1
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Savva L, Platts JA. Exploring the impact of mutation and post-translational modification on α-Synuclein: Insights from molecular dynamics simulations with and without copper. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 249:112395. [PMID: 37820444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
We report molecular dynamics simulations of two modifications to α-Synuclein, namely A53T mutation and phosphorylation at Ser129, which have been observed in Parkinson's disease patients. Both modifications are close to known metal binding sites, so as well as each modified peptide we also study Cu(II) bound to N-terminal and C-terminal residues. We show that A53T is predicted to cause increased β-sheet content of the peptide, with a persistent β-hairpin between residues 35-55 particularly notable. Phosphorylation has less effect on secondary structure but is predicted to significantly increase the size of the peptide, especially when bound to Cu(II), which is ascribed to reduced interaction of C-terminal sequence with central non-amyloid component. In addition, estimate of binding free energy to Cu(II) indicates A53T has little effect on metal-ion affinity, whereas phosphorylation markedly enhances the strength of binding. We suggest that the predicted changes in spatial extent and secondary structure of α-Synuclein may have implications for aggregation into Lewy bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loizos Savva
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - James A Platts
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
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2
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Themistokleous C, Bagnoli E, Parulekar R, M K Muqit M. Role of autophagy pathway in Parkinson's disease and related Genetic Neurological disorders. J Mol Biol 2023:168144. [PMID: 37182812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The elucidation of the function of the PINK1 protein kinase and Parkin ubiquitin E3 ligase in the elimination of damaged mitochondria by autophagy (mitophagy) has provided unprecedented understanding of the mechanistic pathways underlying Parkinson's disease (PD). We provide a comprehensive overview of the general importance of autophagy in Parkinson's disease and related disorders of the central nervous system. This reveals a critical link between autophagy and neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders and suggests that strategies to modulate mitophagy may have greater relevance in the CNS beyond PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Themistokleous
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Enrico Bagnoli
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Ramaa Parulekar
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Miratul M K Muqit
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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3
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Notopoulou S, Gkekas I, Petrakis S. Omics Analyses in a Neural Stem Cell Model of Familial Parkinson's Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1423:149-160. [PMID: 37525039 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-31978-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, affecting millions of people worldwide. Despite considerable efforts, the underlying pathological mechanisms remain elusive, and yet, no treatment has been developed to efficiently reverse or modify disease progression. Thus, new experimental models are required to provide insights into the pathology of PD. Small-molecule neural precursor cells (smNPCs) are ideal for the study of neurodegenerative disorders due to their neural identity and stem cell properties. Cytoplasmic aggregates of α-synuclein (αSyn) are considered a hallmark of PD and a point mutation in the gene encoding p.A53T is responsible for a familial PD form with earlier and robust symptom onset. In order to study the cellular pathology of PD, we genetically modified smNPCs to inducibly overexpress EYFP-SNCA A53T. This cellular model was biochemically characterized, while dysregulated biological pathways and key regulators of PD pathology were identified by computational analyses. Our study indicates three novel genes, UBA52, PIP5K1A, and RPS2, which may mediate PD cellular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis Gkekas
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spyros Petrakis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, Thessaloniki, Greece
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4
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How Well Do Rodent Models of Parkinson's Disease Recapitulate Early Non-Motor Phenotypes? A Systematic Review. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123026. [PMID: 36551782 PMCID: PMC9775565 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The prodromal phase of Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterised by many non-motor symptoms, and these have recently been posited to be predictive of later diagnosis. Genetic rodent models can develop non-motor phenotypes, providing tools to identify mechanisms underlying the early development of PD. However, it is not yet clear how reproducible non-motor phenotypes are amongst genetic PD rodent models, whether phenotypes are age-dependent, and the translatability of these phenotypes has yet to be explored. A systematic literature search was conducted on studies using genetic PD rodent models to investigate non-motor phenotypes; cognition, anxiety/depressive-like behaviour, gastrointestinal (GI) function, olfaction, circadian rhythm, cardiovascular and urinary function. In total, 51 genetic models of PD across 150 studies were identified. We found outcomes of most phenotypes were inconclusive due to inadequate studies, assessment at different ages, or variation in experimental and environmental factors. GI dysfunction was the most reproducible phenotype across all genetic rodent models. The mouse model harbouring mutant A53T, and the wild-type hα-syn overexpression (OE) model recapitulated the majority of phenotypes, albeit did not reliably produce concurrent motor deficits and nigral cell loss. Furthermore, animal models displayed different phenotypic profiles, reflecting the distinct genetic risk factors and heterogeneity of disease mechanisms. Currently, the inconsistent phenotypes within rodent models pose a challenge in the translatability and usefulness for further biomechanistic investigations. This review highlights opportunities to improve phenotype reproducibility with an emphasis on phenotypic assay choice and robust experimental design.
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Stern S, Lau S, Manole A, Rosh I, Percia MM, Ben Ezer R, Shokhirev MN, Qiu F, Schafer S, Mansour AA, Mangan KP, Stern T, Ofer P, Stern Y, Diniz Mendes AP, Djamus J, Moore LR, Nayak R, Laufer SH, Aicher A, Rhee A, Wong TL, Nguyen T, Linker SB, Winner B, Freitas BC, Jones E, Sagi I, Bardy C, Brice A, Winkler J, Marchetto MC, Gage FH. Reduced synaptic activity and dysregulated extracellular matrix pathways in midbrain neurons from Parkinson's disease patients. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:103. [PMID: 35948563 PMCID: PMC9365794 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00366-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several mutations that cause Parkinson's disease (PD) have been identified over the past decade. These account for 15-25% of PD cases; the rest of the cases are considered sporadic. Currently, it is accepted that PD is not a single monolithic disease but rather a constellation of diseases with some common phenotypes. While rodent models exist for some of the PD-causing mutations, research on the sporadic forms of PD is lagging due to a lack of cellular models. In our study, we differentiated PD patient-derived dopaminergic (DA) neurons from the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of several PD-causing mutations as well as from sporadic PD patients. Strikingly, we observed a common neurophysiological phenotype: neurons derived from PD patients had a severe reduction in the rate of synaptic currents compared to those derived from healthy controls. While the relationship between mutations in genes such as the SNCA and LRRK2 and a reduction in synaptic transmission has been investigated before, here we show evidence that the pathogenesis of the synapses in neurons is a general phenotype in PD. Analysis of RNA sequencing results displayed changes in gene expression in different synaptic mechanisms as well as other affected pathways such as extracellular matrix-related pathways. Some of these dysregulated pathways are common to all PD patients (monogenic or idiopathic). Our data, therefore, show changes that are central and convergent to PD and suggest a strong involvement of the tetra-partite synapse in PD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Stern
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Shong Lau
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andreea Manole
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Idan Rosh
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Menachem Mendel Percia
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ran Ben Ezer
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maxim N Shokhirev
- Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fan Qiu
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Simon Schafer
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Abed AlFatah Mansour
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kile P Mangan
- Fujifilm Cellular Dynamics, In, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Tchelet Stern
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Polina Ofer
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yam Stern
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Jose Djamus
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lynne Randolph Moore
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ritu Nayak
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sapir Havusha Laufer
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aidan Aicher
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Rhee
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thomas L Wong
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thao Nguyen
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sara B Linker
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Eugenia Jones
- Fujifilm Cellular Dynamics, In, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Irit Sagi
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Cedric Bardy
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Laboratory for Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Flinders University, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alexis Brice
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Juergen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen- Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Maria C Marchetto
- Department of Anthropology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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6
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Gene-Based Therapeutics for Parkinson’s Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081790. [PMID: 35892690 PMCID: PMC9331241 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex multifactorial disorder that is not yet fully surmised, and it is only when such a disease is tackled on multiple levels simultaneously that we should expect to see fruitful results. Gene therapy is a modern medical practice that theoretically and, so far, practically, has demonstrated its capability in joining the battle against PD and other complex disorders on most if not all fronts. This review discusses how gene therapy can efficiently replace current forms of therapy such as drugs, personalized medicine or invasive surgery. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of enhancing delivery techniques to increase the level of transduction and control of gene expression or tissue specificity. Importantly, the results of current trials establish the safety, efficacy and applicability of gene therapy for PD. Gene therapy’s variety of potential in interfering with PD’s pathology by improving basal ganglial circuitry, enhancing dopamine synthesis, delivering neuroprotection or preventing neurodegeneration may one day achieve symptomatic benefit, disease modification and eradication.
