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Tzianabos C, Chouinard G, Martinez L. Alterations to the copulatory sequence in young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats administered a ketogenic diet. Physiol Behav 2024; 285:114650. [PMID: 39074675 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Ketogenic diets (KDs) have shown therapeutic potential for a range of neuropsychiatric disorders; however, there is insufficient data regarding the behavioral impacts of KDs in healthy populations. Here, we examined the impact of a KD on sexual behavior in young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats maintained on either a KD or standard chow diet (SD). We found that KD males exhibited higher mount rates, higher intromission rates (third and fourth tests only), and lower ejaculation likelihood (second test only) compared to SD males. Consequently, it may be that experience-dependent changes in the processing of sexual stimuli are not occurring as efficiently in KD males, thereby yielding the observed copulatory sequence alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Tzianabos
- Neuroscience Program, Trinity College, 300 Summit Street, 217 Life Sciences Center, Hartford, CT 06106, United States
| | - Grace Chouinard
- Neuroscience Program, Trinity College, 300 Summit Street, 217 Life Sciences Center, Hartford, CT 06106, United States
| | - Luis Martinez
- Neuroscience Program, Trinity College, 300 Summit Street, 217 Life Sciences Center, Hartford, CT 06106, United States.
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2
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Westmark PR, Swietlik TJ, Runde E, Corsiga B, Nissan R, Boeck B, Granger R, Jennings E, Nebbia M, Thauwald A, Lyon G, Maganti RK, Westmark CJ. Adult Inception of Ketogenic Diet Therapy Increases Sleep during the Dark Cycle in C57BL/6J Wild Type and Fragile X Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6679. [PMID: 38928388 PMCID: PMC11203515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleep problems are a significant phenotype in children with fragile X syndrome. Our prior work assessed sleep-wake cycles in Fmr1KO male mice and wild type (WT) littermate controls in response to ketogenic diet therapy where mice were treated from weaning (postnatal day 18) through study completion (5-6 months of age). A potentially confounding issue with commencing treatment during an active period of growth is the significant reduction in weight gain in response to the ketogenic diet. The aim here was to employ sleep electroencephalography (EEG) to assess sleep-wake cycles in mice in response to the Fmr1 genotype and a ketogenic diet, with treatment starting at postnatal day 95. EEG results were compared with prior sleep outcomes to determine if the later intervention was efficacious, as well as with published rest-activity patterns to determine if actigraphy is a viable surrogate for sleep EEG. The data replicated findings that Fmr1KO mice exhibit sleep-wake patterns similar to wild type littermates during the dark cycle when maintained on a control purified-ingredient diet but revealed a genotype-specific difference during hours 4-6 of the light cycle of the increased wake (decreased sleep and NREM) state in Fmr1KO mice. Treatment with a high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet increased the percentage of NREM sleep in both wild type and Fmr1KO mice during the dark cycle. Differences in sleep microstructure (length of wake bouts) supported the altered sleep states in response to ketogenic diet. Commencing ketogenic diet treatment in adulthood resulted in a 15% (WT) and 8.6% (Fmr1KO) decrease in body weight after 28 days of treatment, but not the severe reduction in body weight associated with starting treatment at weaning. We conclude that the lack of evidence for improved sleep during the light cycle (mouse sleep time) in Fmr1KO mice in response to ketogenic diet therapy in two studies suggests that ketogenic diet may not be beneficial in treating sleep problems associated with fragile X and that actigraphy is not a reliable surrogate for sleep EEG in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela R. Westmark
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (P.R.W.); (T.J.S.); (E.R.); (B.C.); (R.N.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (E.J.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (G.L.); (R.K.M.)
| | - Timothy J. Swietlik
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (P.R.W.); (T.J.S.); (E.R.); (B.C.); (R.N.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (E.J.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (G.L.); (R.K.M.)
| | - Ethan Runde
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (P.R.W.); (T.J.S.); (E.R.); (B.C.); (R.N.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (E.J.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (G.L.); (R.K.M.)
| | - Brian Corsiga
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (P.R.W.); (T.J.S.); (E.R.); (B.C.); (R.N.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (E.J.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (G.L.); (R.K.M.)
| | - Rachel Nissan
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (P.R.W.); (T.J.S.); (E.R.); (B.C.); (R.N.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (E.J.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (G.L.); (R.K.M.)
| | - Brynne Boeck
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (P.R.W.); (T.J.S.); (E.R.); (B.C.); (R.N.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (E.J.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (G.L.); (R.K.M.)
| | - Ricky Granger
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (P.R.W.); (T.J.S.); (E.R.); (B.C.); (R.N.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (E.J.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (G.L.); (R.K.M.)
| | - Erica Jennings
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (P.R.W.); (T.J.S.); (E.R.); (B.C.); (R.N.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (E.J.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (G.L.); (R.K.M.)
