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Lambea-Gil Á, Martínez-de-Morentín-Narvarcorena AL, Tejada-Meza H, Zapatero-González D, Madurga-Revilla P, Bestué-Cardiel M. Paediatric stroke in the northern Spanish region of Aragon: incidence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes. Neurologia 2024; 39:474-485. [PMID: 35691906 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent years have seen considerable changes in the prevention and treatment of acute ischaemic stroke in adult patients. However, the low incidence of paediatric stroke makes the development of specific guidelines more challenging. This study aims to clarify the situation of these children in our region in order to establish a regional protocol to improve the care provided to these patients. METHODS We performed a regional incidence study of pediatric stroke (≤ 15 years of age) in Aragon, Spain (1308728 population, 15% aged ≤ 15 years) between 2008 and 2019. Data were obtained from hospital discharge records, including deaths, from the regional health service of Aragón, according to ICD codes for cerebrovascular disease. We analysed demographic, clinical, diagnostic/therapeutic, and prognostic variables. RESULTS A total of 21 events were recorded: 8 ischaemic (38.1%) and 13 haemorrhagic strokes (61.9%). The mean age (SD) was 9.3 years (1.0). The sample included 12 boys and nine girls. No statistically significant differences were found between ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes, except in the chief complaint (language and motor impairment in ischaemic stroke and headache in haemorrhagic stroke). None of the patients with ischaemic stroke received reperfusion therapies. Including the 3 patients who died during hospitalisation, eight patients (42.1%) had modified Rankin Scale scores > 2 at 12 months. Motor deficits were the most common sequela (n=9). CONCLUSION Though infrequent, paediatric stroke has an important functional impact. In Spain, Madrid was the first region to adapt the existing code stroke care networks for adult patients. In Aragon, this review has enabled us to work closely with the different stakeholders to offer a care plan for acute paediatric ischaemic stroke. Nevertheless, prospective national registries would be valuable to continue improving the care provided to these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Á Lambea-Gil
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain; Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Aragón, Aragón, Spain.
| | | | - H Tejada-Meza
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain; Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Aragón, Aragón, Spain
| | - D Zapatero-González
- Servicio de Estrategias en Salud de la Dirección General de Sanidad, Gobierno de Aragón, Aragón, Spain
| | - P Madurga-Revilla
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Materno Infantil - Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Bestué-Cardiel
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain; Servicio de Estrategias en Salud de la Dirección General de Sanidad, Gobierno de Aragón, Aragón, Spain
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2
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Wilson JL, Waak M, Barry M, Jordan LC, Sun LR. Tenecteplase in Pediatric Stroke: Ready or Not. Pediatr Neurol 2024; 151:17-20. [PMID: 38070460 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravenous thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator is used for off-label treatment of acute childhood stroke. Tenecteplase (TNK) is used to treat acute stroke in adults at many institutions, although there are extremely few data about TNK use in children. We aimed to characterize pediatric stroke experts' experience and preferences with regard to TNK use in children with stroke. METHODS Online survey distributed to members of the International Pediatric Stroke Organization in April 2023. RESULTS We received 33 responses. Most (81.2%) respondents reported only being "a little familiar" or "somewhat familiar" with TNK. Only six (18%) respondents reported being "familiar" or "very familiar" with TNK. Seventy percent of respondents were willing to treat pediatric stroke with TNK, at least in some situations. In a hypothetical scenario of a child in an outside emergency room with only TNK available, 81.8% would consider recommending treatment with TNK. However, only three (9.1%) respondents had TNK in their stroke protocol and seven (21.2%) had TNK on formulary at their hospital. Two respondents reported direct awareness of a child treated with TNK. CONCLUSIONS The majority of pediatric stroke neurologists responding to this survey reported a willingness to consider TNK use in children. However, data on TNK use in children, provider experience, and pediatric hospital preparedness are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Wilson
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
| | - Michaela Waak
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Queensland Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Megan Barry
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lori C Jordan
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lisa R Sun
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Division of Stroke, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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3
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Pero G, Ruggieri F, Macera A, Piano M, Gladin CR, Motto C, Cervo A, Chieregato A. Endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke in childhood: A comprehensive literature review based on the experience of a single center. Eur J Radiol Open 2023; 11:100528. [PMID: 37840654 PMCID: PMC10569978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejro.2023.100528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in childhood is a relatively rare but significant condition that can result in long-term disabilities. There is a lack of standardized strategies for diagnosing and treating pediatric AIS due to limited evidence-based data on thrombolytic and endovascular treatments in children. This comprehensive literature review focuses on the experience of a single center in Italy and aims to highlight the main peculiarities of endovascular treatment (EVT) for AIS in childhood. The review covers the diagnostic workup, the endovascular procedures, and the need for a specific thrombectomy program for pediatric AIS. The review discusses the indications and considerations for thrombectomy in children, including the risk of complications and the challenges of extrapolating results from adult studies. The diagnostic protocols for pediatric AIS are also discussed, emphasizing the use of MRI to avoid X-ray and contrast medium exposure in children. The combination of intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy has been examined, considering the differences between pediatric and adult thrombi. Technical considerations related to the size of pediatric patients are addressed, including the use of large bore catheters and potential concerns with access points. The organization of a thrombectomy program for pediatric AIS is discussed, emphasizing the need for specialized facilities and expertise. Although evidence for EVT in the pediatric population is based on case series, the importance of specialized centers and the lack of validated guidelines are evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Pero
- Department of Neuroradiology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Ruggieri
- Neurointensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Macera
- Department of Neuroradiology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariangela Piano
- Department of Neuroradiology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Caroline Regna Gladin
- Department of Neuroradiology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Motto
- Neurology Department, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Amedeo Cervo
- Department of Neuroradiology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Arturo Chieregato
- Neurointensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
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4
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Sebbens D, Spruit JL. Hematologic and Oncologic Emergencies in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: What Nurses Should Know. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 2023; 35:303-314. [PMID: 37532384 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnc.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Most children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit with a new or reoccurring hematology or oncology diagnosis are at high risk for developing a hematologic or oncologic emergency. Although these children represent a low percentage of pediatric critical care admissions, their acuity is high, and their care is complicated and challenging. Nurses are an essential part of the interprofessional team of providers who care for these critically ill patients. Experience recognizing acute decompensation and excellent assessment and communication skills significantly improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Sebbens
- Arizona State University, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, 500 North 3rd Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004-0698, USA; Phoenix Children's Hospital, 1919 East Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA.
| | - Jessica L Spruit
- Mott Children's Hospital, 1540 East Hospital Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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5
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Carlhan-Ledermann A, Bartoli A, Gebistorf F, Beghetti M, Sologashvili T, Rebollo Polo M, Fluss J. Decompressive hemicraniectomy in pediatric malignant arterial ischemic stroke: a case-based review. Childs Nerv Syst 2023; 39:2377-2389. [PMID: 37493722 PMCID: PMC10432330 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-023-06086-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Malignant stroke is a life-threatening emergency, with a high mortality rate (1-3). Despite strong evidence showing decreased morbidity and mortality in the adult population, decompressive hemicraniectomy (DCH) has been scarcely reported in the pediatric stroke population, and its indication remains controversial, while it could be a potential lifesaving option. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed an extensive literature review on pediatric malignant arterial ischemic stroke (pmAIS) and selected 26 articles reporting 97 cases. Gathering the data together, a 67% mortality rate is observed without decompressive therapy, contrasting with a 95.4% survival rate with it. The median modified Rankin score (mRS) is 2.1 after surgery with a mean follow-up of 31.8 months. For the 33% of children who survived without surgery, the mRS is 3 at a mean follow-up of 19 months. As an illustrative case, we report on a 2-year-old girl who presented a cardioembolic right middle cerebral artery stroke with subsequent malignant edema and ongoing cerebral transtentorial herniation in the course of a severe myocarditis requiring ECMO support. A DCH was done 32 h after symptom onset. At the age of 5 years, she exhibits an mRS of 3. CONCLUSION Pediatric stroke with malignant edema is a severe condition with high mortality rate if left untreated and often long-lasting consequences. DCH might minimize the vicious circle of cerebral swelling, increasing intracranial pressure and brain ischemia. Our literature review underscores DCH as an efficient therapeutic measure management of pmAIS even when performed after a significant delay; however, long-lasting morbidities remain high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Carlhan-Ledermann
- Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Woman, Child and Adolescent Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Bartoli
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Gebistorf
- Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Woman, Child and Adolescent Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maurice Beghetti
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Woman, Child and Adolescent Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tornike Sologashvili
- Cardiovascular Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Monica Rebollo Polo
- Pediatric Radiology Unit, Department of Radiology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joel Fluss
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Woman, Child and Adolescent Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Kumar R, Rivkin MJ, Raffini L. Thrombotic complications in children with Coronavirus disease 2019 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome of Childhood. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:2313-2326. [PMID: 37268064 PMCID: PMC10232718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated coagulopathy is multifactorial and involves inflammation driven hypercoagulability, endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation, and impaired fibrinolysis. Hospitalized adults with COVID-19 are at an increased risk of both venous thromboembolism and ischemic stroke, resulting in adverse outcomes, including increased mortality. Although COVID-19 in children follows a less severe course, both arterial and venous thromboses have been reported in hospitalized children with COVID-19. Additionally, some children develop a postinfectious, hyperinflammatory illness termed multisystem inflammatory syndrome of childhood (MIS-C), which is also associated with hypercoagulability and thrombosis. Several randomized trials have evaluated the safety and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in adults with COVID-19, although similar pediatric data are lacking. In this narrative review, we discuss the postulated pathophysiology of COVID-19 coagulopathy and summarize principal findings of the recently completed adult trials of antithrombotic therapy. We provide an up-to-date summary of pediatric studies investigating the rate of venous thromboembolism and ischemic stroke in COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome of childhood in addition to reviewing the findings of the single, nonrandomized pediatric trial investigating the safety of prophylactic anticoagulation. Lastly, we outline adult and pediatric consensus guidelines on the use of antithrombotic therapy in this cohort. A detailed discussion of the practical implementation and current limitations of published data will hopefully address the knowledge deficits surrounding the use of antithrombotic therapy in children with COVID-19 and generate hypotheses for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riten Kumar