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7
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Bock MA, Tanner CM. The epidemiology of cognitive function in Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2022; 269:3-37. [PMID: 35248199 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution of disease in human populations, which is important in evaluating burden of illness, identifying modifiable risk factors, and planning for current and projected needs of the health care system. Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common serious neurodegenerative illness and is expected to further increase in prevalence. Cognitive changes are increasingly viewed as an integral non-motor feature in PD, emerging even in the prodromal phase of the disease. The prevalence of PD-MCI ranges from 20% to 40% depending on the population studied. The incidence of PD-dementia increases with duration of disease, with estimates growing from 3% to 30% of individuals followed for 5 years or less to over 80% after 20 years. There are several challenges in estimating the frequency of cognitive change, including only recently standardized diagnostic criteria, variation depending on exact neuropsychological evaluations performed, and differences in population sampling. Clinical features associated with cognitive decline include older age, increased disease duration and severity, early gait dysfunction, dysautonomia, hallucinations and other neuropsychiatric features, the presence of REM behavior disorder, and posterior predominant dysfunction on neuropsychological testing. There is increasing evidence that genetic risk factors, in particular GBA and MAPT mutations, contribute to cognitive change. Possible protective factors include higher cognitive reserve and regular exercise. Important sequelae of cognitive decline in PD include higher caregiver burden, decreased functional status, and increased risk of institutionalization and mortality. Many remaining uncertainties regarding the epidemiology of cognitive change in PD require future research, with improved biomarkers and more sensitive and convenient outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Bock
- Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, San Francisco Veteran's Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States; Parkinson's Disease Research Education and Clinical Center, San Francisco Veteran's Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Caroline M Tanner
- Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Parkinson's Disease Research Education and Clinical Center, San Francisco Veteran's Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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8
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Chang EES, Ho PWL, Liu HF, Pang SYY, Leung CT, Malki Y, Choi ZYK, Ramsden DB, Ho SL. LRRK2 mutant knock-in mouse models: therapeutic relevance in Parkinson's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:10. [PMID: 35152914 PMCID: PMC8842874 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00285-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) are one of the most frequent genetic causes of both familial and sporadic Parkinson’s disease (PD). Mounting evidence has demonstrated pathological similarities between LRRK2-associated PD (LRRK2-PD) and sporadic PD, suggesting that LRRK2 is a potential disease modulator and a therapeutic target in PD. LRRK2 mutant knock-in (KI) mouse models display subtle alterations in pathological aspects that mirror early-stage PD, including increased susceptibility of nigrostriatal neurotransmission, development of motor and non-motor symptoms, mitochondrial and autophagy-lysosomal defects and synucleinopathies. This review provides a rationale for the use of LRRK2 KI mice to investigate the LRRK2-mediated pathogenesis of PD and implications from current findings from different LRRK2 KI mouse models, and ultimately discusses the therapeutic potentials against LRRK2-associated pathologies in PD.
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9
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Cognitive Impairment in Genetic Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 2021:8610285. [PMID: 35003622 PMCID: PMC8739522 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8610285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is common in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). Knowledge of the contribution of genetics to cognition in PD is increasing in the last decades. Monogenic forms of genetic PD show distinct cognitive profiles and rate of cognitive decline progression. Cognitive impairment is higher in GBA- and SNCA-associated PD, lower in Parkin- and PINK1-PD, and possibly milder in LRRK2-PD. In this review, we summarize data regarding cognitive function on clinical studies, neuroimaging, and biological markers of cognitive decline in autosomal dominant PD linked to mutations in LRRK2 and SNCA, autosomal recessive PD linked to Parkin and PINK1, and also PD linked to GBA mutations.
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10
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Koros C, Stefanis L, Scarmeas N. Parkinsonism and dementia. J Neurol Sci 2021; 433:120015. [PMID: 34642023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.120015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present review is to summarize literature data on dementia in parkinsonian disorders. Cognitive decline and the gradual development of dementia are considered to be key features in the majority of parkinsonian conditions. The burden of dementia in everyday life of parkinsonian patients and their caregivers is vast and can be even more challenging to handle than the motor component of the disease. Common pathogenetic mechanisms involve the aggregation and spreading of abnormal proteins like alpha-synuclein, tau or amyloid in cortical and subcortical regions with subsequent dysregulation of multiple neurotransmitter systems. The degree of cognitive deterioration in these disorders is variable and ranges from mild cognitive impairment to severe cognitive dysfunction. There is also variation in the number and type of affected cognitive domains which can involve either a single domain like executive or visuospatial function or multiple ones. Novel genetic, biological fluid or imaging biomarkers appear promising in facilitating the diagnosis and staging of dementia in parkinsonian conditions. A significant part of current research in Parkinson's disease and other parkinsonian syndromes is targeted towards the cognitive aspects of these disorders. Stabilization or amelioration of cognitive outcomes represents a primary endpoint in many ongoing clinical trials for novel disease modifying treatments in this field. This article is part of the Special Issue "Parkinsonism across the spectrum of movement disorders and beyond" edited by Joseph Jankovic, Daniel D. Truong and Matteo Bologna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Koros
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition University, Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition University, Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece; Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Scarmeas
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition University, Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece; The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's, Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, USA.
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11
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Oliveira LMA, Gasser T, Edwards R, Zweckstetter M, Melki R, Stefanis L, Lashuel HA, Sulzer D, Vekrellis K, Halliday GM, Tomlinson JJ, Schlossmacher M, Jensen PH, Schulze-Hentrich J, Riess O, Hirst WD, El-Agnaf O, Mollenhauer B, Lansbury P, Outeiro TF. Alpha-synuclein research: defining strategic moves in the battle against Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:65. [PMID: 34312398 PMCID: PMC8313662 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of the genetic era in Parkinson's disease (PD) research in 1997, α-synuclein was identified as an important player in a complex neurodegenerative disease that affects >10 million people worldwide. PD has been estimated to have an economic impact of $51.9 billion in the US alone. Since the initial association with PD, hundreds of researchers have contributed to elucidating the functions of α-synuclein in normal and pathological states, and these remain critical areas for continued research. With this position paper the authors strive to achieve two goals: first, to succinctly summarize the critical features that define α-synuclein's varied roles, as they are known today; and second, to identify the most pressing knowledge gaps and delineate a multipronged strategy for future research with the goal of enabling therapies to stop or slow disease progression in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M A Oliveira
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Edwards
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
- Department for NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ronald Melki
- Institut François Jacob, MIRCen, CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- First Department of Neurology, Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Hilal A Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kostas Vekrellis
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julianna J Tomlinson
- Neuroscience Program, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Schlossmacher
- Neuroscience Program, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Poul Henning Jensen
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine & DANDRITE, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Julia Schulze-Hentrich
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Warren D Hirst
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Omar El-Agnaf
- Neurological Disorder Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany
| | | | - Tiago F Outeiro
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany.
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
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12
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Jo J, Yang L, Tran HD, Yu W, Sun AX, Chang YY, Jung BC, Lee SJ, Saw TY, Xiao B, Khoo ATT, Yaw LP, Xie JJ, Lokman H, Ong WY, Lim GGY, Lim KL, Tan EK, Ng HH, Je HS. Lewy Body-like Inclusions in Human Midbrain Organoids Carrying Glucocerebrosidase and α-Synuclein Mutations. Ann Neurol 2021; 90:490-505. [PMID: 34288055 PMCID: PMC9543721 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective We utilized human midbrain‐like organoids (hMLOs) generated from human pluripotent stem cells carrying glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA1) and α‐synuclein (α‐syn; SNCA) perturbations to investigate genotype‐to‐phenotype relationships in Parkinson disease, with the particular aim of recapitulating α‐syn– and Lewy body–related pathologies and the process of neurodegeneration in the hMLO model. Methods We generated and characterized hMLOs from GBA1−/− and SNCA overexpressing isogenic embryonic stem cells and also generated Lewy body–like inclusions in GBA1/SNCA dual perturbation hMLOs and conduritol‐b‐epoxide–treated SNCA triplication hMLOs. Results We identified for the first time that the loss of glucocerebrosidase, coupled with wild‐type α‐syn overexpression, results in a substantial accumulation of detergent‐resistant, β‐sheet–rich α‐syn aggregates and Lewy body–like inclusions in hMLOs. These Lewy body–like inclusions exhibit a spherically symmetric morphology with an eosinophilic core, containing α‐syn with ubiquitin, and can also be formed in Parkinson disease patient–derived hMLOs. We also demonstrate that impaired glucocerebrosidase function promotes the formation of Lewy body–like inclusions in hMLOs derived from patients carrying the SNCA triplication. Interpretation Taken together, the data indicate that our hMLOs harboring 2 major risk factors (glucocerebrosidase deficiency and wild‐type α‐syn overproduction) of Parkinson disease provide a tractable model to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms for progressive Lewy body formation. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:490–505
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Jo
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Lin Yang
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hoang-Dai Tran
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weonjin Yu
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Alfred Xuyang Sun
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ya Yin Chang
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Byung Chul Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Masan University, Changwon-si, South Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Bin Xiao
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Audrey Tze Ting Khoo
