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Zhang Y, Duan X, Wang Z, Lv Y, Qi W, Li L, Luo L, Xuan W. CEPs suppress auxin signaling but promote cytokinin signaling to inhibit root growth in Arabidopsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 711:149934. [PMID: 38626621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
C-terminally encoded peptides (CEPs) are peptide hormones that function as mobile signals coordinating crucial developmental programs in plants. Previous studies have revealed that CEPs exert negative regulation on root development through interaction with CEP receptors (CEPRs), CEP DOWNSTREAMs (CEPDs), the cytokinin receptor ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE (AHKs) and the transcriptional repressor Auxin/Indole-3-Acetic Acid (AUX/IAA). However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying CEPs-mediated regulation of root development via auxin and cytokinin signaling pathways still necessitate further detailed investigation. In this study, we examined prior research and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms. The results showed that both synthetic AtCEPs and overexpression of AtCEP5 markedly supressed primary root elongation and lateral root (LR) formation in Arabidopsis. Molecular biology and genetics elucidated how CEPs inhibit root growth by suppressing auxin signaling while promoting cytokinin signaling. In summary, this study elucidated the inhibitory effects of AtCEPs on Arabidopsis root growth and provided insights into their potential molecular mechanisms, thus enhancing our comprehension of CEP-mediated regulation of plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Zhang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Xingliang Duan
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanda Lv
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210014, China; Excellence and Innovation Center, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Weicong Qi
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210014, China; Excellence and Innovation Center, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Lun Li
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Le Luo
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wei Xuan
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Rathor P, Upadhyay P, Ullah A, Gorim LY, Thilakarathna MS. Humic acid improves wheat growth by modulating auxin and cytokinin biosynthesis pathways. AOB PLANTS 2024; 16:plae018. [PMID: 38601216 PMCID: PMC11005776 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Humic acids have been widely used for centuries to enhance plant growth and productivity. The beneficial effects of humic acids have been attributed to different functional groups and phytohormone-like compounds enclosed in macrostructure. However, the mechanisms underlying the plant growth-promoting effects of humic acids are only partially understood. We hypothesize that the bio-stimulatory effect of humic acids is mainly due to the modulation of innate pathways of auxin and cytokinin biosynthesis in treated plants. A physiological investigation along with molecular characterization was carried out to understand the mechanism of bio-stimulatory effects of humic acid. A gene expression analysis was performed for the genes involved in auxin and cytokinin biosynthesis pathways in wheat seedlings. Furthermore, Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic lines generated by fusing the auxin-responsive DR5 and cytokinin-responsive ARR5 promoter to ß-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter were used to study the GUS expression analysis in humic acid treated seedlings. This study demonstrates that humic acid treatment improved the shoot and root growth of wheat seedlings. The expression of several genes involved in auxin (Tryptophan Aminotransferase of Arabidopsis and Gretchen Hagen 3.2) and cytokinin (Lonely Guy3) biosynthesis pathways were up-regulated in humic acid-treated seedlings compared to the control. Furthermore, GUS expression analysis showed that bioactive compounds of humic acid stimulate endogenous auxin and cytokinin-like activities. This study is the first report in which using ARR5:GUS lines we demonstrate the biostimulants activity of humic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Rathor
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, 9011-116St, NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Punita Upadhyay
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, 9011-116St, NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Aman Ullah
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, 9011-116St, NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Linda Yuya Gorim
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, 9011-116St, NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Malinda S Thilakarathna
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, 9011-116St, NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
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3
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Sanchez-Corrionero A, Sánchez-Vicente I, Arteaga N, Manrique-Gil I, Gómez-Jiménez S, Torres-Quezada I, Albertos P, Lorenzo O. Fine-tuned nitric oxide and hormone interface in plant root development and regeneration. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6104-6118. [PMID: 36548145 PMCID: PMC10575706 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant root growth and developmental capacities reside in a few stem cells of the root apical meristem (RAM). Maintenance of these stem cells requires regenerative divisions of the initial stem cell niche (SCN) cells, self-maintenance, and proliferative divisions of the daughter cells. This ensures sufficient cell diversity to guarantee the development of complex root tissues in the plant. Damage in the root during growth involves the formation of a new post-embryonic root, a process known as regeneration. Post-embryonic root development and organogenesis processes include primary root development and SCN maintenance, plant regeneration, and the development of adventitious and lateral roots. These developmental processes require a fine-tuned balance between cell proliferation and maintenance. An important regulator during root development and regeneration is the gasotransmitter nitric oxide (NO). In this review we have sought to compile how NO regulates cell rate proliferation, cell differentiation, and quiescence of SCNs, usually through interaction with phytohormones, or other molecular mechanisms involved in cellular redox homeostasis. NO exerts a role on molecular components of the auxin and cytokinin signaling pathways in primary roots that affects cell proliferation and maintenance of the RAM. During root regeneration, a peak of auxin and cytokinin triggers specific molecular programs. Moreover, NO participates in adventitious root formation through its interaction with players of the brassinosteroid and cytokinin signaling cascade. Lately, NO has been implicated in root regeneration under hypoxia conditions by regulating stem cell specification through phytoglobins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Sanchez-Corrionero
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Sánchez-Vicente
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Noelia Arteaga
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Isabel Manrique-Gil
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sara Gómez-Jiménez
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Isabel Torres-Quezada
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pablo Albertos
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Oscar Lorenzo
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
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Kenesi E, Kolbert Z, Kaszler N, Klement É, Ménesi D, Molnár Á, Valkai I, Feigl G, Rigó G, Cséplő Á, Lindermayr C, Fehér A. The ROP2 GTPase Participates in Nitric Oxide (NO)-Induced Root Shortening in Arabidopsis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:750. [PMID: 36840099 PMCID: PMC9964108 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a versatile signal molecule that mediates environmental and hormonal signals orchestrating plant development. NO may act via reversible S-nitrosation of proteins during which an NO moiety is added to a cysteine thiol to form an S-nitrosothiol. In plants, several proteins implicated in hormonal signaling have been reported to undergo S-nitrosation. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis ROP2 GTPase is a further potential target of NO-mediated regulation. The ROP2 GTPase was found to be required for the root shortening effect of NO. NO inhibits primary root growth by altering the abundance and distribution of the PIN1 auxin efflux carrier protein and lowering the accumulation of auxin in the root meristem. In rop2-1 insertion mutants, however, wild-type-like root size of the NO-treated roots were maintained in agreement with wild-type-like PIN1 abundance in the meristem. The ROP2 GTPase was shown to be S-nitrosated in vitro, suggesting that NO might directly regulate the GTPase. The potential mechanisms of NO-mediated ROP2 GTPase regulation and ROP2-mediated NO signaling in the primary root meristem are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erzsébet Kenesi
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, Temesvári Krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Kolbert
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Kaszler
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, Temesvári Krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Éva Klement
- Laboratory of Proteomics Research, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, Temesvári Krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine, Single Cell Omics ACF, H-6728 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dalma Ménesi
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, Temesvári Krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Árpád Molnár
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Valkai
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, Temesvári Krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Feigl
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Rigó
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, Temesvári Krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Cséplő
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, Temesvári Krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Christian Lindermayr
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Attila Fehér
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, Temesvári Krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
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Rhizosphere microbes enhance plant salt tolerance: toward crop production in saline soil. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:6543-6551. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Antoniadi I, Mateo-Bonmatí E, Pernisová M, Brunoni F, Antoniadi M, Villalonga MGA, Ament A, Karády M, Turnbull C, Doležal K, Pěnčík A, Ljung K, Novák O. IPT9, a cis-zeatin cytokinin biosynthesis gene, promotes root growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:932008. [PMID: 36311087 PMCID: PMC9616112 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.932008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin and auxin are plant hormones that coordinate many aspects of plant development. Their interactions in plant underground growth are well established, occurring at the levels of metabolism, signaling, and transport. Unlike many plant hormone classes, cytokinins are represented by more than one active molecule. Multiple mutant lines, blocking specific parts of cytokinin biosynthetic pathways, have enabled research in plants with deficiencies in specific cytokinin-types. While most of these mutants have confirmed the impeding effect of cytokinin on root growth, the ipt29 double mutant instead surprisingly exhibits reduced primary root length compared to the wild type. This mutant is impaired in cis-zeatin (cZ) production, a cytokinin-type that had been considered inactive in the past. Here we have further investigated the intriguing ipt29 root phenotype, opposite to known cytokinin functions, and the (bio)activity of cZ. Our data suggest that despite the ipt29 short-root phenotype, cZ application has a negative impact on primary root growth and can activate a cytokinin response in the stele. Grafting experiments revealed that the root phenotype of ipt29 depends mainly on local signaling which does not relate directly to cytokinin levels. Notably, ipt29 displayed increased auxin levels in the root tissue. Moreover, analyses of the differential contributions of ipt2 and ipt9 to the ipt29 short-root phenotype demonstrated that, despite its deficiency on cZ levels, ipt2 does not show any root phenotype or auxin homeostasis variation, while ipt9 mutants were indistinguishable from ipt29. We conclude that IPT9 functions may go beyond cZ biosynthesis, directly or indirectly, implicating effects on auxin homeostasis and therefore influencing plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Antoniadi