| | - Maya Nebbia
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (P.R.W.); (T.J.S.); (E.R.); (B.C.); (R.N.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (E.J.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (G.L.); (R.K.M.)
| | - Andrew Thauwald
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (P.R.W.); (T.J.S.); (E.R.); (B.C.); (R.N.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (E.J.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (G.L.); (R.K.M.)
| | - Greg Lyon
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (P.R.W.); (T.J.S.); (E.R.); (B.C.); (R.N.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (E.J.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (G.L.); (R.K.M.)
| | - Rama K. Maganti
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (P.R.W.); (T.J.S.); (E.R.); (B.C.); (R.N.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (E.J.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (G.L.); (R.K.M.)
| | - Cara J. Westmark
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (P.R.W.); (T.J.S.); (E.R.); (B.C.); (R.N.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (E.J.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (G.L.); (R.K.M.)
- Molecular Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Rog J, Wingralek Z, Nowak K, Grudzień M, Grunwald A, Banaszek A, Karakula-Juchnowicz H. The Potential Role of the Ketogenic Diet in Serious Mental Illness: Current Evidence, Safety, and Practical Advice. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2819. [PMID: 38792361 PMCID: PMC11122005 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet that mimics the physiological state of fasting. The potential therapeutic effects in many chronic conditions have led to the gaining popularity of the KD. The KD has been demonstrated to alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress, modulate the gut microbiota community, and improve metabolic health markers. The modification of these factors has been a potential therapeutic target in serious mental illness (SMI): bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia. The number of clinical trials assessing the effect of the KD on SMI is still limited. Preliminary research, predominantly case studies, suggests potential therapeutic effects, including weight gain reduction, improved carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, decrease in disease-related symptoms, increased energy and quality of life, and, in some cases, changes in pharmacotherapy (reduction in number or dosage of medication). However, these findings necessitate further investigation through larger-scale clinical trials. Initiation of the KD should occur in a hospital setting and with strict care of a physician and dietitian due to potential side effects of the diet and the possibility of exacerbating adverse effects of pharmacotherapy. An increasing number of ongoing studies examining the KD's effect on mental disorders highlights its potential role in the adjunctive treatment of SMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rog
- Laboratory of Human Metabolism Research, Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 66 Str., 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Wingralek
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Głuska 1 Str., 20-469 Lublin, Poland; (Z.W.); (K.N.); (M.G.); (A.B.); (H.K.-J.)
| | - Katarzyna Nowak
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Głuska 1 Str., 20-469 Lublin, Poland; (Z.W.); (K.N.); (M.G.); (A.B.); (H.K.-J.)
| | - Monika Grudzień
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Głuska 1 Str., 20-469 Lublin, Poland; (Z.W.); (K.N.); (M.G.); (A.B.); (H.K.-J.)
| | - Arkadiusz Grunwald
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Głuska 1 Str., 20-469 Lublin, Poland; (Z.W.); (K.N.); (M.G.); (A.B.); (H.K.-J.)
| | - Agnieszka Banaszek
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Głuska 1 Str., 20-469 Lublin, Poland; (Z.W.); (K.N.); (M.G.); (A.B.); (H.K.-J.)
| | - Hanna Karakula-Juchnowicz
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Głuska 1 Str., 20-469 Lublin, Poland; (Z.W.); (K.N.); (M.G.); (A.B.); (H.K.-J.)
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de Souza KR, Engel NA, Soares HJ, Bressan CBC, Dela Vedova LM, da Silva LE, Mendes TF, da Silva MR, de Oliveira MP, Goulart AI, Córneo E, de Medeiros Borges H, Michels M, Bittencourt JVS, de Roch Casagrande L, Ferreira GK, Petronilho FC, Dal-Pizzol F, Silveira PCL, de Bitencourt RM, da Silva MG, Rezin GT. Nutritional strategies cause memory damage and alter biochemical parameters without causing neuroinflammation. Metab Brain Dis 2024; 39:635-648. [PMID: 38429463 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01311-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Obesity results from an energy imbalance and has been considered an epidemic due to its increasing rates worldwide. It is classified as a low-grade chronic inflammatory disease and has associated comorbidities. Different nutritional strategies are used for the purpose of weight loss, highlighting low-carbohydrate (LC) diets, ketogenic diets, and intermittent fasting (IF). These strategies can lead to metabolic and behavioral changes as they stimulate different biochemical pathways. Therefore, this study evaluated memory, energy metabolism, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and antioxidant defense parameters in mice subjected to an LC diet, ketogenic diet (KD), or IF. Eighty male Swiss mice, 60 days old, were divided into 4 groups: control, LC, KD, or IF. Body weight was measured weekly, and food intake every 48 h. After 15 days of nutritional interventions, the animals were subjected to the behavioral object recognition test and subsequently euthanized. Then, visceral fat was removed and weighed, and the brain was isolated for inflammatory and biochemical analysis. We concluded from this study that the LC and KD strategies could damage memory, IF improves the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and the LC, KD, and IF strategies do not lead to neuroinflammatory damage but present damage at the level of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keila Rufatto de Souza
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av. José Acácio Moreira, 787, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, 88704-900, Brazil