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lai-Ping Yaw
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Hidayat Lokman
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei-Yi Ong
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Kah-Leong Lim
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huck-Hui Ng
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hyunsoo Shawn Je
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by degeneration of the substantia nigra pars compacta and by accumulation of α-synuclein in Lewy bodies. PD is caused by a combination of environmental factors and genetic variants. These variants range from highly penetrant Mendelian alleles to alleles that only modestly increase disease risk. Here, we review what is known about the genetics of PD. We also describe how PD genetics have solidified the role of endosomal, lysosomal, and mitochondrial dysfunction in PD pathophysiology. Finally, we highlight how all three pathways are affected by α-synuclein and how this knowledge may be harnessed for the development of disease-modifying therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel E Vázquez-Vélez
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Program in Developmental Biology and Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Huda Y Zoghbi
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Program in Developmental Biology and Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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14
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Mahmood A, Shah AA, Umair M, Wu Y, Khan A. Recalling the pathology of Parkinson's disease; lacking exact figure of prevalence and genetic evidence in Asia with an alarming outcome: A time to step-up. Clin Genet 2021; 100:659-677. [PMID: 34195994 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common and progressive neurodegenerative disease globally, with major symptoms like bradykinesia, impaired posture, and tremor. Several genetic and environmental factors have been identified but elucidating the main factors have been challenging due to the disease's complex nature. Diagnosis, prognosis, and management of such diseases are challenging and require effective targeted attention in developing countries. Recently, PD is growing rapidly in many crowded Asian countries as an alarming threat with inadequate knowledge of its prevalence, genetic architecture, and geographic distribution. This study gave an in-depth overview of the prevalence, incidence and genomic/genetics studies published so far in the Asian population. To the best of our knowledge, PD has increased significantly in several Asian countries, including China, South Korea, Japan, Thailand, and Israel over the past few years, requiring a greater level of care and attention. Genetic screening of families with PD at national levels and establishing an official database of PD cases are essential to get a comprehensive and conclusive view of the exact prevalence and genetic diversity of PD in the Asian population to properly manage and treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Mahmood
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Abid Ali Shah
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Muhammad Umair
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yiming Wu
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Amjad Khan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lakki Marwat, Lakki Marwat, Pakistan
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15
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Li H, Wang H, Zhang L, Wang M, Li Y. Dl-3-n-Butylphthalide Alleviates Behavioral and Cognitive Symptoms Via Modulating Mitochondrial Dynamics in the A53T-α-Synuclein Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:647266. [PMID: 34121985 PMCID: PMC8193045 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.647266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aggregation and neurotoxicity of the presynaptic protein α-synuclein and the progressive loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons are believed to be the key hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease (PD). A53T mutant α-synuclein causes early onset PD and more severe manifestations. A growing body of evidence shows that misfolding or deposition of α-synuclein is linked to the maintenance of mitochondrial dynamics, which has been proven to play an important role in the pathogenesis of PD. It has been observed that Dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) may be safe and effective in improving the non-tremor-dominant PD. However, the potential mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether NBP could decrease the loss of dopaminergic neurons and α-synuclein deposition and explore its possible neuroprotective mechanisms. Methods A total of 20 twelve-month-old human A53T α-synuclein transgenic mice and 10 matched adult C57BL/6 mice were included in the study; 10 adult C57BL/6 mice were selected as the control group and administered with saline (0.2 ml daily for 14 days); 20 human A53T α-synuclein transgenic mice were randomly divided into A53T group (treated in the same manner as in the control group) and A53T + NBP group (treated with NBP 0.2 ml daily for 14 days). Several markers of mitochondrial fission and fusion and mitophagy were determined, and the behavioral, olfactory, and cognitive symptoms were assessed as well. Results In the present study, it was observed that the A53T-α-synuclein PD mice exhibited anxiety-like behavioral disturbance, impairment of coordination ability, memory deficits, and olfactory dysfunction, loss of dopaminergic neurons, and α-synuclein accumulation. Meanwhile, the mitofusin 1 expression was significantly decreased, and the mitochondrial number and dynamin-related protein 1, Parkin, and LC3 levels were increased. The detected levels of all markers were reversed by NBP treatment, and the mitochondrial morphology was partially recovered. Conclusion In the present study, a valuable neuropharmacological role of NBP has been established in the A53T-α-synuclein PD mouse model. Possible neuroprotective mechanisms might be that NBP is involved in the maintenance of mitochondrial dynamics including mitochondrial fission and fusion and clearance of damaged mitochondria. It is essential to perform further experiments to shed light on the precise mechanisms of NBP on mitochondrial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Aerospace General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongquan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China
| | - Manshi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
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16
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Regensburger M, Stemick J, Masliah E, Kohl Z, Winner B. Intracellular A53T Mutant α-Synuclein Impairs Adult Hippocampal Newborn Neuron Integration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:561963. [PMID: 33262984 PMCID: PMC7686440 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.561963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic dysfunction is an early event in α-synuclein (α-syn) mediated neurodegeneration. Altered postsynaptic potential and loss of dendritic spines have been observed in different in vitro and in vivo models of synucleinopathies. The integration of newborn neurons into the hippocampus offers the possibility to study dendrite and spine formation in an adult environment. Specifically, survival of hippocampal adult newborn neurons is regulated by synaptic input and was reduced in a mouse model transgenic for human A53T mutant α-syn. We thus hypothesized that dendritic integration of newborn neurons is impaired in the adult hippocampus of A53T mice. We analyzed dendritic morphology of adult hippocampal neurons 1 month after retroviral labeling. Dendrite length was unchanged in the dentate gyrus of A53T transgenic mice. However, spine density and mushroom spine density of newborn neurons were severely decreased. In this mouse model, transgenic α-syn was expressed both within newborn neurons and within their environment. To specifically determine the cell autonomous effects, we analyzed cell-intrinsic overexpression of A53T α-syn using a retrovirus. Since A53T α-syn overexpressing newborn neurons exhibited decreased spine density 1 month after labeling, we conclude that cell-intrinsic A53T α-syn impairs postsynaptic integration of adult hippocampal newborn neurons. Our findings further support the role of postsynaptic degeneration as an early feature in synucleinopathies and provide a model system to study underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Regensburger
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Molecular Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases Erlangen (ZSEER), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Judith Stemick
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Division of Neuroscience and Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Zacharias Kohl
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases Erlangen (ZSEER), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder that mainly results due to the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain. It is well known that dopamine is synthesized in substantia nigra and is transported to the striatumvianigrostriatal tract. Besides the sporadic forms of PD, there are also familial cases of PD and number of genes (both autosomal dominant as well as recessive) are responsible for PD. There is no permanent cure for PD and to date, L-dopa therapy is considered to be the best option besides having dopamine agonists. In the present review, we have described the genes responsible for PD, the role of dopamine, and treatment strategies adopted for controlling the progression of PD in humans.
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18
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Lowry JL, Ryan ÉB, Esengul YT, Siddique N, Siddique T. Intricacies of aetiology in intrafamilial degenerative disease. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa120. [PMID: 33134917 PMCID: PMC7585693 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic underpinnings of late-onset degenerative disease have typically been determined by screening families for the segregation of genetic variants with the disease trait in affected, but not unaffected, individuals. However, instances of intrafamilial etiological heterogeneity, where pathogenic variants in a culprit gene are not shared among all affected family members, continue to emerge and confound gene-discovery and genetic counselling efforts. Discordant intrafamilial cases lacking a mutation shared by other affected family members are described as disease phenocopies. This description often results in an over-simplified acceptance of an environmental cause of disease in the phenocopy cases, while the role of intrafamilial genetic heterogeneity, shared de novo mutations or epigenetic aberrations in such families is often ignored. On a related note, it is now evident that the same disease-associated variant can be present in individuals exhibiting clinically distinct phenotypes, thereby genetically uniting seemingly unrelated syndromes to form a spectrum of disease. Herein, we discuss the intricacies of determining complex degenerative disease aetiology and suggest alternative mechanisms of disease transmission that may account for the apparent missing heritability of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Lowry
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Éanna B Ryan
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Y Taylan Esengul
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Nailah Siddique
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Teepu Siddique
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Department of Pathology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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19
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Lesage S, Houot M, Mangone G, Tesson C, Bertrand H, Forlani S, Anheim M, Brefel-Courbon C, Broussolle E, Thobois S, Damier P, Durif F, Roze E, Tison F, Grabli D, Ory-Magne F, Degos B, Viallet F, Cormier-Dequaire F, Ouvrard-Hernandez AM, Vidailhet M, Lohmann E, Singleton A, Corvol JC, Brice A. Genetic and Phenotypic Basis of Autosomal Dominant Parkinson's Disease in a Large Multi-Center Cohort. Front Neurol 2020; 11:682. [PMID: 32849182 PMCID: PMC7399219 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