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eduardo Mateo-Bonmatí
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Markéta Pernisová
- Plant Sciences Core Facility, Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), and NCBR, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Federica Brunoni
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Mariana Antoniadi
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Anita Ament
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Michal Karády
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Colin Turnbull
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karel Doležal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
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Li C, Hu F, Chen H, Zhao J. Transcriptome characteristics during cell wall formation of endosperm cellularization and embryo differentiation in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:998664. [PMID: 36262665 PMCID: PMC9575994 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.998664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic and endosperm development are important biological events during Arabidopsis seed development, and are controlled by dynamic changes in a range of gene expression. Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanisms of endosperm cellularization and embryo differentiation remain unclear. Here, we characterized the early embryo and endosperm development of the naa15 mutant that had abnormal embryo differentiation and incomplete endosperm cellularization compared to WT of Arabidopsis, and comparatively investigated the changes of gene expressions in WT seeds at 3, 4, and 5 days after pollination (3W, 4W, and 5W) and the white homozygous aborted naa15 seeds at 5, 6, and 7 DAP (5M, 6M, and 7M) from naa15-1/+ siliques using RNA sequencing and qPCR assays. The transcriptome analyses showed that there were 2040 and 3630 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in 4W (at endosperm cellularization initiation stage and heart embryo stage) vs 3W (at syncytium stage and globular embryo stage), and 5W (at end of endosperm cellularization stage and torpedo embryo stage) vs 4W, respectively. The KEGG and GO analyses showed that lipid metabolic processes and transmembrane transport related to cell wall biogenesis, cell division and differentiation, the plant hormone signaling pathway, photosynthesis, and transcription regulator activity were evidently enriched in WT and naa15. The heatmap and qPCR analyses showed that auxin response genes (ARFs), auxin transport genes (PINs) cytokinin synthesis genes (LOGs), cytokinin dehydrogenase genes (CKXs), cytokinin receptor, transcription factors (MYB, bHLH, MADS-box, and ERF) were significantly downregulated in naa15 compared to WT. A series of cell wall genes annotated to xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase, pectin methyl esterase, and pectin methyl esterase inhibitor were also identified in these DEGs. Moreover, using an immunofluorescent assay, the features of cell walls displayed that cellulose fluorescence signals in the embryo and endosperm of naa15 were significantly decreased, and the signals of low- and high- methyl esterification of pectin were also obviously decreased in the endosperm of naa15. In summary, we identified a large number of DEGs and investigated the features of cell walls during endosperm cellularization and embryonic differentiation, which provided important information on transcription and gene expression to reveal their regulatory mechanisms.
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Zhang M, Zheng H, Jin L, Xing L, Zou J, Zhang L, Liu C, Chu J, Xu M, Wang L. miR169o and ZmNF-YA13 act in concert to coordinate the expression of ZmYUC1 that determines seed size and weight in maize kernels. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:2270-2284. [PMID: 35713356 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play key regulatory roles in seed development and emerge as new key targets for engineering grain size and yield. The Zma-miRNA169 family is highly expressed during maize seed development, but its functional roles in seed development remain elusive. Here, we generated zma-miR169o and ZmNF-YA13 transgenic plants. Phenotypic and genetic analyses were performed on these lines. Seed development and auxins contents were investigated. Overexpression of maize miRNA zma-miR169o increases seed size and weight, whereas the opposite is true when its expression is suppressed. Further studies revealed that zma-miR169 acts by negatively regulating its target gene, a transcription factor ZmNF-YA13 that also plays a key role in determining seed size. We demonstrate that ZmNF-YA13 regulates the expression of the auxin biosynthetic gene ZmYUC1, which modulates auxin levels in the early developing seeds and determines the number of endosperm cells, thereby governing maize seed size and ultimately yield. Overall, our present study has identified zma-miR169o and ZmNF-YA13 that form a functional module regulating auxin accumulation in maize seeds and playing an important role in determining maize seed size and yield, providing a set of novel molecular tools for yield improvement in molecular breeding and genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, CAAS/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Zheng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, CAAS/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, 100081, Beijing, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), 572022, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Lian Jin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, CAAS/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Xing
- Biotechnology Research Institute, CAAS/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Zou
- Biotechnology Research Institute, CAAS/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, CAAS/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Cuimei Liu
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Jinfang Chu
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100039, Beijing, China
| | - Miaoyun Xu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, CAAS/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, CAAS/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, 100081, Beijing, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), 572022, Sanya, Hainan, China
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Del Rosario Cárdenas-Aquino M, Sarria-Guzmán Y, Martínez-Antonio A. Review: Isoprenoid and aromatic cytokinins in shoot branching. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 319:111240. [PMID: 35487650 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Shoot branching is an important event of plant development that defines growth and reproduction. The BRANCHED1 gene (BRC1/TB1/FC1) is crucial for this process. Within the phytohormones, cytokinins directly activate axillary buds to promote shoot branching. In addition, strigolactones and auxins inhibit bud outgrowth. This review addresses the involvement of aromatic and isoprenoid cytokinins in shoot branching. And how auxins and strigolactones contribute to regulating this process also. The results obtained by others and our working group with lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) show that cytokinins affect both shoot and root apical meristem development, consistent with other plant species. However, many questions remain about how cytokinins and strigolactones antagonistically regulate BRC1 gene expression. Additionally, many details of the interaction among cytokinins, auxins, and strigolactones need to be clarified. We will gain a more comprehensive scheme of bud outgrowth with these details.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yohanna Sarria-Guzmán
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Básicas, Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Transv 22 Bis #4-105, Valledupar 200005, Cesar, Colombia
| | - Agustino Martínez-Antonio
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Cinvestav Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36824, Gto, México.
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Haas AS, Shi D, Greb T. Cell Fate Decisions Within the Vascular Cambium-Initiating Wood and Bast Formation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:864422. [PMID: 35548289 PMCID: PMC9082745 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.864422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Precise coordination of cell fate decisions is a hallmark of multicellular organisms. Especially in tissues with non-stereotypic anatomies, dynamic communication between developing cells is vital for ensuring functional tissue organization. Radial plant growth is driven by a plant stem cell niche known as vascular cambium, usually strictly producing secondary xylem (wood) inward and secondary phloem (bast) outward, two important structures serving as much-needed CO2 depositories and building materials. Because of its bidirectional nature and its developmental plasticity, the vascular cambium serves as an instructive paradigm for investigating principles of tissue patterning. Although genes and hormones involved in xylem and phloem formation have been identified, we have a yet incomplete picture of the initial steps of cell fate transitions of stem cell daughters into xylem and phloem progenitors. In this mini-review perspective, we describe two possible scenarios of cell fate decisions based on the current knowledge about gene regulatory networks and how cellular environments are established. In addition, we point out further possible research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin S. Haas
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dongbo Shi
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Tsurumi-Yokohama, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Thomas Greb
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Genome-Wide Association Study of Root System Architecture in Maize. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020181. [PMID: 35205226 PMCID: PMC8872597 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Roots are important plant organs for the absorption of water and nutrients. To date, there have been few genome-wide association studies of maize root system architecture (RSA) in the field. The genetic basis of maize RSA is poorly understood, and the maize RSA-related genes that have been cloned are very limited. Here, 421 maize inbred lines of an association panel were planted to measure the root systems at the maturity stage, and a genome-wide association study was performed. There was a strong correlation among eight RSA traits, and the RSA traits were highly correlated with the aboveground plant architecture traits (e.g., plant height and ear leaf length, r = 0.13–0.25, p < 0.05). The RSA traits of the stiff stalk subgroup (SS) showed lower values than those of the non-stiff stalk subgroup (NSS) and tropical/subtropical subgroup (TST). Using the RSA traits, the genome-wide association study identified 63 SNPs and 189 candidate genes. Among them, nine candidate genes co-localized between RSA and aboveground architecture traits. A further co-expression analysis identified 88 candidate genes having high confidence levels. Furthermore, we identified four highly reliable RSA candidate genes, GRMZM2G099797, GRMZM2G354338, GRMZM2G085042, and GRMZM5G812926. This research provides theoretical support for the genetic improvement of maize root systems, and it identified candidate genes that may act as genetic resources for breeding.
