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Xu J, Lu W, Wei X, Zhang B, Yang H, Tu M, Chen X, Wu S, Guo T. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals the aggressive landscape of high-grade serous carcinoma and therapeutic targets in tumor microenvironment. Cancer Lett 2024; 593:216928. [PMID: 38714290 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is characterized by early abdominal metastasis, leading to a dismal prognosis. In this study, we conducted single-cell RNA sequencing on 109,573 cells from 34 tumor samples of 18 HGSC patients, including both primary tumors and their metastatic sites. Our analysis revealed a distinct S100A9+ tumor cell subtype present in both primary and metastatic sites, strongly associated with poor overall survival. This subtype exhibited high expression of S100A8, S100A9, ADGRF1, CEACAM6, CST6, NDRG2, MUC4, PI3, SDC1, and C15orf48. Individual knockdown of these ten marker genes, validated through in vitro and in vivo models, significantly inhibited ovarian cancer growth and invasion. Around S100A9+ tumor cells, a population of HK2+_CAF was identified, characterized by activated glycolysis metabolism, correlating with shorter overall survival in patients. Notably, similar to CAFs, immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) subtypes underwent glycolipid metabolism reprogramming via PPARgamma regulation, promoting tumor metastasis. These findings shed light on the mechanisms driving the aggressiveness of HGSC, offering crucial insights for the development of novel therapeutic targets against this formidable cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfen Xu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Weiguo Lu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyi Wei
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Novel Bioinformatics Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Haihua Yang
- Novel Bioinformatics Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyan Tu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shenglong Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tianchen Guo
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
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Helal M, Ali MA, Nadrin AH, Awad YI, Younis NK, Alasyed BM, Jamal M, Eid DH, Soliman HA, Eissa SA, Ragab M. Association between IRS-1, PPAR-γ and LEP genes polymorphisms and growth traits in rabbits. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:2391-2399. [PMID: 35767350 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2092743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms are commonly associated with changes in quantitative traits, and have been considered useful markers for improving different traits in livestock. The current study aimed to explore the effect of three SNPs located in Insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1), Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), and Leptin (LEP) genes on the growth traits of rabbits. Individuals from three rabbit breeds were genotyped using RFLP-PCR. The IRS-1 variant (c.189T > G) was associated with post-weaning body weight, and body weight gains, However, the effect on growth rates was insignificant in Baladi Red and V-line rabbits. The PPAR-γ variant (c.207A > C) was significantly associated with 8-wk body weights in V-line rabbits, 10-wk body weights, and growth rates from 8 to 10 weeks of age in New Zealand rabbits. However, the differences between genotypes were insignificant for body weight gains and average daily gain. The LEP gene mutation (g.16079636C > G) had significant effects on body weights at 6 and 8 weeks of age in New Zealand White rabbits and 8 weeks of age in Baladi Red rabbits were associated with the presence of the C allele. Concludingly, the results stressed the importance of the IRS-1 gene in post-weaning growth and suggested the existence of breed-specific effects for PPAR-γ and LEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Helal
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Ali
- Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amira H Nadrin
- Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yomna I Awad
- Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nada K Younis
- Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Basant M Alasyed
- Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohnad Jamal
- Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dima H Eid
- Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hagar A Soliman
- Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sara A Eissa
- Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ragab
- Department of Poultry Production, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr EL-Sheikh, Egypt
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Dietary n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids differentially modulate the adiponectin and leptinmediated major signaling pathways in visceral and subcutaneous white adipose tissue in high fat diet induced obesity in Wistar rats. Nutr Res 2023; 110:74-86. [PMID: 36689814 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease that involves excessive accumulation of fat in white adipose tissue (WAT). Apart from storing excess fats, WAT also serves as an important endocrine organ secreting adipocytokines such as adiponectin and leptin. Adiponectin and leptin bind to their transmembrane receptors adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1)/adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2) and Ob-R, respectively, and mediate their effect on metabolism by regulating multiple downstream targets. Dietary fat is considered the main culprit behind obesity development. Numerous preclinical studies have highlighted role of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly n-3 PUFAs, in prevention of obesity. Despite emerging data, there still is no clear understanding of the mechanism of action of n-3 PUFAs and n-6 PUFAs on adipose tissue function in two functionally and anatomically different depots of WAT: visceral and subcutaneous. We designed this study using a high fat diet (HFD) fed rodent model of obesity to test our hypothesis that n-3 and n-6 PUFAs possibly differentially modulate adipokine secretion and downstream metabolic pathways such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), protein kinase B (AKT)-forkhead box O1 (FOXO1), and Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription in obesity. The results of the current study showed that n-3 PUFAs upregulate the expression of AdipoR1/R2 and ameliorate the effects of HFD by modulating adipogenesis via PPAR-γ and by improving glucose tolerance and lipid metabolism via AKT-FOXO1 axis in fish oil fed rats. However, n-6 PUFAs did not show any remarkable change compared with HFD fed animals. Our study highlights that n-3 PUFAs modulate expression of various targets in adiponectin and leptin signaling cascade, bringing about an overall reduction in obesity and improvement in adipose tissue function in HFD induced obesity.
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Maciejewska-Skrendo A, Massidda M, Tocco F, Leźnicka K. The Influence of the Differentiation of Genes Encoding Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Their Coactivators on Nutrient and Energy Metabolism. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14245378. [PMID: 36558537 PMCID: PMC9782515 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic components may play an important role in the regulation of nutrient and energy metabolism. In the presence of specific genetic variants, metabolic dysregulation may occur, especially in relation to the processes of digestion, assimilation, and the physiological utilization of nutrients supplied to the body, as well as the regulation of various metabolic pathways and the balance of metabolic changes, which may consequently affect the effectiveness of applied reduction diets and weight loss after training. There are many well-documented studies showing that the presence of certain polymorphic variants in some genes can be associated with specific changes in nutrient and energy metabolism, and consequently, with more or less desirable effects of applied caloric reduction and/or exercise intervention. This systematic review focused on the role of genes encoding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and their coactivators in nutrient and energy metabolism. The literature review prepared showed that there is a link between the presence of specific alleles described at different polymorphic points in PPAR genes and various human body characteristics that are crucial for the efficacy of nutritional and/or exercise interventions. Genetic analysis can be a valuable element that complements the work of a dietitian or trainer, allowing for the planning of a personalized diet or training that makes the best use of the innate metabolic characteristics of the person who is the subject of their interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Maciejewska-Skrendo
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Myosotis Massidda
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Sport and Exercise Sciences Degree Courses, University of Cagliari, 72-09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Filippo Tocco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Sport and Exercise Sciences Degree Courses, University of Cagliari, 72-09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Katarzyna Leźnicka
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
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Rab2A regulates the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease downstream of AMPK-TBC1D1 axis by stabilizing PPARγ. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001522. [PMID: 35061665 PMCID: PMC8809606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects approximately a quarter of the population worldwide, and persistent overnutrition is one of the major causes. However, the underlying molecular basis has not been fully elucidated, and no specific drug has been approved for this disease. Here, we identify a regulatory mechanism that reveals a novel function of Rab2A in the progression of NAFLD based on energy status and PPARγ. The mechanistic analysis shows that nutrition repletion suppresses the phosphorylation of AMPK-TBC1D1 signaling, augments the level of GTP-bound Rab2A, and then increases the protein stability of PPARγ, which ultimately promotes the hepatic accumulation of lipids in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we found that blocking the AMPK-TBC1D1 pathway in TBC1D1S231A-knock-in (KI) mice led to a markedly increased GTP-bound Rab2A and subsequent fatty liver in aged mice. Our studies also showed that inhibition of Rab2A expression alleviated hepatic lipid deposition in western diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice by reducing the protein level of PPARγ and the expression of PPARγ target genes. Our findings not only reveal a new molecular mechanism regulating the progression of NAFLD during persistent overnutrition but also have potential implications for drug discovery to combat this disease. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects approximately a quarter of the global population; persistent overnutrition is one of the major causes, but the molecular mechanism remains unclear. This study shows that overnutrition suppresses the phosphorylation of AMPK and TBC1D1, augmenting the level of GTP-bound Rab2A and increasing the stability of PPARγ, which ultimately promotes the hepatic accumulation of lipids.