LRRK2, SNCA, and VPS35 are unequivocally associated with autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (PD). We evaluated the prevalence of LRRK2, SNCA, and VPS35 mutations and associated clinical features in a large French multi-center cohort of PD patients. Demographic and clinical data were collected for 1,805 index cases (592 with autosomal dominant inheritance and 1,213 isolated cases) since 1990. All probands were screened with TaqMan assays for LRRK2 Gly2019Ser. In the absence of this mutation, the coding sequences of the three genes were analyzed by Sanger sequencing and/or next-generation sequencing. The data for the three genes were analyzed according to age at onset, family history, ethnic origin and clinical features. We identified 160 index cases (8.9%) with known pathogenic variants: 138 with pathogenic LRRK2 variants (7.6%), including 136 with the Gly2019Ser mutation, 19 with SNCA point mutations or genomic rearrangements (1.1%), and three with the VPS35 Asp620Asn mutation (0.16%). Mutation frequencies were higher in familial than isolated cases, consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance (12.0 vs. 7.3%; OR 1.7, 95% CI [1.2-2.4], p = 0.001). PD patients with LRRK2 variants were more likely to have higher rates of late-onset PD (>50 years; OR 1.5, 95% CI [1.0-2.1], p = 0.03), whereas those with SNCA mutations tended to have earlier age at onset disease (≤ 50 years, p = 0.06). The clinical features of LRRK2 carriers and those without any pathogenic variants in known PD-associated genes were similar. The likelihood of detecting disease-causing mutations was higher in cases compatible with autosomal dominant inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Lesage
- Sorbonne Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1127, Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche U1127 à l'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7225 au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Paris, France
| | - Marion Houot
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Centre d'Excellence sur les Maladies Neurodégénératives (CoEN), Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Département de Neurologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Paris 6, Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences CIC-1422, Paris, France
| | - Graziella Mangone
- Sorbonne Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1127, Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche U1127 à l'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7225 au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences CIC-1422, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Tesson
- Sorbonne Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1127, Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche U1127 à l'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7225 au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Paris, France
| | - Hélène Bertrand
- Sorbonne Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1127, Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche U1127 à l'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7225 au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Forlani
- Sorbonne Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1127, Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche U1127 à l'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7225 au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Département de Neurologie aux Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Brefel-Courbon
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Faculté de Médecine, Hôpital Universitaire, Toulouse, France
- Service de Neurologie B8, Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, Hôpital Universitaire, Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuel Broussolle
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc-Jeannerod, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5229, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bron, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre-Wertheimer, Département de Neurologie C, Bron, France
- Université de Lyon, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Sud Charles-Mérieux, Oullins, France
| | - Stéphane Thobois
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc-Jeannerod, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5229, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bron, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre-Wertheimer, Département de Neurologie C, Bron, France
- Université de Lyon, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Sud Charles-Mérieux, Oullins, France
| | - Philippe Damier
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Nantes, France
| | - Franck Durif
- Département de Neurologie A, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Sorbonne Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1127, Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche U1127 à l'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7225 au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Paris, France
- Département de Neurologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - François Tison
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - David Grabli
- Sorbonne Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1127, Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche U1127 à l'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7225 au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences CIC-1422, Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Ory-Magne
- Centre de Neuroimagerie de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) - Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Centre des Neurosciences, Hôpital Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Bertrand Degos
- Unité de Neurologie, Hôpital Universitaire Avicenne, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine Saint Denis, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, France
- Equipe Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Réseaux Neuronaux, Centre pour la Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7241, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1050, Labex MemoLife, Paris, France
| | - François Viallet
- Département de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal d'Aix-Pertuis, Aix-en-Provence, France
- Laboratoire Parole et Langage, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7309, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) et Université d'Aix-Marseille, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Florence Cormier-Dequaire
- Sorbonne Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1127, Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche U1127 à l'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7225 au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences CIC-1422, Paris, France
| | | | - Marie Vidailhet
- Sorbonne Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1127, Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche U1127 à l'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7225 au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Paris, France
- Département de Neurologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Ebba Lohmann
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Sorbonne Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1127, Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche U1127 à l'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7225 au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences CIC-1422, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Sorbonne Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1127, Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche U1127 à l'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7225 au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Paris, France
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20
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Kabir MT, Uddin MS, Setu JR, Ashraf GM, Bin-Jumah MN, Abdel-Daim MM. Exploring the Role of PSEN Mutations in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:833-849. [PMID: 32556937 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Mutations of presenilin (PSEN) genes that encode presenilin proteins have been found as the vital causal factors for early-onset familial AD (FAD). AD pathological features such as memory loss, synaptic dysfunction, and formation of plaques have been successfully mimicked in the transgenic mouse models that coexpress FAD-related presenilin and amyloid precursor protein (APP) variants. γ-Secretase (GS) is an enzyme that plays roles in catalyzing intramembranous APP proteolysis to release pathogenic amyloid beta (Aβ). It has been found that presenilins can play a role as the GS's catalytic subunit. FAD-related mutations in presenilins can modify the site of GS cleavage in a way that can elevate the production of longer and highly fibrillogenic Aβ. Presenilins can interact with β-catenin to generate presenilin complexes. Aforesaid interactions have also been studied to observe the mutational and physiological activities in the catenin signal transduction pathway. Along with APP, GS can catalyze intramembrane proteolysis of various substrates that play a vital role in synaptic function. PSEN mutations can cause FAD with autosomal dominant inheritance and early onset of the disease. In this article, we have reviewed the current progress in the analysis of PSENs and the correlation of PSEN mutations and AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. .,Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | | | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - May N Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11474, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
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21
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Jiang H, Jayadev S, Lardelli M, Newman M. A Review of the Familial Alzheimer's Disease Locus PRESENILIN 2 and Its Relationship to PRESENILIN 1. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:1323-1339. [PMID: 30412492 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PRESENILIN 1 (PSEN1) and PRESENILIN 2 (PSEN2) genes are loci for mutations causing familial Alzheimer's disease (fAD). However, the function of these genes and how they contribute to fAD pathogenesis has not been fully determined. This review provides a summary of the overlapping and independent functions of the PRESENILINS with a focus on the lesser studied PSEN2. As a core component of the γ-secretase complex, the PSEN2 protein is involved in many γ-secretase-related physiological activities, including innate immunity, Notch signaling, autophagy, and mitochondrial function. These physiological activities have all been associated with AD progression, indicating that PSEN2 plays a particular role in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowei Jiang
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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22
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Puschmann A, Jiménez-Ferrer I, Lundblad-Andersson E, Mårtensson E, Hansson O, Odin P, Widner H, Brolin K, Mzezewa R, Kristensen J, Soller M, Rödström EY, Ross OA, Toft M, Breedveld GJ, Bonifati V, Brodin L, Zettergren A, Sydow O, Linder J, Wirdefeldt K, Svenningsson P, Nissbrandt H, Belin AC, Forsgren L, Swanberg M. Low prevalence of known pathogenic mutations in dominant PD genes: A Swedish multicenter study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 66:158-165. [PMID: 31422003 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of mutations known to cause autosomal dominant Parkinson disease (PD) in a series with more than 10% of Sweden's estimated number of PD patients. METHODS The Swedish Parkinson Disease Genetics Network was formed as a national multicenter consortium of clinical researchers who together have access to DNA from a total of 2,206 PD patients; 85.4% were from population-based studies. Samples were analyzed centrally for known pathogenic mutations in SNCA (duplications/triplications, p.Ala30Pro, p.Ala53Thr) and LRRK2 (p.Asn1437His, p.Arg1441His, p.Tyr1699Cys, p.Gly2019Ser, p.Ile2020Thr). We compared the frequency of these mutations in Swedish patients with published PD series and the gnomAD database. RESULTS A family history of PD in first- and/or second-degree relatives was reported by 21.6% of participants. Twelve patients (0.54%) carried LRRK2 p.(Gly2019Ser) mutations, one patient (0.045%) an SNCA duplication. The frequency of LRRK2 p.(Gly2019Ser) carriers was 0.11% in a matched Swedish control cohort and a similar 0.098% in total gnomAD, but there was a marked difference between ethnicities in gnomAD, with 42-fold higher frequency among Ashkenazi Jews than all others combined. CONCLUSIONS In relative terms, the LRRK2 p.(Gly2019Ser) variant is the most frequent mutation among Swedish or international PD patients, and in gnomAD. SNCA duplications were the second most common of the mutations examined. In absolute terms, however, these known pathogenic variants in dominant PD genes are generally very rare and can only explain a minute fraction of familial aggregation of PD. Additional genetic and environmental mechanisms may explain the frequent co-occurrence of PD in close relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Puschmann
- Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund, Sweden.
