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Wang HL, Chen ZZ, Koski TM, Zhang B, Wang XF, Zhang RB, Li RQ, Wang SX, Zeng JY, Li HP. Emerald Ash Borer Infestation-Induced Elevated Negative Correlations and Core Genera Shift in the Endophyte Community of Fraxinus bungeana. INSECTS 2024; 15:534. [PMID: 39057267 PMCID: PMC11277034 DOI: 10.3390/insects15070534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Endophytes, prevalent in plants, mediate plant-insect interactions. Nevertheless, our understanding of the key members of endophyte communities involved in inhibiting or assisting EAB infestation remains limited. Employing ITS and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing, along with network analysis techniques, we conducted a comprehensive investigation into the reaction of endophytic fungi and bacteria within F. bungeana phloem by comparing EAB-infested and uninfected samples. Our findings reveal that EAB infestation significantly impacts the endophytic communities, altering both their diversity and overall structure. Interestingly, both endophytic fungi and bacteria exhibited distinct patterns in response to the infestation. For instance, in the EAB-infested phloem, the fungi abundance remained unchanged, but diversity decreased significantly. Conversely, bacterial abundance increased, without significant diversity changes. The fungi community structure altered significantly, which was not observed in bacteria. The bacterial composition in the infested phloem underwent significant changes, characterized by a substantial decrease in beneficial species abundance, whereas the fungal composition remained largely unaffected. In network analysis, the endophytes in infested phloem exhibited a modular topology, demonstrating greater complexity due to an augmented number of network nodes, elevated negative correlations, and a core genera shift compared to those observed in healthy phloem. Our findings increase understanding of plant-insect-microorganism relationships, crucial for pest control, considering endophytic roles in plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Ling Wang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- Hebei Urban Forest Health Technology Innovation Center, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Zhen-Zhu Chen
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | | | - Bin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xue-Fei Wang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Rui-Bo Zhang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Ruo-Qi Li
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Shi-Xian Wang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Jian-Yong Zeng
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Germplasm Resources and Protection of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Hui-Ping Li
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- Hebei Urban Forest Health Technology Innovation Center, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
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2
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Saberi Riseh R, Gholizadeh Vazvani M, Vatankhah M, Kennedy JF. Chitin-induced disease resistance in plants: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131105. [PMID: 38531527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Chitin is composed of N-acetylglucosamine units. Chitin a polysaccharide found in the cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans, can elicit a potent defense response in plants. Through the activation of defense genes, stimulation of defensive compound production, and reinforcement of physical barriers, chitin enhances the plant's ability to defend against pathogens. Chitin-based treatments have shown efficacy against various plant diseases caused by fungal, bacterial, viral, and nematode pathogens, and have been integrated into sustainable agricultural practices. Furthermore, chitin treatments have demonstrated additional benefits, such as promoting plant growth and improving tolerance to abiotic stresses. Further research is necessary to optimize treatment parameters, explore chitin derivatives, and conduct long-term field studies. Continued efforts in these areas will contribute to the development of innovative and sustainable strategies for disease management in agriculture, ultimately leading to improved crop productivity and reduced reliance on chemical pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohallah Saberi Riseh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Mozhgan Gholizadeh Vazvani
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Vatankhah
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - John F Kennedy
- Chembiotech Laboratories Ltd, WR15 8FF Tenbury Wells, United Kingdom.
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3
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Etesami H, Glick BR. Bacterial indole-3-acetic acid: A key regulator for plant growth, plant-microbe interactions, and agricultural adaptive resilience. Microbiol Res 2024; 281:127602. [PMID: 38228017 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a fundamental phytohormone categorized under auxins, not only influences plant growth and development but also plays a critical role in plant-microbe interactions. This study reviews the role of IAA in bacteria-plant communication, with a focus on its biosynthesis, regulation, and the subsequent effects on host plants. Bacteria synthesize IAA through multiple pathways, which include the indole-3-acetamide (IAM), indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA), and several other routes, whose full mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. The production of bacterial IAA affects root architecture, nutrient uptake, and resistance to various abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity, enhancing plant resilience and thus offering promising routes to sustainable agriculture. Bacterial IAA synthesis is regulated through complex gene networks responsive to environmental cues, impacting plant hormonal balances and symbiotic relationships. Pathogenic bacteria have adapted mechanisms to manipulate the host's IAA dynamics, influencing disease outcomes. On the other hand, beneficial bacteria utilize IAA to promote plant growth and mitigate abiotic stresses, thereby enhancing nutrient use efficiency and reducing dependency on chemical fertilizers. Advancements in analytical methods, such as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, have improved the quantification of bacterial IAA, enabling accurate measurement and analysis. Future research focusing on molecular interactions between IAA-producing bacteria and host plants could facilitate the development of biotechnological applications that integrate beneficial bacteria to improve crop performance, which is essential for addressing the challenges posed by climate change and ensuring global food security. This integration of bacterial IAA producers into agricultural practice promises to revolutionize crop management strategies by enhancing growth, fostering resilience, and reducing environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Etesami
- Soil Science Department, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bernard R Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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4
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Gujjar RS, Kumar R, Goswami SK, Srivastava S, Kumar S. MAPK signaling pathway orchestrates and fine-tunes the pathogenicity of Colletotrichum falcatum. J Proteomics 2024; 292:105056. [PMID: 38043863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.105056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum falcatum is the causal organism of red rot, the most devastating disease of sugarcane. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway plays pivotal role in coordinating the process of pathogenesis. We identified eighteen proteins implicated in MAPK signaling pathway in C. falcatum, through nanoLCMS/MS based proteomics approach. Twelve of these proteins were the part of core MAPK signaling pathway, whereas remaining proteins were indirectly implicated in MAPK signaling. Majority of these proteins had enhanced abundance in C. falcatum samples cultured with host sugarcane stalks. To validate the findings, core MAPK pathway genes (MAPKKK-NSY1, MAPK 17-MAPK17, MAPKKK 5-MAPKKK5, MAPK-HOG1B, MAPKKK-MCK1/STE11, MAPK-MST50/STE50, MAPKK-SEK1, MAPKK-MEK1/MST7/STE7, MAPKK-MKK2/STE7, MAPKKK-MST11/STE11, MAPK 5-MPK5, and MAPK-MPK-C) were analyzed by qPCR to confirm the real-time expression in C. falcatum samples cultured with host sugarcane stalks. The results of qPCR-based expression of genes were largely in agreement with the findings of proteomics. String association networks of MAPKK- MEK1/MST7/STE7, and MAPK- MPK-C revealed strong association with plenty of assorted proteins implicated in the process of pathogenesis/virulence. This is the novel and first large scale study of MAPK proteins in C. falcatum, responsible for red rot epidemics of sugarcane various countries. KEY MESSAGE: Our findings demonstrate the pivotal role of MAPK proteins in orchestrating the pathogenicity of Colletotrichum falcatum, responsible devastating red rot disease of sugarcane. SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings are novel and the first large scale study demonstrating the pivotal role of MAPK proteins in C. falcatum, responsible devastating red rot disease of sugarcane. The study will be useful for future researchers in terms of manipulating the fungal pathogenicity through genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Singh Gujjar
- Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Raibareli Road, Lucknow 226002, India.
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Raibareli Road, Lucknow 226002, India
| | | | - Sangeeta Srivastava
- Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Raibareli Road, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Raibareli Road, Lucknow 226002, India
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5
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Zhu J, Moreno-Pérez A, Coaker G. Understanding plant pathogen interactions using spatial and single-cell technologies. Commun Biol 2023; 6:814. [PMID: 37542114 PMCID: PMC10403533 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are in contact with diverse pathogens and microorganisms. Intense investigation over the last 30 years has resulted in the identification of multiple immune receptors in model and crop species as well as signaling overlap in surface-localized and intracellular immune receptors. However, scientists still have a limited understanding of how plants respond to diverse pathogens with spatial and cellular resolution. Recent advancements in single-cell, single-nucleus and spatial technologies can now be applied to plant-pathogen interactions. Here, we outline the current state of these technologies and highlight outstanding biological questions that can be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alba Moreno-Pérez
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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6
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Umer MJ, Zheng J, Yang M, Batool R, Abro AA, Hou Y, Xu Y, Gebremeskel H, Wang Y, Zhou Z, Cai X, Liu F, Zhang B. Insights to Gossypium defense response against Verticillium dahliae: the Cotton Cancer. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:142. [PMID: 37121989 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The soil-borne pathogen Verticillium dahliae, also referred as "The Cotton Cancer," is responsible for causing Verticillium wilt in cotton crops, a destructive disease with a global impact. To infect cotton plants, the pathogen employs multiple virulence mechanisms such as releasing enzymes that degrade cell walls, activating genes that contribute to virulence, and using protein effectors. Conversely, cotton plants have developed numerous defense mechanisms to combat the impact of V. dahliae. These include strengthening the cell wall by producing lignin and depositing callose, discharging reactive oxygen species, and amassing hormones related to defense. Despite the efforts to develop resistant cultivars, there is still no permanent solution to Verticillium wilt due to a limited understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms that drive both resistance and pathogenesis is currently prevalent. To address this challenge, cutting-edge technologies such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), host-induced gene silencing (HIGS), and gene delivery via nano-carriers could be employed as effective alternatives to control the disease. This article intends to present an overview of V. dahliae virulence mechanisms and discuss the different cotton defense mechanisms against Verticillium wilt, including morphophysiological and biochemical responses and signaling pathways including jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET), and strigolactones (SLs). Additionally, the article highlights the significance of microRNAs (miRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in gene expression regulation, as well as the different methods employed to identify and functionally validate genes to achieve resistance against this disease. Gaining a more profound understanding of these mechanisms could potentially result in the creation of more efficient strategies for combating Verticillium wilt in cotton crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jawad Umer
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, China/National Nanfan, Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Mengying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Raufa Batool
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aamir Ali Abro
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yuqing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yanchao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Haileslassie Gebremeskel
- Mehoni Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yuhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - ZhongLi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, China/National Nanfan, Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572025, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, China/National Nanfan, Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572025, China.