- Dana Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Michael J Rivkin
- Department of Neurology, Stroke and Cerebrovascular Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leslie Raffini
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Gardner Yelton SE, Williams MA, Young M, Fields J, Pearl MS, Casella JF, Lawrence CE, Felling RJ, Jackson EM, Robertson C, Scafidi S, Lee JK, Cohen AR, Sun LR. Perioperative Management of Pediatric Patients with Moyamoya Arteriopathy. J Pediatr Intensive Care 2023; 12:159-166. [PMID: 37565017 PMCID: PMC10411150 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric patients with moyamoya arteriopathy are at high risk for developing new onset transient or permanent neurologic deficits secondary to cerebral hypoperfusion, particularly in the perioperative period. It is therefore essential to carefully manage these patients in a multidisciplinary, coordinated effort to reduce the risk of new permanent neurologic deficits. However, little has been published on perioperative management of pediatric patients with moyamoya, particularly in the early postoperative period during intensive care unit admission. Our pediatric neurocritical care team sought to create a multidisciplinary periprocedural evidence- and consensus-based care pathway for high-risk pediatric patients with moyamoya arteriopathy undergoing anesthesia for any reason to decrease the incidence of periprocedural stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). We reviewed the literature to identify risk factors associated with perioperative stroke or TIA among patients with moyamoya and to gather data supporting specific perioperative management strategies. A multidisciplinary team from pediatric anesthesia, neurocritical care, nursing, child life, neurosurgery, interventional neuroradiology, neurology, and hematology created a care pathway for children with moyamoya undergoing anesthesia, classifying them as either high or standard risk, and applying an individualized perioperative management plan to high-risk patients. The incidence of neurologic sequelae before and after pathway implementation will be compared in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Gardner Yelton
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Monica A. Williams
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Mollie Young
- Child Life Department, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Jennifer Fields
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Monica S. Pearl
- Department of Radiology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
- Departments of Radiology and Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | - James F. Casella
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Courtney E. Lawrence
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Ryan J. Felling
- Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Eric M. Jackson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Courtney Robertson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Susanna Scafidi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Jennifer K. Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Alan R. Cohen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Lisa R. Sun
- Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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Phelps K, Silos C, De La Torre S, Moreno A, Lapus R, Sanghani N, Koenig M, Savitz S, Green C, Fraser S. Establishing a pediatric acute stroke protocol: experience of a new pediatric stroke program and predictors of acute stroke. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1194990. [PMID: 37273694 PMCID: PMC10232855 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1194990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pediatric stroke is among the top 10 causes of death in pediatrics. Rapid recognition and treatment can improve outcomes in select patients, as evidenced by recent retrospective studies in pediatric thrombectomy. We established a collaborative protocol involving the vascular neurology and pediatric neurology division in our institution to rapidly diagnose and treat pediatric suspected stroke. We also prospectively collected data to attempt to identify predictors of acute stroke in pediatric patients. Methods IRB approval was obtained to prospectively collect clinical data on pediatric code stroke activations based on timing metrics in resident-physician note templates. The protocol emphasized magnetic resonance imaging over computed tomography imaging when possible. We analyzed performance of the system with descriptive statistics. We then performed a Bayesian statistical analysis to search for predictors of pediatric stroke. Results There were 40 pediatric code strokes over the 2.5-year study period with a median age of 10.8 years old. 12 (30%) of patients had stroke, and 28 (70%) of code stroke patients were diagnosed with a stroke mimic. Median time from code stroke activation to completion of imaging confirming or ruling out stroke was 1 h. In the Bayesian analysis, altered mental status, hemiparesis, and vasculopathy history were associated with increased odds of stroke, though credible intervals were wide due to the small sample size. Conclusion A trainee developed and initiated pediatric acute stroke protocol quickly implemented a hospital wide change in management that led to rapid diagnosis and triage of pediatric stroke and suspected stroke. No additional personnel or resources were needed for this change, and we encourage other hospitals and emergency departments to implement similar systems. Additionally, hemiparesis and altered mental status were predictors of stroke for pediatric acute stroke activation in our Bayesian statistical analysis. However credible intervals were wide due to the small sample size. Further multicenter data collection could more definitively analyze predictors of stroke, as well as the help in the creation of diagnostic tools for clinicians in the emergency setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Phelps
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Christin Silos
- School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- The UTHealth Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Susan De La Torre
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Amee Moreno
- Baylor University Louise Herrington School of Nursing, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Robert Lapus
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nipa Sanghani
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mary Koenig
- Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sean Savitz
- The UTHealth Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Charles Green
- The UTHealth Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Stuart Fraser
- The UTHealth Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
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Khan M. Rehabilitation in Animal Models of Stroke. Phys Ther Res 2023; 26:39-43. [PMID: 37621571 PMCID: PMC10445120 DOI: 10.1298/ptr.r0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review was to evaluate the efficacy of rehabilitation strategies in animal models of stroke and their correlation with human stroke studies. METHODS General description of a stroke, functional recovery, and rehabilitation modalities were included from published studies in the field of animal models of cerebral ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion. RESULTS In stroke survivors, rehabilitation plays a significant role to improve motor function, cognition, and other subtle behaviors. Targeted pharmacological agents, including neuroprotective drugs, are helpful in animal models of stroke. However, no drug has yet been found that meets the criteria that would make it the Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment for human stroke. Instead, the rehabilitation of stroke in humans is limited to physical and occupational therapy, speech therapy, environmental enrichment, and social activities, as well as spiritual and family support. CONCLUSION Studies on stroke injury and the significance of stroke animals' rehabilitation, including physical and pharmacological, approaches are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushfiquddin Khan
- Professor Emeritus, Department of Pediatrics, Charles P. Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
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10
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Felling RJ, Jordan LC, Mrakotsky C, deVeber G, Peterson RK, Mineyko A, Feldman SJ, Shapiro K, Lo W, Beslow LA. Roadmap for the Assessment and Management of Outcomes in Pediatric Stroke. Pediatr Neurol 2023; 141:93-100. [PMID: 36805967 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Neurological morbidity is common after pediatric stroke, with moderate to severe deficits that can significantly impact education and social function. Care and recovery occur in phases distinguished by the time interval after stroke onset. These phases include the hyperacute and acute periods in which the focus is on cerebral reperfusion and prevention of neurological deterioration, followed by the subacute and chronic phases in which the focus is on secondary stroke prevention and mitigation of disability through rehabilitation, adaptation, and reintegration into the community. In this article, a multidisciplinary group of pediatric stroke experts review the stages of recovery after pediatric stroke with an emphasis on critical assessment time points. Our goal is to encourage increased standardization of outcome assessment to facilitate future clinical trials comparing various treatment and intervention options and advance optimized care for children with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Felling
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Lori C Jordan
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Christine Mrakotsky
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, Center for Neuropsychology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gabrielle deVeber
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel K Peterson
- Neuropsychology Department, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Aleksandra Mineyko
- Section of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Samantha J Feldman
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Research Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Shapiro
- Cortica Healthcare, Westlake Village, California; Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital Lost Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Warren Lo
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, The Ohio State University Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lauren A Beslow
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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11
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Heckman CA, Miller DJ, Kremer KM, Martinez ML, Jea AH. An ischemic myelopathy case series: Flaccid paraplegia following a spike ball save and numbness while walking normally. Brain Circ 2023; 9:107-111. [PMID: 37576578 PMCID: PMC10419739 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_80_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord infarctions in children are rare and early magnetic resonance imaging studies are often negative. A high clinical suspicion must be maintained to identify stroke and initiate workup for underlying etiology to suggest appropriate treatment. We present two cases of spinal cord infarction without major preceding trauma. The first was caused by disc herniation and external impingement of a radiculomedullary artery and the second was due to fibrocartilaginous embolism with classic imaging findings of ventral and dorsal cord infarctions, respectively. These cases were treated conservatively with diagnostic workup and aspirin, though additional treatments which can be considered with prompt diagnosis are also explored in our discussion. Both cases recovered the ability to ambulate independently within months. Case 1 is attending college and ambulates campus with a single-point cane. Case 2 ambulates independently, though has some difficulty with proprioception of the feet so uses wheelchairs for long-distance ambulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A. Heckman
- Undergraduate, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Derryl J. Miller
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kelly M. Kremer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Mesha L. Martinez
- Department of Clinical Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Andrew H. Jea
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Oklahoma University, Oklahoma Children’s Hospital, Oklahoma, United States
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12
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Fox C. Pediatric Ischemic Stroke. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2023; 29:566-583. [PMID: 37039410 DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000001239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pediatric cerebrovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death and disability in children. Survivors of childhood stroke and their families are often left to cope with long-lasting sequelae, such as barriers to school reentry and long-term challenges in attaining independence as adults. Because childhood stroke is rare and providers may not be familiar with the disorder, this article reviews the risk factors, acute management, and sequelae of ischemic stroke in children. LATEST DEVELOPMENTS High-quality evidence has resulted in an organized approach to emergent treatment of ischemic stroke in adults, but most front-line providers are less prepared for emergent stroke management in children. The level of evidence for reperfusion therapies in children remains low but is growing. Thrombolysis and thrombectomy are sometimes considered for hyperacute treatment of stroke in children. Readiness for pediatric stroke at regional centers should include an organized approach to pediatric stroke triage and management based on extrapolation from adult stroke trials, expert consensus, and emerging pediatric studies. ESSENTIAL POINTS This review provides up-to-date information about ischemic stroke risk factors and management in children. Preparation for rapid stroke diagnosis and management in children may improve outcomes.