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Xing JW, Chen MM, Tian XY, Pan DQ, Peng XH, Gao PF. 919 syrup inhibits ROS-mediated leptin-induced anorexia by activating PPARγ and improves gut flora abnormalities. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111455. [PMID: 33711553 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women with postpartum psychiatric disorders are prone to severe anorexia. Clinical studies have revealed the efficacy of 919 syrup, a traditional Chinese medicine mixture against postpartum illnesses, such as in regulating maternal mood and improving postpartum anorexia. AIM This study investigated the mechanisms through which 919 syrup improved anorexia induced by postpartum stress, focussing on the combined peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and leptin signalling pathway, and its effects on the structure of the gut flora. METHODS Mice were randomly divided into five groups-control group, immobilisation stressed (IS) group (normal saline), pioglitazone (Piog; western medicine control) group, 919 syrup low-dose (TJD; 13.5 g/kg) group, and 919 syrup high-dose (TJG; 27.0 g/kg) group. The control group was housed normally. The other groups received IS for 3 h daily for 21 days. The treatments were initiated following the first postnatal day and were administered by gastric gavage. All mice were sacrificed under anaesthesia on postnatal day 22. Blood, hypothalamus, stomach, and faecal specimens were collected. Gene and protein expression levels of components of the PPARγ-leptin signalling pathway in the serum, hypothalamus, and stomach were determined. Immunofluorescence staining for proopiomelanocortin (POMC), phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3), and leptin was performed to observe their spatial distributions in the hypothalamus and stomach. 16s rRNA gene sequencing and bioinformatics analysis of fecal specimens were performed. RESULTS After IS, postpartum mice showed significantly reduced appetite and body weight, accompanied by abnormalities in the structure of the gut flora. Treatment with 919 syrup (27.0 g/kg) downregulated malondialdehyde and upregulated catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase by activating PPARγ, thereby affecting the expression of leptin signalling pathway components (leptin, leptin receptor, pSTAT3, POMC, and cocaine and amphetamine-related transcript and neuropeptide Y), and modulated the gut flora in stressed mice. CONCLUSION 919 syrup improved appetite in mice with postnatal stress by activating PPARγ to induce crosstalk with the leptin signalling pathway, this mechanism was similar to that of PPARγ agonists. 919 syrup also improved gut flora structure, and the changes in the relative abundances of the gut flora strongly correlated with the expression levels of PPARγ and leptin pathway components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wei Xing
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Man-Man Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Yun Tian
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Qing Pan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiu-Hua Peng
- Department of Animal Experiments, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng-Fei Gao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Barzegar S, Swick RA, Kheravii SK, Choct M, Wu SB. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma upregulation and dietary fat levels in laying hens. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101049. [PMID: 33744616 PMCID: PMC8005814 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding the different levels of the dietary fat on the expression of genes encoding proteins involving energy metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and lipid synthesis including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) of laying hens in the intestine. Birds fed diets with 3 levels of fat, that is, low (LF), medium (MF), and high fat (HF) were reared from 22 to 42 wk of age. Jejunum tissue was collected at week 42 for gene expression analysis. Dietary fat content as ether extract, net energy to AME ratio, and CP content of 3 treatment groups were as follows: LF: 25, 0.735, 187 (g/kg, DM); MF: 61, 0.739, 185 (g/kg, DM); HF: 73, 0.752, 181 (g/kg, DM). The BW, fat pad weight (g), fat pad–to–BW ratio (%) was the same for all the treatments (P > 0·05). Birds fed a diet containing HF increased the AME daily intake per metabolic BW (BW0.75) (P < 0.05). The expression of jejunal PPARγ was increased in the birds fed MF than that fed LF (P < 0.05). Dietary fat level did not affect the expression of other genes: protein kinase AMP-activated noncatalytic subunit gamma 2, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2, succinate dehydrogenase complex flavoprotein subunit A, ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase Rieske iron-sulfur polypeptide 1, cytochrome c oxidase subunit III, ATP synthase subunit alpha, avian adenine nucleotide translocator, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (P > 0·05). The mitochondrial count per cell showed no difference among the 3 groups with different dietary treatments (P > 0·05). The results suggest that PPARγ may be important to the energy expenditure during nutrient absorption, digestion, and metabolism, and respiratory chain complexes, and other genes involving mitochondrial energy metabolism and lipogenesis may be less responsive to dietary treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Barzegar
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Robert A Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Sarbast K Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Mingan Choct
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia.
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McCartney D, Langston K, Desbrow B, Khalesi S, Irwin C. The influence of a fruit smoothie or cereal and milk breakfast on subsequent dietary intake: a pilot study. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2019; 70:612-622. [PMID: 30599809 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2018.1547690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Smoothies are popular breakfast foods. This study examined the effect of consuming Cereal & Milk (CM) or a nutritionally-comparable Fruit Smoothie (FS) for breakfast on daily energy intake (EI) in free-living adults and the extent to which individuals compensated for calories ingested in a High Energy Fruit Smoothie (HE). Ten participants (28.4 ± 2.2y; 23.3 ± 1.0 kg·m -2, Mean ± SEM) attended the laboratory on 3 consecutive days per week for 3 weeks. Each week, they received a CM, FS or HE breakfast, then recorded all food/beverages consumed across the remainder of the day. The CM and FS were energy-matched to participants' usual breakfast (1675 ± 283 kJ), while the HE contained an additional 100 kJ·kg-1 of maltodextrin (3019 ± 335 kJ). Mean 3-day EI was similar on CM and FS (7894 ± 547 vs. 7570 ± 463 kJ, p > .05), but elevated on HE (8861 ± 726 kJ, p = .012). Thus, individuals who substitute CM for a FS breakfast should be mindful that energy-dense beverages may result in increased daily EI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle McCartney
- a School of Allied Health Sciences , Griffith University , Southport , Australia
| | - Keanne Langston
- a School of Allied Health Sciences , Griffith University , Southport , Australia
| | - Ben Desbrow
- a School of Allied Health Sciences , Griffith University , Southport , Australia
| | - Saman Khalesi
- b School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences , Central Queensland University , Rockhampton , Australia
| | - Christopher Irwin
- a School of Allied Health Sciences , Griffith University , Southport , Australia
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Matias JA, Gilbert ER, Denbow DM, Cline MA. Effects of intracerebroventricular injection of rosiglitazone on appetite-associated parameters in chicks. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 246:99-104. [PMID: 26723189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rosiglitazone, a thiazolidinedione, is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonist that increases insulin sensitivity. A documented side effect of this diabetes drug is increased appetite, although the mechanism mediating this response is unknown. To better understand effects on food intake regulation, we evaluated the appetite-associated effects of rosiglitazone in an alternative vertebrate and agriculturally-relevant model, the domesticated chick. Four day-old chicks received intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of 0, 5, 10 or 20nmol rosiglitazone and food and water intake were measured. Chicks that received 5 and 10nmol rosiglitazone increased food intake during the 2h observation period, with no effect on water intake. In the next experiment, chicks were ICV-injected with 10nmol rosiglitazone and hypothalamus was collected at 1h post-injection for total RNA isolation. Real-time PCR was performed to measure mRNA abundance of appetite- and glucose regulation-associated factors. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA decreased while NPY receptor 1 (NPYr1) mRNA increased in rosiglitazone-injected chicks compared to the controls. Results show that central effects of rosiglitazone on appetite are conserved between birds and mammals, and that increases in food intake might be mediated through NPY and POMC neurons in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Matias
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Elizabeth R Gilbert
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - D Michael Denbow
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Mark A Cline
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.