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12
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Trifunović-Momčilov M, Motyka V, Dobrev PI, Marković M, Milošević S, Jevremović S, Dragićević IČ, Subotić A. Phytohormone profiles in non-transformed and AtCKX transgenic centaury (Centaurium erythraea Rafn) shoots and roots in response to salinity stress in vitro. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21471. [PMID: 34728697 PMCID: PMC8563955 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00866-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant hormones regulate numerous developmental and physiological processes. Abiotic stresses considerably affect production and distribution of phytohormones as the stress signal triggers. The homeostasis of plant hormones is controlled by their de novo synthesis and catabolism. The aim of this work was to analyse the contents of total and individual groups of endogenous cytokinins (CKs) as well as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in AtCKX overexpressing centaury plants grown in vitro on graded NaCl concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM). The levels of endogenous stress hormones including abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) were also detected. The elevated contents of total CKs were found in all analysed centaury shoots. Furthermore, increased amounts of all five CK groups, as well as enhanced total CKs were revealed on graded NaCl concentrations in non-transformed and AtCKX roots. All analysed AtCKX centaury lines exhibited decreased amounts of endogenous IAA in shoots and roots. Consequently, the IAA/bioactive CK forms ratios showed a significant variation in the shoots and roots of all AtCKX lines. In shoots and roots of both non-transformed and AtCKX transgenic centaury plants, salinity was associated with an increase of ABA and JA and a decrease of SA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milana Trifunović-Momčilov
- Department for Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11060, Serbia.
| | - Václav Motyka
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petre I Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marija Marković
- Department for Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11060, Serbia
| | - Snežana Milošević
- Department for Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11060, Serbia
| | - Slađana Jevremović
- Department for Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11060, Serbia
| | - Ivana Č Dragićević
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Angelina Subotić
- Department for Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11060, Serbia
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13
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Neogy A, Singh Z, Mushahary KKK, Yadav SR. Dynamic cytokinin signaling and function of auxin in cytokinin responsive domains during rice crown root development. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1367-1375. [PMID: 33047229 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We reveal the onset and dynamic tissue-specific cytokinin signaling domains and functional importance of auxin in the auxin-cytokinin interaction domains in shaping root architecture in the economically important rice plant. Plant hormones such as auxin and cytokinin are central regulators of root organogenesis. Typical in the grass species, the root system in rice is primarily composed of post-embryonic adventitious/crown roots (ARs/CRs). Antagonistic auxin-cytokinin activities mutually balance each other to ensure proper root development. Cytokinin has been shown to inhibit crown root initiation in rice; albeit, the responsive domains remain elusive during the initiation and outgrowth of crown root primordia (CRP). Here, we show the cytokinin response domains during various stages of CRP development. RNA-RNA in situ hybridization and protein immunohistochemistry studies of the reporter gene expressed under the cytokinin responsive synthetic promoter revealed detailed spatio-temporal cytokinin signaling domains in the developing CRP. Furthermore, rice lines genetically depleted for endogenous auxin in the cytokinin responsive domains provided insight into the functional importance of auxin signaling during crown root development. Thus, our study demonstrates the onset and dynamic tissue-specific cytokinin response and functional significance of auxin-cytokinin interaction during root architecture formation in rice, a model grass species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Neogy
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Zeenu Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | | | - Shri Ram Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
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14
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Hormonal Regulation and Crosstalk of Auxin/Cytokinin Signaling Pathways in Potatoes In Vitro and in Relation to Vegetation or Tuberization Stages. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158207. [PMID: 34360972 PMCID: PMC8347663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxins and cytokinins create versatile regulatory network controlling virtually all aspects of plant growth and development. These hormonal systems act in close contact, synergistically or antagonistically, determining plant phenotype, resistance and productivity. However, the current knowledge about molecular interactions of these systems is still scarce. Our study with potato plants aimed at deciphering potential interactions between auxin and cytokinin signaling pathways at the level of respective gene expression. Potato plants grown on sterile medium with 1.5% (vegetation) or 5% (tuberization) sucrose were treated for 1 h with auxin or cytokinin. Effects of these two hormones on expression profiles of genes belonging to main signaling pathways of auxin and cytokinin were quantified by RT-qPCR. As a result, several signaling genes were found to respond to auxin and/or cytokinin by up- or down-regulation. The observed effects were largely organ-specific and depended on sucrose content. Auxin strongly reduced cytokinin perception apparatus while reciprocal cytokinin effect was ambiguous and sucrose-dependent. In many cases, functional clustering of genes of the same family was observed. Promoters in some clusters are enriched with canonic hormone-response cis-elements supporting their direct sensitivity to hormones. Collectively, our data shed new light on the crosstalk between auxin- and cytokinin signaling pathways.
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15
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Cytokinin-Controlled Gradient Distribution of Auxin in Arabidopsis Root Tip. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083874. [PMID: 33918090 PMCID: PMC8069370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant root is a dynamic system, which is able to respond promptly to external environmental stimuli by constantly adjusting its growth and development. A key component regulating this growth and development is the finely tuned cross-talk between the auxin and cytokinin phytohormones. The gradient distribution of auxin is not only important for the growth and development of roots, but also for root growth in various response. Recent studies have shed light on the molecular mechanisms of cytokinin-mediated regulation of local auxin biosynthesis/metabolism and redistribution in establishing active auxin gradients, resulting in cell division and differentiation in primary root tips. In this review, we focus our attention on the molecular mechanisms underlying the cytokinin-controlled auxin gradient in root tips.
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16
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Kumar R, Sharma V, Suresh S, Ramrao DP, Veershetty A, Kumar S, Priscilla K, Hangargi B, Narasanna R, Pandey MK, Naik GR, Thomas S, Kumar A. Understanding Omics Driven Plant Improvement and de novo Crop Domestication: Some Examples. Front Genet 2021; 12:637141. [PMID: 33889179 PMCID: PMC8055929 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.637141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current era, one of biggest challenges is to shorten the breeding cycle for rapid generation of a new crop variety having high yield capacity, disease resistance, high nutrient content, etc. Advances in the "-omics" technology have revolutionized the discovery of genes and bio-molecules with remarkable precision, resulting in significant development of plant-focused metabolic databases and resources. Metabolomics has been widely used in several model plants and crop species to examine metabolic drift and changes in metabolic composition during various developmental stages and in response to stimuli. Over the last few decades, these efforts have resulted in a significantly improved understanding of the metabolic pathways of plants through identification of several unknown intermediates. This has assisted in developing several new metabolically engineered important crops with desirable agronomic traits, and has facilitated the de novo domestication of new crops for sustainable agriculture and food security. In this review, we discuss how "omics" technologies, particularly metabolomics, has enhanced our understanding of important traits and allowed speedy domestication of novel crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Life Science, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, India
| | - Vinay Sharma
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
| | - Srinivas Suresh
- Department of Life Science, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, India
| | | | - Akash Veershetty
- Department of Life Science, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, India
| | - Sharan Kumar
- Department of Life Science, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, India
| | - Kagolla Priscilla
- Department of Life Science, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, India
| | | | - Rahul Narasanna
- Department of Life Science, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, India
| | - Manish Kumar Pandey
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Sherinmol Thomas
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Anirudh Kumar
- Department of Botany, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, India
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Tessi TM, Brumm S, Winklbauer E, Schumacher B, Pettinari G, Lescano I, González CA, Wanke D, Maurino VG, Harter K, Desimone M. Arabidopsis AZG2 transports cytokinins in vivo and regulates lateral root emergence. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:979-993. [PMID: 33070379 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin and auxin are key regulators of plant growth and development. During the last decade transport mechanisms have turned out to be the key for the control of local and long-distance hormone distributions. In contrast with auxin, cytokinin transport is poorly understood. Here, we show that Arabidopsis thaliana AZG2, a member of the AZG purine transporter family, acts as cytokinin transporter involved in root system architecture determination. Even though purines are substrates for both AZG1 and AZG2, we found distinct transport mechanisms. The expression of AZG2 is restricted to a small group of cells surrounding the lateral root (LR) primordia and induced by auxins. Compared to the wild-type (WT), mutants carrying loss-of-function alleles of AZG2 have higher LR density, suggesting that AZG2 is part of a regulatory pathway in LR emergence. Moreover, azg2 is partially insensitive to exogenous cytokinin, which is consistent with the observation that the cytokinin reporter TCSnpro :GFP showed lower fluorescence signal in the roots of azg2 compared to the WT. These results indicate a defective cytokinin signalling pathway in the region of LR primordia. The integration of AZG2 subcellular localization and cytokinin transport capacity data allowed us to propose a local cytokinin : auxin signalling model for the regulation of LR emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás M Tessi
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Sabine Brumm
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Eva Winklbauer
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schumacher
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Georgina Pettinari
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Lescano
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Claudio A González
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Dierk Wanke
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Verónica G Maurino