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13
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Multidisciplinary Stroke Pathway for Children Supported with Ventricular Assist Devices. ASAIO J 2023; 69:402-410. [PMID: 36917842 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000001822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical circulatory support (MCS), including ventricular assist device (VAD) support, is a leading cause of stroke in children; however, existing pediatric stroke recommendations do not apply to many pediatric VAD patients. We sought to develop a multidisciplinary pathway to improve timely and effective acute stroke care and examine the early performance of the pathway in expediting stroke care. Stakeholders from pediatric heart failure, cardiac intensive care, neurology, interventional radiology, neuroradiology, neurosurgery, pharmacy, and adult VAD care convened at Stanford University in August 2017 to discuss the challenges of providing high-quality acute stroke care to children on VAD support, and to develop multidisciplinary acute stroke pathways. Stakeholders identified multiple barriers to providing timely acute stroke care to pediatric VAD patients. These include delayed recognition of stroke, and lack of clarity related to the optimal imaging technique, when to emergently reverse antithrombotic therapy (AT), pediatric indications for thrombectomy and cranial decompression, and strategies to avoid unnecessary serial CTS. Four stroke pathways were created including evaluation and management of the pediatric patient with (1) an acute neurologic change before an imaging diagnosis; (2) an arterial ischemic stroke (AIS); (3) an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH); and (4) a subdural hematoma (SDH). With the implementation of the stroke pathway, the median time-to-first-CT image decreased by 43 minutes from 66 to 23 minutes (P < 0.001) while the proportion with a CT within 30 minutes increased from 0% to 67% (P < 0.001). Despite a variety of challenges, multidisciplinary consensus can be achieved on a rapid stroke management pathway for children on VAD support that addresses important barriers to timely stroke care. Although too few stoke events occurred to differentiate clinical outcomes, the time-to-first-CT image was significantly shorter after pathway implementation.
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Imaging of Suspected Stroke in Children, From the AJR Special Series on Emergency Radiology. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2023; 220:330-342. [PMID: 36043606 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.22.27816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric stroke encompasses different causes, clinical presentations, and associated conditions across ages. Although it is relatively uncommon, pediatric stroke presents with poor short- and long-term outcomes in many cases. Because of a wide range of overlapping presenting symptoms between pediatric stroke and other more common conditions, such as migraine and seizures, stroke diagnosis can be challenging or delayed in children. When combined with a comprehensive medical history and physical examination, neuroimaging plays a crucial role in diagnosing stroke and differentiating stroke mimics. This review highlights the current neuroimaging workup for diagnosing pediatric stroke in the emergency department, describes advantages and disadvantages of different imaging modalities, highlights disorders that predispose children to infarct or hemorrhage, and presents an overview of stroke mimics. Key differences in the initial approach to suspected stroke between children and adults are also discussed.
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Rawanduzy CA, Earl E, Mayer G, Lucke-Wold B. Pediatric Stroke: A Review of Common Etiologies and Management Strategies. Biomedicines 2022; 11:biomedicines11010002. [PMID: 36672510 PMCID: PMC9856134 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric stroke is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in children. There is a paucity of clinical trials pertaining to pediatric stroke management, and solidified universal guidelines are not established for children the way they are for the adult population. Diagnosis of pediatric stroke can be challenging, and it is often delayed or mischaracterized, which can result in worse outcomes. Understanding risks and appropriate therapy is paramount to improving care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Earl
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Greg Mayer
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Brandon Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
- Correspondence:
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16
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Arteriell ischämischer Schlaganfall im Kindes- und Jugendalter. DER NERVENARZT 2022; 93:1258-1270. [PMCID: PMC9667834 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-022-01409-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Is the Early Diagnosis of Pediatric Stroke Possible in the Emergency Department? Pediatr Emerg Care 2022; 38:578-581. [PMID: 35575792 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000002748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pediatric stroke is a neurological emergency. Knowing the predictive clinical markers for childhood stroke will help in early diagnosis and patient management. This study aims to (1) evaluate patients admitted to the pediatric emergency department (PED) with acute neurological signs and/or symptoms who underwent neuroimaging and (2) determine the clinical warning signs for the early recognition of stroke. METHODS One hundred one patients aged 1 month to 18 years who were admitted with stroke-related neurological signs and symptoms and underwent neuroimaging in the PED were retrospectively analyzed using the file record system. As a result of these imaging tests, the characteristics of patients with stroke and nonstroke were compared. RESULTS The mean age of the 92 included patients was 10.7 (SD, 4.5) years. Among the admission symptoms of the patients, a significant difference was observed only in terms of speech disorder, whereas a significant difference was found in the examination results for altered consciousness and dysarthria. The incidences of hemiplegia and hemiparesis were higher in the stroke group, but they were not statistically significant. The median duration of time from symptom onset to PED admission was 240 minutes (interquartile range, 30-1440 minutes). The mean time from PED admission to magnetic resonance imaging in the stroke group was 2.3 (SD, 0.7) hours, which was significantly shorter than for the nonstroke group (4.9 [SD, 1.2] hours, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Childhood stroke is a neurological emergency that requires a multidisciplinary approach. Early stroke diagnosis is vital for treatment and prognosis. With respect to sudden neurological deficits, particularly dysarthria, altered consciousness, hemiplegia, and hemiparesis, should alert clinicians to stroke. In addition, interdepartmental cooperation is essential both in the rapid recognition of stroke and the treatment and follow-up processes.
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18
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Mawhinney DC, Mullen S, Clarke N. Unusual case of stroke in childhood. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2022; 107:366-368. [PMID: 33727215 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-319067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Clifford Mawhinney
- Department of Emergency, Southern Health and Social Care Trust, Portadown, UK .,Department of Emergency, Royal Belfast Children's Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Stephen Mullen
- Paediatric Emergency Department, Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, Belfast, UK
| | - Nicholas Clarke
- Department of Radiology, Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, Belfast, UK
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19
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Acute Hospital Management of Pediatric Stroke. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2022; 43:100990. [PMID: 36344020 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2022.100990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The field of pediatric stroke has historically been hampered by limited evidence and small patient cohorts. However the landscape of childhood stroke is rapidly changing due in part to increasing awareness of the importance of pediatric stroke and the emergence of dedicated pediatric stroke centers, care pathways, and alert systems. Acute pediatric stroke management hinges on timely diagnosis confirmed by neuroimaging, appropriate consideration of recanalization therapies, implementation of neuroprotective measures, and attention to secondary prevention. Because pediatric stroke is highly heterogenous in etiology, management strategies must be individualized. Determining a child's underlying stroke etiology is essential to appropriately tailoring hyperacute stroke management and determining best approach to secondary prevention. Herein, we review the methods of recognition, diagnosis, management, current knowledge gaps and promising research for pediatric stroke.