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang, China.
| | - Baohong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA.
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Liu J, Nie B, Yu B, Xu F, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Xu W. Rice ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme OsUbc13 negatively regulates immunity against pathogens by enhancing the activity of OsSnRK1a. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023. [PMID: 37102249 PMCID: PMC10363768 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ubc13 is required for Lys63-linked polyubiquitination and innate immune responses in mammals, but its functions in plant immunity still remain largely unknown. Here, we used molecular biological, pathological, biochemical, and genetic approaches to evaluate the roles of rice OsUbc13 in response to pathogens. The OsUbc13-RNA interference (RNAi) lines with lesion mimic phenotypes displayed a significant increase in the accumulation of flg22- and chitin-induced reactive oxygen species, and in defence-related genes expression or hormones as well as resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae. Strikingly, OsUbc13 directly interacts with OsSnRK1a, which is the α catalytic subunit of SnRK1 (sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase-1) and acts as a positive regulator of broad-spectrum disease resistance in rice. In the OsUbc13-RNAi plants, although the protein level of OsSnRK1a did not change, its activity and ABA sensitivity were obviously enhanced, and the K63-linked polyubiquitination was weaker than that of wild-type Dongjin (DJ). Overexpression of the deubiquitinase-encoding gene OsOTUB1.1 produced similar effects with inhibition of OsUbc13 in affecting immunity responses, M. oryzae resistance, OsSnRK1a ubiquitination, and OsSnRK1a activity. Furthermore, re-interfering with OsSnRK1a in one OsUbc13-RNAi line (Ri-3) partially restored its M. oryzae resistance to a level between those of Ri-3 and DJ. Our data demonstrate OsUbc13 negatively regulates immunity against pathogens by enhancing the activity of OsSnRK1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Liu
- Center for Plant Water-use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Resources and Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bo Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Boling Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Feiyun Xu
- Center for Plant Water-use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Resources and Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Center for Plant Water-use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Resources and Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Cereal Crops Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Center for Plant Water-use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Resources and Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Luo X, Wang Z, Wang C, Yue L, Tao M, Elmer WH, White JC, Cao X, Xing B. Nanomaterial Size and Surface Modification Mediate Disease Resistance Activation in Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus). ACS NANO 2023; 17:4871-4885. [PMID: 36871293 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Crop disease represents a serious and increasing threat to global food security. Lanthanum oxide nanomaterials (La2O3 NMs) with different sizes (10 and 20 nm) and surface modifications (citrate, polyvinylpyrrolidone [PVP], and poly(ethylene glycol)) were investigated for their control of the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum (Schl.) f. sp cucumerinum Owen on six-week-old cucumber (Cucumis sativus) in soil. Seed treatment and foliar application of the La2O3 NMs at 20-200 mg/kg (mg/L) significantly suppressed cucumber wilt (decreased by 12.50-52.11%), although the disease control efficacy was concentration-, size-, and surface modification-dependent. The best pathogen control was achieved by foliar application of 200 mg/L PVP-coated La2O3 NMs (10 nm); disease severity was decreased by 67.6%, and fresh shoot biomass was increased by 49.9% as compared with pathogen-infected control. Importantly, disease control efficacy was 1.97- and 3.61-fold greater than that of La2O3 bulk particles and a commercial fungicide (Hymexazol), respectively. Additionally, La2O3 NMs application enhanced cucumber yield by 350-461%, increased fruit total amino acids by 295-344%, and improved fruit vitamin content by 65-169% as compared with infected controls. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that La2O3 NMs: (1) interacted with calmodulin, subsequently activating salicylic acid-dependent systemic acquired resistance; (2) increased the activity and expression of antioxidant and related genes, thereby alleviating pathogen-induced oxidative stress; and (3) directly inhibited in vivo pathogen growth. The findings highlight the significant potential of La2O3 NMs for suppressing plant disease in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Luo
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution control, and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution control, and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Chuanxi Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution control, and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Le Yue
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution control, and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mengna Tao
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution control, and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wade H Elmer
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven 06511, Connecticut, United States
| | - Jason C White
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven 06511, Connecticut, United States
| | - Xuesong Cao
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution control, and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, Massachusetts, United States
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9
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Son S, Park SR. Plant translational reprogramming for stress resilience. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1151587. [PMID: 36909402 PMCID: PMC9998923 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1151587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Organisms regulate gene expression to produce essential proteins for numerous biological processes, from growth and development to stress responses. Transcription and translation are the major processes of gene expression. Plants evolved various transcription factors and transcriptome reprogramming mechanisms to dramatically modulate transcription in response to environmental cues. However, even the genome-wide modulation of a gene's transcripts will not have a meaningful effect if the transcripts are not properly biosynthesized into proteins. Therefore, protein translation must also be carefully controlled. Biotic and abiotic stresses threaten global crop production, and these stresses are seriously deteriorating due to climate change. Several studies have demonstrated improved plant resistance to various stresses through modulation of protein translation regulation, which requires a deep understanding of translational control in response to environmental stresses. Here, we highlight the translation mechanisms modulated by biotic, hypoxia, heat, and drought stresses, which are becoming more serious due to climate change. This review provides a strategy to improve stress tolerance in crops by modulating translational regulation.
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10
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Yang C, Wu P, Cao Y, Yang B, Liu L, Chen J, Zhuo R, Yao X. Overexpression of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase ( CoDFR) boosts flavonoid production involved in the anthracnose resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1038467. [PMID: 36438122 PMCID: PMC9682034 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1038467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. represents a devastating epidemic that severely affects oil tea (Camellia oleifera) production in China. However, the unknown resistance mechanism to anthracnose in C. oleifera has impeded the progress of breeding disease-resistant varieties. In this study, we investigated the physiological responses of resistant and susceptible lines during C. gloeosporioides infection. Our results showed that the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) in both disease-resistant and susceptible lines increased by C. gloeosporioides infection. Also, disease-resistant lines exhibited lower MDA, but higher POD, SOD, and CAT activities compared to susceptible lines. The accumulation of flavonoids in both resistant and susceptible C. oleifera leaves increased following C. gloeosporioides infection, and the increase was greater in resistant lines. Further, we identified and functionally characterized the dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (CoDFR) from the resistant C. oleifera line. We showed that the full-length coding sequence (CDS) of CoDFR is 1044 bp encoding 347 amino acids. The overexpression of CoDFR in tobacco altered the expression of flavonoid biosynthetic genes, resulting in an increased flavonoid content in leaves. CoDFR transgenic tobacco plants exhibited increased anthracnose resistance. Furthermore, the transgenic plants had higher salicylic acid content. These findings offer potential insights into the pivotal role of CoDFR involved in flavonoid-mediated defense mechanisms during anthracnose invasion in resistant C. oleifera.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaohua Yao
- *Correspondence: Renying Zhuo, ; Xiaohua Yao,
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11
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Cantila AY, Thomas WJW, Bayer PE, Edwards D, Batley J. Predicting Cloned Disease Resistance Gene Homologs (CDRHs) in Radish, Underutilised Oilseeds, and Wild Brassicaceae Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3010. [PMID: 36432742 PMCID: PMC9693284 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Brassicaceae crops, including Brassica, Camelina and Raphanus species, are among the most economically important crops globally; however, their production is affected by several diseases. To predict cloned disease resistance (R) gene homologs (CDRHs), we used the protein sequences of 49 cloned R genes against fungal and bacterial diseases in Brassicaceae species. In this study, using 20 Brassicaceae genomes (17 wild and 3 domesticated species), 3172 resistance gene analogs (RGAs) (2062 nucleotide binding-site leucine-rich repeats (NLRs), 497 receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) and 613 receptor-like proteins (RLPs)) were identified. CDRH clusters were also observed in Arabis alpina, Camelina sativa and Cardamine hirsuta with assigned chromosomes, consisting of 62 homogeneous (38 NLR, 17 RLK and 7 RLP clusters) and 10 heterogeneous RGA clusters. This study highlights the prevalence of CDRHs in the wild relatives of the Brassicaceae family, which may lay the foundation for rapid identification of functional genes and genomics-assisted breeding to develop improved disease-resistant Brassicaceae crop cultivars.