| | | | - Elin Lundblad-Andersson
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Office for Medical Services, Region Skåne, Sweden
| | - Emma Mårtensson
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Office for Medical Services, Region Skåne, Sweden
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden; Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Per Odin
- Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund, Sweden
| | - Håkan Widner
- Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kajsa Brolin
- Lund University, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ropafadzo Mzezewa
- Lund University, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonas Kristensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Office for Medical Services, Region Skåne, Sweden
| | - Maria Soller
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Office for Medical Services, Region Skåne, Sweden
| | - Emil Ygland Rödström
- Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund, Sweden
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guido J Breedveld
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Bonifati
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lovisa Brodin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Zettergren
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olof Sydow
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Linder
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karin Wirdefeldt
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Nissbrandt
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Lars Forsgren
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maria Swanberg
- Lund University, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund, Sweden
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23
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Gao Y, Ren RJ, Zhong ZL, Dammer E, Zhao QH, Shan S, Zhou Z, Li X, Zhang YQ, Cui HL, Hu YB, Chen SD, Chen JJ, Guo QH, Wang G. Mutation profile of APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 in Chinese familial Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 77:154-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Greenland JC, Williams-Gray CH, Barker RA. The clinical heterogeneity of Parkinson's disease and its therapeutic implications. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 49:328-338. [PMID: 30059179 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Although Parkinson's disease (PD) is primarily a movement disorder, there are a range of associated nonmotor symptoms, including cognitive impairment, depression and sleep disturbance. These can occur throughout the disease course, even predating the motor syndrome. However, both motor and nonmotor symptoms are variable between individual patients. Rate of disease progression is also heterogenous: although 50% have reached key milestones of either postural instability or dementia within 4 years from diagnosis, almost a quarter have a good prognosis at 10 years. In this review we discuss how a range of different factors including clinical features, pathology and genetics, have been used to describe the heterogeneity of PD. We explore the value of longitudinal studies of incident PD cohorts, based on our own experience in Cambridgeshire, to define differences in rates of disease progression and predictors of outcome, including how such studies have informed the development of prognostic models which can be used at an individual patient level. Finally, we discuss the benefits of better understanding the basis of heterogeneity of PD in terms of implications for the development and trialling of more targeted therapies for different subgroups of patients, including regenerative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Greenland
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Caroline H Williams-Gray
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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25
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Nicolas G, Veltman JA. The role of de novo mutations in adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:183-207. [PMID: 30478624 PMCID: PMC6513904 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1939-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The genetic underpinnings of the most common adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders (AOND) are complex in majority of the cases. In some families, however, the disease can be inherited in a Mendelian fashion as an autosomal-dominant trait. Next to that, patients carrying mutations in the same disease genes have been reported despite a negative family history. Although challenging to demonstrate due to the late onset of the disease in most cases, the occurrence of de novo mutations can explain this sporadic presentation, as demonstrated for severe neurodevelopmental disorders. Exome or genome sequencing of patient-parent trios allows a hypothesis-free study of the role of de novo mutations in AOND and the discovery of novel disease genes. Another hypothesis that may explain a proportion of sporadic AOND cases is the occurrence of a de novo mutation after the fertilization of the oocyte (post-zygotic mutation) or even as a late-somatic mutation, restricted to the brain. Such somatic mutation hypothesis, that can be tested with the use of novel sequencing technologies, is fully compatible with the seeding and spreading mechanisms of the pathological proteins identified in most of these disorders. We review here the current knowledge and future perspectives on de novo mutations in known and novel candidate genes identified in the most common AONDs such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, the frontotemporal lobar degeneration spectrum and Prion disorders. Also, we review the first lessons learned from recent genomic studies of control and diseased brains and the challenges which remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Nicolas
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, 22, Boulevard Gambetta, 76000, 76031, Rouen Cedex, France.
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Joris A Veltman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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26
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Varrone A, Pellecchia MT. SPECT Molecular Imaging in Familial Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 142:225-260. [PMID: 30409254 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine transporter (DAT) imaging with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a diagnostic tool to study the integrity of the dopaminergic system in patients with parkinsonism and uncertain diagnosis. DAT SPECT enables to detect the presence of nigrostriatal deficit even in the early or pre-symptomatic stages of the disease and to quantify the DAT loss with the progression of nigrostriatal degeneration. For these reasons, DAT SPECT has been also used as a tool to study genetic conditions that are associated with parkinsonism in order to examine the degree and patterns of dopaminergic deficits that are present in at risk subjects and in affected patients carrying the mutations. Studies included subjects with sporadic mutations of common genes associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) and families with both affected patients and asymptomatic carriers. For obvious reasons, the majority of the studies have included a limited number of subjects. Therefore, because of the heterogeneity and the size of the cohorts examined, in many cases the findings can be merely descriptive and general conclusions on the patterns of dopaminergic deficit in different genetic conditions need to take into account some exceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Varrone
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Maria Teresa Pellecchia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
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27
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Abstract
Whole-exome sequencing has been successful in identifying genetic factors contributing to familial or sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). However, this approach has not been applied to explore the impact of de novo mutations on PD pathogenesis. Here, we sequenced the exomes of 39 early onset patients, their parents, and 20 unaffected siblings to investigate the effects of de novo mutations on PD. We identified 12 genes with de novo mutations (MAD1L1, NUP98, PPP2CB, PKMYT1, TRIM24, CEP131, CTTNBP2, NUS1, SMPD3, MGRN1, IFI35, and RUSC2), which could be functionally relevant to PD pathogenesis. Further analyses of two independent case-control cohorts (1,852 patients and 1,565 controls in one cohort and 3,237 patients and 2,858 controls in the other) revealed that NUS1 harbors significantly more rare nonsynonymous variants (P = 1.01E-5, odds ratio = 11.3) in PD patients than in controls. Functional studies in Drosophila demonstrated that the loss of NUS1 could reduce the climbing ability, dopamine level, and number of dopaminergic neurons in 30-day-old flies and could induce apoptosis in fly brain. Together, our data suggest that de novo mutations could contribute to early onset PD pathogenesis and identify NUS1 as a candidate gene for PD.
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28
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Pozo Devoto VM, Falzone TL. Mitochondrial dynamics in Parkinson's disease: a role for α-synuclein? Dis Model Mech 2018; 10:1075-1087. [PMID: 28883016 PMCID: PMC5611962 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.026294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The distinctive pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease are the progressive death of dopaminergic neurons and the intracellular accumulation of Lewy bodies enriched in α-synuclein protein. Several lines of evidence from the study of sporadic, familial and pharmacologically induced forms of human Parkinson's disease also suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in disease progression. Although many functions have been proposed for α-synuclein, emerging data from human and animal models of Parkinson's disease highlight a role for α-synuclein in the control of neuronal mitochondrial dynamics. Here, we review the α-synuclein structural, biophysical and biochemical properties that influence relevant mitochondrial dynamic processes such as fusion-fission, transport and clearance. Drawing on current evidence, we propose that α-synuclein contributes to the mitochondrial defects that are associated with the pathology of this common and progressive neurodegenerative disease. Summary: The authors review the α-synuclein structural, biophysical and biochemical properties that influence relevant mitochondrial physiological processes such as fusion-fission, transport and clearance, and propose that α-synuclein contributes to the mitochondrial defects that are associated with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victorio M Pozo Devoto
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, CP1121, Argentina.,International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, CZ-65691, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas L Falzone
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, CP1121, Argentina .,Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, IBYME-CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, CP1428, Argentina
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29
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Ibanez L, Dube U, Davis AA, Fernandez MV, Budde J, Cooper B, Diez-Fairen M, Ortega-Cubero S, Pastor P, Perlmutter JS, Cruchaga C, Benitez BA. Pleiotropic Effects of Variants in Dementia Genes in Parkinson Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:230. [PMID: 29692703 PMCID: PMC5902712 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of dementia in Parkinson disease (PD) increases dramatically with advancing age, approaching 80% in patients who survive 20 years with the disease. Increasing evidence suggests clinical, pathological and genetic overlap between Alzheimer disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and frontotemporal dementia with PD. However, the contribution of the dementia-causing genes to PD risk, cognitive impairment and dementia in PD is not fully established. Objective: To assess the contribution of coding variants in Mendelian dementia-causing genes on the risk of developing PD and the effect on cognitive performance of PD patients. Methods: We analyzed the coding regions of the amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP), Presenilin 1 and 2 (PSEN1, PSEN2), and Granulin (GRN) genes from 1,374 PD cases and 973 controls using pooled-DNA targeted sequence, human exome-chip and whole-exome sequencing (WES) data by single variant and gene base (SKAT-O and burden tests) analyses. Global cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) or the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The effect of coding variants in dementia-causing genes on cognitive performance was tested by multiple regression analysis adjusting for gender, disease duration, age at dementia assessment, study site and APOE carrier status. Results: Known AD pathogenic mutations in the PSEN1 (p.A79V) and PSEN2 (p.V148I) genes were found in 0.3% of all PD patients. There was a significant burden of rare, likely damaging variants in the GRN and PSEN1 genes in PD patients when compared with frequencies in the European population from the ExAC database. Multiple regression analysis revealed that PD patients carrying rare variants in the APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, and GRN genes exhibit lower cognitive tests scores than non-carrier PD patients (p = 2.0 × 10-4), independent of age at PD diagnosis, age at evaluation, APOE status or recruitment site. Conclusions: Pathogenic mutations in the Alzheimer disease-causing genes (PSEN1 and PSEN2) are found in sporadic PD patients. PD patients with cognitive decline carry rare variants in dementia-causing genes. Variants in genes causing Mendelian neurodegenerative diseases exhibit pleiotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ibanez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Umber Dube