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20
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Scoville J, Joyce E, Harper J, Hunsaker J, Gren L, Porucznik C, Kestle JRW. A survey and analysis of pediatric stroke protocols. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2022; 31:106661. [PMID: 35896054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Despite their comparative rarity, about 10,000 ischemic strokes occur in children every year, and no standardized method of treatment exists. Protocols have been effective at increasing diagnosis accuracy and treatment efficacy in adults, but little has been done to evaluate such tools in children. A survey was developed to identify the proportion of pediatric hospitals that have stroke protocols and analyze the components used for diagnosis and treatment to identify consensus. Materials and methods Physicians at 50 pediatric hospitals that contributed to the Pediatric Hospital Inpatient Sample in specialties involved in the treatment of stroke (i.e, neurology, neurosurgery, radiology, pediatric intensive care, and emergency medicine) were invited in a purposive and referral manner to complete and 18-question survey. Consensus agreement was predefined as >75%. Results Of 264 surveys distributed, 93 (35%) were returned, accounting for 46 (92%) hospitals. Among the respondents, 76 (82%) reported the presence of a pediatric stroke protocol at their hospital. Consensus agreement was reached in 9 components, including the use of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (90%) and mechanical thrombectomy (77%) as treatments for acute stroke. Consensus agreement was not reached in 10 components, including the use of prehospital (16%) and emergency department (59%) screening tools and a centralized contact method (57%). Conclusions Pediatric ischemic stroke is a potentially devastating disease that is potentially reversible if treated early. Most pediatric hospitals have developed stroke protocols to aid in diagnosis and treatment, but there is a lack of consensus on what the protocols should contain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Scoville
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, 175 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84123, USA; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Evan Joyce
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, 175 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84123, USA
| | - Jonathan Harper
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Joshua Hunsaker
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lisa Gren
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Christina Porucznik
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - John R W Kestle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, 175 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84123, USA
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21
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Gaus S, Tacke M, Bevot A. Neuropädiatrische Notfälle im Kindesalter. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-022-01521-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Angappan D, Garrett M, Henry C, Riddle A, Wilson JL. Pediatric Stroke due to Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Treated with Thrombolysis and Thrombectomy: A Case Report. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:875. [PMID: 35740812 PMCID: PMC9221651 DOI: 10.3390/children9060875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a condition that results from the compression of neurovascular structures as they exit the thorax. Arterial ischemic stroke can occur in TOS due to retrograde embolism from the subclavian artery. We describe a 15-year-old girl who presented with left hemiplegia after 2 weeks of right arm numbness and tingling. Imaging showed an acute ischemic stroke due to a right middle cerebral artery occlusion. She was treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator at 1.3 h and mechanical thrombectomy at 2.4 h with successful recanalization. Review of her neck computed tomography angiogram suggested a right subclavian artery aneurysm, and upper-extremity imaging also demonstrated distal thrombosis and fusion of right first and second ribs, which was consistent with thoracic outlet syndrome. Three days later, she underwent a right subclavian artery aneurysm repair, right brachial and ulnar artery thrombectomy, and first rib resection. Three months later, she demonstrated good neurologic recovery. TOS is an uncommon cause of stroke in children, which may be heralded by upper-extremity symptoms. Interventionalists should be aware of the possibility of vascular anomalies in children; however, this finding does not exclude the possibility of acute stroke intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanalakshmi Angappan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (D.A.); (M.G.); (A.R.)
| | - McKinnon Garrett
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (D.A.); (M.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Candice Henry
- Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Art Riddle
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (D.A.); (M.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Jenny L. Wilson
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (D.A.); (M.G.); (A.R.)
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23
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Valentine K, Kummick J. PICU Pharmacology. Pediatr Clin North Am 2022; 69:509-529. [PMID: 35667759 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The care of the critically-ill child often includes medications used to optimize organ function, treat infections, and provide comfort. Pediatric pharmacology has some key differences that should be leveraged for safe pharmacologic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Valentine
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Suite 4900, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Janelle Kummick
- Butler University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Riley Hospital for Children, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Room W6111, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Gerstl L, Borggräfe I, Heinen F, Olivieri M. Arteriell ischämischer Schlaganfall im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2022; 170:458-471. [PMID: 35465384 PMCID: PMC9020421 DOI: 10.1007/s00112-022-01465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Der arteriell ischämische Schlaganfall im Kindes- und Jugendalter gehört zu den zeitkritischsten pädiatrischen Notfällen, wird aber häufig erst mit prognostisch relevanter Zeitverzögerung diagnostiziert. Gründe sind geringe „Awareness“, die zuweilen unspezifische klinische Präsentation mit einer Breite an kritischen Differenzialdiagnosen und in der Fläche noch wenig verzahnte Akutversorgungsstrukturen. Die beim Erwachsenen etablierten Revaskularisationsstrategien zeigen auch beim Kind mögliche, z. T. spektakuläre Erfolge. Diese sind daher nach Möglichkeit auch betroffenen Kindern zur Verfügung zu stellen, auch wenn hier derzeit keine annähernd vergleichbare Evidenz vorliegt. Postakut ist die ätiologische Aufarbeitung aufgrund zu bedenkender Risikofaktoren komplex, muss aber das individuelle Risikoprofil mit Sekundärprophylaxe, Rezidivrisiko und Outcome präzise identifizieren. Die Langzeitbetreuung im multiprofessionellen, interdisziplinären Team muss die bio-psycho-sozialen Aspekte des Kindes in seiner jeweiligen Entwicklungsphase berücksichtigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Gerstl
- Kinderklinik und Kinderpoliklinik im Dr. von Haunerschen Kinderspital, Abteilung für Pädiatrische Neurologie, Entwicklungsneurologie und Sozialpädiatrie, LMU Zentrum für Entwicklung und komplex chronisch kranke Kinder – iSPZ Hauner, LMU Klinikum München, Campus Innenstadt, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337 München, Deutschland
| | - I. Borggräfe
- Kinderklinik und Kinderpoliklinik im Dr. von Haunerschen Kinderspital, Abteilung für Pädiatrische Neurologie, Entwicklungsneurologie und Sozialpädiatrie, LMU Zentrum für Entwicklung und komplex chronisch kranke Kinder – iSPZ Hauner, LMU Klinikum München, Campus Innenstadt, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337 München, Deutschland
| | - F. Heinen
- Kinderklinik und Kinderpoliklinik im Dr. von Haunerschen Kinderspital, Abteilung für Pädiatrische Neurologie, Entwicklungsneurologie und Sozialpädiatrie, LMU Zentrum für Entwicklung und komplex chronisch kranke Kinder – iSPZ Hauner, LMU Klinikum München, Campus Innenstadt, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337 München, Deutschland
| | - M. Olivieri
- Kinderklinik und Kinderpoliklinik im Dr. von Haunerschen Kinderspital, Abteilung für Pädiatrische Hämostaseologie, LMU Klinikum München, Campus Innenstadt, München, Deutschland
- Kinderklinik und Kinderpoliklinik im Dr. von Haunerschen Kinderspital, Abteilung für Kinderintensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin, LMU Klinikum München, Campus Innenstadt, München, Deutschland
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Barkley T, Khalid R, Sharma M, Sherman A, Flint J. Demographics in Children Presenting With Acute Neurologic Deficits Concerning for Stroke: An Evaluation of the Stroke Alert Process. J Child Neurol 2022; 37:321-328. [PMID: 35322717 DOI: 10.1177/08830738221049117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To assess the demographics and clinical characteristics of children presenting with acute neurologic symptoms concerning for stroke. Background: Stroke leads to significant morbidity in the pediatric population. Stroke protocols were created as a means to help identify and triage these children. Despite implementation of these protocols, there have been few population-based studies evaluating the demographics and clinical features of children presenting with acute strokelike symptoms. Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients for whom the stroke alert process was activated from September 2016 through August 2018 at Children's Mercy Hospital. Results: There were a total of 61 activations. Acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack comprised 18% and was the second leading diagnoses after seizure with postictal (Todd) paralysis (20%). Two activations were candidates for mechanical thrombectomy, and none received tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Children with acute ischemic stroke / transient ischemic attack were likely to be younger in age (median 4 years, interquartile range [IQR] 3-9) compared to those with nonischemic stroke diagnoses (median 12.5 years, IQR 7-15.3) (P = .010). The anatomical location of acute ischemic stroke was widespread, including both anterior and posterior circulations. Past medical history, family history, racial demographics, sex, and initial presenting symptoms were not predictive of the diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke / transient ischemic attack. 38% of activations with diagnoses other than transient ischemic attack / acute ischemic stroke required urgent treatment, with 16% requiring intensive care unit admission. Conclusion: Acute ischemic stroke / transient ischemic attack comprised nearly one-fifth of all pediatric stroke activations, highlighting the importance of developing protocols for early recognition and evaluation of children who present with symptoms concerning for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Barkley
- Department of Child Neurology, 4204Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Roha Khalid
- Department of Child Neurology, 4204Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Mukta Sharma
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, 4204Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Flint
- Department of Critical Care, 4204Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
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26
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Gerstl L, Olivieri M, Heinen F, Bidlingmaier C, Schroeder AS, Reiter K, Hoffmann F, Kurnik K, Liebig T, Trumm CG, Haas NA, Jakob A, Borggraefe I. Notfall-Neuropädiatrie – Der arteriell ischämische Schlaganfall als einer der zeitkritischsten Notfälle bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. DER NERVENARZT 2022; 93:158-166. [PMID: 35072763 PMCID: PMC8785019 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-021-01252-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Der arteriell ischämische Schlaganfall im Kindes- und Jugendalter gehört zu den zeitkritischsten Notfällen in der Pädiatrie. Dennoch wird er häufig mit einer oft prognostisch relevanten Zeitverzögerung diagnostiziert. Gründe dafür liegen neben der geringen Awareness auch in der zuweilen unspezifischen klinischen Präsentation mit einer herausfordernden Breite kritischer Differenzialdiagnosen sowie in der Fläche noch wenig verzahnter Akutversorgungsstrukturen. Gleichwohl zeigen grundsätzlich die beim Erwachsenen etablierten Revaskularisationsstrategien auch beim Kind ihre möglichen, zum Teil spektakulären Erfolge. Es gilt also, diese nach Möglichkeit auch den betroffenen Kindern zur Verfügung zu stellen, auch wenn hier derzeit ein nicht annähernd vergleichbarer Grad an Evidenz erreicht ist. Postakut ist die ätiologische Aufarbeitung durch die größere Bandbreite zu bedenkender Risikofaktoren besonders komplex, muss aber in der Lage sein, das individuelle Risikoprofil mit Sekundärprophylaxe, Rezidivrisiko und Outcome präzise zu identifizieren. Die Langzeitbetreuung im multiprofessionellen, interdisziplinären Team muss die biopsychosozialen Aspekte des Kindes in seiner jeweiligen Entwicklungsphase berücksichtigen und damit eine bestmögliche Integration des Kindes in sein soziales und schulisches, später berufliches Umfeld realisieren.
