammatory pain, measured by microdialysis with HPLC analysis. In vitro whole-cell patch-clamp recording showed decreased amplitudes of tonic currents, increased frequencies of mIPSCs, and increased paired-pulse ratios in thalamic slices from chronic inflammatory rats (7 days). Microinjection of the GABAAR agonist muscimol and optogenetic activation of the TRN-VB pathway relieved thermal hyperalgesia in chronic inflammatory pain. By contrast, microinjecting the extrasynaptic GABAAR agonist THIP or selective knockout of synaptic GABAAR γ2 subunits aggravated thermal hyperalgesia in the chronic stage of inflammatory pain. Our findings indicate that reduced GABAergic transmission in the VB contributes to thermal hyperalgesia in chronic inflammatory pain, which could be a synaptic target for pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Zhang
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Rong-Xiang Chen
- Research Center for Medicine and Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Yu Liu
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Jie Cai
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Fei-Fei Liao
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P.R. China
| | - Ming Yi
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China.
| | - You Wan
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China.
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Arbat-Plana A, Cobianchi S, Herrando-Grabulosa M, Navarro X, Udina E. Endogenous modulation of TrkB signaling by treadmill exercise after peripheral nerve injury. Neuroscience 2017; 340:188-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Gu W, Zhang W, Lei Y, Cui Y, Chu S, Gu X, Ma Z. Activation of spinal alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor shortens the duration of remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia by upregulating KCC2 in the spinal dorsal horn in rats. Mol Pain 2017; 13:1744806917704769. [PMID: 28425312 PMCID: PMC6997724 DOI: 10.1177/1744806917704769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence has shown that the signal from spinal brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tyrosine receptor kinase B-K+-Cl- cotransporter-2 plays a critical role in the process of pain hypersensitivity. The activation of alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors could have an analgesic effect on remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia. Nevertheless, whether intrathecal administration of PNU-120596, an alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors selective type II positive allosteric modulator, before surgery could affect the duration of remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia remains unknown, and the effects of alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors activation on the brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tyrosine receptor kinase B-K+-Cl- cotransporter-2 signal in the spinal dorsal horn of rats with remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia is still enigmatic. Results We demonstrated that the brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tyrosine receptor kinase B-K+-Cl- cotransporter-2 signal played a critical role in the development of remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia. Intrathecal administration of PNU-120596 (8 µg/kg, 15 min before surgery) was associated with earlier signs of recovery from remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia. Simultaneously, remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia-induced K+-Cl- cotransporter-2 downregulation was partly reversed and coincided with a decreased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tyrosine receptor kinase B in the spinal dorsal horn, approximately correlating with the time course of the nociceptive behavior. Moreover, intrathecal administration of the K+-Cl- cotransporter-2 inhibitor VU0240551 significantly reduced the analgesic effect of PNU-120596 on remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia. Conclusions The activation of alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors induced a shorter duration of remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia by restoring the brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tyrosine receptor kinase B-K+-Cl- cotransporter-2 signal in the spinal dorsal horn of rats, which provides new insight into treatment in clinical postoperative pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yishan Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yin Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuaishuai Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoping Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengliang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Zhang M, Liu J, Zhou MM, Wu H, Hou Y, Li YF, Yin Y, Zheng L, Liu FY, Yi M, Wan Y. Elevated Neurosteroids in the Lateral Thalamus Relieve Neuropathic Pain in Rats with Spared Nerve Injury. Neurosci Bull 2016; 32:311-22. [PMID: 27325509 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-016-0044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurosteroids are synthesized in the nervous system from cholesterol or steroidal precursors imported from peripheral sources. These compounds are important allosteric modulators of γ-aminobutyric acid A receptors (GABAARs), which play a vital role in pain modulation in the lateral thalamus, a main gate where somatosensory information