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Abteilung Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Bonn, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Klaus Harter
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Marcelo Desimone
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
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18
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Wu J, Cao J, Su M, Feng G, Xu Y, Yi H. Genome-wide comprehensive analysis of transcriptomes and small RNAs offers insights into the molecular mechanism of alkaline stress tolerance in a citrus rootstock. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:33. [PMID: 30854210 PMCID: PMC6395741 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline stress has serious-negative effects on citrus production. Ziyang xiangcheng (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka) (Cj) is a rootstock that is tolerant to alkaline stress and iron deficiency. Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) (Pt), the most widely used rootstock in China, is sensitive to alkaline stress. To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the tolerance of Cj to alkaline stress, next-generation sequencing was employed to profile the root transcriptomes and small RNAs of Cj and Pt seedlings that were cultured in nutrient solutions along a three pH gradient. This two-level regulation data set provides a system-level view of molecular events with a precise resolution. The data suggest that the auxin pathway may play a central role in the inhibitory effect of alkaline stress on root growth and that the regulation of auxin homeostasis under alkaline stress is important for the adaptation of citrus to alkaline stress. Moreover, the jasmonate (JA) pathway exhibits the opposite response to alkaline stress in Cj and Pt and may contribute to the differences in the alkaline stress tolerance and iron acquisition between Cj and Pt. The dataset provides a wealth of genomic resources and new clues to further study the mechanisms underlying alkaline stress resistance in Cj.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juxun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 PR China
| | - Junying Cao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 PR China
| | - Mei Su
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 PR China
| | - Guizhi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 PR China
| | - Yanhui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 PR China
| | - Hualin Yi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 PR China
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Demina IV, Maity PJ, Nagchowdhury A, Ng JLP, van der Graaff E, Demchenko KN, Roitsch T, Mathesius U, Pawlowski K. Accumulation of and Response to Auxins in Roots and Nodules of the Actinorhizal Plant Datisca glomerata Compared to the Model Legume Medicago truncatula. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1085. [PMID: 31608077 PMCID: PMC6773980 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Actinorhizal nodules are structurally different from legume nodules and show a greater similarity to lateral roots. Because of the important role of auxins in lateral root and nodule formation, auxin profiles were examined in roots and nodules of the actinorhizal species Datisca glomerata and the model legume Medicago truncatula. The auxin response in roots and nodules of both species was analyzed in transgenic root systems expressing a beta-glucuronidase gene under control of the synthetic auxin-responsive promoter DR5. The effects of two different auxin on root development were compared for both species. The auxin present in nodules at the highest levels was phenylacetic acid (PAA). No differences were found between the concentrations of active auxins of roots vs. nodules, while levels of the auxin conjugate indole-3-acetic acid-alanine were increased in nodules compared to roots of both species. Because auxins typically act in concert with cytokinins, cytokinins were also quantified. Concentrations of cis-zeatin and some glycosylated cytokinins were dramatically increased in nodules compared to roots of D. glomerata, but not of M. truncatula. The ratio of active auxins to cytokinins remained similar in nodules compared to roots in both species. The auxin response, as shown by the activation of the DR5 promoter, seemed significantly reduced in nodules compared to roots of both species, suggesting the accumulation of auxins in cell types that do not express the signal transduction pathway leading to DR5 activation. Effects on root development were analyzed for the synthetic auxin naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and PAA, the dominant auxin in nodules. Both auxins had similar effects, except that the sensitivity of roots to PAA was lower than to NAA. However, while the effects of both auxins on primary root growth were similar for both species, effects on root branching were different: both auxins had the classical positive effect on root branching in M. truncatula, but a negative effect in D. glomerata. Such a negative effect of exogenous auxin on root branching has previously been found for a cucurbit that forms lateral root primordia in the meristem of the parental root; however, root branching in D. glomerata does not follow that pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Demina
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pooja Jha Maity
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anurupa Nagchowdhury
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jason L. P. Ng
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Eric van der Graaff
- Department of Plant Physiology, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kirill N. Demchenko
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Development, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Thomas Roitsch
- Department of Plant Physiology, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Katharina Pawlowski
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Katharina Pawlowski,
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20
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Kirschner GK, Stahl Y, Imani J, von Korff M, Simon R. Fluorescent reporter lines for auxin and cytokinin signalling in barley (Hordeum vulgare). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196086. [PMID: 29694399 PMCID: PMC5918912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytohormones auxin and cytokinin control development and maintenance of plant meristems and stem cell systems. Fluorescent protein reporter lines that monitor phytohormone controlled gene expression programmes have been widely used to study development and differentiation in the model species Arabidopsis, but equivalent tools are still missing for the majority of crop species. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is the fourth most abundant cereal crop plant, but knowledge on these important phytohormones in regard to the barley root and shoot stem cell niches is still negligible. We have now analysed the role of auxin and cytokinin in barley root meristem development, and present fluorescent protein reporter lines that allow to dissect auxin and cytokinin signalling outputs in vivo. We found that application of either auxin or cytokinin to barley seedlings negatively impacts root meristem growth. We further established a barley cytokinin reporter, TCSnew, which revealed significant cytokinin signalling in the stele cells proximal to the QC, and in the differentiated root cap cells. Application of exogenous cytokinin activated signalling in the root stem cell niche. Commonly employed auxin reporters DR5 or DR5v2 failed to respond to auxin in barley. However, analysis of putative auxin signalling targets barley PLETHORA1 (HvPLT1) is expressed in a similar pattern as its orthologue AtPLT1 from Arabidopsis, i.e. in the QC and the surrounding cells. Furthermore, the PINFORMED1 (HvPIN1) auxin efflux carrier was found to be expressed in root and shoot meristems, where it polarly localized to the plasma membrane. HvPIN1 expression is negatively regulated by cytokinin and its intracellular localisation is sensitive to brefeldinA (BFA). With this study, we provide the first fluorescent reporter lines as a tool to study auxin and cytokinin signalling and response pathways in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn K. Kirschner
- Institute for Developmental Genetics and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yvonne Stahl
- Institute for Developmental Genetics and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jafargholi Imani
- Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Justus Liebig University, Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Maria von Korff
- Institute for Plant Genetics and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Institute for Developmental Genetics and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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21
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Lee S, I. Sergeeva L, Vreugdenhil D. Natural variation of hormone levels in Arabidopsis roots and correlations with complex root architecture. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:292-309. [PMID: 29205819 PMCID: PMC5947113 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies on natural variation are an important tool to unravel the genetic basis of quantitative traits in plants. Despite the significant roles of phytohormones in plant development, including root architecture, hardly any studies have been done to investigate natural variation in endogenous hormone levels in plants. Therefore, in the present study a range of hormones were quantified in root extracts of thirteen Arabidopsis thaliana accessions using a ultra performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Root system architecture of the set of accessions was quantified, using a new parameter (mature root unit) for complex root systems, and correlated with the phytohormone data. Significant variations in phytohormone levels among the accessions were detected, but were remarkably small, namely less than three-fold difference between extremes. For cytokinins, relatively larger variations were found for ribosides and glucosides, as compared to the free bases. For root phenotyping, length-related traits-lateral root length and total root length-showed larger variations than lateral root number-related ones. For root architecture, antagonistic interactions between hormones, for example, indole-3-acetic acid to trans-zeatin were detected in correlation analysis. These findings provide conclusive evidence for the presence of natural variation in phytohormone levels in Arabidopsis roots, suggesting that quantitative genetic analyses are feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangseok Lee
- Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
- Gyeongsangbuk‐Do Agricultural Research & Extension Services Centre136 Gil‐14Chilgokjungang‐daeroDaeguSouth Korea
| | - Lidiya I. Sergeeva
- Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Dick Vreugdenhil
- Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
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Singh P, Sinha AK. Interplay Between Auxin and Cytokinin and Its Impact on Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK). Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1569:93-100. [PMID: 28265990 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6831-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant physiology, in particular, is governed by a repertoire of endogenous as well as environmental cues. Auxin and cytokinin constitute an indispensable phytohormonal system required for plant growth and development. Another pivotal aspect of plant physiological process that thoroughly affects various plant growth and developmental attributes is the signaling network, majorly comprising the canonical mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. Striking a fine balance between the phytohormonal and signaling components could be adopted as an intricate strategy by plants to counteract various stresses in question. Thus, a brief understanding of this multifaceted complex could be of use for delineating numerous plant physiological and developmental phenomena. Thus, the present section discusses the various MAPK related assays in context to auxin and cytokinin crosstalk. Briefly, this chapter outlines the discrete MAPK methods to better understand the fundamentals of MAPK signaling network in auxin and cytokinin treated rice seedlings. Further, various phenotypic, genomic as well as proteomic protocols are discussed for a better understanding of MAPK networks in the backdrop of auxin and cytokinin interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Alok Krishna Sinha
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110 067, India.