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27
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Acute ischemic stroke in childhood: a comprehensive review. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:45-58. [PMID: 34327611 PMCID: PMC8760225 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-021-04212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an updated analysis of the main aspects involving the diagnosis and the management of children with acute ischemic stroke. Acute ischemic stroke is an emergency of rare occurrence in children (rate of incidence of 1/3500 live birth in newborns and 1-2/100,000 per year during childhood with peaks of incidence during the perinatal period, under the age of 5 and in adolescence). The management of ischemic stroke in the paediatric age is often challenging because of pleomorphic age-dependent risk factors and aetiologies, high frequency of subtle or atypical clinical presentation, and lacking evidence-based data about acute recanalization therapies. Each pediatric tertiary centre should activate adequate institutional protocols for the optimization of diagnostic work-up and treatments.Conclusion: The implementation of institutional standard operating procedures, summarizing the steps for the selection of candidate for neuroimaging among the ones presenting with acute neurological symptoms, may contribute to shorten the times for thrombolysis and/or endovascular treatments and to improve the long-term outcome. What is Known: •Acute ischemic stroke has a higher incidence in newborns than in older children (1/3500 live birth versus 1-2/100,000 per year). •Randomized clinical trial assessing safety and efficacy of thrombolysis and/or endovascular treatment were never performed in children What is New: •Recent studies evidenced a low risk (2.1% of the cases) of intracranial haemorrhages in children treated with thrombolysis. •A faster access to neuroimaging and hyper-acute therapies was associated with the implementation of institutional protocols for the emergency management of pediatric stroke.
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Lambea-Gil Á, Martínez-de-Morentín-Narvarcorena A, Tejada-Meza H, Zapatero-González D, Madurga-Revilla P, Bestué-Cardiel M. Ictus pediátrico en Aragón: incidencia, características y resultados en salud. Neurologia 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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29
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Heit JJ, Muthusami P, Chandra RV, Hui F, Negrotto M, Lee S, Wasserman BA, Abruzzo TA. Reperfusion Therapies for Children With Arterial Ischemic Stroke. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 30:231-243. [PMID: 34613946 DOI: 10.1097/rmr.0000000000000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Modern hyperacute reperfusion therapies including intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy have transformed the management of arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) in adults. Multiple randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that these therapies enable remarkable improvements in clinical outcome for properly selected patients with AIS. Because pediatric patients were excluded from predicate clinical trials, there is a conspicuous lack of data to guide selection of therapies and inform age-adjusted and pathology-oriented treatment modifications for children. Specifically, technical guidance concerning treatment eligibility, drug dosing, and device implementation is lacking. This review aims to outline important features that differentiate pediatric AIS from adult AIS and provide practical strategies that will assist the stroke specialist with therapeutic decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Heit
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Ronil V Chandra
- Monash University Medical Center, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ferdinand Hui
- Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Sarah Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Todd A Abruzzo
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ.,University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ.,Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ
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Lu S, Luo X, Ni X, Li H, Meng M, Cai Y, Liu Y, Ren M, Sun Y, Chen Y. Reporting quality evaluation of the stroke clinical practice guidelines: a systematic review. Syst Rev 2021; 10:262. [PMID: 34593016 PMCID: PMC8485553 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-021-01805-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the effectiveness and quality of stroke clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) published in recent years in order to guide future guideline developers to develop better guidelines. PARTICIPANTS No patient involved METHOD: PubMed, China Biology Medicine (CBM), Wanfang, CNKI, and CPG-relevant websites were searched from January 2015 to December 2019 by two researchers independently. The RIGHT (Reporting Items for Practice Guidelines in Healthcare) checklist was used to assess the reporting quality in terms of domains and items. Then, a subgroup analysis of the results was performed. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES RIGHT checklist reporting rate RESULTS: A total of 66 CPGs were included. Twice as many CPGs were published internationally as were published in China. More than half were updated. Most CPGs are published in journals, developed by societies or associations, and were evidence-based grading. The average reporting rate for all included CPGs was 47.6%. Basic information got the highest (71.7% ± 19.7%) reporting rate, while review and quality assurance got the lowest (22.0% ± 24.6%). Then, a cluster analysis between countries, publishing channels, and institutions was performed. There were no statistically significant differences in the reporting quality on the CPGs between publishing countries (China vs. international), publishing channels (journals vs. websites), and institutions (associations vs. non-associations). CONCLUSIONS Current stroke CPGs reports are of low quality. We recommend that guideline developers improve the quality of reporting of key information and improve the management of conflicts of interest. We recommend that guideline developers consider the RIGHT checklist as an important tool for guideline development. TRIAL REGISTRATION https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/PBWUX .
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Lu
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pediatric, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People's Republic of China
| | - Xufei Luo
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojia Ni
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical School of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China. .,Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haoxuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical School of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical School of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Yefeng Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical School of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlan Liu
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjuan Ren
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanrui Sun
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaolong Chen
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Health Data Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China. .,Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China. .,Lanzhou University, an Affiliate of the Cochrane China Network, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Sporns PB, Fullerton HJ, Lee S, Kirton A, Wildgruber M. Current treatment for childhood arterial ischaemic stroke. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2021; 5:825-836. [PMID: 34331864 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(21)00167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Paediatric arterial ischaemic stroke is an important cause of neurological morbidity in children, with consequences including motor disorders, intellectual impairment, and epilepsy. The causes of paediatric arterial ischaemic stroke are unique compared with those associated with stroke in adulthood. The past decade has seen substantial advances in paediatric stroke research and clinical care, but many unanswered questions and controversies remain. Shortage of prospective evidence for the use of recanalisation therapies in patients with paediatric stroke has resulted in little standardisation of disease management. Substantial time delays in diagnosis and treatment continue to challenge best possible care. In this Review, we highlight on some of the most pressing and productive aspects of research in the treatment of arterial ischaemic stroke in children, including epidemiology and cause, rehabilitation, secondary stroke prevention, and treatment updates focusing on advances in hyperacute therapies such as intravenous thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy, and critical care. Finally, we provide a future perspective for improving outcomes and quality of life for affected children and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Sporns
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinic of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heather J Fullerton
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Weill Institute of Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Lee
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Adam Kirton
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Moritz Wildgruber
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Pediatric Patient with Ischemic Stroke: Initial Approach and Early Management. CHILDREN 2021; 8:children8080649. [PMID: 34438540 PMCID: PMC8394345 DOI: 10.3390/children8080649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS) in children is an acute neurologic emergency associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although the incidence of AIS in pediatric patients is considerably lower than in adults, the overall cumulative negative impact of the quality of life could be even higher in children. The age-related variable clinical presentation could result in a delay in diagnosis and could negatively influence the overall outcome. The early management should be based on early recognition, acute transfer to pediatric AIS centre, standardised approach (ABCDE), early neurologic examination together with neuroimaging (preferable Magnetic Resonance Imaging—MRI). The treatment is based on supportive therapy (normoxemia, normocapnia, normotension and normoglycemia) in combination with intravenous/intraarterial thrombolytic therapy and/or mechanical thrombectomy in selected cases. Pediatric stroke centres, together with the implementation of local stroke management protocols, could further improve the outcome of pediatric patients with AIS.