enters the cerebral cortex. Using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, we found increased levels of neurosteroids (pregnenolone, progesterone, deoxycorticosterone, allopregnanolone, and tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone) in the chronic stage of neuropathic pain (28 days after spared nerve injury) in rats. The expression of the translocator protein TSPO, the upstream steroidogenesis rate-limiting enzyme, increased at the same time. In vivo stereotaxic microinjection of neurosteroids or the TSPO activator AC-5216 into the lateral thalamus (AP -3.0 mm, ML ±3.0 mm, DV 6.0 mm) alleviated the mechanical allodynia in neuropathic pain, while the TSPO inhibitor PK 11195 exacerbated it. The analgesic effects of AC-5216 and neurosteroids were significantly attenuated by the GABAAR antagonist bicuculline. These results suggested that elevated neurosteroids in the lateral thalamus play a protective role in the chronic stage of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Meng-Meng Zhou
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Honghai Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Bethune International Peace Hospital Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, 050082, China
| | - Yanning Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Bethune International Peace Hospital Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, 050082, China
| | - Yun-Feng Li
- Department of New Drug Evaluation, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100007, China
| | - Yuxin Yin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lemin Zheng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Feng-Yu Liu
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ming Yi
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - You Wan
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Dutheil S, Watabe I, Sadlaoud K, Tonetto A, Tighilet B. BDNF Signaling Promotes Vestibular Compensation by Increasing Neurogenesis and Remodeling the Expression of Potassium-Chloride Cotransporter KCC2 and GABAA Receptor in the Vestibular Nuclei. J Neurosci 2016; 36:6199-212. [PMID: 27277799 PMCID: PMC6604891 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0945-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Reactive cell proliferation occurs rapidly in the cat vestibular nuclei (VN) after unilateral vestibular neurectomy (UVN) and has been reported to facilitate the recovery of posturo-locomotor functions. Interestingly, whereas animals experience impairments for several weeks, extraordinary plasticity mechanisms take place in the local microenvironment of the VN: newborn cells survive and acquire different phenotypes, such as microglia, astrocytes, or GABAergic neurons, whereas animals eventually recover completely from their lesion-induced deficits. Because brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) can modulate vestibular functional recovery and neurogenesis in mammals, in this study, we examined the effect of BDNF chronic intracerebroventricular infusion versus K252a (a Trk receptor antagonist) in our UVN model. Results showed that long-term intracerebroventricular infusion of BDNF accelerated the restoration of vestibular functions and significantly increased UVN-induced neurogenesis, whereas K252a blocked that effect and drastically delayed and prevented the complete restoration of vestibular functions. Further, because the level of excitability in the deafferented VN is correlated with behavioral recovery, we examined the state of neuronal excitability using two specific markers: the cation-chloride cotransporter KCC2 (which determines the hyperpolarizing action of GABA) and GABAA receptors. We report for the first time that, during an early time window after UVN, significant BDNF-dependent remodeling of excitability markers occurs in the brainstem. These data suggest that GABA acquires a transient depolarizing action during recovery from UVN, which potentiates the observed reactive neurogenesis and accelerates vestibular functional recovery. These findings suggest that BDNF and/or KCC2 could represent novel treatment strategies for vestibular pathologies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In this study, we report for the first time that brain-derived neurotrophic factor potentiates vestibular neurogenesis and significantly accelerates functional recovery after unilateral vestibular injury. We also show that specific markers of excitability, the potassium-chloride cotransporter KCC2 and GABAA receptors, undergo remarkable fluctuations within vestibular nuclei (VN), strongly suggesting that GABA acquires a transient depolarizing action in the VN during the recovery period. This novel plasticity mechanism could explain in part how the system returns to electrophysiological homeostasis between the deafferented and intact VN, considered in the literature to be a key parameter of vestibular compensation. In this context, our results open new perspectives for the development of therapeutic approaches to alleviate the vestibular symptoms and favor vestibular function recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Dutheil
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519
| | - Isabelle Watabe
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Intégratives et Adaptatives, UMR 7260 Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3C, 13331 Marseille Cedex 03, France, and
| | - Karina Sadlaoud