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Albert A. Davis
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Maria V. Fernandez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - John Budde
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Breanna Cooper
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Monica Diez-Fairen
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Fundació per la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Ortega-Cubero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Pau Pastor
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Fundació per la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joel S. Perlmutter
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
- Departments of Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy, and Occupational Therapy, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Bruno A. Benitez
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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30
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Robson E, Tweedy C, Manzanza N, Taylor JP, Atkinson P, Randall F, Reeve A, Clowry GJ, LeBeau FEN. Impaired Fast Network Oscillations and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Alpha-synucleinopathy (A30P). Neuroscience 2018. [PMID: 29524634 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is a key pathological process evident in Lewy body dementias (LBDs), including Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). LBD results in marked cognitive impairments and changes in cortical networks. To assess the impact of abnormal α-syn expression on cortical network oscillations relevant to cognitive function, we studied changes in fast beta/gamma network oscillations in the hippocampus in a mouse line that over-expresses human mutant α-syn (A30P). We found an age-dependent reduction in the power of the gamma (20-80 Hz) frequency oscillations in slices taken from mice aged 9-16 months (9+A30P), that was not present in either young 2-6 months old (2+A30P) mice, or in control mice at either age. The mitochondrial blockers potassium cyanide and rotenone both reduced network oscillations in a concentration-dependent manner in aged A30P mice and aged control mice but slices from A30P mice showed a greater reduction in the oscillations. Histochemical analysis showed an age-dependent reduction in cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity, suggesting a mitochondrial dysfunction in the 9+A30P group. A deficit in COX IV expression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Overall, our data demonstrate an age-dependent impairment in mitochondrial function and gamma frequency activity associated with the abnormal expression of α-syn. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the consequences of over-expression of α-syn which might contribute to cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Robson
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Clare Tweedy
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Nelson Manzanza
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - John-Paul Taylor
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Peter Atkinson
- Eisai Hatfield Research Laboratories, Eisai Ltd., European Knowledge Centre, Mosquito Way, Hatfield, Herts AL10 9SN, UK
| | - Fiona Randall
- Eisai AiM Institute, Eisai Inc., 4 Corporate Drive, Andover, MA 01810, USA
| | - Amy Reeve
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Gavin J Clowry
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Fiona E N LeBeau
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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Coskuner-Weber O, Uversky VN. Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases with Molecular Simulations: Understanding the Roles of Artificial and Pathological Missense Mutations in Intrinsically Disordered Proteins Related to Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E336. [PMID: 29364151 PMCID: PMC5855558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β and α-synuclein are intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), which are at the center of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease pathologies, respectively. These IDPs are extremely flexible and do not adopt stable structures. Furthermore, both amyloid-β and α-synuclein can form toxic oligomers, amyloid fibrils and other type of aggregates in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Experimentalists face challenges in investigating the structures and thermodynamic properties of these IDPs in their monomeric and oligomeric forms due to the rapid conformational changes, fast aggregation processes and strong solvent effects. Classical molecular dynamics simulations complement experiments and provide structural information at the atomic level with dynamics without facing the same experimental limitations. Artificial missense mutations are employed experimentally and computationally for providing insights into the structure-function relationships of amyloid-β and α-synuclein in relation to the pathologies of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Furthermore, there are several natural genetic variations that play a role in the pathogenesis of familial cases of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, which are related to specific genetic defects inherited in dominant or recessive patterns. The present review summarizes the current understanding of monomeric and oligomeric forms of amyloid-β and α-synuclein, as well as the impacts of artificial and pathological missense mutations on the structural ensembles of these IDPs using molecular dynamics simulations. We also emphasize the recent investigations on residual secondary structure formation in dynamic conformational ensembles of amyloid-β and α-synuclein, such as β-structure linked to the oligomerization and fibrillation mechanisms related to the pathologies of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. This information represents an important foundation for the successful and efficient drug design studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orkid Coskuner-Weber
- Türkisch-Deutsche Universität, Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group, Molecular Biotechnology, Sahinkaya Caddesi, No. 86, Beykoz, Istanbul 34820, Turkey.
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
- Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
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Abstract
An understanding of the genetic etiology of Parkinson disease (PD) has become imperative for the modern-day neurologist. Although genetic forms cause only a minority of PD, the disease mechanisms they elucidate advance the understanding of idiopathic cases. Moreover, recently identified susceptibility variants contribute to complex-etiology PD and broaden the contribution of genetics beyond familial and early-onset cases. Dominantly inherited monogenic forms mimic idiopathic PD and are caused by mutations or copy number variations of SNCA, LRRK2, and VPS35. On the other hand, early-onset forms are associated with PARKIN, PINK1, and DJ1 mutations, nominating mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress as another important molecular pathway in the causation of the disease, in addition to alpha-synuclein accumulation. Common variants in GBA are consistently identified by association studies and may be considered to be a major risk gene for PD, with markedly reduced penetrance. Other genes have been proposed to be associated with PD; however, these only cause very rare forms, if at all. Current guidelines recommend testing for LRRK2 variants in familial PD or in specific populations (ancestry), and for the recessive genes in early-onset PD. However, gene panels have made testing for multiple forms of genetic PD a viable approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysius Domingo
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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Ko WKD, Bezard E. Experimental animal models of Parkinson's disease: A transition from assessing symptomatology to α-synuclein targeted disease modification. Exp Neurol 2017; 298:172-179. [PMID: 28764902 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With the understanding that α-synuclein plays a major role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), novel animal models have been developed for conducting preclinical research in screening novel disease modifying therapies. Advancements in research techniques in α-synuclein targeted disease modification have utilised methods such as viral mediated expression of human α-synuclein, as well as the inoculation of pathogenic α-synuclein species from Lewy Bodies of PD patients, for accurately modelling progressive self-propagating neurodegeneration. In applying these cutting-edge research tools with sophisticated trial designs in preclinical drug trials, a useful platform has emerged for developing candidate agents with disease modifying actions, promising a greater chance of success for clinical translation. In this article, we describe the transition of well-established animal models of PD symptomatology to newly developed models of PD pathogenesis, with specific focus on methods of viral-mediated and inoculation of pathogenic α-synuclein, that aim to aid scientific translation of neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Kin D Ko
- Motac Neuroscience Ltd, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Motac Neuroscience Ltd, Manchester, United Kingdom; Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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34
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Pozo Devoto VM, Dimopoulos N, Alloatti M, Pardi MB, Saez TM, Otero MG, Cromberg LE, Marín-Burgin A, Scassa ME, Stokin GB, Schinder AF, Sevlever G, Falzone TL. αSynuclein control of mitochondrial homeostasis in human-derived neurons is disrupted by mutations associated with Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5042. [PMID: 28698628 PMCID: PMC5506004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) converges on a common pathogenic pathway of mitochondrial defects in which α-Synuclein (αSyn) is thought to play a role. However, the mechanisms by which αSyn and its disease-associated allelic variants cause mitochondrial dysfunction remain unknown. Here, we analyzed mitochondrial axonal transport and morphology in human-derived neurons overexpressing wild-type (WT) αSyn or the mutated variants A30P or A53T, which are known to have differential lipid affinities. A53T αSyn was enriched in mitochondrial fractions, inducing significant mitochondrial transport defects and fragmentation, while milder defects were elicited by WT and A30P. We found that αSyn-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation was linked to expression levels in WT and A53T variants. Targeted delivery of WT and A53T αSyn to the outer mitochondrial membrane further increased fragmentation, whereas A30P did not. Genomic editing to disrupt the N-terminal domain of αSyn, which is important for membrane association, resulted in mitochondrial elongation without changes in fusion-fission protein levels, suggesting that αSyn plays a direct physiological role in mitochondrial size maintenance. Thus, we demonstrate that the association of αSyn with the mitochondria, which is modulated by protein mutation and dosage, influences mitochondrial transport and morphology, highlighting its relevance in a common pathway impaired in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victorio Martin Pozo Devoto
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, CP1121, Argentina.,International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, CZ-65691, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nicolas Dimopoulos
- Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Montañeses 2325, Buenos Aires, C1428AQK, Argentina
| | - Matías Alloatti
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, CP1121, Argentina
| | - María Belén Pardi
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) -CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Trinidad M Saez
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, CP1121, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, IBYME (CONICET). Vuelta de obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, CP, 1428, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Otero
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, CP1121, Argentina
| | - Lucas Eneas Cromberg
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, CP1121, Argentina
| | - Antonia Marín-Burgin
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) -CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Elida Scassa
- Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Montañeses 2325, Buenos Aires, C1428AQK, Argentina
| | - Gorazd B Stokin
- International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, CZ-65691, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alejandro F Schinder
- Laboratorio de Plasticidad Neuronal, Fundación Instituto Leloir (IIBBA - CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, CP C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Sevlever
- Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Montañeses 2325, Buenos Aires, C1428AQK, Argentina
| | - Tomás Luis Falzone
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, CP1121, Argentina. .,Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, IBYME (CONICET). Vuelta de obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, CP, 1428, Argentina.