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33
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Olivieri M, Sorg AL, Weinberger R, Kurnik K, Bidlingmaier C, Juranek S, Hoffmann F, Reiter K, Bonfert M, Tacke M, Borggraefe I, Heinen F, Gerstl L. Recanalization strategies in childhood stroke in Germany. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13314. [PMID: 34172782 PMCID: PMC8233321 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92533-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood arterial ischemic stroke (CAIS) is a rare event. Diverse etiologies, risk factors, symptoms and stroke mimics hamper obtaining a fast diagnosis and implementing immediate recanalization strategies. Over a period of 3 years (2015–2017), the data of 164 pediatric patients (> 28 days of life-18 years) with a first episode of AIS were submitted to a hospital-based nationwide surveillance system for rare disorders (ESPED). We report a subgroup analysis of patients who have undergone recanalization therapy and compare these data with those of the whole group. Twenty-eight patients (17%) with a median age of 12.2 years (range 3.3–16.9) received recanalization therapy. Hemiparesis, facial weakness and speech disturbance were the main presenting symptoms. The time from onset of symptoms to confirmation of diagnosis was significantly shorter in the intervention group (4.1 h vs. 20.4 h, p ≤ 0.0001). Only in one patient occurred a minor bleed. Cardiac disease as predisposing risk factor was more common in the recanalization group. Recanalization therapies are feasible and increasingly applied in children with AIS. High awareness, timely diagnosis and a large amount of expertise may improve time to treatment and make hyperacute therapy an option for more patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Olivieri
- Pediatric Hemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Dr Von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337, Munich, Germany.
| | - Anna-Lisa Sorg
- Institute of Social Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Raphael Weinberger
- Institute of Social Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Kurnik
- Pediatric Hemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Dr Von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Bidlingmaier
- Pediatric Hemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Dr Von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabrina Juranek
- Pediatric Hemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Dr Von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Hoffmann
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Dr Von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl Reiter
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Dr Von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michaela Bonfert
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine and LMU Center for Development and Children With Medical Complexity, Dr Von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz Tacke
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine and LMU Center for Development and Children With Medical Complexity, Dr Von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ingo Borggraefe
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine and LMU Center for Development and Children With Medical Complexity, Dr Von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Heinen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine and LMU Center for Development and Children With Medical Complexity, Dr Von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lucia Gerstl
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine and LMU Center for Development and Children With Medical Complexity, Dr Von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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34
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David H. Moving Toward a New Standard of Care for Acute Pediatric Stroke. Pediatr Ann 2021; 50:e242-e244. [PMID: 34115557 DOI: 10.3928/19382359-20210519-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute pediatric stroke is growing in incidence with the longer survivorship of children with medical complexities, yet detection and treatment of this disease continues to be met with limitations. It is essential for the frontline provider to appropriately identify various presentations of acute pediatric stroke for timely management to occur. Although studies in thrombolytic and endovascular recanalization therapies are limited, the safety and efficacy of these treatments continues to be explored. As pediatric tertiary care centers improve their stroke management, it is increasingly important to implement hospital protocols with a multifaceted approach. This article summarizes the issues and presentations behind identifying acute pediatric stroke, the research behind these emerging therapies in children, and the process of successfully applying pediatric stroke protocols. [Pediatr Ann. 2021;50(6):e242-e244.].
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35
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American Society of Hematology 2020 guidelines for sickle cell disease: prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cerebrovascular disease in children and adults. Blood Adv 2021; 4:1554-1588. [PMID: 32298430 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019001142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central nervous system (CNS) complications are among the most common, devastating sequelae of sickle cell disease (SCD) occurring throughout the lifespan. OBJECTIVE These evidence-based guidelines of the American Society of Hematology are intended to support the SCD community in decisions about prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the most common neurological morbidities in SCD. METHODS The Mayo Evidence-Based Practice Research Program supported the guideline development process, including updating or performing systematic evidence reviews. The panel used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach, including GRADE evidence-to-decision frameworks, to assess evidence and make recommendations. RESULTS The panel placed a higher value on maintaining cognitive function than on being alive with significantly less than baseline cognitive function. The panel developed 19 recommendations with evidence-based strategies to prevent, diagnose, and treat CNS complications of SCD in low-middle- and high-income settings. CONCLUSIONS Three of 19 recommendations immediately impact clinical care. These recommendations include: use of transcranial Doppler ultrasound screening and hydroxyurea for primary stroke prevention in children with hemoglobin SS (HbSS) and hemoglobin Sβ0 (HbSβ0) thalassemia living in low-middle-income settings; surveillance for developmental delay, cognitive impairments, and neurodevelopmental disorders in children; and use of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain without sedation to detect silent cerebral infarcts at least once in early-school-age children and once in adults with HbSS or HbSβ0 thalassemia. Individuals with SCD, their family members, and clinicians should become aware of and implement these recommendations to reduce the burden of CNS complications in children and adults with SCD.
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36
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Ali N, Al-Chalabi M, Salahuddin H. Successful Mechanical Thrombectomy for Basilar Artery Occlusion in a Seven-Year-Old Male. Cureus 2021; 13:e13950. [PMID: 33884225 PMCID: PMC8053644 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute arterial strokes in children are rare but can potentially cause lasting and often permanent neurological deficits. Mechanical thrombectomy has a well-established efficacy and safety profile in adult stroke management, but in the pediatric population, it is yet to be proven efficacious and safe. We present a case of a seven-year-old male who presented with multiple episodes of generalized tonic-clonic seizures after sustaining a neck injury by falling from a trampoline. National Institutes of Health (NIH) on presentation was 21. Neurological exam revealed dilated nonreactive pupils, dysconjugate gaze, severe dysarthria, bilateral ptosis, and movement of upper and lower extremities only to noxious stimuli. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain without contrast revealed infarcted areas in the left pons, midbrain, and cerebellar regions. Computed tomographic angiogram (CTA) of head demonstrated left vertebral artery dissection with associated complete occlusion of the distal basilar artery. Successful recanalization was achieved with mechanical thrombectomy six hours after presentation. Mechanical thrombectomy treatment resulted in a significant neurological recovery with NIH of 1. This case supports the growing evidence of the efficacy and safety of mechanical thrombectomy in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasar Ali
- Department of Neurology, University of Toledo, Toledo, USA
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37
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Lauzier DC, Galardi MM, Guilliams KP, Goyal MS, Amlie-Lefond C, Hallam DK, Kansagra AP. Pediatric Thrombectomy: Design and Workflow Lessons From Two Experienced Centers. Stroke 2021; 52:1511-1519. [PMID: 33691502 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.032268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Endovascular thrombectomy has played a major role in advancing adult stroke care and may serve a similar role in pediatric stroke care. However, there is a need to develop better evidence and infrastructure for pediatric stroke care. In this work, we review 2 experienced pediatric endovascular thrombectomy programs and examine key design features in both care environments, including a formalized protocol and workflow, integration with an adult endovascular thrombectomy workflow, simplification and automation of workflow steps, pediatric adaptations of stroke imaging, advocacy of pediatric stroke care, and collaboration between providers, among others. These essential features transcend any single hospital environment and may provide an important foundation for other pediatric centers that aim to enhance the care of children with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Lauzier
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (D.C.L., M.S.G., A.P.K.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Maria M Galardi
- Department of Neurology (M.M.G., K.P.G., M.S.G., A.P.K.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Kristin P Guilliams
- Department of Neurology (M.M.G., K.P.G., M.S.G., A.P.K.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO.,Department of Pediatrics (K.P.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Manu S Goyal
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (D.C.L., M.S.G., A.P.K.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO.,Department of Neurology (M.M.G., K.P.G., M.S.G., A.P.K.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO.,Department of Neuroscience (M.S.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | | | - Danial K Hallam
- Department of Radiology (D.K.H.), University of Washington, Seattle.,Department of Neurological Surgery (D.K.H.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Akash P Kansagra
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (D.C.L., M.S.G., A.P.K.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO.,Department of Neurology (M.M.G., K.P.G., M.S.G., A.P.K.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO.,Department of Neurological Surgery (A.P.K.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
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38
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Fragata I, Morais T, Silva R, Nunes AP, Loureiro P, Diogo Martins J, Pamplona J, Carvalho R, Baptista M, Reis J. Endovascular treatment of pediatric ischemic stroke: A single center experience and review of the literature. Interv Neuroradiol 2021; 27:16-24. [PMID: 32903115 PMCID: PMC7903541 DOI: 10.1177/1591019920958827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mechanical thrombectomy is standard treatment for large vessel occlusion (LVO) in adults. There are no randomized controlled trials for the pediatric population. We report our single-center experience with thrombectomy of LVO in a series of pediatric patients, and perform a review of the literature. METHODS Retrospective review of consecutive pediatric thrombectomy cases between 2011 and 2018. Demographic variables, imaging data, technical aspects and clinical outcome were recorded. RESULTS In a period of 7 years, 7 children were treated for LVO at our center. Median age was 13 (2-17), and median Ped-NIHSS was 15 (3-24), and the median ASPECTS was 8 (2-10). Five patients had cardiac disease, and 2 of them were under external cardiac assistance. Median time from onset of symptoms to beginning of treatment was 7h06m (2h58m-21h38m). Five patients had middle cerebral artery occlusions. Thrombectomy was performed using a stentriever in 3 patients, aspiration in 3 patients, and combined technique in 1 patient. Six patients had good recanalization (TICI 2 b/3). There were no immediate periprocedural complications. At 3 months, 4 patients (57%) were independent (mRS score <3). Two patients died, one after haemorrhagic transformation of an extensive MCA infarct, and one due to extensive brainstem ischemia in the setting of varicella vasculitis. DISCUSSION Selected pediatric patients with LVO may be treated with mechanical thrombectomy safely. In patients under external cardiac assistance and under anticoagulation, thrombectomy is the only alternative for treatment of LVO. A multidisciplinary approach in specialized pediatric stroke centers with trained neurointerventionalists are essential for good results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Fragata