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12
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Zhou Q, Ma K, Hu H, Xing X, Huang X, Gao H. Extracellular vesicles: Their functions in plant-pathogen interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:760-771. [PMID: 34873812 PMCID: PMC9104264 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are rounded vesicles enclosed by a lipid bilayer membrane, released by eukaryotic cells and by bacteria. They carry various types of bioactive substances, including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Depending on their cargo, EVs have a variety of well-studied functions in mammalian systems, including cell-to-cell communication, cancer progression, and pathogenesis. In contrast, EVs in plant cells (which have rigid walls) have received very little research attention for many decades. Increasing evidence during the past decade indicates that both plant cells and plant pathogens are able to produce and secrete EVs, and that such EVs play key roles in plant-pathogen interactions. Plant EVs contains small RNAs (sRNAs) and defence-related proteins, and may be taken up by pathogenic fungi, resulting in reduced virulence. On the other hand, EVs released by gram-negative bacteria contain a wide variety of effectors and small molecules capable of activating plant immune responses via pattern-recognition receptor- and BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE- and SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1-mediated signalling pathways, and salicylic acid-dependent and -independent processes. The roles of EVs in plant-pathogen interactions are summarized in this review, with emphasis on important molecules (sRNAs, proteins) present in plant EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Zhou
- College of Biology and FoodShangqiu Normal UniversityShangqiuChina
| | - Kang Ma
- College of Biology and FoodShangqiu Normal UniversityShangqiuChina
| | - Huanhuan Hu
- School of Life Sciences and TechnologiesSanquan College of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Xiaolong Xing
- College of Biology and FoodShangqiu Normal UniversityShangqiuChina
| | - Xuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education)Provincial Key Laboratory of BiotechnologyCollege of Life SciencesNorthwest UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Hang Gao
- College of Biology and FoodShangqiu Normal UniversityShangqiuChina
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13
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Mining of Cloned Disease Resistance Gene Homologs (CDRHs) in Brassica Species and Arabidopsis thaliana. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060821. [PMID: 35741342 PMCID: PMC9220128 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Developing cultivars with resistance genes (R genes) is an effective strategy to support high yield and quality in Brassica crops. The availability of clone R gene and genomic sequences in Brassica species and Arabidopsis thaliana provide the opportunity to compare genomic regions and survey R genes across genomic databases. In this paper, we aim to identify genes related to cloned genes through sequence identity, providing a repertoire of species-wide related R genes in Brassica crops. The comprehensive list of candidate R genes can be used as a reference for functional analysis. Abstract Various diseases severely affect Brassica crops, leading to significant global yield losses and a reduction in crop quality. In this study, we used the complete protein sequences of 49 cloned resistance genes (R genes) that confer resistance to fungal and bacterial diseases known to impact species in the Brassicaceae family. Homology searches were carried out across Brassica napus, B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. nigra, B. juncea, B. carinata and Arabidopsis thaliana genomes. In total, 660 cloned disease R gene homologs (CDRHs) were identified across the seven species, including 431 resistance gene analogs (RGAs) (248 nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeats (NLRs), 150 receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) and 33 receptor-like proteins (RLPs)) and 229 non-RGAs. Based on the position and distribution of specific homologs in each of the species, we observed a total of 87 CDRH clusters composed of 36 NLR, 16 RLK and 3 RLP homogeneous clusters and 32 heterogeneous clusters. The CDRHs detected consistently across the seven species are candidates that can be investigated for broad-spectrum resistance, potentially providing resistance to multiple pathogens. The R genes identified in this study provide a novel resource for the future functional analysis and gene cloning of Brassicaceae R genes towards crop improvement.
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14
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Chang D, Gao S, Zhou G, Deng S, Jia J, Wang E, Cao W. The chromosome-level genome assembly of Astragalus sinicus and comparative genomic analyses provide new resources and insights for understanding legume-rhizobial interactions. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100263. [PMID: 35529952 PMCID: PMC9073321 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The legume species Astragalus sinicus (Chinese milk vetch [CMV]) has been widely cultivated for centuries in southern China as one of the most important green manures/cover crops for improving rice productivity and preventing soil degeneration. In this study, we generated the first chromosome-scale reference genome of CMV by combining PacBio and Illumina sequencing with high-throughput chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) technology. The CMV genome was 595.52 Mb in length, with a contig N50 size of 1.50 Mb. Long terminal repeats (LTRs) had been amplified and contributed to genome size expansion in CMV. CMV has undergone two whole-genome duplication (WGD) events, and the genes retained after the WGD shared by Papilionoideae species shaped the rhizobial symbiosis and the hormonal regulation of nodulation. The chalcone synthase (CHS) gene family was expanded and was expressed primarily in the roots of CMV. Intriguingly, we found that resistance genes were more highly expressed in roots than in nodules of legume species, suggesting that their expression may be increased to bolster plant immunity in roots to cope with pathogen infection in legumes. Our work sheds light on the genetic basis of nodulation and symbiosis in CMV and provides a benchmark for accelerating genetic research and molecular breeding in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danna Chang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Songjuan Gao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guopeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuhan Deng
- Glbizzia Biological Science and Technology, Co, Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Jizeng Jia
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Weidong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Corresponding author
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15
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Li J, Wang C, Liang W, Liu S. Rhizosphere Microbiome: The Emerging Barrier in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:772420. [PMID: 34777326 PMCID: PMC8586421 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.772420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the ecosystem, microbiome widely exists in soil, animals, and plants. With the rapid development of computational biology, sequencing technology and omics analysis, the important role of soil beneficial microbial community is being revealed. In this review, we mainly summarized the roles of rhizosphere microbiome, revealing its complex and pervasive nature contributing to the largely invisible interaction with plants. The manipulated beneficial microorganisms function as an indirect layer of the plant immune system by acting as a barrier to pathogen invasion or inducing plant systemic resistance. Specifically, plant could change and recruit beneficial microbial communities through root-type-specific metabolic properties, and positively shape their rhizosphere microorganisms in response to pathogen invasion. Meanwhile, plants and beneficial microbes exhibit the abilities to avoid excessive immune responses for their reciprocal symbiosis. Substantial lines of evidence show pathogens might utilize secreting proteins/effectors to overcome the emerging peripheral barrier for their advantage in turn. Overall, beneficial microbial communities in rhizosphere are involved in plant-pathogen interactions, and its power and potential are being explored and explained with the aim to effectively increase plant growth and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Li
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chenyang Wang
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenxing Liang
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Sihui Liu
- College of Science and Information, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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16
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Ge S, Dupuy LX, MacDonald MP. In situ laser manipulation of root tissues in transparent soil. PLANT AND SOIL 2021; 468:475-489. [PMID: 34789948 PMCID: PMC8580905 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-021-05133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Laser micromanipulation such as dissection or optical trapping enables remote physical modification of the activity of tissues, cells and organelles. To date, applications of laser manipulation to plant roots grown in soil have been limited. Here, we show laser manipulation can be applied in situ when plant roots are grown in transparent soil. METHODS We have developed a Q-switched laser manipulation and imaging instrument to perform controlled dissection of roots and to study light-induced root growth responses. We performed a detailed characterisation of the properties of the cutting beams through the soil, studying dissection and optical ablation. Furthermore, we also studied the use of low light doses to control the root elongation rate of lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa) in air, agar, gel and transparent soil. RESULTS We show that whilst soil inhomogeneities affect the thickness and circularity of the beam, those distortions are not inherently limiting. The ability to induce changes in root elongation or complete dissection of microscopic regions of the root is robust to substrate heterogeneity and microscopy set up and is maintained following the limited distortions induced by the transparent soil environment. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that controlled in situ laser dissection of root tissues is possible with a simple and low-cost optical set-up. We also show that, in the absence of dissection, a reduced laser light power density can provide reversible control of root growth, achieving a precise "point and shoot" method for root manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Ge
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee, DD1 4HN UK
| | - Lionel X. Dupuy
- Neiker, Department of Conservation of Natural Resources, Berreaga 1, 48.160, Derio, Spain
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA UK
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Michael P. MacDonald
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee, DD1 4HN UK
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17
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Variation in Gene Expression between Two Sorghum bicolor Lines Differing in Innate Immunity Response. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081536. [PMID: 34451580 PMCID: PMC8399927 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Microbe associated molecular pattern (MAMPs) triggered immunity (MTI) is a key component of the plant innate immunity response to microbial recognition. However, most of our current knowledge of MTI comes from model plants (i.e., Arabidopsis thaliana) with comparatively less work done using crop plants. In this work, we studied the MAMP triggered oxidative burst (ROS) and the transcriptional response in two Sorghum bicolor genotypes, BTx623 and SC155-14E. SC155-14E is a line that shows high anthracnose resistance and the line BTx623 is susceptible to anthracnose. Our results revealed a clear variation in gene expression and ROS in response to either flagellin (flg22) or chitin elicitation between the two lines. While the transcriptional response to each MAMP and in each line was unique there was a considerable degree of overlap, and we were able to define a core set of genes associated with the sorghum MAMP transcriptional response. The GO term and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis discovered more immunity and pathogen resistance related DEGs in MAMP treated SC155-14E samples than in BTx623 with the same treatment. The results provide a baseline for future studies to investigate innate immunity pathways in sorghum, including efforts to enhance disease resistance.