| | - Nicole Alessandra Engel
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av. José Acácio Moreira, 787, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, 88704-900, Brazil
| | - Hevylin Jacinto Soares
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av. José Acácio Moreira, 787, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, 88704-900, Brazil
| | - Catarina Barbosa Chaves Bressan
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av. José Acácio Moreira, 787, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, 88704-900, Brazil
| | - Larissa Marques Dela Vedova
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av. José Acácio Moreira, 787, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, 88704-900, Brazil
| | - Larissa Espindola da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av. José Acácio Moreira, 787, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, 88704-900, Brazil
| | - Talita Farias Mendes
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av. José Acácio Moreira, 787, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, 88704-900, Brazil
| | - Mariella Reinol da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av. José Acácio Moreira, 787, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, 88704-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pacheco de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av. José Acácio Moreira, 787, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, 88704-900, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Indalecio Goulart
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Emily Córneo
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Heloísa de Medeiros Borges
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Monique Michels
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - João Vitor Silvano Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Laura de Roch Casagrande
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Fabricia Cardoso Petronilho
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar Lock Silveira
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rafael Mariano de Bitencourt
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marina Goulart da Silva
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Tezza Rezin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av. José Acácio Moreira, 787, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, 88704-900, Brazil
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Iyer SH, Yeh MY, Netzel L, Lindsey MG, Wallace M, Simeone KA, Simeone TA. Dietary and Metabolic Approaches for Treating Autism Spectrum Disorders, Affective Disorders and Cognitive Impairment Comorbid with Epilepsy: A Review of Clinical and Preclinical Evidence. Nutrients 2024; 16:553. [PMID: 38398876 PMCID: PMC10893388 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy often occurs with other neurological disorders, such as autism, affective disorders, and cognitive impairment. Research indicates that many neurological disorders share a common pathophysiology of dysfunctional energy metabolism, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and gut dysbiosis. The past decade has witnessed a growing interest in the use of metabolic therapies for these disorders with or without the context of epilepsy. Over one hundred years ago, the high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD) was formulated as a treatment for epilepsy. For those who cannot tolerate the KD, other diets have been developed to provide similar seizure control, presumably through similar mechanisms. These include, but are not limited to, the medium-chain triglyceride diet, low glycemic index diet, and calorie restriction. In addition, dietary supplementation with ketone bodies, polyunsaturated fatty acids, or triheptanoin may also be beneficial. The proposed mechanisms through which these diets and supplements work to reduce neuronal hyperexcitability involve normalization of aberrant energy metabolism, dampening of inflammation, promotion of endogenous antioxidants, and reduction of gut dysbiosis. This raises the possibility that these dietary and metabolic therapies may not only exert anti-seizure effects, but also reduce comorbid disorders in people with epilepsy. Here, we explore this possibility and review the clinical and preclinical evidence where available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Timothy A. Simeone
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (S.H.I.); (K.A.S.)
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Grabowska K, Grabowski M, Przybyła M, Pondel N, Barski JJ, Nowacka-Chmielewska M, Liśkiewicz D. Ketogenic diet and behavior: insights from experimental studies. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1322509. [PMID: 38389795 PMCID: PMC10881757 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1322509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
As a journal page for full details. The ketogenic diet (KD) has been established as a treatment for epilepsy, but more recently it has been explored as an alternative or add-on therapy for many other diseases ranging from weight loss to neurological disorders. Animal models are widely used in studies investigating the therapeutic effects of the KD as well as underlying mechanisms. Especially in the context of neurological, psychiatric, and neurodevelopmental disorders essential endpoints are assessed by behavioral and motor tests. Here we summarized research evaluating the influence of the KD on cognition, depressive and anxiety-related behaviors, and social and nutritional behaviors of laboratory rodents. Each section contains a brief description of commonly used behavioral tests highlighting their limitations. Ninety original research articles, written in English, performed on mice or rats, providing measurement of blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels and behavioral evaluation were selected for the review. The majority of research performed in various disease models shows that the KD positively impacts cognition. Almost an equal number of studies report a reduction or no effect of the KD on depressive-related behaviors. For anxiety-related behaviors, the majority of studies show no effect. Despite the increasing use of the KD in weight loss and its appetite-reducing properties the behavioral evaluation of appetite regulation has not been addressed in preclinical studies. This review provides an overview of the behavioral effects of nutritional ketosis addressed to a broad audience of scientists interested in the KD field but not necessarily specializing in behavioral tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstancja Grabowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