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Stenkula KG, Stenblom EL, Montelius C, Egecioglu E, Erlanson-Albertsson C. Thylakoids reduce body fat and fat cell size by binding to dietary fat making it less available for absorption in high-fat fed mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:4. [PMID: 28096887 PMCID: PMC5225541 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary thylakoids derived from spinach have beneficial effects on body fat accumulation and blood lipids as demonstrated in humans and rodents. Important mechanisms established include delayed fat digestion in the intestine, without causing steatorrhea, and increased fatty acid oxidation in intestinal cells. The objective of our study was to elucidate if increased fecal fat excretion is an important mechanism to normalize adipose tissue metabolism during high-fat feeding in mice supplemented with thylakoids. Methods Mice were randomized to receive HFD or thylHFD for 14 days (n = 14 for the control group and 16 for the thylakoid group). The effect of thylakoids on body fat distribution, faecal and liver fat content, and adipose tissue metabolism was investigated following high-fat feeding. Results Thylakoid supplementation for 14 days caused an increased faecal fat content without compensatory eating compared to control. As a result, thylakoid treated animals had reduced fat mass depots and reduced liver fat accumulation compared to control. The size distribution of adipocytes isolated from visceral adipose tissue was narrowed and the cell size decreased. Adipocytes isolated from thylakoid-treated mice displayed a significantly increased lipogenesis, and protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), down-stream target FAS, as well as transcription factor coactivators PGC1-α and LPIN-1 were upregulated in adipose tissue from thylakoid-fed mice. Conclusions Together, these data suggest that thylakoid supplementation reduces body fat and fat cell size by binding to dietary fat and increasing its fecal excretion, thus reducing dietary fat available for absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin G Stenkula
- Glucose Transport and Protein Trafficking, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva-Lena Stenblom
- Appetite Control, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Caroline Montelius
- Appetite Control, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Emil Egecioglu
- Appetite Control, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
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Amarger V, Bouvagnet A, Moyon T, Vaiman D, Darmaun D, de Lauzon-Guillain B, Robitaille J, Flamant C, Rozé JC, Parnet P. A Common Genetic Variant in the Insulin Receptor Gene Is Associated with Eating Difficulties at 2 Years of Age in a Cohort of Preterm Infants. JOURNAL OF NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS 2015; 8:153-63. [PMID: 26629831 DOI: 10.1159/000442159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Children born preterm are more likely than full-term infants to develop eating difficulties that can affect their growth. Although this behavior is certainly influenced by their fetal and postnatal history, a large individual variability exists that results from a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. We performed an original pilot study to identify common genetic variants associated with eating difficulties at 2 years of age in the POLYNUCA cohort of preterm infants. METHODS Eating behavior was assessed using a parental questionnaire in a cohort of 234 very preterm infants (including 38 pairs of twins). Eighty-two common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected in a total of 40 candidate genes involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis and food intake. RESULTS Eating behavior was strongly correlated in monozygotic (r = 0.92, p = 0.001) but not dizygotic twins (r = 0.27, p = 0.14), suggesting a strong heritability of this trait. One SNP (rs11671975) in the insulin receptor (INSR) gene was significantly associated with eating behavior. This effect was maintained after adjustment for birth weight Z score and maternal education level, two factors that are associated with eating difficulties at 2 years of age. CONCLUSION The INSR gene is potentially associated with eating difficulties in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Amarger
- UMR 1280, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Universitx00E9; de Nantes, Nantes, France
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de Picoli Souza K, da Silva ED, Batista EC, Reis FCG, Silva SMA, Castro CHM, Luz J, Pesquero JL, Dos Santos EL, Pesquero JB. Early pharmacological inhibition of angiotensin-I converting enzyme activity induces obesity in adulthood. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:75. [PMID: 25926796 PMCID: PMC4396349 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated early programming of body mass in order to understand the multifactorial etiology of obesity. Considering that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is expressed and functional in the white adipose tissue (WAT) and modulates its development, we reasoned whether early transitory inhibition of angiotensin-I converting enzyme activity after birth could modify late body mass development. Therefore, newborn Wistar rats were treated with enalapril (10 mg/kg of body mass) or saline, starting at the first day of life until the age of 16 days. Between days ninetieth and hundred and eightieth, a group of these animals received high fat diet (HFD). Molecular, biochemical, histological, and physiological data were collected. Enalapril treated animals presented hyperphagia, overweight, and increased serum level of triglycerides, total cholesterol and leptin, in adult life. Body composition analyses revealed higher fat mass with increased adipocyte size in these animals. Molecular analyses revealed that enalapril treatment increases neuropeptide Y (NPY) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) gene expression in hypothalamus, fatty acid synthase (FAS), and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) gene expression in retroperitoneal WAT, and decreases peroxixome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR)γ, PPARα, uncoupling protein (UCP)2, and UCP3 gene expression in WAT. The results of the current study indicate that enalapril administration during early postnatal development increases body mass, adiposity and serum lipids in adulthood associated with enhanced food intake and decreased metabolic activity in WAT, predisposing to obesity in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kely de Picoli Souza
- School of Environmental and Biological Science, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados Dourados, Brazil
| | - Elton D da Silva
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elice C Batista
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe C G Reis
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sylvia M A Silva
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Charlles H M Castro
- Department of Rheumatology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Luz
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge L Pesquero
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Edson L Dos Santos
- School of Environmental and Biological Science, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados Dourados, Brazil
| | - João B Pesquero
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
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Davé V, Yousefi P, Huen K, Volberg V, Holland N. Relationship between expression and methylation of obesity-related genes in children. Mutagenesis 2015; 30:411-20. [PMID: 25589532 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geu089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic control of gene expression in children remains poorly understood, but new technologies can help elucidate the relationship between expression and DNA methylation. Here, we utilized the nCounter Analysis System to characterise the expression of 60 genes in 69 9-year-old children from a cohort with a high prevalence of obesity. nCounter expression levels ranged broadly (from 3 to over 10000 messenger RNA counts) and were divided into four categories: high (>2000 counts), moderate (200-1000 counts), low (100-200 counts) and marginal (<100 counts). For a subset of five genes (ADIPOR1, PPARG1, GSTM1, PON1 and ACACA) from different expression level categories, we validated nCounter data using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and expanded RT-PCR analysis of ADIPOR1 to include 180 children. Expression data from the two methodologies were correlated for all five genes included in the validation experiment, with estimates ranging from r s = 0.26 (P = 0.02) to r s = 0.88 (P < 5×10(-6)). ADIPOR1 and PPARG1 nCounter expression levels were negatively correlated (r = -0.60, P < 5×10(-5)), and this relationship was stronger in overweight children (r = -0.73, P < 5×10(-5)) than in normal weight children (r = -0.42, P = 0.016). Using methylation data from the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip (n = 180), we found eight CpG sites in ADIPOR1 and PPARG where methylation level was associated with expression by RT-PCR (P < 0.05). Hypomethylation of PPARG gene body site cg10499651 was associated with increased expression as measured by both RT-PCR and nCounter (P < 0.05). We found no statistically significant relationships between either expression or methylation of ADIPOR1 and PPARG and body mass index or waist circumference. In addition to demonstrating the validity of expression data derived from nCounter, our results illustrate the use of new technologies in assessing epigenetic effects on expression in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Davé
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 50 University Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA
| | - Paul Yousefi
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 50 University Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA
| | - Karen Huen
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 50 University Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA
| | - Vitaly Volberg
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 50 University Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA
| | - Nina Holland
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 50 University Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA
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Dubinina IA, Chistiakov DA, Eremina IA, Brovkin AN, Zilberman LI, Nikitin AG, Kuraeva TL, Nosikov VV, Peterkova VA, Dedov II. Studying progression from glucose intolerance to type 2 diabetes in obese children. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2014; 8:133-137. [PMID: 25127329 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Identification of metabolic and genetic factors capable to mediate progression from normal glucose tolerance (NGT) through impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) to type 2 diabetes (T2D) in childhood obesity. PATIENTS AND METHODS Three groups of obese children with NGT (n=54), IGT (n=35), and T2D (n=62) were evaluated. A control group of non-obese normal children (n=210) was also studied. In obese patients, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Insulin resistance (IR) was assessed using HOMA-IR index. Insulin sensitivity (IS) was assessed according to the Matsuda formula. Genomic DNA from obese and control children was genotyped for genetic variants of PPARG, ADIPOQ, ADIPOR1, FTO, TCF7L2, and KCNJ11 using a real-time PCR strategy. The unpaired Student's t-test and Kruskal-Wallis one-way test were used to compare quantitative data in two and more groups. To assess the extent to which the various genetic variants were associated with pathology, ORs (odds ratios) and 95% CI (confidence interval) were estimated. RESULTS In T2D children, HOMA-IR value (7.5±3.1) was significantly (P<0.001) higher than that in IGT (4.21±2.25) and NGT (4.1±2.4) subjects. The Matsuda IS index was significantly increased in normoglycemic patients compared to IGT individuals (2.8±1.75 vs. 2.33±1.2, P<0.05). The Pro12Ala polymorphism of PPARG was significantly associated with obesity (OR=1.74, 95% CI=1.19-2.55, P=0.004) and T2D in obesity (OR=2.01, 95% CI=1.24-3.26, P=0.004). CONCLUSION IR is a major risk factor that mediates progression from NGT to clinical T2D in Russian obese children. This progression may be genetically influenced by the Pro12Ala variant of PPARG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Dubinina
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Medical Bionanotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Irina A Eremina
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexei N Brovkin
- Federal Research Clinical Center of Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alexei G Nikitin
- Federal Research Clinical Center of Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tamara L Kuraeva
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery V Nosikov
- Federal Research Clinical Center of Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ivan I Dedov
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Research Center, Moscow, Russia
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Lee HS, Chang M, Lee JE, Kim W, Hwang IC, Kim DH, Park HK, Choi HJ, Jo W, Cha SW, Son WC. Carcinogenicity study of CKD-501, a novel dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α and γ agonist, following oral administration to Sprague Dawley rats for 94-101 weeks. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 69:207-16. [PMID: 24747398 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
CKD-501 is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist. The current study was conducted in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats for 94-101 weeks to investigate the carcinogenic potential of CKD-501. 60 males received 0, 0.03, 0.12, or 1.0mg/kg/day, which was changed after 66 weeks to 0.24 mg/kg/day due to increased mortality, while 60 females received 0, 0.03, 0.06, or 0.12 mg/kg/day throughout the study period. After switching the dosage, no significant changes in the survival rates were observed. Non-neoplastic lesions such as bladder transitional cell hyperplasia and a diminished corpus luteum were observed in females administered 0.12 mg/kg/day and the right chamber dilation and left ventricular hypertrophy were increased dose dependently in both males and females. Non-neoplastic lesions such as bone marrow hypoplasia and fat cell proliferation and neoplastic lesions such as lipomas and liposarcomas observed in males and/or females were considered expected pharmacological effects for this compound. Compared to rosiglitazone, CKD-501 had a 4.4-fold higher margin of safety for tumor induction and did not cause bladder carcinoma as was observed with pioglitazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Su Lee
- Department of Pathology, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsun Chang
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Kim
- Department of Pathology, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Chang Hwang
- Chong Kun Dang Research Institute, CKD Pharmaceuticals Inc., Kyunggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dal-Hyun Kim
- Chong Kun Dang Research Institute, CKD Pharmaceuticals Inc., Kyunggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyu Park
- Department of Pathology, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Choi
- Department of Pathology, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woori Jo
- Department of Pathology, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Woo Cha
- Division of Non-clinical Studies, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Chan Son
- Department of Pathology, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Bondar' IA, Filipenko ML, Shabel'nikova OY, Sokolova EA. Rs7903146 variant of TCF7L2 gene and rs18012824 variant of PPARG2 gene (Pro12Ala) are associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Novosibirsk population. DIABETES MELLITUS 2013. [DOI: 10.14341/dm2013417-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Aim. To investigate the association of polymorphisms in TCF7L2 and PPARG2 genes with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Novosibirsk population. Materials and Methods. We examined 391 patients with T2DM and 556 individuals with normal glucose metabolism. Allelic identification was performed with TaqMan technique, implementing allele-specific real-time PCR. Results. Analysis shows that allelic frequency distribution of rs1801282 variant of PPARG2 gene and rs7903146 variant of TCF7L2 differs significantly between the study and control groups (OR [CI 95%]=1.44 [1.12?1.85], p=0.005 and OR [CI 95%]=1.57 [1.17?2.10], p=0.003, respectively). T2DM patients with T/T genotype of rs7903146 variant of TCF7L2 gene had lower BMI (p=0.02). Observed combination of risk alleles reached 99%. Combined beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance genotypes were identified in 56% of tested subjects, isolated insulin resistance ? in 42.2% of subjects, and isolated beta-cell dysfunction ? in 0.8% of subjects. Conclusion. Our data shows that carrier state of 12Pro rs1801284 variant of PPARG2 gene and T-allele rs7903146 variant of TCF7L2 gene are associated with T2DM in Novosibirsk population, increasing its risk 1.44 and 1.57 times, respectively. Combination of these polymorphisms was observed in 99% of patients with T2DM.