- Neuroradiology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário
Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa Morais
- Neuroradiology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário
Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Silva
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário
Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Paiva Nunes
- Stroke Unit, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central,
Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Petra Loureiro
- Pediatric Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário
Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Diogo Martins
- Pediatric Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário
Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jaime Pamplona
- Neuroradiology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário
Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui Carvalho
- Neuroradiology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário
Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mariana Baptista
- Neuroradiology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário
Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Reis
- Neuroradiology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário
Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal
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39
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O'Reilly A, McCullagh G. Fifteen-minute consultation: A structured approach to the management of stroke in a child. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2021; 106:2-8. [PMID: 32561552 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-319107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Childhood stroke is a rare but important diagnosis. Even though most children with stroke are ultimately cared for by specialist multidisciplinary paediatric neurology teams, their initial presentation will have been to a general paediatric admissions team. Assessing and managing children who present with stroke in the general paediatric setting can be challenging due to wide variation in its clinical features and underlying aetiologies. Despite the clarity provided by the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health recommendations which were published in 2017, many paediatricians still feel ill-prepared when assessing these high-risk patients. This article aims to provide an informative and structured approach to the assessment and management of children with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailva O'Reilly
- Paediatric Neurology, Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gary McCullagh
- Paediatric Neurology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
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40
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Baldovsky MD, Okada PJ. Pediatric stroke in the emergency department. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2020; 1:1578-1586. [PMID: 33392566 PMCID: PMC7771757 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Strokes are more commonly seen in adults but also occur in the pediatric population. Similar to adult strokes, pediatric strokes are considered medical emergencies and require prompt diagnosis and treatment to maximize favorable outcomes. Unfortunately, the diagnosis of stroke in children is often delayed, commonly because of parental delay or failure to consider stroke in the differential diagnosis. Children, especially young children, often present differently than adults. Much of the treatment for pediatric strokes has been adapted from adult guidelines but the optimal treatment has not been clearly defined. In this article, we review pediatric strokes and the most recent recommendations for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Baldovsky
- Division of Pediatric Emergency MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
| | - Pamela J. Okada
- Division of Pediatric Emergency MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
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41
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Verlhac S, Gabor F, Paillard C, Chateil JF, Jubert C, Petras M, Grevent D, Brousse V, Petit P, Thuret I, Arnaud C, Kamdem A, Pondarré C, Gauthier A, de Montalembert M, Divialle-Doumdo L, Elmaleh M, Missud F, Guitton C, Bernaudin F. Improved stenosis outcome in stroke-free sickle cell anemia children after transplantation compared to chronic transfusion. Br J Haematol 2020; 193:188-193. [PMID: 33216975 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report here the 3-year stenosis outcome in 60 stroke-free children with sickle cell anaemia (SCA) and an abnormal transcranial Doppler history, enrolled in the DREPAGREFFE trial, which compared stem cell transplantation (SCT) with standard-care (chronic transfusion for 1-year minimum). Twenty-eight patients with matched sibling donors were transplanted, while 32 remained on standard-care. Stenosis scores were calculated after performing cerebral/cervical 3D time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography. Fourteen patients had stenosis at enrollment, but only five SCT versus 10 standard-care patients still had stenosis at 3 years. Stenosis scores remained stable on standard-care, but significantly improved after SCT (P = 0·006). No patient developed stenosis after SCT, while two on standard-care did, indicating better stenosis prevention and improved outcome after SCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Verlhac
- Referral Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Intercommunal Créteil Hospital, Robert-Debré Hospital APHP Paris, University Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Flaviu Gabor
- Department of Medical Imaging, Hautepierre Hospital, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Paillard
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Hautepierre Hospital, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Charlotte Jubert
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Bordeaux Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie Petras
- Referral Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Pointe à Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - David Grevent
- Department of Medical Imaging, Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital, University Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Valentine Brousse
- Referral Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital, University Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Petit
- Department of Medical Imaging, La Timone Hospital, Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Thuret
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, La Timone Hospital, Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Cécile Arnaud
- Referral Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Intercommunal Créteil Hospital, University Paris Est, Creteil, France
| | - Annie Kamdem
- Referral Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Intercommunal Créteil Hospital, University Paris Est, Creteil, France
| | - Corinne Pondarré
- Referral Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Intercommunal Créteil Hospital, University Paris Est, Creteil, France.,Department of Pediatric Hematology, HIOP, Lyon, France
| | | | - Mariane de Montalembert
- Referral Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital, University Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | - Monique Elmaleh
- Department of Medical Imaging, Intercommunal Créteil Hospital, Robert-Debré Hospital APHP Paris, University Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Florence Missud
- Department of Pediatrics, Intercommunal Créteil Hospital, Robert-Debré Hospital APHP Paris, University Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Guitton
- Referral Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, University Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Françoise Bernaudin
- Referral Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Intercommunal Créteil Hospital, University Paris Est, Creteil, France
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Schnitzler ER, Schneck MJ. Therapeutic Pitfalls in the Transition of Neurologic Patients from Pediatric to Adult Health Care Providers. Neurol Clin 2020; 39:243-256. [PMID: 33223087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Transitions of care from the pediatric to adult setting are fraught with difficulty. For patients whose neurologic problems began in childhood, there is often a lack of organized multidisciplinary care with the desired neurologic expertise in the adult setting. This monograph highlights those difficulties, reviewing disease-specific instances of the problems with transition from pediatric to adult neurologic care. The use of an arbitrary chronologic age cutoff for transition from pediatric to adult expertise in specific disease state may be a disservice in provision of care, and the disease-specific expertise of providers may outweigh the benefit of an age-related provider focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene R Schnitzler
- Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maguire Building Suite 2700, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA.
| | - Michael J Schneck
- Department of Neurology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- E Steve Roach
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Dell Medical School, Dell Children's Hospital, Austin, Texas.
| | - Timothy Bernard
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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44
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Menéndez-Valladares P, Sola-Idígora N, Fuerte-Hortigón A, Alonso-Pérez I, Duque-Sánchez C, Domínguez-Mayoral AM, Ybot-González P, Montaner J. Lessons learned from proteome analysis of perinatal neurovascular pathologies. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:469-481. [PMID: 32877618 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1807335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Perinatal and pediatric diseases related to neurovascular disorders cause significant problems during life, affecting a population with a long life expectancy. Early diagnosis and assessment of the severity of these diseases are crucial to establish an appropriate neuroprotective treatment. Currently, physical examination, neuroimaging and clinical judgment are the main tools for diagnosis, although these tests have certain limitations. There is growing interest in the potential value of noninvasive biomarkers that can be used to monitor child patients at risk of brain damage, allowing accurate, and reproducible measurements. AREAS COVERED This review describes potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of perinatal neurovascular diseases and discusses the possibilities they open for the classification and treatment of neonatal neurovascular diseases. EXPERT OPINION Although high rates of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke exist in pediatric populations, most studies have focused on biomarkers of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Inflammatory and neuronal biomarkers such as S-100B and GFAP, in combination with others yet to be discovered, could be considered as part of multiplex panels to diagnose these diseases and potentially for monitoring response to treatments. Ideally, noninvasive biofluids would be the best source for evaluating these biomarkers in proteomic assays in perinatal patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noelia Sola-Idígora
- Neurodevelopment Group, Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocio/IBIS/CSIC/US , Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Irene Alonso-Pérez
- Neuropediatric Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen De Macarena , Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | - Patricia Ybot-González
- Neurology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen De Macarena , Sevilla, Spain.,Neurodevelopment Group, Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocio/IBIS/CSIC/US , Sevilla, Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen De Macarena , Sevilla, Spain.,The Neurovascular Research Lab, IBIS/HUVR/CSIC/US , Sevilla, Spain
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45
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Catenaccio E, Riggs BJ, Sun LR, Urrutia VC, Johnson B, Torriente AG, Felling RJ. Performance of a Pediatric Stroke Alert Team Within a Comprehensive Stroke Center. J Child Neurol 2020; 35:571-577. [PMID: 32354255 DOI: 10.1177/0883073820920111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood stroke is rare, and diagnosis is frequently delayed. The use of pediatric stroke teams has the potential to decrease time to neurology evaluation and imaging, hastening appropriate diagnosis and treatment for acute neurologic presentations in children. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of our institutional pediatric stroke or "brain attack" team (pedsBAT) activations from October 2014 to July 2017. Clinical characteristics and timing parameters were compared between pedsBAT activations in the inpatient vs emergency department (ED) / outpatient settings as well as between pediatric and adult BAT activations in the same time period. RESULTS We identified 120 pedsBAT activations (75% in the ED/outpatient setting) during the study time period. Inpatient pedsBAT activations were more likely than outpatient activations to have heart disease as a risk factor for ischemic stroke and presented more frequently with altered mental status, but there were no differences in the proportion of cerebrovascular diagnoses or timing parameters between the 2 groups. When compared with adult BAT activations, outpatient pedsBAT activations had a longer time from symptom discovery to arrival at the ED, and inpatient pedsBAT activations had longer time from symptom discovery to BAT activation. CONCLUSIONS Compared with adults, the interval leading up to stroke team activation was longer in children, suggesting delays in symptom recognition. Future interventions should be aimed at reducing these delays in presentation to care and stroke alert activation in pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Catenaccio