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18
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Cao X, Wang C, Luo X, Yue L, White JC, Elmer W, Dhankher OP, Wang Z, Xing B. Elemental Sulfur Nanoparticles Enhance Disease Resistance in Tomatoes. ACS NANO 2021; 15:11817-11827. [PMID: 34148346 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In agriculture, loss of crop yield to pathogen damage seriously threatens efforts to achieve global food security. In the present work, "organic" elemental sulfur nanoparticles (SNPs) were investigated for management of the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici on tomatoes. Foliar application and seed treatment with SNPs (30-100 mg/L, 30 and 100 nm) suppressed pathogen infection in tomatoes, in a concentration- and size-dependent fashion in a greenhouse experiment. Foliar application with 1 mg/plant of 30 nm SNPs (30-SNPs) exhibited the best performance for disease suppression, significantly decreasing disease incidence by 47.6% and increasing tomato shoot biomass by 55.6% after 10 weeks application. Importantly, the disease control efficacy with 30-SNPs was 1.43-fold greater than the commercially available fungicide hymexazol. Mechanistically, 30-SNPs activated the salicylic acid-dependent systemic acquired resistance pathway in tomato shoots and roots, with subsequent upregulation of the expression of pathogenesis-related and antioxidase-related genes (upregulated by 11-352%) and enhancement of the activity and content of disease-related biomolecules (enhanced by 5-49%). In addition, transmission electron microscopy imaging shows that SNPs were distributed in the tomato stem and directly inactivated in vivo pathogens. The oxidative stress in tomato shoots and roots, the root plasma membrane damage, and the growth of the pathogen in stem were all significantly decreased by SNPs. The findings highlight the significant potential of SNPs as an eco-friendly and sustainable crop protection strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Cao
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chuanxi Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xing Luo
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Le Yue
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jason C White
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
| | - Wade Elmer
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
| | - Om Parkash Dhankher
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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19
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Xiang G, Yin X, Niu W, Chen T, Liu R, Shang B, Fu Q, Liu G, Ma H, Xu Y. Characterization of CRN-Like Genes From Plasmopara viticola: Searching for the Most Virulent Ones. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:632047. [PMID: 33868192 PMCID: PMC8044898 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.632047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine downy mildew is an insurmountable disease that endangers grapevine production and the wine industry worldwide. The causal agent of the disease is the obligate biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola, for which the pathogenic mechanism remains largely unknown. Crinkling and necrosis proteins (CRN) are an ancient class of effectors utilized by pathogens, including oomycetes, that interfere with host plant defense reactions. In this study, 27 CRN-like genes were cloned from the P. viticola isolate YL genome, hereafter referred to as PvCRN genes, and characterized in silico and in planta. PvCRN genes in ‘YL’ share high sequence identities with their ortholog genes in the other three previously sequenced P. viticola isolates. Sequence divergence among the genes in the PvCRN family indicates that different PvCRN genes have different roles. Phylogenetic analysis of the PvCRN and the CRN proteins encoded by genes in the P. halstedii genome suggests that various functions might have been acquired by the CRN superfamily through independent evolution of Plasmopara species. When transiently expressed in plant cells, the PvCRN protein family shows multiple subcellular localizations. None of the cloned PvCRN proteins induced hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death on the downy mildew-resistant grapevine Vitis riparia. This was in accordance with the result that most PvCRN proteins, except PvCRN11, failed to induce necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana. Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) induced by INF1 was hampered by several PvCRN proteins. In addition, 15 PvCRN proteins prevented Bax-induced plant programmed cell death. Among the cell death-suppressing members, PvCRN17, PvCRN20, and PvCRN23 were found to promote the susceptibility of N. benthamiana to Phytophthora capsici, which is a semi-biotrophic oomycete. Moreover, the nucleus-targeting member, PvCRN19, promoted the susceptibility of N. benthamiana to P. capsici. Therefore, these PvCRN proteins were estimated to be virulent effectors involved in the pathogenicity of P. viticola YL. Collectively, this study provides comprehensive insight into the CRN effector repertoire of P. viticola YL, which will help further elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the pathogenesis of grapevine downy mildew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoqing Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Weili Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Boxing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qingqing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Guotian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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20
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Emonet A, Zhou F, Vacheron J, Heiman CM, Dénervaud Tendon V, Ma KW, Schulze-Lefert P, Keel C, Geldner N. Spatially Restricted Immune Responses Are Required for Maintaining Root Meristematic Activity upon Detection of Bacteria. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1012-1028.e7. [PMID: 33508217 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants restrict immune responses to vulnerable root parts. Spatially restricted responses are thought to be necessary to avoid constitutive responses to rhizosphere microbiota. To directly demonstrate the importance of spatially restricted responses, we expressed the plant flagellin receptor (FLS2) in different tissues, combined with fluorescent defense markers for immune readouts at cellular resolution. Our analysis distinguishes responses appearing cell autonomous from apparently non-cell-autonomous responses. It reveals lignification as a general immune response, contrasting suberization. Importantly, our analysis divides the root meristem into a central zone refractory to FLS2 expression and a cortex that is sensitized by FLS2 expression, causing meristem collapse upon stimulation. Meristematic epidermal expression generates super-competent lines that detect native bacterial flagellin and bypass the weak or absent response to commensals, providing a powerful tool for studying root immunity. Our manipulations and readouts demonstrate incompatibility of meristematic activity and defense and the importance of cell-resolved studies of plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélia Emonet
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jordan Vacheron
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clara Margot Heiman
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Dénervaud Tendon
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ka-Wai Ma
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Keel
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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21
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Zhang L, Kamphuis LG, Guo Y, Jacques S, Singh KB, Gao LL. Ethylene Is Not Essential for R-Gene Mediated Resistance but Negatively Regulates Moderate Resistance to Some Aphids in Medicago truncatula. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134657. [PMID: 32629952 PMCID: PMC7369913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethylene is important for plant responses to environmental factors. However, little is known about its role in aphid resistance. Several types of genetic resistance against multiple aphid species, including both moderate and strong resistance mediated by R genes, have been identified in Medicago truncatula. To investigate the potential role of ethylene, a M. truncatula ethylene- insensitive mutant, sickle, was analysed. The sickle mutant occurs in the accession A17 that has moderate resistance to Acyrthosiphon kondoi, A. pisum and Therioaphis trifolii. The sickle mutant resulted in increased antibiosis-mediated resistance against A. kondoi and T. trifolii but had no effect on A. pisum. When sickle was introduced into a genetic background carrying resistance genes, AKR (A. kondoi resistance), APR (A. pisum resistance) and TTR (T. trifolii resistance), it had no effect on the strong aphid resistance mediated by these genes, suggesting that ethylene signaling is not essential for their function. Interestingly, for the moderate aphid resistant accession, the sickle mutant delayed leaf senescence following aphid infestation and reduced the plant biomass losses caused by both A. kondoi and T. trifolii. These results suggest manipulation of the ethylene signaling pathway could provide aphid resistance and enhance plant tolerance against aphid feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhang
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Wembley, WA 6014, Australia; (L.Z.); (L.G.K.); (Y.G.); (S.J.)
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Lars G. Kamphuis
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Wembley, WA 6014, Australia; (L.Z.); (L.G.K.); (Y.G.); (S.J.)
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Yanqiong Guo
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Wembley, WA 6014, Australia; (L.Z.); (L.G.K.); (Y.G.); (S.J.)
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Silke Jacques
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Wembley, WA 6014, Australia; (L.Z.); (L.G.K.); (Y.G.); (S.J.)
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Karam B. Singh
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Wembley, WA 6014, Australia; (L.Z.); (L.G.K.); (Y.G.); (S.J.)
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence: (K.B.S.); (L.-L.G.); Tel.:+61-8-9333-6320 (K.B.S.); Fax: +61-8-9387-8991 (K.B.S.)
| | - Ling-Ling Gao
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Wembley, WA 6014, Australia; (L.Z.); (L.G.K.); (Y.G.); (S.J.)
- Correspondence: (K.B.S.); (L.-L.G.); Tel.:+61-8-9333-6320 (K.B.S.); Fax: +61-8-9387-8991 (K.B.S.)
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22
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Lau ET, Khew CY, Hwang SS. Transcriptomic analysis of pepper plants provides insights into host responses to Fusarium solani infestation. J Biotechnol 2020; 314-315:53-62. [PMID: 32302654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Black pepper is an important commodity crop in Malaysia that generates millions of annual revenue for the country. However, black pepper yield is affected by slow decline disease caused by a soil-borne fungus Fusarium solani. RNA sequencing transcriptomics approach has been employed in this study to explore the differential gene expression in susceptible Piper nigrum L. and resistant Piper colubrinum Link. Gene expression comparative analysis of the two pepper species has yielded 2,361 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Among them, higher expression of 1,426 DEGs was detected in resistant plant. These DEGs practically demonstrated the major branches of plant-pathogen interaction pathway (Path: ko04626). We selected five groups of defence-related DEGs for downstream qRT-PCR analysis. Cf-9, the gene responsible for recognizing fungal avirulence protein activity was found inexpressible in susceptible plant. However, this gene exhibited promising expression in resistant plant. Inactivation of Cf-9 could be the factor that causes susceptible plant fail in recognition of F. solani and subsequently delay activation of adaptive response to fungal invasion. This vital study advance the understanding of pepper plant defence in response to F. solani and aid in identifying potential solution to manage slow decline disease in black pepper cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee Tiing Lau
- Research and Quality Development, Malaysian Pepper Board, Lot 1115, Jalan Utama, Pending Industrial Area, 93916 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Choy Yuen Khew
- Research and Quality Development, Malaysian Pepper Board, Lot 1115, Jalan Utama, Pending Industrial Area, 93916 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Siaw San Hwang
- School of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus, Jalan Simpang Tiga, 93350 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
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23
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Attia Z, Dalal A, Moshelion M. Vascular bundle sheath and mesophyll cells modulate leaf water balance in response to chitin. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:1368-1377. [PMID: 31680316 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants can detect pathogen invasion by sensing microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). This sensing process leads to the induction of defense responses. Numerous MAMP mechanisms of action have been described in and outside the guard cells. Here, we describe the effects of chitin, a MAMP found in fungal cell walls and insects, on the cellular osmotic water permeability (Pf ) of the leaf vascular bundle-sheath (BS) and mesophyll cells (MCs), and its subsequent effect on leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ). BS is a parenchymatic tissue that tightly encases the vascular system. BS cells (BSCs) have been shown to influence Kleaf through changes in their Pf , for example, after sensing the abiotic stress response-regulating hormone abscisic acid. It was recently reported that, in Arabidopsis, the chitin receptors-like kinases, chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 (CERK1) and LYSINE MOTIF RECEPTOR KINASE 5 (LYK5) are highly expressed in the BS as well as the neighboring mesophyll. Therefore, we studied the possible impact of chitin on these cells. Our results revealed that BSCs and MCs exhibit a sharp decrease in Pf in response to chitin treatment. In addition, xylem-fed chitin decreased Kleaf and led to stomatal closure. However, Atlyk5 mutant showed none of these responses. Complementing AtLYK5 in the BSCs (using the SCARECROW promoter) resulted in the response to chitin that was similar to that observed in the wild-type. These results suggest that BS play a role in the perception of apoplastic chitin and in initiating chitin-triggered immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziv Attia
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ahan Dalal
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Menachem Moshelion
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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24
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Götze S, Stallforth P. Structure, properties, and biological functions of nonribosomal lipopeptides from pseudomonads. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:29-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c9np00022d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria of the genusPseudomonasdisplay a fascinating metabolic diversity. In this review, we focus our attention on the natural product class of nonribosomal lipopeptides, which help pseudomonads to colonize a wide range of ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Götze