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Lee MF, Liou TH, Wang W, Pan WH, Lee WJ, Hsu CT, Wu SF, Chen HH. Gender, body mass index, and PPARγ polymorphism are good indicators in hyperuricemia prediction for Han Chinese. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2013; 17:40-6. [PMID: 23237621 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2012.0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is closely associated with obesity and metabolic abnormalities, which is also an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The PPARγ gene, which is linked to obesity and metabolic abnormalities in Han Chinese, might be considered a top candidate gene that is involved in hyperuricemia. This study recruited 457 participants, aged 20-40 years old, to investigate the associations of the PPARγ gene and metabolic parameters with hyperuricemia. Three tag-single nucleotide polymorphisms, rs2292101, rs4684846, and rs1822825, of the PPARγ gene were selected to explore their association with hyperuricemia. Risk genotypes on rs1822825 of the PPARγ gene exhibited statistical significance with hyperuricemia (odds ratio: 1.9; 95% confidence interval: 1.05-3.57). Although gender, body mass index (BMI), serum total cholesterol concentration, or protein intake per day were statistically associated with hyperuricemia, the combination of BMI, gender, and rs1822825, rather than that of age, serum lipid profile, blood pressure, and protein intake per day, satisfied the predictability for hyperuricemia (sensitivity: 69.3%; specificity: 83.7%) in Taiwan-born obese Han Chinese. BMI, gender, and the rs1822825 polymorphism in the PPARγ gene appeared good biomarkers in hyperuricemia; therefore, these powerful indicators may be included in the prediction of hyperuricemia to increase the accuracy of the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Fen Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan City, Taiwan, Republic of China
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18
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Lucock MD, Martin CE, Yates ZR, Veysey M. Diet and our genetic legacy in the recent anthropocene: a Darwinian perspective to nutritional health. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2013; 19:68-83. [PMID: 24647381 DOI: 10.1177/2156587213503345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient-gene research tends to focus on human disease, although such interactions are often a by-product of our evolutionary heritage. This review explores health in this context, reframing genetic variation/epigenetic phenomena linked to diet in the framework of our recent evolutionary past. This "Darwinian/evolutionary medicine" approach examines how diet helped us evolve among primates and to adapt (or fail to adapt) our metabolome to specific environmental conditions leading to major diseases of civilization. This review presents updated evidence from a diet-gene perspective, portraying discord that exists with respect to health and our overall nutritional, cultural, and activity patterns. While Darwinian theory goes beyond nutritional considerations, a significant component within this concept does relate to nutrition and the mismatch between genes, modern diet, obesogenic lifestyle, and health outcomes. The review argues that nutritional sciences should expand knowledge on the evolutionary connection between food and disease, assimilating it into clinical training with greater prominence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Lucock
- University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia
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Moon KS, Lee JE, Lee HS, Hwang IC, Kim DH, Park HK, Choi HJ, Jo W, Son WC, Yun HI. CKD-501, a novel selective PPARγ agonist, shows no carcinogenic potential in ICR mice following oral administration for 104 weeks. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:1271-84. [PMID: 24026970 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CKD-501 is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist that is effective for the treatment of diabetes. However, its carcinogenic potential remains controversial. The current carcinogenicity study was conducted over a period of 104 weeks in ICR mice. Three groups, each consisting of 60 male and 60 female mice, received oral CKD-501 dosages of 0.2, 1.0 or 6.0 mg kg(-1) day(-1). The mortality rates of the male control, 0.2, 1.0 and 6.0 mg kg(-1) day(-1) treated groups were 60%, 68%, 58% and 67%, respectively and 57%, 68% and 67% in the female control, 0.2 and 1.0 mg kg(-1) day(-1) treated groups. It was 67% in the female 6.0 mg kg(-1) day(-1) treated group, which was terminated at week 98 due to its increased mortality rate. No significant treatment-related effects were observed on the survival rates, with the exception of females in the 6.0 mg kg(-1) day(-1) group. Body weights increased in females receiving 1.0 and 6.0 mg kg(-1) day(-1) due to the class effects of the PPARγ agonist. Differences were not found in hematology parameters between the CKD-501-treated groups and their corresponding controls, but the histopathological evidence did not reveal any findings attributed to CKD-501. Treated animals exhibited non-neoplastic findings (adipocyte proliferation, bone marrow hypoplasia cardiomyopathy), but all of these were expected changes for this class of compound. There were no treatment-related neoplastic changes in this study. The results of this study therefore demonstrate a lack of carcinogenicity following oral administration of CKD-501 to ICR mice for 104 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Sik Moon
- Division of Non-clinical Studies, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon, Korea; Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Ahmadian M, Suh JM, Hah N, Liddle C, Atkins AR, Downes M, Evans RM. PPARγ signaling and metabolism: the good, the bad and the future. Nat Med 2013; 19:557-66. [PMID: 23652116 PMCID: PMC3870016 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1574] [Impact Index Per Article: 143.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are potent insulin sensitizers that act through the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and are highly effective oral medications for type 2 diabetes. However, their unique benefits are shadowed by the risk for fluid retention, weight gain, bone loss and congestive heart failure. This raises the question as to whether it is possible to build a safer generation of PPARγ-specific drugs that evoke fewer side effects while preserving insulin-sensitizing potential. Recent studies that have supported the continuing physiologic and therapeutic relevance of the PPARγ pathway also provide opportunities to develop newer classes of molecules that reduce or eliminate adverse effects. This review highlights key advances in understanding PPARγ signaling in energy homeostasis and metabolic disease and also provides new explanations for adverse events linked to TZD-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ahmadian
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
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Luo W, Guo Z, Wu M, Hao C, Hu X, Zhou Z, Zhou Z, Yao X, Zhang L, Liu J. Association of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/δ/γ with obesity, and gene-gene interaction, in the Chinese Han population. J Epidemiol 2013; 23:187-94. [PMID: 23545576 PMCID: PMC3700259 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20120110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the association of 10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) with obesity and the additional role of gene-gene interaction. METHODS Participants were recruited within the framework of the Prevention of Multiple Metabolic Disorders and MS in Jiangsu Province cohort population survey of an urban community in China. In total, 820 subjects (513 nonobese adults, 307 obese adults) were randomly selected, and no individuals were consanguineous. Ten SNPs (rs135539, rs4253778, rs1800206, rs2016520, rs9794, rs10865710, rs1805192, rs709158, rs3856806, and rs4684847) were genotyped and analyzed. RESULTS After covariate adjustment, minor alleles of rs2016520 in PPARδ and rs10865170 in PPARγ were associated with lower BMI (P < 0.01 for all). Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis showed significant gene-gene interaction among rs2016520, rs9794, and rs10865170 in 3-dimensional models (P = 0.0010); prediction accuracy was 0.6011 and cross-validation consistency was 9/10. It also showed significant gene-gene interaction between rs2016520 and rs10865170 in all 2-dimensional models (P = 0.0010); prediction accuracy was 0.6072 and cross-validation consistency was 9/10. CONCLUSIONS rs2016520 and rs10865170 were associated with lower obesity risk. In addition, interaction was identified among rs2016520, rs9794, and rs10865170 in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshu Luo
- Changzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
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22
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Gene-gene interaction between PPARδ and PPARγ is associated with abdominal obesity in a Chinese population. J Genet Genomics 2012; 39:625-31. [PMID: 23273766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) -α, -δ/β and -γ are the ligand-activated transcription factors that function as the master regulators of glucose, fatty acid and lipoprotein metabolism, energy balance, cell proliferation and differentiation, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. The objective of the current study was to examine the main and interactive effect of seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of PPARδ/γ in contribution to abdominal obesity. A total of 820 subjects were randomly selected and no individuals were related. The selected SNPs in PPARδ (rs2016520 and rs9794) and PPARγ (rs10865710, rs1805192, rs709158, rs3856806, and rs4684847) were genotyped. Mean difference and 95% confident interval were calculated. Interactions were explored by the method of generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction. After adjustment for gender, age, and smoking status, it was found that the carriers of the C allele (TC + CC) of rs2016520 were associated with a decreased risk of abdominal obesity compared to the carriers of the TT genotype (mean difference = -2.63, 95% CI = -3.61--1.64, P < 0.0001). A significant two-locus model (P = 0.0107) involving rs2016520 and rs10865710 and a significant three-locus model (P = 0.0107) involving rs2016520, rs9794, and rs1805192 were observed. Overall, the three-locus model had the highest level of testing accuracy (59.85%) and showed a better cross-validation consistency (9/10) than two-locus model. Therefore, for abdominal obesity defined by waist circumference, we chose the three-locus model as the best interaction model. In conclusion, the C allele in rs2016520 was significantly associated with a lower abdominal obesity. Moreover, an interaction among rs2016520, rs1805192, and rs9794 on incident abdominal obesity could be demonstrated.