- Department for Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Mateusz Grabowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
- Department for Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marta Przybyła
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
- Department for Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Natalia Pondel
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jarosław J Barski
- Department for Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marta Nowacka-Chmielewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Daniela Liśkiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
- Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
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Chinna-Meyyappan A, Gomes FA, Koning E, Fabe J, Breda V, Brietzke E. Effects of the ketogenic diet on cognition: a systematic review. Nutr Neurosci 2023; 26:1258-1278. [PMID: 36354157 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2022.2143609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ketogenic diet (KD) therapy has been used as a dietary intervention in drug-resistant epilepsy for several years. Research currently suggests that KD therapy may carry neuroprotective and cognition enhancing effects for individuals with non-epileptic conditions as well as for healthy individuals. Therefore, KD may have potential as a non-invasive, nutritional treatment approach for difficult to manage conditions such as neurodegenerative illnesses or mood disorders. The aim of this review is to summarize the available evidence on ketogenic interventions and the resulting cognitive outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The paper was based on PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The search was conducted in June 2021 on the following databases: CENTRAL, PubMed, EMBASE, PsycInfo, Web of Science. The search yielded 2014 studies, of which 49 were included. RESULTS There were 22 animal studies assessing murine models and 27 studies on humans. The primary indications in these studies were epileptic conditions, neurodegenerative disorders, cognitive impairment, and healthy populations. DISCUSSION Administration of KD seems to confer cognitive-enhancing effects in areas such as working memory, reference memory and attention. Studies found that KD treatment in animals has the potential to alleviate age-related cognitive decline. Over 80% of the 27 human studies reported a favourable effect of intervention, and none reported a detrimental effect of KD. While these findings suggest that KD may improve the functioning of certain cognitive domains, definitive conclusions were limited by studies with small sample sizes, the absence of controls and randomization, and the lack of objective measures of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabiano Alves Gomes
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies (CNS), Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Elena Koning
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, Canada
| | | | - Vitor Breda
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies (CNS), Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies (CNS), Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
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Westmark PR, Gholston AK, Swietlik TJ, Maganti RK, Westmark CJ. Ketogenic Diet Affects Sleep Architecture in C57BL/6J Wild Type and Fragile X Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14460. [PMID: 37833907 PMCID: PMC10572443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly half of children with fragile X syndrome experience sleep problems including trouble falling asleep and frequent nighttime awakenings. The goals here were to assess sleep-wake cycles in mice in response to Fmr1 genotype and a dietary intervention that reduces hyperactivity. Electroencephalography (EEG) results were compared with published rest-activity patterns to determine if actigraphy is a viable surrogate for sleep EEG. Specifically, sleep-wake patterns in adult wild type and Fmr1KO littermate mice were recorded after EEG electrode implantation and the recordings manually scored for vigilance states. The data indicated that Fmr1KO mice exhibited sleep-wake patterns similar to wild type littermates when maintained on a control purified ingredient diet. Treatment with a high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet increased the percentage of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in both wild type and Fmr1KO mice during the dark cycle, which corresponded to decreased activity levels. Treatment with a ketogenic diet flattened diurnal sleep periodicity in both wild type and Fmr1KO mice. Differences in several sleep microstructure outcomes (number and length of sleep and wake bouts) supported the altered sleep states in response to a ketogenic diet and were correlated with altered rest-activity cycles. While actigraphy may be a less expensive, reduced labor surrogate for sleep EEG during the dark cycle, daytime resting in mice did not correlate with EEG sleep states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela R. Westmark
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (P.R.W.); (A.K.G.); (T.J.S.); (R.K.M.)
| | - Aaron K. Gholston
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (P.R.W.); (A.K.G.); (T.J.S.); (R.K.M.)
- Molecular Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Timothy J. Swietlik
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (P.R.W.); (A.K.G.); (T.J.S.); (R.K.M.)
| | - Rama K. Maganti
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (P.R.W.); (A.K.G.); (T.J.S.); (R.K.M.)
| | - Cara J. Westmark
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (P.R.W.); (A.K.G.); (T.J.S.); (R.K.M.)