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Abstract
The history of auxin and cytokinin biology including the initial discoveries by father-son duo Charles Darwin and Francis Darwin (1880), and Gottlieb Haberlandt (1919) is a beautiful demonstration of unceasing continuity of research. Novel findings are integrated into existing hypotheses and models and deepen our understanding of biological principles. At the same time new questions are triggered and hand to hand with this new methodologies are developed to address these new challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Hurný
- Institute of Science and Technology, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Eva Benková
- Institute of Science and Technology, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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Zürcher E, Müller B. Cytokinin Synthesis, Signaling, and Function--Advances and New Insights. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 324:1-38. [PMID: 27017005 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The plant hormones referred to as cytokinins are chemical signals that control numerous developmental processes throughout the plant life cycle, including gametogenesis, root meristem specification, vascular development, shoot and root growth, meristem homeostasis, senescence, and more. In addition, they mediate responses to environmental cues such as light, stress, and nutrient conditions. The core mechanistics of cytokinin metabolism and signaling have been elucidated, but more layers of regulation, additional functions, and interactions with other signals are continuously discovered and described. In this chapter, we recapitulate the highlights of over 100 years of cytokinin research covering its isolation, the elucidation of phosphorelay signaling, and how cytokinin functions in various developmental contexts including its interaction with other pathways. Additionally, given cytokinin's paracrine signaling mechanism, we postulate that cellular exporters for cytokinins exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zürcher
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Müller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland.
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25
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Ferl RJ, Paul AL. The effect of spaceflight on the gravity-sensing auxin gradient of roots: GFP reporter gene microscopy on orbit. NPJ Microgravity 2016; 2:15023. [PMID: 28725721 PMCID: PMC5515520 DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2015.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Our primary aim was to determine whether gravity has a direct role in establishing the auxin-mediated gravity-sensing system in primary roots. Major plant architectures have long been thought to be guided by gravity, including the directional growth of the primary root via auxin gradients that are then disturbed when roots deviate from the vertical as a gravity sensor. However, experiments on the International Space Station (ISS) now allow physical clarity with regard to any assumptions regarding the role of gravity in establishing fundamental root auxin distributions. We examined the spaceflight green fluorescent protein (GFP)-reporter gene expression in roots of transgenic lines of Arabidopsis thaliana: pDR5r::GFP, pTAA1::TAA1–GFP, pSCR::SCR–GFP to monitor auxin and pARR5::GFP to monitor cytokinin. Plants on the ISS were imaged live with the Light Microscopy Module (LMM), and compared with control plants imaged on the ground. Preserved spaceflight and ground control plants were examined post flight with confocal microscopy. Plants on orbit, growing in the absence of any physical reference to the terrestrial gravity vector, displayed typically “vertical” distribution of auxin in the primary root. This confirms that the establishment of the auxin-gradient system, the primary guide for gravity signaling in the root, is gravity independent. The cytokinin distribution in the root tip differs between spaceflight and the ground controls, suggesting spaceflight-induced features of root growth may be cytokinin related. The distribution of auxin in the gravity-sensing portion of the root is not dependent on gravity. Spaceflight appears benign to auxin and its role in the development of the primary root tip, whereas spaceflight may influence cytokinin-associated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Ferl
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Program in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology and Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anna-Lisa Paul
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Program in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Jiang L, Matthys C, Marquez-Garcia B, De Cuyper C, Smet L, De Keyser A, Boyer FD, Beeckman T, Depuydt S, Goormachtig S. Strigolactones spatially influence lateral root development through the cytokinin signaling network. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:379-89. [PMID: 26519957 PMCID: PMC4682444 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones are important rhizosphere signals that act as phytohormones and have multiple functions, including modulation of lateral root (LR) development. Here, we show that treatment with the strigolactone analog GR24 did not affect LR initiation, but negatively influenced LR priming and emergence, the latter especially near the root-shoot junction. The cytokinin module ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE3 (AHK3)/ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR1 (ARR1)/ARR12 was found to interact with the GR24-dependent reduction in LR development, because mutants in this pathway rendered LR development insensitive to GR24. Additionally, pharmacological analyses, mutant analyses, and gene expression analyses indicated that the affected polar auxin transport stream in mutants of the AHK3/ARR1/ARR12 module could be the underlying cause. Altogether, the data reveal that the GR24 effect on LR development depends on the hormonal landscape that results from the intimate connection with auxins and cytokinins, two main players in LR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiang Jiang
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Cedrick Matthys
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Belen Marquez-Garcia
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Carolien De Cuyper
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Lien Smet
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Annick De Keyser
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - François-Didier Boyer
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Unité Propre de Recherche 2301, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Stephen Depuydt
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Sofie Goormachtig
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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Aremu AO, Stirk WA, Masondo NA, Plačková L, Novák O, Pěnčík A, Zatloukal M, Nisler J, Spíchal L, Doležal K, Finnie JF, Van Staden J. Dissecting the role of two cytokinin analogues (INCYDE and PI-55) on in vitro organogenesis, phytohormone accumulation, phytochemical content and antioxidant activity. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 238:81-94. [PMID: 26259177 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
There is a continuous search for new chemical entities to expand the collection of suitable compounds to increase the efficiency of micropropagation protocols. Two cytokinin (CK) analogues, 2-chloro-6-(3-methoxyphenyl)aminopurine (INCYDE) and CK antagonist 6-(2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzylamino)purine (PI-55) were used as a tool to elucidate the auxin-CK crosstalk under in vitro conditions in the medicinally important plant, Eucomis autumnalis subspecies autumnalis. These compounds were tested at 0.01, 0.1 and 10 μM alone as well as in combination with benzyladenine (BA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The organogenesis, phytohormone content, phytochemical and antioxidant response in 10 week-old-in vitro regenerated E. autumnalis subspecies autumnalis was evaluated. INCYDE generally favoured shoot regeneration while the effect of PI-55 was more evident in root proliferation. Overall, INCYDE promoted the accumulation of higher concentrations and varieties of endogenous CK relative to the PI-55 treatments. In contrast, higher concentration of indole-3-acetic acid and 2-oxindole-3-acetic acid were generally observed in PI-55-supplemented cultures when compared to plantlets derived from INCYDE. Both CK analogues (individually and in-conjunction with exogenously applied PGRs) significantly influenced the phytochemicals and consequently the antioxidant potential of the in vitro regenerants. These results provided insight on how to alleviate root inhibition, a problem which causes considerable loss of several elite species during micropropagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeyemi O Aremu
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, P/Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Wendy A Stirk
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, P/Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Nqobile A Masondo
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, P/Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Lenka Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Zatloukal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Nisler
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Doležal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jeffrey F Finnie
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, P/Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Johannes Van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, P/Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa.