- Faculty 7: Natural and Environmental Sciences
- Institute for Environmental Sciences
- University Koblenz Landau
- 76829 Landau
- Germany
| | - Pierre Stallforth
- Junior Research Group Chemistry of Microbial Communication
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology Hans Knöll Institute (HKI)
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
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25
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Liu Y, Maierhofer T, Rybak K, Sklenar J, Breakspear A, Johnston MG, Fliegmann J, Huang S, Roelfsema MRG, Felix G, Faulkner C, Menke FL, Geiger D, Hedrich R, Robatzek S. Anion channel SLAH3 is a regulatory target of chitin receptor-associated kinase PBL27 in microbial stomatal closure. eLife 2019; 8:44474. [PMID: 31524595 PMCID: PMC6776436 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, antimicrobial immune responses involve the cellular release of anions and are responsible for the closure of stomatal pores. Detection of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) induces currents mediated via slow-type (S-type) anion channels by a yet not understood mechanism. Here, we show that stomatal closure to fungal chitin is conferred by the major PRRs for chitin recognition, LYK5 and CERK1, the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase PBL27, and the SLAH3 anion channel. PBL27 has the capacity to phosphorylate SLAH3, of which S127 and S189 are required to activate SLAH3. Full activation of the channel entails CERK1, depending on PBL27. Importantly, both S127 and S189 residues of SLAH3 are required for chitin-induced stomatal closure and anti-fungal immunity at the whole leaf level. Our results demonstrate a short signal transduction module from MAMP recognition to anion channel activation, and independent of ABA-induced SLAH3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Maierhofer
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Rybak
- LMU Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Judith Fliegmann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Shouguang Huang
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - M Rob G Roelfsema
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Georg Felix
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Dietmar Geiger
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom.,LMU Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Martinsried, Germany
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26
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Milc J, Bagnaresi P, Aragona M, Valente MT, Biselli C, Infantino A, Francia E, Pecchioni N. Comparative transcriptome profiling of the response to Pyrenochaeta lycopersici in resistant tomato cultivar Mogeor and its background genotype-susceptible Moneymaker. Funct Integr Genomics 2019; 19:811-826. [PMID: 31104179 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-019-00685-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Breeding for resistance is the most effective tool for controlling the corky root disease of tomato caused by Pyrenochaeta lycopersici. A comparative RNA-Seq-based transcriptomic analysis was conducted at 96 hpi (hours post infection) on two tomato cultivars: resistant Mogeor and its genetic background, and susceptible Moneymaker to investigate the differences in their transcriptomic response and identify the molecular bases of this plant-pathogen interaction. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified was much higher in the susceptible than in the resistant genotype; however, the proportion of upregulated genes was higher in Mogeor (70.81%) than in Moneymaker (52.95%). Gene Ontology (GO) analysis enabled identification of 24 terms shared by the two cultivars that were consistent with responses to external stimulus, such as fungal infection. On the other hand, as many as 54 GO were enriched solely in Moneymaker, including terms related to defense response and cell wall metabolism. Our results could support the previous observations in other pathosystems, that susceptibility and resistance have overlapping signaling pathways and responses, suggesting that the P. lycopersici resistance gene pyl might be a recessive allele at a susceptibility locus, for which different candidate genes were identified based on the differences in induction or expression levels, observed between the resistant and susceptible genotype. MapMan analysis highlighted a complex hormone and transcription factors interplay where SA- and JA-induced pathways are modulated in a similar way in both genotypes and thus take part in a common response while the ethylene signaling pathways, induced mainly in susceptible Moneymaker, seem putatively contribute to its susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Milc
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - P Bagnaresi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Via San Protaso 37, 29017, Fiorenzuola d'Arda, PC, Italy
| | - M Aragona
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Via C.G. Bertero 22, 00156, Rome, Italy
| | - M T Valente
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Via C.G. Bertero 22, 00156, Rome, Italy
| | - C Biselli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Via San Protaso 37, 29017, Fiorenzuola d'Arda, PC, Italy
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Viale Santa Margherita 80, 52100, Arezzo, Italy
| | - A Infantino
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Via C.G. Bertero 22, 00156, Rome, Italy
| | - E Francia
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - N Pecchioni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, S.S. 16 km 675, 71121, Foggia, Italy
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27
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Zhang RX, Ge S, He J, Li S, Hao Y, Du H, Liu Z, Cheng R, Feng YQ, Xiong L, Li C, Hetherington AM, Liang YK. BIG regulates stomatal immunity and jasmonate production in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:335-348. [PMID: 30372534 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved an array of responses that provide them with protection from attack by microorganisms and other predators. Many of these mechanisms depend upon interactions between the plant hormones jasmonate (JA) and ethylene (ET). However, the molecular basis of these interactions is insufficiently understood. Gene expression and physiological assays with mutants were performed to investigate the role of Arabidopsis BIG gene in stress responses. BIG transcription is downregulated by methyl JA (MeJA), necrotrophic infection or mechanical injury. BIG deficiency promotes JA-dependent gene induction, increases JA production but restricts the accumulation of both ET and salicylic acid. JA-induced anthocyanin accumulation and chlorophyll degradation are enhanced and stomatal immunity is impaired by BIG disruption. Bacteria- and lipopolysaccaride (LPS)-induced stomatal closure is reduced in BIG gene mutants, which are hyper-susceptible to microbial pathogens with different lifestyles, but these mutants are less attractive to phytophagous insects. Our results indicate that BIG negatively and positively regulate the MYC2 and ERF1 arms of the JA signalling pathway. BIG warrants recognition as a new and distinct regulator that regulates JA responses, the synergistic interactions of JA and ET, and other hormonal interactions that reconcile the growth and defense dilemma in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shengchao Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jingjing He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shuangchen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yanhong Hao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hao Du
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant, Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhongming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Rui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yu-Qi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lizhong Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant, Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chuanyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Alistair M Hetherington
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Yun-Kuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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28
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Bourdais G, McLachlan DH, Rickett LM, Zhou J, Siwoszek A, Häweker H, Hartley M, Kuhn H, Morris RJ, MacLean D, Robatzek S. The use of quantitative imaging to investigate regulators of membrane trafficking in Arabidopsis stomatal closure. Traffic 2019; 20:168-180. [PMID: 30447039 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Expansion of gene families facilitates robustness and evolvability of biological processes but impedes functional genetic dissection of signalling pathways. To address this, quantitative analysis of single cell responses can help characterize the redundancy within gene families. We developed high-throughput quantitative imaging of stomatal closure, a response of plant guard cells, and performed a reverse genetic screen in a group of Arabidopsis mutants to five stimuli. Focussing on the intersection between guard cell signalling and the endomembrane system, we identified eight clusters based on the mutant stomatal responses. Mutants generally affected in stomatal closure were mostly in genes encoding SNARE and SCAMP membrane regulators. By contrast, mutants in RAB5 GTPase genes played specific roles in stomatal closure to microbial but not drought stress. Together with timed quantitative imaging of endosomes revealing sequential patterns in FLS2 trafficking, our imaging pipeline can resolve non-redundant functions of the RAB5 GTPase gene family. Finally, we provide a valuable image-based tool to dissect guard cell responses and outline a genetic framework of stomatal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gildas Bourdais
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Deirdre H McLachlan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lydia M Rickett
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Ji Zhou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,The Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Heidrun Häweker
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Hannah Kuhn
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Dan MacLean
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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29
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Fu Y, Zhang Y, Mason AS, Lin B, Zhang D, Yu H, Fu D. NBS-Encoding Genes in Brassica napus Evolved Rapidly After Allopolyploidization and Co-localize With Known Disease Resistance Loci. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:26. [PMID: 30761170 PMCID: PMC6363714 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Genes containing nucleotide-binding sites (NBS) play an important role in pathogen resistance in plants. However, the evolutionary fate of NBS-encoding genes after formation of allotetraploid Brassica napus (AnAnCnCn, 2n = 38) is still unknown. We performed a genome-wide comparison of putatively functional NBS-encoding genes in B. napus and its progenitor species Brassica rapa (ArAr, 2n = 20) and Brassica oleracea (CoCo, 2n = 18), identifying 464, 202, and 146 putatively functional NBS-encoding genes respectively, with genes unevenly distributed in several clusters. The An-subgenome of B. napus possessed similar numbers of NBS-encoding genes (191 genes) to the Ar genome of B. rapa (202 genes) and similar clustering patterns. However, the Cn genome of B. napus had many more genes (273) than the B. oleracea Co genome (146), with different clustering trends. Only 97 NBS-encoding genes (66.4%) in B. oleracea were homologous with NBS-encoding genes in B. napus, while 176 NBS-encoding genes (87.1%) were homologous between B. rapa and B. napus. These results suggest a greater diversification of NBS-encoding genes in the C genome may have occurred after formation of B. napus. Although most NBS-encoding genes in B. napus appeared to derive from the progenitors, the birth and death of several NBS-encoding genes was also putatively mediated by non-homologous recombination. The Ka/Ks values of most homologous pairs between B. napus and the progenitor species were less than 1, suggesting purifying selection during B. napus evolution. The majority of NBS-encoding genes (60% in all species) showed higher expression levels in root tissue (out of root, leaf, stem, seed and flower tissue types). Comparative analysis of NBS-encoding genes with mapped resistance QTL against three major diseases of B. napus (blackleg, clubroot and Sclerotinia stem rot) found 204 NBS-encoding genes in B. napus located within 71 resistance QTL intervals. The majority of NBS-encoding genes were co-located with resistance QTLs against a single disease, while 47 genes were co-located with QTLs against two diseases and 3 genes were co-located with QTLs against all three. Our results revealed significant variation as well as interesting evolutionary trajectories of NBS-encoding genes in the different Brassica subgenomes, while co-localization of NBS-encoding genes and resistance QTL may facilitate resistance breeding in oilseed rape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fu
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaofeng Zhang
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Annaliese S. Mason
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Baogang Lin
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongqing Zhang
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huasheng Yu
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Huasheng Yu, Donghui Fu,
| | - Donghui Fu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Agronomy College, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Huasheng Yu, Donghui Fu,
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30
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Pattern Recognition Receptors—Versatile Genetic Tools for Engineering Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance in Crops. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy8080134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Infestations of crop plants with pathogens pose a major threat to global food supply. Exploiting plant defense mechanisms to produce disease-resistant crop varieties is an important strategy to control plant diseases in modern plant breeding and can greatly reduce the application of agrochemicals. The discovery of different types of immune receptors and a detailed understanding of their activation and regulation mechanisms in the last decades has paved the way for the deployment of these central plant immune components for genetic plant disease management. This review will focus on a particular class of immune sensors, termed pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), that activate a defense program termed pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and outline their potential to provide broad-spectrum and potentially durable disease resistance in various crop species—simply by providing plants with enhanced capacities to detect invaders and to rapidly launch their natural defense program.