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Becky J Riggs
- Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lisa R Sun
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Johns Hopkins Comprehensive Stroke Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Victor C Urrutia
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Johns Hopkins Comprehensive Stroke Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brenda Johnson
- Johns Hopkins Comprehensive Stroke Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Ryan J Felling
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Johns Hopkins Comprehensive Stroke Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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46
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Robertson RL, Palasis S, Rivkin MJ, Pruthi S, Bartel TB, Desai NK, Kadom N, Kulkarni AV, Lam HFS, Maheshwari M, Milla SS, Mirsky DM, Myseros JS, Partap S, Radhakrishnan R, Soares BP, Trout AT, Udayasankar UK, Whitehead MT, Karmazyn B. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Cerebrovascular Disease-Child. J Am Coll Radiol 2020; 17:S36-S54. [PMID: 32370977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2020.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is an uncommon but an important and under-recognized cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Strokes may be due to either brain ischemia or intracranial hemorrhage. Common symptoms of pediatric acute stroke include headache, vomiting, focal weakness, numbness, visual disturbance, seizures, and altered consciousness. Most children presenting with an acute neurologic deficit do not have an acute stroke, but have symptoms due to stroke mimics which include complicated migraine, seizures with postictal paralysis, and Bell palsy. Because of frequency of stroke mimics, in children and the common lack of specificity in symptoms, the diagnosis of a true stroke may be delayed. There are a relatively large number of potential causes of stroke mimic and true stroke. Consequently, imaging plays a critical role in the assessment of children with possible stroke and especially in children who present with acute onset of stroke symptoms. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan Palasis
- Panel Chair, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael J Rivkin
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; American Academy of Neurology
| | - Sumit Pruthi
- Panel Vice Chair, Vanderbilt Children's Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | - Nadja Kadom
- Emory University and Children's of Atlanta (Egleston), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Abhaya V Kulkarni
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neurosurgery expert
| | - H F Samuel Lam
- Sutter Medical Center, Sacramento, California; American College of Emergency Physicians
| | | | - Sarah S Milla
- Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - John S Myseros
- Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia; Neurosurgery expert
| | - Sonia Partap
- Stanford University, Stanford, California; American Academy of Pediatrics
| | | | - Bruno P Soares
- The University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Andrew T Trout
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | | | - Boaz Karmazyn
- Specialty Chair, Riley Hospital for Children Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
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47
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Malik P, Patel UK, Kaul S, Singla R, Kavi T, Arumaithurai K, Jani VB. Risk factors and outcomes of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator and endovascular thrombectomy utilization amongst pediatrics acute ischemic stroke. Int J Stroke 2020; 16:172-183. [PMID: 32009581 DOI: 10.1177/1747493020904915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric stroke is a debilitating disease. There are several risk factors predisposing children to this life-threatening disease. Although, published literature estimates a relatively high incidence of pediatric stroke, treatment guidelines on intravenous tissue plasminogen activator and endovascular thrombectomy utilization remain a dilemma. There is a lack of large population-based studies and clinical trials evaluating the efficacy and safety outcomes associated with these treatments in this unique population. AIM We sought to determine the prevalence of risk factors, concurrent utilization of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator and endovascular thrombectomy, and associated outcomes in pediatric stroke hospitalizations. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample data (2003-2014) in pediatric (1-21 years of age) acute ischemic stroke hospitalizations using ICD-9-CM codes. The multivariable survey logistic regression model was weighted to account for sampling strategy, evaluate predictors of hemorrhagic conversion, and treatment outcomes (mortality, morbidity, and discharge disposition) amongst pediatric stroke hospitalizations. RESULTS In this analysis, 9109 patients between 1 and 21 years of age were admitted during 2003-2014 for acute ischemic stroke. Of these 9109 patients, 119 (1.30%) received endovascular thrombectomy alone, 256 (2.82%) intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, and 69 (0.75%) both endovascular thrombectomy and intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. We found overall high prevalence of conditions like epilepsy (19.59%), atrial septal defect (11.76%), sickle cell disease (8.63%), and moyamoya disease (5.41%) in pediatric acute ischemic stroke patients. Unadjusted analysis showed high prevalence of all-cause in-hospital mortality in combined endovascular thrombectomy and intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator utilization group, and higher prevalence of hemorrhagic conversion and morbidity in endovascular thrombectomy utilization group compared to other groups (p < 0.0001). Multivariate adjusted analysis showed that children with endovascular thrombectomy utilization (aOR: 19.19; 95% CI: 2.50-147.29, p = 0.005), intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator utilization (aOR: 8.85; 95% CI: 1.92-40.76, p = 0.005), and both (endovascular thrombectomy and intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator) utilization (aOR: 7.55; 95% CI: 1.16-49.31, p = 0.035) had higher odds of hemorrhagic conversion compared to no-treatment group. CONCLUSION We found various risk factors associated with pediatric stroke. The early identification can be useful to formulate preventive strategies and influence the incidence of pediatric stroke. Our study results showed that use of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and endovascular thrombectomy increase risk of mortality and hemorrhagic conversion, but we suggest to have more clinical studies to evaluate the idea candidates for utilization of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and endovascular thrombectomy based on risk: benefit ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Malik
- Department of Public Health, 5925Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Urvish K Patel
- Department of Neurology & Public Health, 5925Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Surabhi Kaul
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Care, MercyOne North Iowa Medical Center, Mason City, IA, USA
| | - Ramit Singla
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2956Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Tapan Kavi
- Department of Neurology, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | | | - Vishal B Jani
- Department of Neurology, 12282Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
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48
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Intravenous Thrombolysis at 3.5 Hours From Onset of Pediatric Acute Ischemic Stroke. Pediatr Emerg Care 2020; 36:e4-e7. [PMID: 29406476 PMCID: PMC6077109 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000001419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acute thrombolysis has a proven benefit for adults presenting with acute ischemic stroke, but data within the pediatric population are extremely limited. We report the case of a 14-year-old girl who presented with right-sided weakness and ataxia, loss of sensation, and altered mental status. Magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion-weighted imaging showed an acute lesion in the distribution of the left posterior cerebral artery, and magnetic resonance angiogram demonstrated occlusion of the third branch of the left posterior cerebral artery. With parental consent, clinicians decided to infuse an adult dose of weight-adjusted intravenous alteplase at 3.5 hours from onset of symptoms, with subsequent improvement in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score from 11 to 3. Computed tomography angiogram at 24 hours showed recanalization of the occluded vessel with no evidence of intracranial hemorrhage. Stroke Scale score at discharge was 3, with modified Rankin Scale scores at discharge of 1 and at 90 days of 0. This case highlights the importance of magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosing pediatric acute ischemic stroke and suggests consideration of thrombolysis in select confirmed pediatric stroke cases. However, a rigorous evidence base is lacking, and clinical trials have not been successful in recruiting patients.
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49
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Harrar DB, Salussolia CL, Kapur K, Danehy A, Kleinman ME, Mannix R, Rivkin MJ. A Stroke Alert Protocol Decreases the Time to Diagnosis of Brain Attack Symptoms in a Pediatric Emergency Department. J Pediatr 2020; 216:136-141.e6. [PMID: 31704052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether a stroke alert system decreases the time to diagnosis of children presenting to the emergency department (ED) with acute-onset focal neurologic deficits. STUDY DESIGN We performed a retrospective comparison of clinical and demographic information for patients who presented to the ED of a tertiary children's hospital with acute-onset focal neurologic deficits during the 2.5 years before (n = 14) and after (n = 65) the implementation of a stroke alert system. The primary outcome was the median time to neuroimaging analyzed using a Wilcoxon rank-sum test. RESULTS The median time from ED arrival to neuroimaging for patients with acute-onset focal neurologic deficits decreased significantly after implementation of a stroke alert system (196 minutes; IQR, 85-230 minutes before [n = 14] vs 82 minutes; IQR, 54-123 minutes after [n = 65]; P < .01). Potential intravenous tissue plasminogen activator candidates experienced the shortest time to neuroimaging after implementation of a stroke alert system (54 minutes; IQR, 34-66 minutes [n = 13] for intravenous tissue plasminogen activator candidates vs 89.5 minutes; IQR, 62-126.5 minutes [n = 52] for non-intravenous tissue plasminogen activator candidates; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS A stroke alert system decreases the median time to diagnosis by neuroimaging of children presenting to the ED with acute-onset focal neurologic deficits by more than one-half. Such a protocol constitutes an important step in ensuring that a greater proportion of children with arterial ischemic stroke are diagnosed in a time frame that enables hyperacute treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana B Harrar
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Stroke and Cerebrovascular Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.
| | | | - Kush Kapur
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Amy Danehy
- Stroke and Cerebrovascular Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Monica E Kleinman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Rebekah Mannix
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Michael J Rivkin
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Stroke and Cerebrovascular Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
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50
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Malone LA, Felling RJ. Pediatric Stroke: Unique Implications of the Immature Brain on Injury and Recovery. Pediatr Neurol 2020; 102:3-9. [PMID: 31371122 PMCID: PMC6959511 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric stroke causes significant morbidity for children resulting in lifelong neurological disability. Although hyperacute recanalization therapies are available for pediatric patients, most patients are ineligible for these treatments. Therefore the mainstay for pediatric stroke treatment relies on rehabilitation to improve outcomes. Little is known about the ideal rehabilitation therapies for pediatric patients with stroke and the unique interplay between the developing brain and our models of stroke recovery. In this review, we first discuss the consequences of pediatric stroke. Second, we examine the scientific evidence that exists between the mechanisms of recovery and how they are different in the pediatric developing brain. Finally, we evaluate potential interventions that could improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Malone
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Ryan J. Felling
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
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