- Molecular Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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9
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Smolensky IV, Zajac-Bakri K, Gass P, Inta D. Ketogenic diet for mood disorders from animal models to clinical application. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023; 130:1195-1205. [PMID: 36943505 PMCID: PMC10460725 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02620-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Mood disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are often resistant to current pharmacological treatment. Therefore, various alternative therapeutic approaches including diets are, therefore, under investigation. Ketogenic diet (KD) is effective for treatment-resistant epilepsy and metabolic diseases, however, only a few clinical studies suggest its beneficial effect also for mental disorders. Animal models are a useful tool to uncover the underlying mechanisms of therapeutic effects. Women have a twice-higher prevalence of mood disorders but very little is known about sex differences in nutritional psychiatry. In this review, we aim to summarize current knowledge of the sex-specific effects of KD in mood disorders. Ketone bodies improve mitochondrial functions and suppress oxidative stress, inducing neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects which are both beneficial for mental health. Limited data also suggest KD-induced improvement of monoaminergic circuits and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis-the key pathophysiological pathways of mood disorders. Gut microbiome is an important mediator of the beneficial and detrimental effects of diet on brain functioning and mental health. Gut microbiota composition is affected in mood disorders but its role in the therapeutic effects of different diets, including KD, remains poorly understood. Still little is known about sex differences in the effects of KD on mental health as well as on metabolism and body weight. Some animal studies used both sexes but did not find differences in behavior, body weight loss or gut microbiota composition. More studies, both on a preclinical and clinical level, are needed to better understand sex-specific effects of KD on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V Smolensky
- Department for Community Health, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Kilian Zajac-Bakri
- Department for Community Health, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Gass
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dragos Inta
- Department for Community Health, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Mondal A, Sharma R, Abiha U, Ahmad F, Karan A, Jayaraj RL, Sundar V. A Spectrum of Solutions: Unveiling Non-Pharmacological Approaches to Manage Autism Spectrum Disorder. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1584. [PMID: 37763703 PMCID: PMC10536417 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59091584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that causes difficulty while socializing and communicating and the performance of stereotyped behavior. ASD is thought to have a variety of causes when accompanied by genetic disorders and environmental variables together, resulting in abnormalities in the brain. A steep rise in ASD has been seen regardless of the numerous behavioral and pharmaceutical therapeutic techniques. Therefore, using complementary and alternative therapies to treat autism could be very significant. Thus, this review is completely focused on non-pharmacological therapeutic interventions which include different diets, supplements, antioxidants, hormones, vitamins and minerals to manage ASD. Additionally, we also focus on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies, herbal remedies, camel milk and cannabiodiol. Additionally, we concentrate on how palatable phytonutrients provide a fresh glimmer of hope in this situation. Moreover, in addition to phytochemicals/nutraceuticals, it also focuses on various microbiomes, i.e., gut, oral, and vaginal. Therefore, the current comprehensive review opens a new avenue for managing autistic patients through non-pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunima Mondal
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda 151401, India
| | - Rashi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Bawana, Delhi 110042, India
| | - Umme Abiha
- IDRP, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur 342030, India
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur 342005, India
| | - Faizan Ahmad
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard University, Delhi 110062, India
| | | | - Richard L. Jayaraj
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vaishnavi Sundar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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11
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Alam S, Westmark CJ, McCullagh EA. Diet in treatment of autism spectrum disorders. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1031016. [PMID: 37492195 PMCID: PMC10364988 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1031016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Altering the diet to treat disease dates to c. 400 BC when starvation was used to reduce seizures in persons with epilepsy. The current diversity of symptomology and mechanisms underlying autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and a corresponding lack of disorder-specific effective treatments prompts an evaluation of diet as a therapeutic approach to improve symptoms of ASDs. In this review article, we summarize the main findings of nutritional studies in ASDs, with an emphasis on the most common monogenic cause of autism, Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), and the most studied dietary intervention, the ketogenic diet as well as other dietary interventions. We also discuss the gut microbiota in relation to pre- and probiotic therapies and provide insight into future directions that could aid in understanding the mechanism(s) underlying dietary efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiha Alam
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Cara J. Westmark
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. McCullagh
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
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12
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A combination of ketogenic diet and voluntary exercise ameliorates anxiety and depression-like behaviors in Balb/c mice. Neurosci Lett 2022; 770:136443. [PMID: 34990761 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The positive effects of both ketogenic diet (KD) and regular voluntary exercise on anxiety and depression behavior have been recently reported in rodent animals, but the effects of pairing a KD with exercise on depression and anxiety are unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of combination of KD and regular voluntary exercise on anxiety and depression-like behavior in Balb/c mice. We've demostrated that anxiety and depression levels decreased in KD-exercised (KD-Ex) mice. β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels increased while glucose, insulin levels and LDL/HDL ratio decreased in KD-Ex mice. There was a negative correlation between BHB and the time spent in the closed arms of elevated plus maze (EPM) or the time spent in periphery walls of open field test (OFT) and the immobility time in forced swim test (FST) which all of them are indicators of low depression and anxiety levels. There was a positive correlation between LDL/HDL ratio and the time spent in the closed arms of EPM or the immobility time in FST. The immobility time in FST was positively correlated with insulin while the mobility time in FST was negatively correlated with glucose. In conclusion, these results suggest that decline in anxiety and depression-like behaviors resulted from KD with regular voluntary exercise may be associated with increased BHB levels and decreased LDL/HDL ratio and insulin or glucose levels. Further research is necessary for our understanding of the mechanisms by which pairing a KD with voluntary exercise influences brain and behavior.