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Intégratives et Adaptatives, UMR 7260 Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3C, 13331 Marseille Cedex 03, France, and
| | - Alain Tonetto
- Fédération de Recherche Sciences Chimiques Marseille FR 1739, Pôle PRATIM, 13331 Marseille Cedex 03, France
| | - Brahim Tighilet
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Intégratives et Adaptatives, UMR 7260 Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3C, 13331 Marseille Cedex 03, France, and
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Li L, Chen SR, Chen H, Wen L, Hittelman WN, Xie JD, Pan HL. Chloride Homeostasis Critically Regulates Synaptic NMDA Receptor Activity in Neuropathic Pain. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1376-1383. [PMID: 27160909 PMCID: PMC4871741 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuropathic pain is a debilitating condition that remains difficult to treat. Diminished synaptic inhibition by GABA and glycine and increased NMDA receptor (NMDAR) activity in the spinal dorsal horn are key mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain. However, the reciprocal relationship between synaptic inhibition and excitation in neuropathic pain is unclear. Here, we show that intrathecal delivery of K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter-2 (KCC2) using lentiviral vectors produces a complete and long-lasting reversal of pain hypersensitivity induced by nerve injury. KCC2 gene transfer restores Cl(-) homeostasis disrupted by nerve injury in both spinal dorsal horn and primary sensory neurons. Remarkably, restoring Cl(-) homeostasis normalizes both presynaptic and postsynaptic NMDAR activity increased by nerve injury in the spinal dorsal horn. Our findings indicate that nerve injury recruits NMDAR-mediated signaling pathways through the disruption of Cl(-) homeostasis in spinal dorsal horn and primary sensory neurons. Lentiviral vector-mediated KCC2 expression is a promising gene therapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyong Li
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shao-Rui Chen
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lei Wen
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Walter N Hittelman
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jing-Dun Xie
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Hui-Lin Pan
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Wu H, Che X, Tang J, Ma F, Pan K, Zhao M, Shao A, Wu Q, Zhang J, Hong Y. The K(+)-Cl(-) Cotransporter KCC2 and Chloride Homeostasis: Potential Therapeutic Target in Acute Central Nervous System Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:2141-51. [PMID: 25941074 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter-2 (KCC2) is a well-known member of the electroneutral cation-chloride cotransporters with a restricted expression pattern to neurons. This transmembrane protein mediates the efflux of Cl(-) out of neurons and exerts a critical role in inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) and glycinergic neurotransmission. Moreover, KCC2 participates in the regulation of various physiological processes of neurons, including cell migration, dendritic outgrowth, spine morphology, and dendritic synaptogenesis. It is important to note that down-regulation of KCC2 is associated with the pathogenesis of multiple neurological diseases, which is of particular relevance to acute central nervous system (CNS) injury. In this review, we aim to survey the pathogenic significance of KCC2 down-regulation under the condition of acute CNS injuries. We propose that further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms regarding KCC2 down-regulation after acute CNS injuries is necessary because of potential promising avenues for prevention and treatment of acute CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoru Che
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junjia Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feiqiang Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kun Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mingfei Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuan Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
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Yousuf MS, Kerr BJ. The Role of Regulatory Transporters in Neuropathic Pain. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2016; 75:245-71. [PMID: 26920015 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain arises from an injury or disease of the somatosensory nervous system rather than stimulation of pain receptors. As a result, the fine balance between excitation and inhibition is perturbed leading to hyperalgesia and allodynia. Various neuropathic pain models provide considerable evidence that changes in the glutamatergic, GABAergic, and monoaminergic systems. Neurotransmitter reuptake transporter proteins have the potential to change the temporal and spatial profile of various neurotransmitters throughout the nervous system. This, in turn, can affect the downstream effects of these neurotransmitters and hence modulate pain. This chapter explores various reuptake transporter systems and implicates their role in pain processing. Understanding the transporter systems will enhance drug discovery targeting different facets of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Yousuf
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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