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Hagberg JM, Jenkins NT, Spangenburg E. Exercise training, genetics and type 2 diabetes-related phenotypes. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 205:456-71. [PMID: 22672138 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2012.02455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is at virtually pandemic levels world-wide. Diabetes has been referred to as 'a geneticist's nightmare'. However, dramatic advances in our understanding of the genetics of T2DM have occurred in the past 5 years. While endurance exercise training and increased habitual physical activity levels have consistently been shown to improve or be associated with improved T2DM-related phenotypes, there is substantial interindividual variation in these responses. There is some evidence that T2DM-related phenotype responses to exercise training are heritable, indicating that they might have a genetic basis. Genome-wide linkage studies have not identified specific chromosomal loci that could account for these differences, and no genome-wide association studies have been performed relative to T2DM-related phenotype responses to exercise training. From candidate gene studies, there are relatively strong and replicated data supporting a role for the PPARγ Pro12Ala variant in the interindividual differences in T2DM-related phenotype responses to training. This is a potentially important candidate locus because it affects T2DM susceptibility, has high biological plausibility and is the target for the primary pharmaceutical method for treating T2DM. Is it time to conduct a hypothesis-driven large-scale exercise training intervention trial based on PPARγ Pro12Ala genotype with T2DM-related phenotypes as the primary outcome measures, while also assessing potential mechanistic changes in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue? Or would it be more appropriate to propose a smaller trial to address the specific skeletal muscle and adipose tissue mechanisms affected by the interaction between the PPARγ Pro12Ala genotype and exercise training?
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Hagberg
- Department of Kinesiology; School of Public Health; University of Maryland; College Park; MD; USA
| | - N. T. Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology; School of Public Health; University of Maryland; College Park; MD; USA
| | - E. Spangenburg
- Department of Kinesiology; School of Public Health; University of Maryland; College Park; MD; USA
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25
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Maternal folate, alcohol and energy metabolism-related gene polymorphisms and the risk of recurrent pregnancy loss. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2012; 3:327-32. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174412000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have suggested that the condition of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) may be multifactorial, with both genetic predisposition and environmental factors potentially involved in its pathogenesis. The aim of this study is to elucidate the associations between maternal folate, alcohol and energy metabolism-related gene polymorphisms and the risk of RPL. This case–control study, which involved 116 cases with two or more instances of RPL and 306 fertile controls, was performed in the city of Sapporo, Japan. The associations between eight single nucleotide polymorphisms of folate, alcohol and energy metabolism-related genes [methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (MTR), 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase reductase (MTRR), alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B), aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), beta-3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG)], and RPL were assessed. Without consideration of cigarette smoking or alcohol use, the risk of RPL significantly decreased in women with the MTHFR rs1801133 TT, MTR rs1805087 AG or ALDH2 rs671 AA genotype (P < 0.05). The risk of RPL associated with cigarette smoking and alcohol use decreased significantly in women carrying the MTHFR rs1801133 T allele [odds ratio (OR), 0.51; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.27–0.95]. Similarly, the risk of RPL significantly decreased in women carrying the MTR rs1805087 G allele (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.23–0.85). Our findings suggest that maternal gene polymorphisms related to folate metabolism may decrease the risk of RPL. Molecular epidemiological studies are needed to unequivocally elucidate the multifactorial effects of both genetic and environmental factors on human fecundity.
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Protein and folic acid content in the maternal diet determine lipid metabolism and response to high-fat feeding in rat progeny in an age-dependent manner. GENES AND NUTRITION 2011; 7:223-34. [PMID: 21986714 PMCID: PMC3316748 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-011-0253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Maternal diet during gestation can exert a long-term effect on the progeny's health by programming their developmental scheme and metabolism. The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of maternal diet on lipid metabolism in 10- and 16-week-old rats. Pregnant dams were fed one of four diets: a normal protein and normal folic acid diet (NP-NF), a protein-restricted and normal folic acid diet (PR-NF), a protein-restricted and folic-acid-supplemented diet (PR-FS), or a normal protein and folic-acid-supplemented diet (NP-FS). We also tested whether prenatal nutrition determines the reaction of an organism to a postweaning high-fat diet. Blood biochemistry and biometrical parameters were evaluated. The expression patterns of PPARα, PPARγ, and LXRα in the liver and adipose tissue were examined by real-time PCR. In the 10-week-old, rats folic acid supplementation of the maternal diet was associated with reduced circulating glucose and total cholesterol concentrations (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). Neither prenatal diets nor postnatal feeding affected blood insulin concentrations. In the 16-week-old rats, body weight, abdominal fat mass and central adiposity were reduced in the progeny of the folic acid-supplemented dams (P < 0.01, P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively). Maternal protein restriction had no effect on biometry or blood biochemical parameters. Folic acid supplementation of the maternal diet was associated with reduced expression of PPARα, PPARγ, and LXRα in the liver (P < 0.001). Reduced protein content in the maternal diet was associated with increased PPARα mRNA level in the liver (P < 0.001) and reduced LXRα in adipose tissue (P < 0.01). PPARα and PPARγ transcription in the liver, as well as LXRα transcription in adipose tissue, was also dependent on interaction effects between prenatal and postnatal diet compositions. PPARγ transcription in the liver was correlated with the abdominal fat mass, body weight, and calorie intake, while PPARγ transcription in adipose tissue was correlated with reduced body weight and calorie intake. Total serum cholesterol concentration was correlated with LXRα transcription in the liver. Folic acid supplementation of the maternal diet may have favorable effects for lipid metabolism in the progeny, but these effects are modified by the postnatal diet and age. Furthermore, the expression of LXRα, PPARα, and PPARγ in the liver and adipose tissue largely depends on the protein and folic acid content in the maternal diet during gestation. However, the altered transcription profile of these key regulators of lipid metabolism does not straightforwardly explain the observed phenotype.