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13
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Liśkiewicz AD, Liśkiewicz D, Marczak Ł, Przybyła M, Grabowska K, Student S, Dębiec M, Sługocka A, Lewin-Kowalik J. Obesity-associated deterioration of the hippocampus is partially restored after weight loss. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 96:212-226. [PMID: 34087424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is a multidimensional condition that is treatable by the restoration of a lean phenotype; however, some obesity-related outcomes may persist after weight normalization. Among the organs of the human body, the brain possesses a relatively low regenerative capacity and could retain perturbations established as a result of developmental obesity. Calorie restriction (CR) or a restricted ketogenic diet (KD) are successfully used as weight loss approaches, but their impact on obesity-related effects in the brain have not been previously evaluated. METHODS We performed a series of experiments in a rat model of developmental obesity induced by a 12-week cafeteria diet, followed by CR to implement weight loss. First, we assessed the impact of obesity on neurogenesis (BrdU incorporation into the hippocampus), cognitive function (water maze), and concomitant changes in hippocampal protein expression (GC/MS-MS, western blot). Next, we repeated these experiments in a rat model of weight loss induced by CR. We also measured mitochondrial enzyme activity in rats after weight loss during the fed or fasting state. This study was extended by additional experiments with restricted KD used as a weight loss approach in order to compare the efficacy of two different nutritional interventions used in the treatment of obesity on hippocampal functions. By using a modified version of the water maze we evaluated cognitive abilities in rats subjected to weight loss by CR or a restricted KD. RESULTS In this study, obesity affected metabolic processes, upregulated hippocampal NF-κB, and induced proteomic differences which were associated with impaired cognition and neurogenesis. Weight loss improved neurogenesis and enhanced cognition. While the expression pattern of some proteins persisted after weight loss, most of the changes appeared de novo revealing metabolic adjustment by overactivation of citrate synthase and downregulation of ATP synthase. As a consequence of fasting, the activity of these enzymes indicated hippocampal adaptation to negative energy balance during the weight loss phase of CR. Moreover, the effects on cognitive abilities measured after weight loss were negatively correlated with the animal weight measured at the final stage of weight gain. This was alleviated by KD, which improved cognition when used as a weight loss approach. CONCLUSIONS The study shows that cognition and mitochondrial metabolism in the hippocampus are affected by CR- or KD-induced weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz D Liśkiewicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice 40-752, Poland; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice 40-065, Poland.
| | - Daniela Liśkiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice 40-065, Poland; Department for Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice 40-752, Poland
| | - Łukasz Marczak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan 61-704, Poland
| | - Marta Przybyła
- Department for Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice 40-752, Poland
| | - Konstancja Grabowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice 40-065, Poland; Department for Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice 40-752, Poland
| | - Sebastian Student
- Institute of Automatic Control, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice 44-100, Poland; Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice 44-100, Poland
| | - Magdalena Dębiec
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice 40-065, Poland
| | - Anna Sługocka
- Department for Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice 40-752, Poland
| | - Joanna Lewin-Kowalik
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice 40-752, Poland
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14
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Johnson CSC, Shively C, Michalson KT, Lea AJ, DeBo RJ, Howard TD, Hawkins GA, Appt SE, Liu Y, McCall CE, Herrington DM, Ip EH, Register TC, Snyder-Mackler N. Contrasting effects of Western vs Mediterranean diets on monocyte inflammatory gene expression and social behavior in a primate model. eLife 2021; 10:68293. [PMID: 34338633 PMCID: PMC8423447 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary changes associated with industrialization increase the prevalence of chronic diseases, such as obesity, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. This relationship is often attributed to an 'evolutionary mismatch' between human physiology and modern nutritional environments. Western diets enriched with foods that were scarce throughout human evolutionary history (e.g. simple sugars and saturated fats) promote inflammation and disease relative to diets more akin to ancestral human hunter-gatherer diets, such as a Mediterranean diet. Peripheral blood monocytes, precursors to macrophages and important mediators of innate immunity and inflammation, are sensitive to the environment and may represent a critical intermediate in the pathway linking diet to disease. We evaluated the effects of 15 months of whole diet manipulations mimicking Western or Mediterranean diet patterns on monocyte polarization in a well-established model of human health, the cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis). Monocyte transcriptional profiles differed markedly between diets, with 40% of transcripts showing differential expression (FDR < 0.05). Monocytes from Western diet consumers were polarized toward a more proinflammatory phenotype. The Western diet shifted the co-expression of 445 gene pairs, including small RNAs and transcription factors associated with metabolism and adiposity in humans, and dramatically altered behavior. For example, Western-fed individuals were more anxious and less socially integrated. These behavioral changes were also associated with some of the effects of diet on gene expression, suggesting an interaction between diet, central nervous system activity, and monocyte gene expression. This study provides new molecular insights into an evolutionary mismatch and uncovers new pathways through which Western diets alter monocyte polarization toward a proinflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corbin SC Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Carol Shively
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston-SalemUnited States
| | - Kristofer T Michalson
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston-SalemUnited States
| | - Amanda J Lea
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Ryne J DeBo
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston-SalemUnited States
| | - Timothy D Howard
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston-SalemUnited States
| | - Gregory A Hawkins
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston-SalemUnited States
| | - Susan E Appt
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston-SalemUnited States