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Gambardella S, Ferese R, Biagioni F, Busceti CL, Campopiano R, Griguoli AMP, Limanaqi F, Novelli G, Storto M, Fornai F. The Monoamine Brainstem Reticular Formation as a Paradigm for Re-Defining Various Phenotypes of Parkinson's Disease Owing Genetic and Anatomical Specificity. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:102. [PMID: 28458632 PMCID: PMC5394114 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional anatomy of the reticular formation (RF) encompasses a constellation of brain regions which are reciprocally connected to sub-serve a variety of functions. Recent evidence indicates that neuronal degeneration within one of these regions spreads synaptically along brainstem circuitries. This is exemplified by the recruitment of various brainstem reticular nuclei in specific Parkinson’s disease (PD) phenotypes, and by retrospective analysis of lethargic post-encephalitic parkinsonism. In fact, the spreading to various monoamine reticular nuclei can be associated with occurrence of specific motor and non-motor symptoms (NMS). This led to re-consider PD as a brainstem monoamine disorder (BMD). This definition surpasses the anatomy of meso-striatal motor control to include a variety of non-motor domains. This concept clearly emerges from the quite specific clinical-anatomical correlation which can be drawn in specific paradigms of PD genotypes. Therefore, this review article focuses on the genetics and neuroanatomy of three PD genotypes/phenotypes which can be selected as prototype paradigms for a differential recruitment of the RF leading to differential occurrence of NMS: (i) Parkin-PD, where NMS are rarely reported; (ii) LRRK2-PD and slight SNC point mutations, where the prevalence of NMS resembles idiopathic PD; (iii) Severe SNCA point mutations and multiplications, where NMS are highly represented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fiona Limanaqi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- IRCCS NeuromedPozzilli, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor VergataRome, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Fornai
- IRCCS NeuromedPozzilli, Italy.,Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of PisaPisa, Italy
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37
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Abstract
Dementia is a frequent problem encountered in advanced stages of Parkinson disease (PD). In recent years, research has focused on the pre-dementia stages of cognitive impairment in PD, including mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Several longitudinal studies have shown that MCI is a harbinger of dementia in PD, although the course is variable, and stabilization of cognition - or even reversal to normal cognition - is not uncommon. In addition to limbic and cortical spread of Lewy pathology, several other mechanisms are likely to contribute to cognitive decline in PD, and a variety of biomarker studies, some using novel structural and functional imaging techniques, have documented in vivo brain changes associated with cognitive impairment. The evidence consistently suggests that low cerebrospinal fluid levels of amyloid-β42, a marker of comorbid Alzheimer disease (AD), predict future cognitive decline and dementia in PD. Emerging genetic evidence indicates that in addition to the APOE*ε4 allele (an established risk factor for AD), GBA mutations and SCNA mutations and triplications are associated with cognitive decline in PD, whereas the findings are mixed for MAPT polymorphisms. Cognitive enhancing medications have some effect in PD dementia, but no convincing evidence that progression from MCI to dementia can be delayed or prevented is available, although cognitive training has shown promising results.
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38
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Koros C, Simitsi A, Stefanis L. Genetics of Parkinson's Disease: Genotype-Phenotype Correlations. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 132:197-231. [PMID: 28554408 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the first discovery of a specific genetic defect in the SNCA gene, encoding for α-synuclein, as a causative factor for Parkinson's disease 20 years ago, a multitude of other genes have been linked to this disease in rare cases with Mendelian inheritance. Furthermore, the genetic contribution to the much more common sporadic disease has been demonstrated through case control association studies and, more recently, genome-wide association studies. Interestingly, some of the genes with Mendelian inheritance, such as SNCA, are also relevant to the sporadic disease, suggesting common pathogenetic mechanisms. In this review, we place an emphasis on Mendelian forms, and in particular genetic defects which present predominantly with Parkinsonism. We provide details into the particular phenotypes associated with each genetic defect, with a particular emphasis on nonmotor symptoms. For genetic defects for whom a sufficient number of patients has been assessed, there are evident genotype-phenotype correlations. However, it should be noted that patients with the same causative mutation may present with distinctly divergent phenotypes. This phenotypic variability may be due to genetic, epigenetic or environmental factors. From a clinical and genetic point of view, it will be especially interesting in the future to identify genetic factors that modify disease penetrance, the age of onset or other specific phenotypic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Koros
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, "Attikon" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Athina Simitsi
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, "Attikon" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, "Attikon" Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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Fruhmann G, Seynnaeve D, Zheng J, Ven K, Molenberghs S, Wilms T, Liu B, Winderickx J, Franssens V. Yeast buddies helping to unravel the complexity of neurodegenerative disorders. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 161:288-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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40
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Biomarkers of Nonmotor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 133:259-289. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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41
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Bougea A, Koros C, Stamelou M, Simitsi A, Papagiannakis N, Antonelou R, Papadimitriou D, Breza M, Tasios K, Fragkiadaki S, Geronicola Trapali X, Bourbouli M, Koutsis G, Papageorgiou SG, Kapaki E, Paraskevas GP, Stefanis L. Frontotemporal dementia as the presenting phenotype of p.A53T mutation carriers in the alpha-synuclein gene. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 35:82-87. [PMID: 28012952 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The p.A53T point mutation in SNCA, the alpha-synuclein gene, has been linked to a rare dominant form of Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Here, we describe two apparently unrelated cases of p.A53T (G209A) SNCA mutation carriers with an atypical initial manifestation and disease course. Moreover, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of tau, p-tau and amyloid Aβ42 were measured in these patients and in an additional cohort of 5 symptomatic and 2 asymptomatic p.A53T carriers without an initial manifestation of dementia. RESULTS Both patients exhibited an early onset frontal-dysexecutive dysfunction with apathy and emotional blunting resembling frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Motor symptoms typical of Parkinson's disease appeared only later in the disease course and were less prominent than cognitive ones, which included language impairment. Autonomic dysfunction and myoclonus also emerged in a more advanced disease stage. In both patients, Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging showed fronto-temporo-parietal atrophy, and CSF analysis showed elevated tau protein levels. In contrast, tau protein levels were normal in a cohort of 7 other p.A53T mutation carriers (5 symptomatic/2 asymptomatic). A screen of Greek patients presenting with frontotemporal dementia failed to identify any additional subjects with the p.A53T SNCA mutation. CONCLUSION Although cognitive decline has been recognized as a feature of the full-blown clinical picture of p.A53T related parkinsonism, a predominant frontotemporal dementia-like phenotype at presentation has not been previously described. This may represent a subtype of this disorder, with distinctive clinical, imaging and CSF biochemical characteristics, in which additional genetic or epigenetic factors may play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Bougea
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Koros
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Attikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Stamelou
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Attikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Athina Simitsi
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Attikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papagiannakis
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Attikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Roubina Antonelou
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Attikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Marianthi Breza
- Neurogenetics Unit, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tasios
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Attikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stella Fragkiadaki
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Attikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Xenia Geronicola Trapali
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Attikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Mara Bourbouli
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Koutsis
- Neurogenetics Unit, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sokratis G Papageorgiou
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Attikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elisabeth Kapaki
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George P Paraskevas
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Attikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Cai Y, Bagyinszky E, An SSA, Kim SY. In silico modeling of pathogenic or possibly pathogenic point mutations in PSEN2. Mol Cell Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-016-0050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Pasanen P, Palin E, Pohjolan-Pirhonen R, Pöyhönen M, Rinne JO, Päivärinta M, Martikainen MH, Kaasinen V, Hietala M, Gardberg M, Saukkonen AM, Eerola-Rautio J, Kaakkola S, Lyytinen J, Tienari PJ, Paetau A, Suomalainen A, Myllykangas L. SNCA mutation p.Ala53Glu is derived from a common founder in the Finnish population. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 50:168.e5-168.e8. [PMID: 27838048 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in SNCA are rare causes of familial Parkinson's disease (PD). We have previously described a novel p.Ala53Glu mutation in 2 Finnish families. To assess this mutation's frequency among Finnish PD patients, we screened 110 PD patients (mean age-of-onset 60 years) from Western Finland by Sanger sequencing of the third coding exon of SNCA. In addition, a sample of 47 PD subjects (mean age-of-onset 53 years) originating from Southern and Eastern Finland were studied using next-generation sequencing covering SNCA. Only one new individual with the p.Ala53Glu mutation was identified, confirming that this mutation is a rare cause of PD in the Finnish population. To search for a possible common origin of the p.Ala53Glu mutation, haplotype analysis was conducted in 2 families and in a patient from a third family (6 affected subjects) using both STR markers and a genome-wide SNP array. The results show that patients with the p.Ala53Glu mutation share a haplotype spanning a minimum of 5.7 Mb suggesting a common founder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Pasanen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Medical Genetics, Tyks Microbiology and Genetics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Eino Palin
- Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Minna Pöyhönen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha O Rinne
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Mika H Martikainen
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Valtteri Kaasinen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Neurology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marja Hietala
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Gardberg
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Johanna Eerola-Rautio
- Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Kaakkola
- Department of Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Lyytinen
- Department of Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pentti J Tienari
- Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anders Paetau
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Suomalainen
- Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa Myllykangas
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland.