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Cai BD, Yin J, Hao YH, Li YN, Yuan BF, Feng YQ. Profiling of phytohormones in rice under elevated cadmium concentration levels by magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1406:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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29
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Chen J, Wang F, Zheng S, Xu T, Yang Z. Pavement cells: a model system for non-transcriptional auxin signalling and crosstalks. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4957-70. [PMID: 26047974 PMCID: PMC4598803 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Auxin (indole acetic acid) is a multifunctional phytohormone controlling various developmental patterns, morphogenetic processes, and growth behaviours in plants. The transcription-based pathway activated by the nuclear TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESISTANT 1/auxin-related F-box auxin receptors is well established, but the long-sought molecular mechanisms of non-transcriptional auxin signalling remained enigmatic until very recently. Along with the establishment of the Arabidopsis leaf epidermal pavement cell (PC) as an exciting and amenable model system in the past decade, we began to gain insight into non-transcriptional auxin signalling. The puzzle-piece shape of PCs forms from intercalated or interdigitated cell growth, requiring local intra- and inter-cellular coordination of lobe and indent formation. Precise coordination of this interdigitated pattern requires auxin and an extracellular auxin sensing system that activates plasma membrane-associated Rho GTPases from plants and subsequent downstream events regulating cytoskeletal reorganization and PIN polarization. Apart from auxin, mechanical stress and cytokinin have been shown to affect PC interdigitation, possibly by interacting with auxin signals. This review focuses upon signalling mechanisms for cell polarity formation in PCs, with an emphasis on non-transcriptional auxin signalling in polarized cell expansion and pattern formation and how different auxin pathways interplay with each other and with other signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisheng Chen
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Shiqin Zheng
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Tongda Xu
- Center for Plant Stress Biology, Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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30
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Yruela I. Plant development regulation: Overview and perspectives. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 182:62-78. [PMID: 26056993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant development, as occur in other eukaryotes, is conducted through a complex network of hormones, transcription factors, enzymes and micro RNAs, among other cellular components. They control developmental processes such as embryo, apical root and shoot meristem, leaf, flower, or seed formation, among others. The research in these topics has been very active in last decades. Recently, an explosion of new data concerning regulation mechanisms as well as the response of these processes to environmental changes has emerged. Initially, most of investigations were carried out in the model eudicot Arabidopsis but currently data from other plant species are available in the literature, although they are still limited. The aim of this review is focused on summarize the main molecular actors involved in plant development regulation in diverse plant species. A special attention will be given to the major families of genes and proteins participating in these regulatory mechanisms. The information on the regulatory pathways where they participate will be briefly cited. Additionally, the importance of certain structural features of such proteins that confer ductility and flexibility to these mechanisms will also be reported and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Yruela
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEAD-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Biocomputacióon y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Mariano Esquillor, Edificio I+D, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
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31
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Singh P, Mohanta TK, Sinha AK. Unraveling the intricate nexus of molecular mechanisms governing rice root development: OsMPK3/6 and auxin-cytokinin interplay. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123620. [PMID: 25856151 PMCID: PMC4391785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The root system is an imperative component of a plant, involved in water and nutrient acquisition from the soil. Any subtle change in the root system may lead to drastic changes in plant productivity. Both auxin and cytokinin are implicated in regulating various root developmental aspects. One of the major signaling cascades facilitating various hormonal and developmental allocations is the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) cascade. Innumerable efforts have been made to unravel the complex nexus involved in rice root development. In spite of a plethora of studies, a comprehensive study aiming to decipher the plausible cross-talk of MAPK signaling module with auxin and cytokinin signaling components in rice is missing. In the present study, extensive phenomics analysis of different stages of rice roots; transcript profiling by qRT-PCR of entire gene family of MAPK, MAPKK and PIN genes; as well as protein level and activity of potential MAPKs was investigated using western and immuno kinase assays both on auxin and cytokinin treatment. The above study led to the identification of various novel rice root specific phenotypic traits by using GiA roots software framework. High expression profile of OsMPK3/6, OsMKK4/5 and OsPIN 1b/9 and their marked transcript level modulation in response to both auxin and cytokinin was observed. Finally, the protein levels and activity assay further substantiated our present findings. Thus, OsMPK3/6-OsMKK4/5 module is elucidated as the putative, key player in auxin-cytokinin interaction augmenting their role by differentially regulating the expression patterns of OsPIN 1b/9 in root development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Mohanta
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Alok Krishna Sinha
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
- * E-mail:
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32
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Wang Y, Dang R, Li J, Han Y, Ding N, Li X, Jia M, Li Z, Wei L, Jiang J, Fan Y, Li B, Jia W. Drought tolerance evaluation of tobacco plants transformed with different set of genes under laboratory and field conditions. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-015-0748-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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33
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Orozco-Arroyo G, Paolo D, Ezquer I, Colombo L. Networks controlling seed size in Arabidopsis. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2015; 28:17-32. [PMID: 25656951 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-015-0255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Key message: Overview of seed size control. Human and livestock nutrition is largely based on calories derived from seeds, in particular cereals and legumes. Unveiling the control of seed size is therefore of remarkable importance in the frame of developing new strategies for crop improvement. The networks controlling the development of the seed coat, the endosperm and the embryo, as well as their interplay, have been described in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this review, we provide a comprehensive description of the current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms controlling seed size in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Orozco-Arroyo
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
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34
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Malekpoor Mansoorkhani F, Seymour G, Swarup R, Moeiniyan Bagheri H, Ramsey R, Thompson A. Environmental, developmental, and genetic factors controlling root system architecture. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2015; 30:95-112. [DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2014.995912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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35
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Vilches-Barro A, Maizel A. Talking through walls: mechanisms of lateral root emergence in Arabidopsis thaliana. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 23:31-8. [PMID: 25449724 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lateral roots are formed postembryonically and determine the final shape of the root system, a determinant of the plants ability to uptake nutrients and water. The lateral root primordia are initiated deep into the main root and to protrude out the primary root they have to grow through three cell layers. Recent findings have revealed that these layers are not merely a passive physical obstacle to the emergence of the lateral root but have an active role in its formation. Here, we review examples of communication between the lateral root primordium and the surrounding tissues, highlighting the importance of auxin-mediated growth coordination as well as cell and tissue mechanics for the morphogenesis of lateral roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Vilches-Barro
- Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexis Maizel
- Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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36
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Dong Y, Wang YZ. Seed shattering: from models to crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:476. [PMID: 26157453 PMCID: PMC4478375 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Seed shattering (or pod dehiscence, or fruit shedding) is essential for the propagation of their offspring in wild plants but is a major cause of yield loss in crops. In the dicot model species, Arabidopsis thaliana, pod dehiscence necessitates a development of the abscission zones along the pod valve margins. In monocots, such as cereals, an abscission layer in the pedicle is required for the seed shattering process. In the past decade, great advances have been made in characterizing the genetic contributors that are involved in the complex regulatory network in the establishment of abscission cell identity. We summarize the recent burgeoning progress in the field of genetic regulation of pod dehiscence and fruit shedding, focusing mainly on the model species A. thaliana with its close relatives and the fleshy fruit species tomato, as well as the genetic basis responsible for the parallel loss of seed shattering in domesticated crops. This review shows how these individual genes are co-opted in the developmental process of the tissues that guarantee seed shattering. Research into the genetic mechanism underlying seed shattering provides a premier prerequisite for the future breeding program for harvest in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yin-Zheng Wang
- *Correspondence: Yin-Zheng Wang, State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China,
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37
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Jang G, Lee JY. Intercellular trafficking of transcription factors in the vascular tissue patterning. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 151:184-91. [PMID: 24329715 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Throughout life cycles, plants grow in an indeterminate manner by adding new cells and organs with specialized functions. Newly emerging cells acquire their identities depending on their positions relative to the neighboring cells. Exchanging positional signals between cells is critical in this process. Recent studies showed that many transcription factors move between cells or between organs in forms of proteins and messenger RNA (mRNA). Some of these were found to be important positional signals for cell type patterning. Cell type patterning in the vascular system is no exception from this. In this review, we describe recent discoveries of mobile transcription factors that function as positional signals for vascular tissue patterning and propose how these transcription factors integrate with other forms of signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geupil Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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38