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Lewis JP, Shuldiner AR. Genetics of the metabolic complications of obesity. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 94:349-72. [PMID: 21036331 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-375003-7.00012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Lewis
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Curti MLR, Jacob P, Borges MC, Rogero MM, Ferreira SRG. Studies of gene variants related to inflammation, oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, and obesity: implications for a nutrigenetic approach. J Obes 2011; 2011:497401. [PMID: 21773006 PMCID: PMC3136190 DOI: 10.1155/2011/497401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is currently considered a serious public health issue due to its strong impact on health, economy, and quality of life. It is considered a chronic low-grade inflammation state and is directly involved in the genesis of metabolic disturbances, such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, which are well-known risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, there is evidence that genetic variation that predisposes to inflammation and metabolic disturbances could interact with environmental factors, such as diet, modulating individual susceptibility to developing these conditions. This paper aims to review the possible interactions between diet and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes implicated on the inflammatory response, lipoprotein metabolism, and oxidative status. Therefore, the impact of genetic variants of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-(PPAR-)gamma, tumor necrosis factor-(TNF-)alpha, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, apolipoprotein (Apo) A1, Apo A2, Apo A5, Apo E, glutathione peroxidases 1, 2, and 4, and selenoprotein P exposed to variations on diet composition is described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sandra Roberta G. Ferreira
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 715, 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
Obesity is a common disorder, and related diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and cancer are a major cause of mortality and morbidity in Westerntype societies. Development of obesity is associated with extensive modifications in adipose tissue involving adipogenesis, angiogenesis and extracellular matrix proteolysis. The fibrinolytic (plasminogen/plasmin) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) systems cooperate in these processes. Adipogenesis is tightly associated with angiogenesis, as shown by the findings that adipose tissue expiants trigger blood vessel formation, whereas in turn adipose tissue endothelial cells promote preadipocyte differentiation. A nutritionally induced obesity model in transgenic mice has been used extensively to study the role of the fibrinolytic and MMP systems and of angiogenesis in the development of obesity. Most studies support a role of these systems in adipogenesis and obesity, and suggest that their modulation may affect development of adipose tissue. Such models have also shown that treatment of obese female mice with estrogens has the potential to improve obesity, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, via decreased expression of lipogenic genes. Thus, murine models of obesity have been very useful tools to study mechanisms of adipose tissue development, as well as effects of hormonal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Lijnen
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Sanada K, Iemitsu M, Murakami H, Tabata I, Yamamoto K, Gando Y, Suzuki K, Higuchi M, Miyachi M. PPARγ2 C1431T genotype increases metabolic syndrome risk in young men with low cardiorespiratory fitness. Physiol Genomics 2011; 43:103-9. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00129.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPARγ2) genotypes are related to obesity and the metabolic syndrome (MetS). A low level of cardiorespiratory fitness is also a strong determining factor in the development of MetS. This cross-sectional study was performed to investigate the influence of the interaction between the PPARγ2 genotype and cardiorespiratory fitness on the risk of MetS. Healthy Japanese men ( n = 211) and women ( n = 505) participated in this study. All subjects were divided into 8 groups according to sex, fitness level (high and low fitness groups), and age (younger, age < 40 yr; middle-aged/older, age ≥ 40 yr). The PPARγ2 genotypes (Pro12Ala and C1431T) were analyzed by real-time PCR with Taq-Man probes. Two-way ANCOVA with adjustment for age as a covariate indicated that fitness and the CC genotype of C1431T in the PPARγ2 gene interacted to produce a significant effect on MetS risk in younger men and that the risk of MetS in the CC genotype group with low cardiorespiratory fitness was significantly higher than that in the corresponding CT+TT genotypes or in the high fitness groups. There was no significant interaction between fitness and genotype in determining MetS risk in middle-aged/older men or in women in any group. With regard to the Pro12Ala genotype of the PPARγ2 gene, there were no significant differences in fitness or genotype effects nor were there any interactions between measurement variables. We concluded that the CC genotype of C1431T in the PPARγ2 gene together with low cardiorespiratory fitness may increase the risk of MetS in younger men (age < 40 yr), even with adjustment for age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Sanada
- College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga
- Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University
| | - Motoyuki Iemitsu
- College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga
| | - Haruka Murakami
- Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo; and
| | - Izumi Tabata
- College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga
| | - Kenta Yamamoto
- Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo; and
| | - Yuko Gando
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Higuchi
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Motohiko Miyachi
- Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo; and
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Winkler S, Picó C, Ahrens W. [Physiological mechanisms in the development of adiposity]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2010; 53:681-9. [PMID: 20652482 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-010-1089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of the so-called "obesity pandemic" having arisen over the last decades has to be, in large part, attributed to changes of lifestyle and the associated changes in dietary habits and physical activity observed world-wide. The resulting interference in energy homeostasis plays a central role in the development of obesity in a large proportion of the population worldwide. In this article, current knowledge about central biological mechanisms of energy intake, energy storage, and energy expenditure is summarized. This includes, for example, the feeling of hunger/satiety, lipid turnover with the two components of lipolysis and lipogenesis, adipogenesis, as well as energy-consuming processes like (adaptive) thermogenesis, resting metabolic rate, and physical activity energy expenditure. Based on examples, the possible influence of genetic polymorphisms contributing to the development of adiposity are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Winkler
- Bremer Institut für Präventionsforschung und Sozialmedizin, Universität Bremen, Linzer Str. 10, 28359, Bremen, Deutschland.
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Costa V, Casamassimi A, Ciccodicola A. Nutritional genomics era: opportunities toward a genome-tailored nutritional regimen. J Nutr Biochem 2010; 21:457-67. [PMID: 20233651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence indicating that nutritional genomics represents a promise to improve public health. This goal will be reached by highlighting the mechanisms through which diet can reduce the risk of monogenic and common polygenic diseases. Indeed, nutrition is a very relevant environmental factor involved in the development and progression of metabolic disorders, as well as other kind of diseases. The revolutionary changes in the field of genomics have led to the development and implementation of new technologies and molecular tools. These technologies have a useful application in the nutritional sciences, since they allow a more precise and accurate analysis of biochemical alterations, in addition to filling fundamental gaps in the knowledge of nutrient-genome interactions in both health and disease. Overall, these advances will open undiscovered ways in genome-customized diets for disease prevention and therapy. This review summarizes the recent knowledge concerning this novel nutritional approach, paying attention to the human genome variations, such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variations, gene expression and innovative molecular tools to reveal them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Costa
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics Adriano Buzzati-Traverso, IGB-CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Chistiakov DA, Potapov VA, Khodirev DS, Shamkhalova MS, Shestakova MV, Nosikov VV. The PPARgamma Pro12Ala variant is associated with insulin sensitivity in Russian normoglycaemic and type 2 diabetic subjects. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2010; 7:56-62. [PMID: 20368233 DOI: 10.1177/1479164109347689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The second isoform of the PPARgamma2 is specific for adipose tissue. In adipocytes, this isoform is involved in the regulation of adipogenesis and lipid storage, insulin and glucose metabolism. Pro12Ala, a missense mutation in exon 2 of PPARG, reduces transcriptional activity of PPARgamma2 and is shown to be associated with increased insulin sensitivity and protection from T2D. Previously, this polymorphism has never been assessed in a Russian population for its relationship to T2D, insulin resistance, and diabetes-related metabolic traits. In this study, we tested 588 Russian T2D patients and 597 normoglycaemic controls. Carriers of the Pro12 allele and subjects homozygous for Pro/Pro had significantly increased risk of developing T2D (OR 1.43 and 2.04, respectively). In Pro/Pro homozygotes, adjustment for potential confounding risk factors resulted in reducing the OR value from 2.04 to 1.69, but the association remained significant (p=0.046).The Pro/Pro genotype also showed association with increased levels of fasting insulin (p=0.019) in non-diabetic controls and elevated serum triglycerides (p=0.019) in T2D patients. Compared with other genotypes, non-diabetic and diabetic subjects homozygous for Pro/Pro had a significantly higher HOMA-IR score and reduced ISI value. This observation strongly supports the implication of the PPARG Pro12Ala in insulin resistance and T2D in a Russian population.
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Matsuo T, Nakata Y, Katayama Y, Iemitsu M, Maeda S, Okura T, Kim MK, Ohkubo H, Hotta K, Tanaka K. PPARG genotype accounts for part of individual variation in body weight reduction in response to calorie restriction. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17:1924-31. [PMID: 19543210 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several studies indicate that expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) gene is influenced by calorie restriction. The aim of this study was to investigate whether PPARG gene variations are associated with weight reduction and changes in coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors in response to a 14-week calorie restriction. In total, 95 middle-aged, Japanese women (BMI>or=25 kg/m2) enrolled as subjects for 14 weeks and attended weekly dietary lectures instructing them on how to consume a nutritionally balanced diet of 1,200 kcal/day. Eight single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PPARG gene (rs1801282 (Pro/Ala), rs2292101, rs2959272, rs1386835, rs709158, rs1175540, rs1175544, and rs1797912) were analyzed. Body weight decreased significantly (-7.7+/-3.1 kg; -11.3+/-4.4%) during the intervention. Six PPARG SNPs (rs2959272, rs1386835, rs709158, rs1175540, rs1175544, and rs1797912) were significantly associated with the weight reduction, with rs1175544 having the strongest association (P=0.004). No differences across the rs1175544 genotypes were observed in any of the blood analyses or in blood pressure. In a multiple regression analysis, the rs1175544 genotypes accounted for 7% of the total weight reduction variance. These data suggest that one SNP of the PPARG genotype accounted for a significant portion of the total body weight reduction variance in response to a short-term intervention consisting of calorie restriction; however, no relationship was found between these SNPs and the changes in CHD risk factors which accompanied weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Matsuo
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
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Chen HH, Lee WJ, Fann CSJ, Bouchard C, Pan WH. Severe obesity is associated with novel single nucleotide polymorphisms of the ESR1 and PPARgamma locus in Han Chinese. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90:255-62. [PMID: 19491387 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.25914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large number of potential obesity loci have been reported. At least 18 genes have been replicated in a minimum of 5 studies on obesity-related phenotypes. Fourteen additional genes have been associated with obesity in Asians. OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to examine how many common variants of these candidate genes are associated with severe obesity in Han Chinese and how they are combined to exert their effects. DESIGN In total, 304 severely obese patients [body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) > or =39] and 304 control subjects (BMI < or = 24) participated in a 2-staged association study. Subsequently, 220 additional severely obese patients (BMI > or = 35) and 338 controls (BMI < or = 24) were recruited to replicate the results. All of the controls were age-, sex-, education- and residence-matched. Finally, a pooled analysis was carried out based on all 514 cases and 606 controls with complete information. RESULTS The first-stage association analysis in 94 cases and 94 controls found 18 potentially associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (P = 0.01-0.1). The significance of 3 novel common SNPs, 1 on ESR1 and 2 on PPARgamma, were confirmed in the second stage and replicated further with odds ratios ranging from 1.89 to 2.24. The combined effect of these 3 genes was stronger (odds ratio: 5.27; 95% CI: 2.25, 12.32) than that from any individual gene. CONCLUSIONS Severe obesity in Han Chinese was associated with 3 novel common SNPs for ESR1 and PPARgamma. These 2 genes collectively result in a >5-fold risk of severe obesity. This information may contribute to the assessment of risk of severe obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hung Chen
- Department of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Poeggeler B, Schulz C, Pappolla MA, Bodó E, Tiede S, Lehnert H, Paus R. Leptin and the skin: a new frontier. Exp Dermatol 2009; 19:12-8. [PMID: 19601981 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Here, we examine the currently available information which supports that the adipokine, leptin, is a major player in the biology and pathology of mammalian skin and its appendages. Specifically, the potent metabolic effects of leptin and its mimetics may be utilized to improve, preserve and restore skin regeneration and hair cycle progression, and may halt or even partially reverse some aspects of skin ageing. Since leptin can enhance mitochondrial activity and biogenesis, this may contribute to the wound healing-promoting and hair growth-modulatory effects of leptin. Leptin dependent intracellular signalling by the Janus kinase 2 dependent signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, adenosine monophosphate kinase, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma coactivator/PPAR converges to mediate mitochondrial metabolic activation and enhanced cell proliferation which may orchestrate the potent developmental, trophic and protective effects of leptin. Since leptin and leptin mimetics have already been clinically tested, investigative dermatology is well-advised to place greater emphasis on the systematic exploration of the cutaneous dimensions and dermatological potential of this pleiotropic hormone.