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31
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Lv Z, Huang Y, Ma B, Xiang Z, He N. LysM1 in MmLYK2 is a motif required for the interaction of MmLYP1 and MmLYK2 in the chitin signaling. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:1101-1112. [PMID: 29846768 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2295-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two LysM-containing proteins, namely, MmLYP1 and MmLYK2, were identified in mulberry. These proteins might be involved in chitin signaling. The LysM1 of MmLYK2 is critical for their interactions. Chitin is a major component of fungal cell walls and acts as an elicitor in plant innate immunity. Lysin motif (LysM)-containing proteins are essential for chitin recognition. However, related studies have been rarely reported in woody plants. In this study, in mulberry, the expression of a LysM-containing protein, MmLYP1, was significantly up-regulated after treatment with chitin and pathogenic fungi. In addition, MmLYP1 has an affinity for insoluble chitin polymers. Thus, MmLYP1 might function in chitin signaling. Since MmLYP1 lacks an intracellular domain, additional protein kinases are required for this signaling. An LysM-containing kinase, MmLYK2, was then identified. Expression of the MmLYK2 did not change significantly after chitin treatment, and the affinity of MmLYK2 for insoluble chitin was not high. The structure of MmLYP1 is similar to that of the chitin elicitor-binding proteins in rice and Arabidopsis. However, MmLYK2 has two LysM motifs, while the chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 proteins in rice and Arabidopsis have one and three LysM motifs, respectively. The LysM1 of MmLYK2 interacted with all four LysM motifs in MmLYP1 and MmLYK2 in yeast. The chimera lacking the LysM1 of MmLYK2 did not interact with MmLYP1 and MmLYK2 in yeast and Nicotiana benthamiana cells. The LysM1 in MmLYK2 is the key motif in the interaction between MmLYP1 and MmLYK2, which may be involved in chitin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhonghuai Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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32
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Zhong C, Ren Y, Qi Y, Yu X, Wu X, Tian Z. PAMP-responsive ATL gene StRFP1 and its orthologue NbATL60 positively regulate Phytophthora infestans resistance in potato and Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 270:47-57. [PMID: 29576086 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that plays a crucial role during the regulation of plant immune signalling. The plant ATL family consists of a large number of putative RING type ubiquitin ligases. We show that potato ATL family gene StRFP1 and its orthologue NbATL60 from N. benthamiana both respond to Phytophthora infestans culture filtrate (CF) and flg22 induction. StRFP1 positively regulates immunity against P. infestans in potato. Ectopic transient expression of StRFP1 or expression of NbATL60 in N. benthamiana also enhances late blight resistance. By contrast, silencing NbATL60 in N. benthamiana reduces late blight resistance and leads to plant growth inhibition. Both StRFP1 and NbATL60 localize to the plasma membrane and intracellular puncta and possess E3 Ligase activity in vitro. Furthermore we demonstrate that the RING finger domain mutants of StRFP1 and NbATL60 lost E3 ligase activity and fail to suppress P. infestans colonization in N. benthamiana, indicating that E3 ligase activity is critical for StRFP1 and NbATL60 to regulate immunity. Overexpression or RNA interference of StRFP1 in transgenic potato led to increased or decreased expression of PTI maker genes (WRKY7, WRKY8, ACRE31 and Pti5) respectively. Similarly silencing of NbATL60 in N. benthamiana decreases expression of these PTI marker genes. Moreover, VIGS of NbATL60 in N. benthamiana did not compromise P. infestans PAMP INF1 or R2/Avr2, R3a/AVR3a, Rx/Cp and Pto/AvrPto triggered cell death. These results indicate that ATL genes StRFP1 and NbATL60 contribute to basal immunity (PTI) in Solanaceous plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; Kaili University, Kaili, Guizhou, 556011, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yajuan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yetong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoling Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xintong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
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Yekondi S, Liang FC, Okuma E, Radziejwoski A, Mai HW, Swain S, Singh P, Gauthier M, Chien HC, Murata Y, Zimmerli L. Nonredundant functions of Arabidopsis LecRK-V.2 and LecRK-VII.1 in controlling stomatal immunity and jasmonate-mediated stomatal closure. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:253-268. [PMID: 29250804 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal immunity restricts bacterial entry to leaves through the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and downstream abscisic acid and salicylic acid signaling. Through a reverse genetics approach, we characterized the function of the L-type lectin receptor kinase-V.2 (LecRK-V.2) and -VII.1 (LecRK-VII.1). Analyses of interactions with the PRR FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2) were performed by co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation and whole-cell patch-clamp analyses were used to evaluate guard cell Ca2+ -permeable cation channels. The Arabidopsis thaliana LecRK-V.2 and LecRK-VII.1 and notably their kinase activities were required for full activation of stomatal immunity. Knockout lecrk-V.2 and lecrk-VII.1 mutants were hyper-susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae infection and showed defective stomatal closure in response to bacteria or to the MAMPs flagellin and EF-Tu. By contrast, Arabidopsis over-expressing LecRK-V.2 or LecRK-VII.1 demonstrated a potentiated stomatal immunity. LecRK-V.2 and LecRK-VII.1 are shown to be part of the FLS2 PRR complex. In addition, LecRK-V.2 and LecRK-VII.1 were critical for methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-mediated stomatal closure, notably for MeJA-induced activation of guard cell Ca2+ -permeable cation channels. This study highlights the role of LecRK-V.2 and LecRK-VII.1 in stomatal immunity at the FLS2 PRR complex and in MeJA-mediated stomatal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Yekondi
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chun Liang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Eiji Okuma
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Amandine Radziejwoski
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Wei Mai
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Swadhin Swain
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Prashant Singh
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Mathieu Gauthier
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chiao Chien
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Laurent Zimmerli
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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Kunkel BN, Harper CP. The roles of auxin during interactions between bacterial plant pathogens and their hosts. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:245-254. [PMID: 29272462 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens have evolved several strategies to manipulate the biology of their hosts to facilitate colonization, growth to high levels in plant tissue, and production of disease. One of the less well known of these strategies is the synthesis of plant hormones and hormone analogs, and there is growing evidence that modulation of host hormone signaling is important during pathogenesis. Several plant pathogens produce the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and/or virulence factors that modulate host auxin signaling. Auxin is well known for being involved in many aspects of plant growth and development, but recent findings have revealed that elevated IAA levels or enhanced auxin signaling can also promote disease development in some plant-pathogen interactions. In addition to stimulating plant cell growth during infection by gall-forming bacteria, auxin and auxin signaling can antagonize plant defense responses. Auxin can also act as a microbial signaling molecule to impact the biology of some pathogens directly. In this review, we summarize recent progress towards elucidating the roles that auxin production, modification of host auxin signaling, and direct effects of auxin on pathogens play during pathogenesis, with emphasis on the impacts of auxin on interactions with bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara N Kunkel
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Ashwin NMR, Barnabas L, Ramesh Sundar A, Malathi P, Viswanathan R, Masi A, Agrawal GK, Rakwal R. Advances in proteomic technologies and their scope of application in understanding plant–pathogen interactions. JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13562-017-0402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Arabidopsis LBP/BPI related-1 and -2 bind to LPS directly and regulate PR1 expression. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27527. [PMID: 27273538 PMCID: PMC4897604 DOI: 10.1038/srep27527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major constituent of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and acts as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern that triggers immune responses in both plants and animals. LPS-binding protein (LBP) and bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI), which bind to LPS and play important roles in immunity of mammals, have been well studied. However, the molecule contributing to LPS binding in plants is mostly unknown. The Arabidopsis genome carries two genes encoding LBP/BPI-related proteins which we designated as AtLBP/BPI related-1 (AtLBR-1) and AtLBP/BPI related-2 (AtLBR-2). We found that their N-terminal domains were co-purified with cell wall-derived LPS when expressed in E. coli. Since this finding implied the direct binding of AtLBRs to LPS, we also confirmed binding by using LPS-free AtLBRs and purified LPS. AtLBRs directly bind to both rough and smooth types of LPS. We also demonstrated that LPS-treated atlbr mutant Arabidopsis exhibit a significant delay of induction of defence-related gene pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1) but no other PR genes. Furthermore, LPS-treated atlbr mutants showed defects in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. These results demonstrate that, as well as LBP and BPI of mammals, AtLBRs also play an important role in the LPS-induced immune response of plants.