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Chávez Montes RA, Coello G, González-Aguilera KL, Marsch-Martínez N, de Folter S, Alvarez-Buylla ER. ARACNe-based inference, using curated microarray data, of Arabidopsis thaliana root transcriptional regulatory networks. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:97. [PMID: 24739361 PMCID: PMC4021103 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncovering the complex transcriptional regulatory networks (TRNs) that underlie plant and animal development remains a challenge. However, a vast amount of data from public microarray experiments is available, which can be subject to inference algorithms in order to recover reliable TRN architectures. RESULTS In this study we present a simple bioinformatics methodology that uses public, carefully curated microarray data and the mutual information algorithm ARACNe in order to obtain a database of transcriptional interactions. We used data from Arabidopsis thaliana root samples to show that the transcriptional regulatory networks derived from this database successfully recover previously identified root transcriptional modules and to propose new transcription factors for the SHORT ROOT/SCARECROW and PLETHORA pathways. We further show that these networks are a powerful tool to integrate and analyze high-throughput expression data, as exemplified by our analysis of a SHORT ROOT induction time-course microarray dataset, and are a reliable source for the prediction of novel root gene functions. In particular, we used our database to predict novel genes involved in root secondary cell-wall synthesis and identified the MADS-box TF XAL1/AGL12 as an unexpected participant in this process. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that network inference using carefully curated microarray data yields reliable TRN architectures. In contrast to previous efforts to obtain root TRNs, that have focused on particular functional modules or tissues, our root transcriptional interactions provide an overview of the transcriptional pathways present in Arabidopsis thaliana roots and will likely yield a plethora of novel hypotheses to be tested experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Chávez Montes
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología and Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad (C3), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
- Present address: Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, AP 629, CP 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Coello
- Unidad de Cómputo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Karla L González-Aguilera
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, AP 629, CP 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Nayelli Marsch-Martínez
- Departamento de Biotecnologıa y Bioquımica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, AP 629, CP 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, AP 629, CP 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Elena R Alvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología and Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad (C3), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
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Locascio A, Roig-Villanova I, Bernardi J, Varotto S. Current perspectives on the hormonal control of seed development in Arabidopsis and maize: a focus on auxin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:412. [PMID: 25202316 PMCID: PMC4142864 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The seed represents the unit of reproduction of flowering plants, capable of developing into another plant, and to ensure the survival of the species under unfavorable environmental conditions. It is composed of three compartments: seed coat, endosperm and embryo. Proper seed development depends on the coordination of the processes that lead to seed compartments differentiation, development and maturation. The coordination of these processes is based on the constant transmission/perception of signals by the three compartments. Phytohormones constitute one of these signals; gradients of hormones are generated in the different seed compartments, and their ratios comprise the signals that induce/inhibit particular processes in seed development. Among the hormones, auxin seems to exert a central role, as it is the only one in maintaining high levels of accumulation from fertilization to seed maturation. The gradient of auxin generated by its PIN carriers affects several processes of seed development, including pattern formation, cell division and expansion. Despite the high degree of conservation in the regulatory mechanisms that lead to seed development within the Spermatophytes, remarkable differences exist during seed maturation between Monocots and Eudicots species. For instance, in Monocots the endosperm persists until maturation, and constitutes an important compartment for nutrients storage, while in Eudicots it is reduced to a single cell layer, as the expanding embryo gradually replaces it during the maturation. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on hormonal control of seed development, by considering the data available in two model plants: Arabidopsis thaliana, for Eudicots and Zea mays L., for Monocots. We will emphasize the control exerted by auxin on the correct progress of seed development comparing, when possible, the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Locascio
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals Environment - University of PadovaPadova, Italy
- IBMCP-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Antonella Locascio, IBMCP-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avda de los Naranjos s/n, ed.8E, 46020 Valencia, Spain e-mail:
| | | | - Jamila Bernardi
- Istituto di Agronomia Genetica e Coltivazioni Erbacee, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuorePiacenza, Italy
| | - Serena Varotto
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals Environment - University of PadovaPadova, Italy
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Liu J, Rowe J, Lindsey K. Hormonal crosstalk for root development: a combined experimental and modeling perspective. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:116. [PMID: 24734037 PMCID: PMC3975122 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms and therefore they must adapt their growth and architecture to a changing environment. Understanding how hormones and genes interact to coordinate plant growth in a changing environment is a major challenge in developmental biology. Although a localized auxin concentration maximum in the root tip is important for root development, auxin concentration cannot change independently of multiple interacting hormones and genes. In this review, we discuss the experimental evidence showing that the POLARIS peptide of Arabidopsis plays an important role in hormonal crosstalk and root growth, and review the crosstalk between auxin and other hormones for root growth with and without osmotic stress. Moreover, we discuss that experimental evidence showing that, in root development, hormones and the associated regulatory and target genes form a network, in which relevant genes regulate hormone activities and hormones regulate gene expression. We further discuss how it is increasingly evident that mathematical modeling is a valuable tool for studying hormonal crosstalk. Therefore, a combined experimental and modeling study on hormonal crosstalk is important for elucidating the complexity of root development.
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Fonseca S, Rosado A, Vaughan-Hirsch J, Bishopp A, Chini A. Molecular locks and keys: the role of small molecules in phytohormone research. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:709. [PMID: 25566283 PMCID: PMC4269113 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant adaptation, growth and development rely on the integration of many environmental and endogenous signals that collectively determine the overall plant phenotypic plasticity. Plant signaling molecules, also known as phytohormones, are fundamental to this process. These molecules act at low concentrations and regulate multiple aspects of plant fitness and development via complex signaling networks. By its nature, phytohormone research lies at the interface between chemistry and biology. Classically, the scientific community has always used synthetic phytohormones and analogs to study hormone functions and responses. However, recent advances in synthetic and combinational chemistry, have allowed a new field, plant chemical biology, to emerge and this has provided a powerful tool with which to study phytohormone function. Plant chemical biology is helping to address some of the most enduring questions in phytohormone research such as: Are there still undiscovered plant hormones? How can we identify novel signaling molecules? How can plants activate specific hormone responses in a tissue-specific manner? How can we modulate hormone responses in one developmental context without inducing detrimental effects on other processes? The chemical genomics approaches rely on the identification of small molecules modulating different biological processes and have recently identified active forms of plant hormones and molecules regulating many aspects of hormone synthesis, transport and response. We envision that the field of chemical genomics will continue to provide novel molecules able to elucidate specific aspects of hormone-mediated mechanisms. In addition, compounds blocking specific responses could uncover how complex biological responses are regulated. As we gain information about such compounds we can design small alterations to the chemical structure to further alter specificity, enhance affinity or modulate the activity of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Fonseca
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain
| | - Abel Rosado
- The Botany Department, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John Vaughan-Hirsch
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of NottinghamNottingham, UK
| | - Anthony Bishopp
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of NottinghamNottingham, UK
| | - Andrea Chini
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Andrea Chini, Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, C/ Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain e-mail:
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O’Brien JA, Benková E. Cytokinin cross-talking during biotic and abiotic stress responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:451. [PMID: 24312105 PMCID: PMC3833016 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have to be able to adapt to a continuously changing environment. Plants that perceive some of these changes as stress signals activate signaling pathways to modulate their development and to enable them to survive. The complex responses to environmental cues are to a large extent mediated by plant hormones that together orchestrate the final plant response. The phytohormone cytokinin is involved in many plant developmental processes. Recently, it has been established that cytokinin plays an important role in stress responses, but does not act alone. Indeed, the hormonal control of plant development and stress adaptation is the outcome of a complex network of multiple synergistic and antagonistic interactions between various hormones. Here, we review the recent findings on the cytokinin function as part of this hormonal network. We focus on the importance of the crosstalk between cytokinin and other hormones, such as abscisic acid, jasmonate, salicylic acid, ethylene, and auxin in the modulation of plant development and stress adaptation. Finally, the impact of the current research in the biotechnological industry will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A. O’Brien
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, GentBelgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University GentBelgium
| | - Eva Benková
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, GentBelgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University GentBelgium
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburg, Austria
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Ren B, Chen Q, Hong S, Zhao W, Feng J, Feng H, Zuo J. The Arabidopsis eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF5A-2 regulates root protoxylem development by modulating cytokinin signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:3841-57. [PMID: 24163315 PMCID: PMC3877783 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.116236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone cytokinin regulates various aspects of plant growth and development, including root vascular development. In Arabidopsis thaliana, mutations in the cytokinin signaling components cause misspecification of protoxylem cell files. Auxin antagonizes cytokinin-regulated root protoxylem differentiation by inducing expression of Arabidopsis phosphotransfer protein6 (AHP6), a negative regulator of cytokinin signaling. However, the molecular mechanism of cytokinin-regulated protoxylem differentiation is not fully understood. Here, we show that a mutation in Arabidopsis fumonisin B1-resistant12 (FBR12), which encodes a eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A, causes defective protoxylem development and reduced sensitivity to cytokinin. FBR12 genetically interacts with the cytokinin receptor cytokinin response1 (CRE1) and downstream AHP genes, as double mutants show enhanced phenotypes. FBR12 forms a protein complex with CRE1 and AHP1, and cytokinin regulates formation of this protein complex. Intriguingly, ahp6 partially suppresses the fbr12 mutant phenotype, and the fbr12 mutation causes increased expression of AHP6, indicating that FBR12 negatively regulates AHP6. Consistent with this, ectopic expression of FBR12 in the CRE1-expressing domain partially rescues defective protoxylem development in fbr12, and overexpression of AHP6 causes an fbr12-like phenotype. These results define a regulatory role of the highly conserved FBR12 in cytokinin-mediated root protoxylem specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qingguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sulei Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haizhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianru Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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44