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Cecil JE, Tavendale R, Watt P, Hetherington MM, Palmer CNA. An obesity-associated FTO gene variant and increased energy intake in children. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:2558-66. [PMID: 19073975 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa0803839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variation in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene has provided the most robust associations with common obesity to date. However, the role of FTO variants in modulating specific components of energy balance is unknown. METHODS We studied 2726 Scottish children, 4 to 10 years of age, who underwent genotyping for FTO variant rs9939609 and were measured for height and weight. A subsample of 97 children was examined for possible association of the FTO variant with adiposity, energy expenditure, and food intake. RESULTS In the total study group and the subsample, the A allele of rs9939609 was associated with increased weight (P=0.003 and P=0.049, respectively) and body-mass index (P=0.003 and P=0.03, respectively). In the intensively phenotyped subsample, the A allele was also associated with increased fat mass (P=0.01) but not with lean mass. Although total and resting energy expenditures were increased in children with the A allele (P=0.009 and P=0.03, respectively), resting energy expenditure was identical to that predicted for the age and weight of the child, indicating that there is no defect in metabolic adaptation to obesity in persons bearing the risk-associated allele. The A allele was associated with increased energy intake (P=0.006) independently of body weight. In contrast, the weight of food ingested by children who had the allele was similar to that in children who did not have the allele (P=0.82). CONCLUSIONS The FTO variant that confers a predisposition to obesity does not appear to be involved in the regulation of energy expenditure but may have a role in the control of food intake and food choice, suggesting a link to a hyperphagic phenotype or a preference for energy-dense foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne E Cecil
- Bute Medical School, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
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Lovegrove JA, Gitau R. Personalized nutrition for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: a future perspective. J Hum Nutr Diet 2008; 21:306-16. [PMID: 18721398 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-277x.2008.00889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in the Western and developing world. This multi-factorial disease is influenced by many environmental and genetic factors. At present, public health advice involves prescribed population-based recommendations, which have been largely unsuccessful in reducing CVD risk. This is, in part, due to individual variability in response to dietary manipulations, that arises from nutrient-gene interactions (defined by the term 'nutrigenetics'). The shift towards personalized nutritional advice is a very attractive proposition, where, in principle, an individual can be given dietary advice specifically tailored to their genotype. However, the evidence-base for the impact of interactions between nutrients and fixed genetic variants on biomarkers of CVD risk is still very limited. This paper reviews the evidence for interactions between dietary fat and two common polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein E and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma genes. Although an increased understanding of how these and other genes influence response to nutrients should facilitate the progression of personalized nutrition, the ethical issues surrounding its routine use need careful consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Lovegrove
- Department of Food Biosciences, School of Chemistry, Food Biosciences and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
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Choquette AC, Lemieux S, Tremblay A, Chagnon YC, Bouchard C, Vohl MC, Pérusse L. Evidence of a quantitative trait locus for energy and macronutrient intakes on chromosome 3q27.3: the Quebec Family Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88:1142-8. [PMID: 18842805 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/88.4.1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the genes influencing dietary energy and nutrient intakes, despite evidence that these intakes are influenced by genetic factors. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify, by using a genome-wide linkage analysis, chromosomal regions harboring genes that affect energy and macronutrient intakes. DESIGN Energy, carbohydrate, lipid, and protein intakes were assessed in 836 subjects from 217 families by using a 3-d dietary record. A total of 443 markers were genotyped and tested for linkage; age- and sex-adjusted energy and macronutrient intakes were expressed in grams and as percentages of total energy intake. Regression-based (Haseman-Elston) and variance-component (MERLIN) methods were applied to test for linkage with dietary data. A maximum of 454 sibpairs from 217 nuclear families were available for analysis. RESULTS The genome scan provided suggestive evidence (P < or = 0.0023) for the presence of 6 quantitative trait linkages influencing total caloric and macronutrient intakes in the Québec Family Study. Of these, multiple linkages were found on chromosome 3q27.3, in a region harboring the adiponectin gene, at marker D3S1262 for energy [logarithm of odds (LOD): 2.24], carbohydrate (LOD: 2.00), and lipid (LOD: 1.65) intakes. The peak linkages for carbohydrate, lipid, and protein intakes were found on chromosomes 1p32.2 (LOD: 2.39), 1p35.2 (LOD: 2.41), and 10p15.3 (LOD: 2.72), respectively. The linkage results remained significant after adjustment for body mass index, which suggested that the genes underlying these quantitative trait linkages influence dietary intake independent of body size. CONCLUSION The linkage on chromosome 3q27.3 with energy, lipid, and carbohydrate intakes suggests that this region of the genome may harbor genes that influence energy and macronutrient intakes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Choquette
- Division of Kinesiology, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada
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Bryzgalova G, Lundholm L, Portwood N, Gustafsson JA, Khan A, Efendic S, Dahlman-Wright K. Mechanisms of antidiabetogenic and body weight-lowering effects of estrogen in high-fat diet-fed mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E904-12. [PMID: 18697913 PMCID: PMC2575902 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90248.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mouse is a model of obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance. The main objective of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the antidiabetogenic and weight-lowering effects of 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) in this mouse model. C57BL/6 female mice (8 wk old) were fed on a HFD for 10 mo. E(2), given daily (50 microg/kg s.c.) during the last month of feeding, decreased body weight and markedly improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Plasma levels of insulin, leptin, resistin, and adiponectin were decreased. We demonstrated that E(2) treatment decreased the expression of genes encoding resistin and leptin in white adipose tissue (WAT), whereas adiponectin expression was unchanged. Furthermore, in WAT we demonstrated decreased expression levels of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) and its lipogenic target genes, such as fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1). In the liver, the expression levels of transcription factors such as liver X receptor alpha and SREBP1c were not changed by E(2) treatment, but the expression of the key lipogenic gene SCD1 was reduced. This was accompanied by decreased hepatic triglyceride content. Importantly, E(2) decreased the hepatic expression of glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase). We conclude that E(2) treatment exerts antidiabetic and antiobesity effects in HFD mice and suggest that this is related to decreased expression of lipogenic genes in WAT and liver and suppression of hepatic expression of G-6-Pase. Decreased plasma levels of resistin probably also play an important role in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galyna Bryzgalova
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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42
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Holloway GP, Perry CGR, Thrush AB, Heigenhauser GJF, Dyck DJ, Bonen A, Spriet LL. PGC-1alpha's relationship with skeletal muscle palmitate oxidation is not present with obesity despite maintained PGC-1alpha and PGC-1beta protein. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 294:E1060-9. [PMID: 18349111 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00726.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reduced skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and fatty acid oxidation are associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Although the exact mechanisms remain elusive, this may result from impaired mitochondrial biogenesis or reductions in the mitochondrial reticulum network. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether the protein contents of various transcription factors, including PGC-1alpha and PGC-1beta and proteins associated with mitochondrial fusion events, were reduced in skeletal muscle of nine obese (BMI = 37.6 +/- 2.2 kg/m(-2)) compared with nine age-matched lean (BMI = 23.3 +/- 0.7 kg/m(-2)) women. The protein contents of PGC-1alpha, PGC-1beta, PPARalpha, and tFAM were not reduced with obesity. In contrast, PPARgamma was increased (+22%, P < 0.05) with obesity, and there was a trend toward an increase (+31%, P = 0.13) in PPARdelta/beta. In lean individuals, PGC-1alpha protein correlated with citrate synthase (CS; r = 0.67) and rates of palmitate oxidation (r = 0.87), whereas PGC-1beta correlated with PPARgamma (r = 0.90), PPARdelta/beta (r = 0.63), and cytochrome c oxidase IV (COX-IV; r = 0.63). In obese individuals, the relationship between PGC-1alpha and CS was maintained (r = 0.65); however, the associations between PGC-1alpha and palmitate oxidation (r = -0.38) and PGC-1beta with PPARgamma (r = 0.14), PPARdelta/beta (r = 0.21), and COX-IV (r = 0.01) were lost. In addition, mitofusin-1 (MFN-1), MFN-2, and dynamin-related protein-1 (DRP-1) total protein contents were not altered with obesity (P > 0.05). These data suggest that altered regulation, and not reductions in the protein contents of transcription factors, is associated with insulin resistance. Also, it does not appear that alterations in the proteins associated with mitochondrial network formation and degradation can account for the observed decrease in mitochondrial content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham P Holloway
- Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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43
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Abstract
CVD is a common killer in both the Western world and the developing world. It is a multifactorial disease that is influenced by many environmental and genetic factors. Although public health advice to date has been principally in the form of prescribed population-based recommendations, this approach has been surprisingly unsuccessful in reducing CVD risk. This outcome may be explained, in part, by the extreme variability in response to dietary manipulations between individuals and interactions between diet and an individual's genetic background, which are defined by the term ‘nutrigenetics’. The shift towards personalised nutritional advice is a very attractive proposition. In principle an individual could be genotyped and given dietary advice specifically tailored to their genetic make-up. Evidence-based research into interactions between fixed genetic variants, nutrient intake and biomarkers of CVD risk is increasing, but still limited. The present paper will review the evidence for interactions between dietary fat and three common polymorphisms in theapoE,apoAIandPPARγgenes. Increased knowledge of how these and other genes influence dietary response should increase the understanding of personalised nutrition. While targeted dietary advice may have considerable potential for reducing CVD risk, the ethical issues associated with its routine use need careful consideration.