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
| | - Charles E McCall
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston-SalemUnited States
| | - David M Herrington
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston-SalemUnited States
| | - Edward H Ip
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston-SalemUnited States
| | - Thomas C Register
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston-SalemUnited States
| | - Noah Snyder-Mackler
- Department of Psychology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States,Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States,Department of Biology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States,Center for Evolution & Medicine, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
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15
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Li Q, Liang J, Fu N, Han Y, Qin J. A Ketogenic Diet and the Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:650624. [PMID: 34046374 PMCID: PMC8146910 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.650624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by stereotyped behavior and deficits in communication and social interaction. There are no curative treatments for children with ASD. The ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat, appropriate-protein, and low-carbohydrate diet that mimics the fasting state of the body and is proven beneficial in drug-resistant epilepsy and some other brain diseases. An increasing number of studies demonstrated that a KD improved autistic behavior, but the underlying mechanisms are not known. We reviewed the neuroprotective role of a KD in ASD, which is likely mediated via improvements in energy metabolism, reductions in antioxidative stress levels, control of neurotransmitters, inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, and modulation of the gut microbiota. A KD is likely a safe and effective treatment for ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinrui Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Na Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiong Qin
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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16
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He J, Lü L, Peng J, Li C, Kong X, Zhang J, Peng L. [Inhibitory effect of ketogenic diet on neuroblastoma in BALB/c-nu mouse models]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:1155-1164. [PMID: 32895178 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.08.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the inhibitory effect of ketogenic diet (KD) on growth of neuroblastoma in mice. METHODS BALB/c-nu mouse models bearing neuroblastoma xenografts were established by subcutaneous injection of human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y). When the tumor volume reached 250 mm3, the mice were randomized into SD group with standard diet and PBS treatment, KD group with ketogenic diet and PBS treatment, and CP+KD group with ketogenic diet and cyclophosphamide (60 mg·kg-1·day-1) treatment, n=8. The tumor volume, body weight, blood glucose, ketone body (β-Hydroxybutyrate) levels, and hepatic steatosis in the mice were assessed. The expressions of caspase-3 and caspase-8 were detected by Western blotting, and Ki67 expresison was detected using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed for the autophagosomes, and the autophagic protein Beclin1, LC3A/B and P62 were detected by IHC and Western blotting. RESULTS On day 28 post tumor cell injection, the mice in KD and CP+KD groups could prolong the overall survival rates than that in SD group (P < 0.001). On day 22 post the injection, the tumor volume in KD group was smaller than that in SD group (P < 0.05); on 16, 19, and 22 day post the injection, the tumor volume in CP+KD group was smaller than that in SD group (P < 0.01). The mice in SD group showed greater body weight on day 19 and higher blood glucose level on day 13 post the injection than those in the other two groups (P < 0.05). Blood ketone level and hepatic steatosis score were higher and glucose ketone index (GKI) was lower in KD and CP+KD groups than those in SD group (all P < 0.05). The expressions of Ki67 and apoptotic proteins were detected in the tumor tissues of all groups. TEM revealed more autophagosomes in the tumor tissues of KD group than that of SD group. P62 expression was lowered (P < 0.01) and Beclin1 and LC3A/B expressions were up-regulated in the tumor tissues of KD group (P < 0.05), which is consisitent with IHC. CONCLUSIONS KD has a strong anti-tumor effect in the xenograft mouse model possibly by regulating cell autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao He
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Chongqing 400014, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders//National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders//China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders//Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University//Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Linya Lü
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Junwei Peng
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Chongqing 400014, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders//National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders//China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders//Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University//Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Changchun Li
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xiangru Kong
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Chongqing 400014, China
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17
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He J, Lü L, Peng J, Li C, Kong X, Zhang J, Peng L. [Inhibitory effect of ketogenic diet on neuroblastoma in BALB/c-nu mouse models]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020. [PMID: 32895178 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn121113-20191103-00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the inhibitory effect of ketogenic diet (KD) on growth of neuroblastoma in mice. METHODS BALB/c-nu mouse models bearing neuroblastoma xenografts were established by subcutaneous injection of human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y). When the tumor volume reached 250 mm3, the mice were randomized into SD group with standard diet and PBS treatment, KD group with ketogenic diet and PBS treatment, and CP+KD group with ketogenic diet and cyclophosphamide (60 mg·kg-1·day-1) treatment, n=8. The tumor volume, body weight, blood glucose, ketone body (β-Hydroxybutyrate) levels, and hepatic steatosis in the mice were assessed. The expressions of caspase-3 and caspase-8 were detected by Western blotting, and Ki67 expresison was detected using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed for the autophagosomes, and the autophagic protein Beclin1, LC3A/B and P62 were detected by IHC and Western blotting. RESULTS On day 28 post tumor cell injection, the mice in KD and CP+KD groups could prolong the overall survival rates than that in SD group (P < 0.001). On day 22 post the injection, the tumor volume in KD group was smaller than that in SD group (P < 0.05); on 16, 19, and 22 day post the injection, the tumor volume in CP+KD group was smaller than that in SD group (P < 0.01). The mice in SD group showed greater body weight on day 19 and higher blood glucose level on day 13 post the injection than those in the other two groups (P < 0.05). Blood ketone level and hepatic steatosis score were higher and glucose ketone index (GKI) was lower in KD and CP+KD groups than those in SD group (all P < 0.05). The expressions of Ki67 and apoptotic proteins were detected in the tumor tissues of all groups. TEM revealed more autophagosomes in the tumor tissues of KD group than that of SD group. P62 expression was lowered (P < 0.01) and Beclin1 and LC3A/B expressions were up-regulated in the tumor tissues of KD group (P < 0.05), which is consisitent with IHC. CONCLUSIONS KD has a strong anti-tumor effect in the xenograft mouse model possibly by regulating cell autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao He