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Mattei B, Sabatini S, Schininà ME. Proteomics in deciphering the auxin commitment in the Arabidopsis thaliana root growth. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:4685-701. [PMID: 24032454 DOI: 10.1021/pr400697s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of plant root systems is characterized by a high plasticity, made possible by the continual propagation of new meristems. Root architecture is fundamental for overall plant growth, abiotic stress resistance, nutrient uptake, and response to environmental changes. Understanding the function of genes and proteins that control root architecture and stress resistance will contribute to the development of more sustainable systems of intensified crop production. To meet these challenges, proteomics provide the genome-wide scale characterization of protein expression pattern, subcellular localization, post-translational modifications, activity regulation, and molecular interactions. In this review, we describe a variety of proteomic strategies that have been applied to study the proteome of the whole organ and of specific cell types during root development. Each has advantages and limitations, but collectively they are providing important insights into the mechanisms by which auxin structures and patterns the root system and into the interplay between signaling networks, auxin transport and growth. The acquisition of proteomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic data sets of the root apex on the cell scale has revealed the high spatial complexity of regulatory networks and fosters the use of new powerful proteomic tools for a full understanding of the control of root developmental processes and environmental responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Mattei
- Department Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome , Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Lavenus J, Goh T, Roberts I, Guyomarc'h S, Lucas M, De Smet I, Fukaki H, Beeckman T, Bennett M, Laplaze L. Lateral root development in Arabidopsis: fifty shades of auxin. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:450-8. [PMID: 23701908 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The developmental plasticity of the root system represents a key adaptive trait enabling plants to cope with abiotic stresses such as drought and is therefore important in the current context of global changes. Root branching through lateral root formation is an important component of the adaptability of the root system to its environment. Our understanding of the mechanisms controlling lateral root development has progressed tremendously in recent years through research in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). These studies have revealed that the phytohormone auxin acts as a common integrator to many endogenous and environmental signals regulating lateral root formation. Here, we review what has been learnt about the myriad roles of auxin during lateral root formation in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Lavenus
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR DIADE (IRD/UM2), 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Gliwicka M, Nowak K, Balazadeh S, Mueller-Roeber B, Gaj MD. Extensive modulation of the transcription factor transcriptome during somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69261. [PMID: 23874927 PMCID: PMC3714258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms controlling plant totipotency are largely unknown and studies on somatic embryogenesis (SE), the process through which already differentiated cells reverse their developmental program and become embryogenic, provide a unique means for deciphering molecular mechanisms controlling developmental plasticity of somatic cells. Among various factors essential for embryogenic transition of somatic cells transcription factors (TFs), crucial regulators of genetic programs, are believed to play a central role. Herein, we used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to identify TF genes affected during SE induced by in vitro culture in Arabidopsis thaliana. Expression profiles of 1,880 TFs were evaluated in the highly embryogenic Col-0 accession and the non-embryogenic tanmei/emb2757 mutant. Our study revealed 729 TFs whose expression changes during the 10-days incubation period of SE; 141 TFs displayed distinct differences in expression patterns in embryogenic versus non-embryogenic cultures. The embryo-induction stage of SE occurring during the first 5 days of culture was associated with a robust and dramatic change of the TF transcriptome characterized by the drastic up-regulation of the expression of a great majority (over 80%) of the TFs active during embryogenic culture. In contrast to SE induction, the advanced stage of embryo formation showed attenuation and stabilization of transcript levels of many TFs. In total, 519 of the SE-modulated TFs were functionally annotated and transcripts related with plant development, phytohormones and stress responses were found to be most abundant. The involvement of selected TFs in SE was verified using T-DNA insertion lines and a significantly reduced embryogenic response was found for the majority of them. This study provides comprehensive data focused on the expression of TF genes during SE and suggests directions for further research on functional genomics of SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gliwicka
- Department of Genetics, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Nowak
- Department of Genetics, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Salma Balazadeh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Saini S, Sharma I, Kaur N, Pati PK. Auxin: a master regulator in plant root development. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:741-57. [PMID: 23553556 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1430-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The demand for increased crop productivity and the predicted challenges related to plant survival under adverse environmental conditions have renewed the interest in research in root biology. Various physiological and genetic studies have provided ample evidence in support of the role of plant growth regulators in root development. The biosynthesis and transport of auxin and its signaling play a crucial role in controlling root growth and development. The univocal role of auxin in root development has established it as a master regulator. Other plant hormones, such as cytokinins, brassinosteroids, ethylene, abscisic acid, gibberellins, jasmonic acid, polyamines and strigolactones interact either synergistically or antagonistically with auxin to trigger cascades of events leading to root morphogenesis and development. In recent years, the availability of biological resources, development of modern tools and experimental approaches have led to the advancement of knowledge in root development. Research in the areas of hormone signal perception, understanding network of events involved in hormone action and the transport of plant hormones has added a new dimension to root biology. The present review highlights some of the important conceptual developments in the interplay of auxin and other plant hormones and associated downstream events affecting root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
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Cell polarity and patterning by PIN trafficking through early endosomal compartments in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003540. [PMID: 23737757 PMCID: PMC3667747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins localize asymmetrically at the plasma membrane and mediate intercellular polar transport of the plant hormone auxin that is crucial for a multitude of developmental processes in plants. PIN localization is under extensive control by environmental or developmental cues, but mechanisms regulating PIN localization are not fully understood. Here we show that early endosomal components ARF GEF BEN1 and newly identified Sec1/Munc18 family protein BEN2 are involved in distinct steps of early endosomal trafficking. BEN1 and BEN2 are collectively required for polar PIN localization, for their dynamic repolarization, and consequently for auxin activity gradient formation and auxin-related developmental processes including embryonic patterning, organogenesis, and vasculature venation patterning. These results show that early endosomal trafficking is crucial for cell polarity and auxin-dependent regulation of plant architecture. Auxin is a unique plant hormone, which is actively and directionally transported in plant tissues. Transported auxin locally accumulates in the plant body and triggers a multitude of responses, including organ formation and patterning. Therefore, regulation of the directional auxin transport is very important in multiple aspects of plant development. The PIN-FORMED (PIN) family of auxin transporters is known to localize at specific sides of cells and export auxin from the cells, enabling the directional transport of auxin in the tissues. PIN proteins are rapidly shuttling between the plasma membrane and intracellular compartments, potentially allowing dynamic changes of the asymmetric localization according to developmental and environmental cues. Here, we discovered that a mutation in the Sec1/Munc18 family protein VPS45 abolishes its own early endosomal localization and compromises intracellular trafficking of PIN proteins. By genetic and pharmacological inhibition of early endosomal trafficking, we also revealed that another early endosomal protein, ARF GEF BEN1, is involved in early endosomal trafficking at a distinct step. Furthermore, we showed that these components play crucial roles in polar localization and dynamic repolarization of PIN proteins, which underpin various developmental processes. These findings highlight the indispensable roles of early endosomal components in regulating PIN polarity and plant architecture.
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Ivanov VB, Dubrovsky JG. Longitudinal zonation pattern in plant roots: conflicts and solutions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:237-43. [PMID: 23123304 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite the relative simplicity of Arabidopsis root organization, there is no general agreement regarding the terminology used to describe the longitudinal zonation pattern (LZP) of this model system. In this opinion article, we examine inconsistencies in the terminology and provide a conceptual framework for the LZP that may be applied to all angiosperms. We propose that the root apical meristem (RAM) consists of the cell-proliferation domain where cells maintain a high probability to divide and the transition domain with a low probability of cell division; in both domains cells grow at the same, relatively low, rate. Owing to stochastic termination of cell proliferation in the RAM, the border between the domains is 'fuzzy'. Molecular markers analyzed together with quantitative growth and cell analyses could help to identify developmental zones along the root and lead to a better understanding of the LZP in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor B Ivanov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya ul. 35, Moscow, 127276 Russia.
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Chen X, Zhou X, Xi L, Li J, Zhao R, Ma N, Zhao L. Roles of DgBRC1 in regulation of lateral branching in chrysanthemum (Dendranthema ×grandiflora cv. Jinba). PLoS One 2013; 8:e61717. [PMID: 23613914 PMCID: PMC3629106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The diverse plasticity of plant architecture is largely determined by shoot branching. Shoot branching is an event regulated by multiple environmental, developmental and hormonal stimuli through triggering lateral bud response. After perceiving these signals, the lateral buds will respond and make a decision on whether to grow out. TCP transcriptional factors, BRC1/TB1/FC1, were previously proven to be involved in local inhibition of shoot branching in Arabidopsis, pea, tomato, maize and rice. To investigate the function of BRC1, we isolated the BRC1 homolog from chrysanthemum. There were two transcripts of DgBRC1 coming from two alleles in one locus, both of which complemented the multiple branches phenotype of Arabidopsis brc1-1, indicating that both are functionally conserved. DgBRC1 was mainly expressed in dormant axillary buds, and down-regulated at the bud activation stage, and up-regulated by higher planting densities. DgBRC1 transcripts could respond to apical auxin supply and polar auxin transport. Moreover, we found that the acropetal cytokinin stream promoted branch outgrowth whether or not apical auxin was present. Basipetal cytokinin promoted outgrowth of branches in the absence of apical auxin, while strengthening the inhibitory effects on lower buds in the presence of apical auxin. The influence of auxin and strigolactons (SLs) on the production of cytokinin was investigated, we found that auxin locally down-regulated biosynthesis of cytokinin in nodes, SLs also down-regulated the biosynthesis of cytokinin, the interactions among these phytohormones need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Chen
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhou
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Xi
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junxiang Li
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiyan Zhao
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liangjun Zhao
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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