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Lagou V, Scott RA, Manios Y, Chen TLJ, Wang G, Grammatikaki E, Kortsalioudaki C, Liarigkovinos T, Moschonis G, Roma-Giannikou E, Pitsiladis YP. Impact of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma and delta on adiposity in toddlers and preschoolers in the GENESIS Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:913-8. [PMID: 18379566 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPAR delta) are promising candidate genes for obesity. Associations between adiposity-related phenotypes and genetic variation in PPAR gamma (Pro12Ala and C1431T), as well as PPAR delta (T+294C) were assessed in 2,102 Greek children aged 1-6 years, as part of a large-scale epidemiological study (Growth, Exercise and Nutrition Epidemiological Study In preSchoolers). In girls aged 3-4 years, the Ala12 allele was associated with higher mid-upper arm (P = 0.010) and hip (P = 0.005) circumferences, as well as subscapular (P = 0.008) and total skinfolds (P = 0.011) that explained 2.0, 3.7, 2.1, and 1.9% of the phenotypic variance, respectively, while the T1431 allele was associated with higher mean values for waist circumference (P = 0.018) and suprailiac skinfold (P = 0.017), genotype accounting for 1.6% of the variance in both phenotypes. No significant effects of PPAR delta T+294C polymorphism or the interaction of the PPAR delta and PPAR gamma variants on adiposity-related phenotypes were observed in any age group or gender. Haplotype-based analysis including both PPAR gamma polymorphisms revealed that in girls aged 3-4 years, the Ala-T haplotype was associated with higher waist (P = 0.014) and hip (P = 0.007) circumferences compared to the common Pro-C haplotype. The PPAR gamma Pro12Ala and C1431T polymorphisms are associated with increased adiposity during early childhood in a gender- and age-specific manner and independently of the PPAR delta T+294C polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Lagou
- Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Institute of Diet, Exercise and Lifestyle (IDEAL), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Yong EL, Li J, Liu MH. Single gene contributions: genetic variants of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (isoforms alpha, beta/delta and gamma) and mechanisms of dyslipidemias. Curr Opin Lipidol 2008; 19:106-12. [PMID: 18388689 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e3282f64542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Polymorphisms in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor isoforms may be among the most important single-gene contributors to dyslipidemias, insulin resistance, and maturity-onset diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS Familial partial lipodystrophy is a rare but characteristic phenotype associated with carriers of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma missense mutations. Mutant receptors are transcriptionally defective, exhibit aberrant affinity for co-regulator molecules, and can exert dominant-negative or haplo-insufficiency effects on normal peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma function. The P12A variant of isoform gamma is estimated to reduce diabetes risk by 19% in many populations, and has a large attributable risk because of high prevalence of the normal allele. Variants L162V and V227A of isoform alpha (common in white and Oriental populations, respectively) are associated with sexually dimorphic perturbations of lipid metabolism and cardiovascular risk. Polymorphisms in isoforms alpha and beta/delta are reported to influence lipid and glucose utilization. Apart from lipodystrophic syndromes, metabolic and cardiovascular risk in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor variants is apparently modulated by dietary and exercise interventions, and interactions with polymorphisms in other genetic loci. SUMMARY Polymorphisms in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are critical susceptibility risk factors for dyslipidemias and diabetes. They provide attractive targets for gene-environment interventions to reduce the burden of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eu Leong Yong
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, National University Hospital, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore.
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46
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Thanos PK, Michaelides M, Ho CW, Wang GJ, Newman AH, Heidbreder CA, Ashby CR, Gardner EL, Volkow ND. The effects of two highly selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonists (SB-277011A and NGB-2904) on food self-administration in a rodent model of obesity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2008; 89:499-507. [PMID: 18329700 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we examined the effect of the selective D(3) receptor antagonists SB-277011A and NGB 2904 on operant food self-administration (FSA) in Zucker obese and lean rats. Obese (Ob) and lean (Le) Zucker rats were maintained under a restricted feeding regimen (70% of ad-libitum rat chow) and were trained to lever press for food during daily, 2 hour fixed-ratio 4 (FR4) schedules. Once rats reached a stable baseline for FSA, they were injected with vehicle until a stable FSA criterion was achieved. Animals then received daily injections of different random doses of SB-277011A (3, 10, and 30 mg/kg i.p.), and NGB-2904 (0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg i.p.). SB-277011A produced a significant decrease in both food intake and active lever responses in both Ob and Le rats. In contrast, NGB-2904 did not decrease food intake levels or lever presses for food in Ob and Le rats. These results suggest that along with its involvement in seeking behavior for drugs of abuse, the D(3) dopamine receptor may also be involved in seeking behavior for natural reinforcers such as food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology & Neuroimaging Lab, Department of Medicine, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA.
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Ochoa MC, Razquin C, Martinez-Gonzalez MÁ, Marti A, Martinez JA. Role of PPAR-γ2 polymorphisms in bodyweight regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.2217/17460875.3.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Abstract
Obesity is the result of an imbalance between food intake and energy expenditure resulting in the storing of energy as fat. Adipose tissue contains the largest store of energy in the body and plays important roles in regulating energy partitioning. Developments in genomics, in particular microarray-based expression profiling, have provided scientists with a number of new candidate genes whose expression in adipose tissue is regulated by obesity. Integrating expression profiles with genome-wide linkage and/or association analyses is a promising strategy to identify new genes underlying susceptibility to obesity. This article provides a comprehensive review of adipose-tissue-expressed genes implicated in predisposition to human obesity. The authors consider the following genes of particular interest: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and, potentially, INSIG2 acting in adipogenesis; the adrenoreceptors beta 2 and 3, as well as hormone-sensitive lipase acting on lipolysis; uncoupling protein 2 acting in mitochondria energy expenditure; and among secreted molecules the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha and the hormone leptin. With the rapid development in genome research, we predict that additional alleles in genes regulating adipose tissue function will be established as risk factors for common obesity in the coming years. This has important implications for the prevention of obesity and may also offer new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Dahlman
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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49
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Merchant JL. Tales from the crypts: regulatory peptides and cytokines in gastrointestinal homeostasis and disease. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:6-12. [PMID: 17200701 PMCID: PMC1716224 DOI: 10.1172/jci30974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is composed of a diverse set of organs that together receive extracorporeal nutrition and convert it to energy substrates and cellular building blocks. In the process, it must sort through all that we ingest and discriminate what is useable from what is not, and having done that, it discards what is "junk." To accomplish these many and varied tasks, the GI tract relies on endogenous enteric hormones produced by enteroendocrine cells and the enteric nervous system. In many instances, the mediators of these tasks are small peptides that home to the CNS and accessory gut organs to coordinate oral intake with digestive secretions. As the contents of ingested material can contain harmful agents, the gut is armed with an extensive immune system. A breach of the epithelial barrier of the GI tract can result in local and eventually systemic disease if the gut does not mount an aggressive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita L Merchant
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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50
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Abstract
Human food intake is driven by necessity, but modern industrialized societies are characterized by food surfeit and an increasingly ‘obesogenic’ environment. This environment tends to discourage energy expenditure and to facilitate energy intake. The amount eaten in any given eating episode depends less on internal need state and more on environmental contextual factors such as the availability of highly-palatable energy-dense foods. In addition, the process of satiation can easily be disrupted by the introduction within a meal of different foods (variety effect), the presence of others (social context) and competing tasks (distraction). Properties of ingestants such as alcohol promote food intake and characteristics of individuals make them more or less susceptible to situational cues to overeat. In the present review the role of each of these environmental factors in promoting overconsumption are considered and the extent to which these factors might contribute to long-term weight regulation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion M Hetherington
- Department of Psychology, Glasgow Caledonian University, School of Life Sciences, George Moore Building, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK.
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