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Zheng F, Wu H, Zhang R, Li S, He W, Wong FL, Li G, Zhao S, Lam HM. Molecular phylogeny and dynamic evolution of disease resistance genes in the legume family. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:402. [PMID: 27229309 PMCID: PMC4881053 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Legumes are the second-most important crop family in agriculture for its economic and nutritional values. Disease resistance (R-) genes play an important role in responding to pathogen infections in plants. To further increase the yield of legume crops, we need a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of R-genes in the legume family. Results In this study, we developed a robust pipeline and identified a total of 4,217 R-genes in the genomes of seven sequenced legume species. A dramatic diversity of R-genes with structural variances indicated a rapid birth-and-death rate during the R-gene evolution in legumes. The number of R-genes transiently expanded and then quickly contracted after whole-genome duplications, which meant that R-genes were sensitive to subsequent diploidization. R proteins with the Coiled-coil (CC) domain are more conserved than others in legumes. Meanwhile, other types of legume R proteins with only one or two typical domains were subjected to higher rates of loss during evolution. Although R-genes evolved quickly in legumes, they tended to undergo purifying selection instead of positive selection during evolution. In addition, domestication events in some legume species preferentially selected for the genes directly involved in the plant-pathogen interaction pathway while suppressing those R-genes with low occurrence rates. Conclusions Our results provide insights into the dynamic evolution of R-genes in the legume family, which will be valuable for facilitating genetic improvements in the disease resistance of legume cultivars. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2736-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengya Zheng
- Centre for Soybean Research, Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Haiyang Wu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.,HKU-BGI Bioinformatics Laboratory and Department of Computer Science, University of Hong Kong, Pofulam, Hong Kong
| | - Rongzhi Zhang
- Crop research institution, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | | | | | - Fuk-Ling Wong
- Centre for Soybean Research, Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Genying Li
- Crop research institution, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Shancen Zhao
- Centre for Soybean Research, Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong. .,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- Centre for Soybean Research, Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong.
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Postma J, Liebrand TWH, Bi G, Evrard A, Bye RR, Mbengue M, Kuhn H, Joosten MHAJ, Robatzek S. Avr4 promotes Cf-4 receptor-like protein association with the BAK1/SERK3 receptor-like kinase to initiate receptor endocytosis and plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:627-42. [PMID: 26765243 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The first layer of plant immunity is activated by cell surface receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and proteins (RLPs) that detect infectious pathogens. Constitutive interaction with the SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1 (SOBIR1) RLK contributes to RLP stability and kinase activity. As RLK activation requires transphosphorylation with a second associated RLK, it remains elusive how RLPs initiate downstream signaling. We employed live-cell imaging, gene silencing and coimmunoprecipitation to investigate the requirement of associated kinases for functioning and ligand-induced subcellular trafficking of Cf RLPs that mediate immunity of tomato against Cladosporium fulvum. Our research shows that after elicitation with matching effector ligands Avr4 and Avr9, BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1/SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE 3 (BAK1/SERK3) associates with Cf-4 and Cf-9. BAK1/SERK3 is required for the effector-triggered hypersensitive response and resistance of tomato against C. fulvum. Furthermore, Cf-4 interacts with SOBIR1 at the plasma membrane and is recruited to late endosomes upon Avr4 trigger, also depending on BAK1/SERK3. These observations indicate that RLP-mediated resistance and endocytosis require ligand-induced recruitment of BAK1/SERK3, reminiscent of BAK1/SERK3 interaction and subcellular fate of the FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) RLK. This reveals that diverse classes of cell surface immune receptors share common requirements for initiation of resistance and endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Postma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Thomas W H Liebrand
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Guozhi Bi
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexandre Evrard
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ruby R Bye
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Malick Mbengue
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Hannah Kuhn
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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Zhang H, Teng W, Liang J, Liu X, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Zheng X. MADS1, a novel MADS-box protein, is involved in the response of Nicotiana benthamiana to bacterial harpin(Xoo). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:131-41. [PMID: 26466663 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
MADS-box transcription factor genes are well known for their role in floral organ and seed development. In this study, a novel MADS-box-containing gene, designated NbMADS1, was isolated from leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. The full-length cDNA was 666 bp and encoded a putative polypeptide of 221 aa with a mass of 24.3 kDa. To assess the role of NbMADS1 in the defence response to bacterial harpin(Xoo), an elicitor of the hypersensitive response, a loss-of-function experiment was performed in N. benthamiana plants using virus-induced gene silencing. Analyses of electrolyte leakage revealed more extensive cell death in the control plants than in NbMADS1-silenced plants. The NbMADS1-silenced plants showed impaired harpin(Xoo)-induced stomatal closure, decreased harpin(Xoo)-induced production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) in guard cells, and reduced harpin(Xoo)-induced resistance to Phytophthora nicotianae. The compromised stomatal closure observed in the NbMADS1-silenced plants was inhibited by the application of H2O2 and sodium nitroprusside (an NO donor). Taken together, these results demonstrate that the NbMADS1-H2O2-NO pathway mediates multiple harpin(Xoo)-triggered responses, including stomatal closure, hypersensitive cell death, and defence-related gene expression, suggesting that NbMADS1 plays an important role in regulating the response to harpin(Xoo) in N. benthamiana plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajian Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, PR China Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Wenjun Teng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jingang Liang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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Virk N, Li D, Tian L, Huang L, Hong Y, Li X, Zhang Y, Liu B, Zhang H, Song F. Arabidopsis Raf-Like Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase Gene Raf43 Is Required for Tolerance to Multiple Abiotic Stresses. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26222830 PMCID: PMC4519275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are critical signaling modules that mediate the transduction of extracellular stimuli into intracellular response. A relatively large number of MAPKKKs have been identified in a variety of plant genomes but only a few of them have been studied for their biological function. In the present study, we identified an Arabidopsis Raf-like MAPKKK gene Raf43 and studied its function in biotic and abiotic stress response using a T-DNA insertion mutant raf43-1 and two Raf43-overexpressing lines Raf43-OE#1 and Raf43-OE#13. Expression of Raf43 was induced by multiple abiotic and biotic stresses including treatments with drought, mannitol and oxidative stress or defense signaling molecule salicylic acid and infection with necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Seed germination and seedling root growth of raf43-1 were significantly inhibited on MS medium containing mannitol, NaCl, H2O2 or methyl viologen (MV) while seed germination and seedling root growth of the Raf43-OE#1 and Raf43-OE#13 lines was similar to wild type Col-0 under the above stress conditions. Soil-grown raf43-1 plants exhibited reduced tolerance to MV, drought and salt stress. Abscisic acid inhibited significantly seed germination and seedling root growth of the raf43-1 line but had no effect on the two Raf43-overexpressing lines. Expression of stress-responsive RD17 and DREB2A genes was significantly down-regulated in raf43-1 plants. However, the raf43-1 and Raf43-overexpressing plants showed similar disease phenotype to the wild type plants after infection with B. cinerea or Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Our results demonstrate that Raf43, encoding for a Raf-like MAPKKK, is required for tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasar Virk
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dayong Li
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Limei Tian
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lei Huang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yongbo Hong
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yafen Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bo Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Fengming Song
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria Secretes Proteases and Xylanases via the Xps Type II Secretion System and Outer Membrane Vesicles. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:2879-93. [PMID: 26124239 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00322-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Many plant-pathogenic bacteria utilize type II secretion (T2S) systems to secrete degradative enzymes into the extracellular milieu. T2S substrates presumably mediate the degradation of plant cell wall components during the host-pathogen interaction and thus promote bacterial virulence. Previously, the Xps-T2S system from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria was shown to contribute to extracellular protease activity and the secretion of a virulence-associated xylanase. The identities and functions of additional T2S substrates from X. campestris pv. vesicatoria, however, are still unknown. In the present study, the analysis of 25 candidate proteins from X. campestris pv. vesicatoria led to the identification of two type II secreted predicted xylanases, a putative protease and a lipase which was previously identified as a virulence factor of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria. Studies with mutant strains revealed that the identified xylanases and the protease contribute to virulence and in planta growth of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria. When analyzed in the related pathogen X. campestris pv. campestris, several T2S substrates from X. campestris pv. vesicatoria were secreted independently of the T2S systems, presumably because of differences in the T2S substrate specificities of the two pathogens. Furthermore, in X. campestris pv. vesicatoria T2S mutants, secretion of T2S substrates was not completely absent, suggesting the contribution of additional transport systems to protein secretion. In line with this hypothesis, T2S substrates were detected in outer membrane vesicles, which were frequently observed for X. campestris pv. vesicatoria. We, therefore, propose that extracellular virulence-associated enzymes from X. campestris pv. vesicatoria are targeted to the Xps-T2S system and to outer membrane vesicles. IMPORTANCE The virulence of plant-pathogenic bacteria often depends on TS2 systems, which secrete degradative enzymes into the extracellular milieu. T2S substrates are being studied in several plant-pathogenic bacteria, including Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, which causes bacterial spot disease in tomato and pepper. Here, we show that the T2S system from X. campestris pv. vesicatoria secretes virulence-associated xylanases, a predicted protease, and a lipase. Secretion assays with the related pathogen X. campestris pv. campestris revealed important differences in the T2S substrate specificities of the two pathogens. Furthermore, electron microscopy showed that T2S substrates from X. campestris pv. vesicatoria are targeted to outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Our results, therefore, suggest that OMVs provide an alternative transport route for type II secreted extracellular enzymes.