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The heterozygous A53T mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene in a Chinese Han patient with Parkinson disease: case report and literature review. J Neurol 2016; 263:1984-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-016-8213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Tambasco N, Nigro P, Romoli M, Prontera P, Simoni S, Calabresi P. A53T in a parkinsonian family: a clinical update of the SNCA phenotypes. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:1301-1307. [PMID: 27250986 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1578-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 15 % of PD patients with Parkinson Disease (PD) have the familial type and 5-10 % of these are known to have monogenic forms with either an autosomal dominant or a recessive inheritance pattern. Here, we report on a family carrying the A53T SNCA mutation and we review SNCA mutation phenotypes by comparing point mutations within each other as well as with duplication and triplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Tambasco
- Clinica Neurologica, Azienda Ospedaliera e Universitaria di Perugia, S.Andrea delle Fratte, 06156, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Nigro
- Clinica Neurologica, Azienda Ospedaliera e Universitaria di Perugia, S.Andrea delle Fratte, 06156, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Romoli
- Clinica Neurologica, Azienda Ospedaliera e Universitaria di Perugia, S.Andrea delle Fratte, 06156, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Prontera
- Servizio di Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Simone Simoni
- Clinica Neurologica, Azienda Ospedaliera e Universitaria di Perugia, S.Andrea delle Fratte, 06156, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Clinica Neurologica, Azienda Ospedaliera e Universitaria di Perugia, S.Andrea delle Fratte, 06156, Perugia, Italy.,I.R.C.C.S. Fondazione S.Lucia, Rome, Italy
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Halbgebauer S, Öckl P, Wirth K, Steinacker P, Otto M. Protein biomarkers in Parkinson's disease: Focus on cerebrospinal fluid markers and synaptic proteins. Mov Disord 2016; 31:848-60. [PMID: 27134134 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research, to date, no validated biomarkers for PD have been found. This review seeks to summarize studies approaching the detection of biomarker candidates for PD and introduce promising ones in more detail, with special attention to synaptic proteins. To this end, we performed a PubMed search and included studies using proteomic tools (2-dimensional difference in gel electrophoresis and/or mass spectrometry) for the comparison of samples from PD and control patients. We found 27 studies reporting more than 500 differentially expressed proteins in which a total of 28 were detected in 2 and 17 in 3 or more independent studies, including posttranslationally modified proteins. In addition, of these 500 proteins, 25 were found to be brain specific, and 14 were enriched in synapses. Special attention was given to the applicability of the biomarker regarding sampling procedures, that is, using CSF/serum material for diagnosis. Furthermore, presynaptic proteins involved in vesicle membrane fusion seem to be interesting candidates for future analyses. Nonetheless, even though such promising biomarker candidates for PD exist, validation of these biomarkers in large-scale clinical studies is necessary to evaluate the diagnostic potential. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Öckl
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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47
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Hernandez DG, Reed X, Singleton AB. Genetics in Parkinson disease: Mendelian versus non-Mendelian inheritance. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 1:59-74. [PMID: 27090875 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common, progressive neurodegenerative disorder, affecting 3% of those older than 75 years of age. Clinically, Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with resting tremor, postural instability, rigidity, bradykinesia, and a good response to levodopa therapy. Over the last 15 years, numerous studies have confirmed that genetic factors contribute to the complex pathogenesis of PD. Highly penetrant mutations producing rare, monogenic forms of the disease have been discovered in singular genes such as SNCA, Parkin, DJ-1, PINK 1, LRRK2, and VPS35. Unique variants with incomplete penetrance in LRRK2 and GBA have been shown to be strong risk factors for PD in certain populations. Additionally, over 20 common variants with small effect sizes are now recognized to modulate the risk for PD. Investigating Mendelian forms of PD has provided precious insight into the pathophysiology that underlies the more common idiopathic form of disease; however, no treatment methodologies have developed. Furthermore, for identified common risk alleles, the functional basis underlying risk principally remains unknown. The challenge over the next decade will be to strengthen the findings delivered through genetic discovery by assessing the direct, biological consequences of risk variants in tandem with additional high-content, integrated datasets. This review discusses monogenic risk factors and mechanisms of Mendelian inheritance of Parkinson disease. Highly penetrant mutations in SNCA, Parkin, DJ-1, PINK 1, LRRK2 and VPS35 produce rare, monogenic forms of the disease, while unique variants within LRRK2 and GBA show incomplete penetrance and are strong risk factors for PD. Additionally, over 20 common variants with small effect sizes modulate disease risk. The challenge over the next decade is to strengthen genetic findings by assessing direct, biological consequences of risk variants in tandem with high-content, integrated datasets. This article is part of a special issue on Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena G Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Xylena Reed
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Papadimitriou D, Antonelou R, Miligkos M, Maniati M, Papagiannakis N, Bostantjopoulou S, Leonardos A, Koros C, Simitsi A, Papageorgiou SG, Kapaki E, Alcalay RN, Papadimitriou A, Athanassiadou A, Stamelou M, Stefanis L. Motor and Nonmotor Features of Carriers of the p.A53T Alpha-Synuclein Mutation: A Longitudinal Study. Mov Disord 2016; 31:1226-30. [PMID: 27028329 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND G209A SNCA mutation carriers represent an important group of genetic PD. We describe motor and nonmotor features of G209A SNCA mutation carriers. METHODS Longitudinal clinical assessments over 2 years were collected in 22 symptomatic and 8 asymptomatic G209A SNCA mutation carriers. Motor and nonmotor rating scales were administered. Correlations were performed between clinical variables and disease duration or age. Penetrance was calculated using Kaplan-Meier survival curves. RESULTS Asymptomatic carriers did not manifest clear premotor symptoms, but symptomatic carriers often reported that olfactory dysfunction and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder preceded motor symptoms. Prominent motor decline and deterioration of autonomic and cognitive function occurred at follow-up; such nonmotor features correlated with disease duration, but not age. Disease penetrance was estimated at around 90%. CONCLUSIONS This study may help to inform clinical trials and provide the basis for studies of disease modifiers in genetic synucleinopathy cohorts. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Papadimitriou
- Henry Dunant Hospital Center, Athens, Greece.,Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | - Roubina Antonelou
- Second Department of Neurology, "Attikon" University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Miligkos
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, School of Medicine University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Matina Maniati
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papagiannakis
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece.,Second Department of Neurology, "Attikon" University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sevasti Bostantjopoulou
- Third University Department of Neurology of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athannassios Leonardos
- Second Department of Neurology, "Attikon" University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Koros
- Second Department of Neurology, "Attikon" University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athina Simitsi
- Second Department of Neurology, "Attikon" University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sokratis G Papageorgiou
- Second Department of Neurology, "Attikon" University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elisabeth Kapaki
- First Department of Neurology, "Eginition" University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Aglaia Athanassiadou
- Department of General Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Maria Stamelou
- Second Department of Neurology, "Attikon" University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Neurology Clinic, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.,Movement Disorders Department, Hygeia Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece.,Second Department of Neurology, "Attikon" University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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49
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Finkelstein DI, Hare DJ, Billings JL, Sedjahtera A, Nurjono M, Arthofer E, George S, Culvenor JG, Bush AI, Adlard PA. Clioquinol Improves Cognitive, Motor Function, and Microanatomy of the Alpha-Synuclein hA53T Transgenic Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:119-29. [PMID: 26481462 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) has been linked to a number of neurodegenerative disorders, the most noteworthy of which is Parkinson's disease. Alpha-synuclein itself is not toxic and fulfills various physiological roles in the central nervous system. However, specific types of aggregates have been shown to be toxic, and metals have been linked to the assembly of these toxic aggregates. In this paper, we have characterized a transgenic mouse that overexpresses the A53T mutation of human α-syn, specifically assessing cognition, motor performance, and subtle anatomical markers that have all been observed in synucleinopathies in humans. We hypothesized that treatment with the moderate-affinity metal chelator, clioquinol (CQ), would reduce the interaction between metals and α-syn to subsequently improve the phenotype of the A53T animal model. We showed that CQ prevents an iron-synuclein interaction, the formation of urea-soluble α-syn aggregates, α-syn-related substantia nigra pars compacta cell loss, reduction in dendritic spine density of hippocampal and caudate putamen medium spiny neurons, and the decline in motor and cognitive function. In conclusion, our data suggests that CQ is capable of mitigating the pathological metal/α-syn interactions, suggesting that the modulation of metal ions warrants further study as a therapeutic approach for the synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I. Finkelstein
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Dominic J. Hare
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Elemental
Bio-imaging Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- Senator
Frank R. Lautenberg Environmental Science Laboratory, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Jessica L. Billings
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Amelia Sedjahtera
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Milawaty Nurjono
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Elisa Arthofer
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department
of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institut, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Sonia George
- School
of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Janetta G. Culvenor
- School
of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Paul A. Adlard
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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50
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Collins LM, Williams-Gray CH. The Genetic Basis of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Parkinson's Disease. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:89. [PMID: 27242557 PMCID: PMC4873499 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is a common feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) with mild cognitive impairment affecting around a quarter of patients in the early stages of their disease, and approximately half developing dementia by 10 years from diagnosis. However, the pattern of cognitive impairments and their speed of evolution vary markedly between individuals. While some of this variability may relate to extrinsic factors and comorbidities, inherited genetic heterogeneity is also known to play an important role. A number of common genetic variants have been identified, which contribute to cognitive function in PD, including variants in catechol-O-methyltransferase, microtubule-associated protein tau, and apolipoprotein E. Furthermore, rarer mutations in glucocerebrosidase and α-synuclein and are strongly associated with dementia risk in PD. This review explores the functional impact of these variants on cognition in PD and discusses how such genotype-phenotype associations provide a window into the mechanistic basis of cognitive heterogeneity in this disorder. This has consequent implications for the development of much more targeted therapeutic strategies for cognitive symptoms in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy M Collins
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
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