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Wyrsch I, Domínguez-Ferreras A, Geldner N, Boller T. Tissue-specific FLAGELLIN-SENSING 2 (FLS2) expression in roots restores immune responses in Arabidopsis fls2 mutants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:774-84. [PMID: 25627577 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The flagellin receptor of Arabidopsis, At-FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2), has become a model for mechanistic and functional studies on plant immune receptors. Responses to flagellin or its active epitope flagellin 22 (flg22) have been extensively studied in Arabidopsis leaves. However, the perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and the immune responses in roots are poorly understood. Here, we show that isolated root tissue is able to induce pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) responses upon flg22 perception, in contrast to elf18 (the active epitope of elongation factor thermo unstable (EF-Tu)). Making use of fls2 mutant plants and tissue-specific promoters, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing FLS2 only in certain root tissues. This allowed us to study the spatial requirements for flg22 responses in the root. Remarkably, the intensity of the immune responses did not always correlate with the expression level of the FLS2 receptor, but depended on the expressing tissue, supporting the idea that MAMP perception and sensitivity in different tissues contribute to a proper balance of defense responses according to the expected exposure to elicitors. In summary, we conclude that each investigated root tissue is able to perceive flg22 if FLS2 is present and that tissue identity is a major element of MAMP perception in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Wyrsch
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
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Bozkurt TO, Belhaj K, Dagdas YF, Chaparro-Garcia A, Wu CH, Cano LM, Kamoun S. Rerouting of plant late endocytic trafficking toward a pathogen interface. Traffic 2015; 16:204-26. [PMID: 25430691 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A number of plant pathogenic and symbiotic microbes produce specialized cellular structures that invade host cells where they remain enveloped by host-derived membranes. The mechanisms underlying the biogenesis and functions of host-microbe interfaces are poorly understood. Here, we show that plant late endocytic trafficking is diverted toward the extrahaustorial membrane (EHM); a host-pathogen interface that develops in plant cells invaded by Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans. A late endosome and tonoplast marker protein Rab7 GTPase RabG3c, but not a tonoplast-localized sucrose transporter, is recruited to the EHM, suggesting specific rerouting of vacuole-targeted late endosomes to a host-pathogen interface. We revealed the dynamic nature of this process by showing that, upon activation, a cell surface immune receptor traffics toward the haustorial interface. Our work provides insight into the biogenesis of the EHM and reveals dynamic processes that recruit membrane compartments and immune receptors to this host-pathogen interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolga O Bozkurt
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK; Current address: Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Ben Khaled S, Postma J, Robatzek S. A moving view: subcellular trafficking processes in pattern recognition receptor-triggered plant immunity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 53:379-402. [PMID: 26243727 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A significant challenge for plants is to induce localized defense responses at sites of pathogen attack. Therefore, host subcellular trafficking processes enable accumulation and exchange of defense compounds, which contributes to the plant on-site defenses in response to pathogen perception. This review summarizes our current understanding of the transport processes that facilitate immunity, the significance of which is highlighted by pathogens reprogramming membrane trafficking through host cell translocated effectors. Prominent immune-related cargos of plant trafficking pathways are the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which must be present at the plasma membrane to sense microbes in the apoplast. We focus on the dynamic localization of the FLS2 receptor and discuss the pathways that regulate receptor transport within the cell and their link to FLS2-mediated immunity. One emerging theme is that ligand-induced late endocytic trafficking is conserved across different PRR protein families as well as across different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ben Khaled
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
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Beck M, Wyrsch I, Strutt J, Wimalasekera R, Webb A, Boller T, Robatzek S. Expression patterns of flagellin sensing 2 map to bacterial entry sites in plant shoots and roots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:6487-98. [PMID: 25205577 PMCID: PMC4246182 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens can colonize all plant organs and tissues. To prevent this, each cell must be capable of autonomously triggering defence. Therefore, it is generally assumed that primary sensors of the immune system are constitutively present. One major primary sensor against bacterial infection is the flagellin sensing 2 (FLS2) pattern recognition receptor (PRR). To gain insights into its expression pattern, the FLS2 promoter activity in β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter lines was monitored. The data show that pFLS2::GUS activity is highest in cells and tissues vulnerable to bacterial entry and colonization, such as stomata, hydathodes, and lateral roots. GUS activity is also high in the vasculature and, by monitoring Ca(2+) responses in the vasculature, it was found that this tissue contributes to flg22-induced Ca(2+) burst. The FLS2 promoter is also regulated in a tissue- and cell type-specific manner and is responsive to hormones, damage, and biotic stresses. This results in stimulus-dependent expansion of the FLS2 expression domain. In summary, a tissue- and cell type-specific map of FLS2 expression has been created correlating with prominent entry sites and target tissues of plant bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Beck
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ines Wyrsch
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Basel, Switzerland
| | - James Strutt
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Rinukshi Wimalasekera
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Alex Webb
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Thomas Boller
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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Mäkelä MR, Donofrio N, de Vries RP. Plant biomass degradation by fungi. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 72:2-9. [PMID: 25192611 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Plant biomass degradation by fungi has implications for several fields of science. The enzyme systems employed by fungi for this are broadly used in various industrial sectors such as food & feed, pulp & paper, detergents, textile, wine, and more recently biofuels and biochemicals. In addition, the topic is highly relevant in the field of plant pathogenic fungi as they degrade plant biomass to either gain access to the plant or as carbon source, resulting in significant crop losses. Finally, fungi are the main degraders of plant biomass in nature and as such have an essential role in the global carbon cycle and ecology in general. In this review we provide a global view on the development of this research topic in saprobic ascomycetes and basidiomycetes and in plant pathogenic fungi and link this to the other papers of this special issue on plant biomass degradation by fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miia R Mäkelä
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nicole Donofrio
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Du M, Zhai Q, Deng L, Li S, Li H, Yan L, Huang Z, Wang B, Jiang H, Huang T, Li CB, Wei J, Kang L, Li J, Li C. Closely related NAC transcription factors of tomato differentially regulate stomatal closure and reopening during pathogen attack. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:3167-84. [PMID: 25005917 PMCID: PMC4145139 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.128272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To restrict pathogen entry, plants close stomata as an integral part of innate immunity. To counteract this defense, Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato produces coronatine (COR), which mimics jasmonic acid (JA), to reopen stomata for bacterial entry. It is believed that abscisic acid (ABA) plays a central role in regulating bacteria-triggered stomatal closure and that stomatal reopening requires the JA/COR pathway, but the downstream signaling events remain unclear. We studied the stomatal immunity of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and report here the distinct roles of two homologous NAC (for NAM, ATAF1,2, and CUC2) transcription factors, JA2 (for jasmonic acid2) and JA2L (for JA2-like), in regulating pathogen-triggered stomatal movement. ABA activates JA2 expression, and genetic manipulation of JA2 revealed its positive role in ABA-mediated stomatal closure. We show that JA2 exerts this effect by regulating the expression of an ABA biosynthetic gene. By contrast, JA and COR activate JA2L expression, and genetic manipulation of JA2L revealed its positive role in JA/COR-mediated stomatal reopening. We show that JA2L executes this effect by regulating the expression of genes involved in the metabolism of salicylic acid. Thus, these closely related NAC proteins differentially regulate pathogen-induced stomatal closure and reopening through distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qingzhe Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shuyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongshuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liuhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Institute of Vegetable, Qingdao Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Chang-Bao Li
- Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jianing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Le Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Jingfu Li
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chuanyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Fernandes I, Alves A, Correia A, Devreese B, Esteves AC. Secretome analysis identifies potential virulence factors of Diplodia corticola, a fungal pathogen involved in cork oak (Quercus suber) decline. Fungal Biol 2014; 118:516-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
Over the past decade, considerable advances have been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms that underpin the arms race between plant pathogens and their hosts. Alongside genomic, bioinformatic, proteomic, biochemical and cell biological analyses of plant-pathogen interactions, three-dimensional structural studies of virulence proteins deployed by pathogens to promote infection, in some cases complexed with their plant cell targets, have uncovered key insights into the functions of these molecules. Structural information on plant immune receptors, which regulate the response to pathogen attack, is also starting to emerge. Structural studies of bacterial plant pathogen-host systems have been leading the way, but studies of filamentous plant pathogens are gathering pace. In this Review, we summarize the key developments in the structural biology of plant pathogen-host interactions.
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Enhanced Botrytis cinerea resistance of Arabidopsis plants grown in compost may be explained by increased expression of defense-related genes, as revealed by microarray analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56075. [PMID: 23405252 PMCID: PMC3566078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Composts are the products obtained after the aerobic degradation of different types of organic matter waste and can be used as substrates or substrate/soil amendments for plant cultivation. There is a small but increasing number of reports that suggest that foliar diseases may be reduced when using compost, rather than standard substrates, as growing medium. The purpose of this study was to examine the gene expression alteration produced by the compost to gain knowledge of the mechanisms involved in compost-induced systemic resistance. A compost from olive marc and olive tree leaves was able to induce resistance against Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis, unlike the standard substrate, perlite. Microarray analyses revealed that 178 genes were differently expressed, with a fold change cut-off of 1, of which 155 were up-regulated and 23 were down-regulated in compost-grown, as against perlite-grown plants. A functional enrichment study of up-regulated genes revealed that 38 Gene Ontology terms were significantly enriched. Response to stress, biotic stimulus, other organism, bacterium, fungus, chemical and abiotic stimulus, SA and ABA stimulus, oxidative stress, water, temperature and cold were significantly enriched, as were immune and defense responses, systemic acquired resistance, secondary metabolic process and oxireductase activity. Interestingly, PR1 expression, which was equally enhanced by growing the plants in compost and by B. cinerea inoculation, was further boosted in compost-grown pathogen-inoculated plants. Compost triggered a plant response that shares similarities with both systemic acquired resistance and ABA-dependent/independent abiotic stress responses.
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