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Chongqing 400014, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders//National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders//China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders//Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University//Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Linya Lü
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Junwei Peng
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Chongqing 400014, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders//National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders//China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders//Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University//Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Changchun Li
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xiangru Kong
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Chongqing 400014, China
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18
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Grigolon RB, Gerchman F, Schöffel AC, Hawken ER, Gill H, Vazquez GH, Mansur RB, McIntyre RS, Brietzke E. Mental, emotional, and behavioral effects of ketogenic diet for non-epileptic neuropsychiatric conditions. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 102:109947. [PMID: 32305355 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ketogenic diet (KD) is comprised of a distinct macronutrient combination: i.e. 90% fat, 8% of protein and 2% of carbohydrates, typically characterized as a high-fat low-carbohydrate diet. KD's efficacy was largely established for treatment resistant epilepsy in children, but its mental, emotional and behavioral effects remain largely unknown. Nevertheless, the efficacious effects of KD in childhood epilepsy provide rationale for repurposing this approach for other brain-based disorders. Consequently, clinicians and researchers should be aware of the evidence regarding efficacy, as well as the benefits and risks of adopting this diet. Results from animals and humans studies provide equivocal evidence across multiple domains of psychopathology. Conceptually, KD shows promise to serve as an efficacious treatment for mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth B Grigolon
- Post-Graduation Program in Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Gerchman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Service of Endocrinology and Metabology, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alice C Schöffel
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emily R Hawken
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Hartej Gill
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gustavo H Vazquez
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, ON, Canada; Mood Disorders Outpatient Clinic, Providence Care Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Rodrigo B Mansur
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Post-Graduation Program in Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, ON, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience Studies (CNS), Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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19
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Westmark PR, Gutierrez A, Gholston AK, Wilmer TM, Westmark CJ. Preclinical testing of the ketogenic diet in fragile X mice. Neurochem Int 2020; 134:104687. [PMID: 31958482 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ketogenic diet is highly effective at attenuating seizures in refractory epilepsy, and accumulating evidence in the literature suggests that it may be beneficial in autism. To our knowledge, no one has studied the ketogenic diet in any fragile X syndrome (FXS) model. FXS is the leading known genetic cause of autism. Herein, we tested the effects of chronic ketogenic diet treatment on seizures, body weight, ketone and glucose levels, diurnal activity levels, learning and memory, and anxiety behaviors in Fmr1KO and littermate control mice as a function of age. The ketogenic diet selectively attenuates seizures in male but not female Fmr1KO mice and differentially affects weight gain and diurnal activity levels dependent on Fmr1 genotype, sex and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela R Westmark
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alejandra Gutierrez
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Molecular Environmental Toxicology Center, Summer Research Opportunities Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Aaron K Gholston
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Molecular Environmental Toxicology Center, Summer Research Opportunities Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Taralyn M Wilmer
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Cara J Westmark
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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20
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Hartman RE, Patel D. Dietary Approaches to the Management of Autism Spectrum Disorders. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 24:547-571. [PMID: 32006373 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30402-7_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reviews the literature surrounding autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and their relation to gastrointestinal (GI), behavioral, neurological, and immunological functioning. Individuals with ASD often have poor GI health, including bowel motility issues, autoimmune and/or other adverse responses to certain foods, and lack of necessary nutrient absorption. These issues may be caused or exacerbated by restrictive behavioral patterns (e.g., preference for sweet and salty foods and/or refusal of healthy foods). Those individuals with GI issues tend to demonstrate more behavioral deficits (e.g., irritability, agitation, hyperactivity) and also tend to have an imbalance in overall gut microbiome composition, thus corroborating several studies that have implicated brain-gut pathways as potential mediators of behavioral dysfunction.We examine the literature regarding dietary approaches to managing ASDs, including elimination diets for gluten, casein, or complex carbohydrates, a ketogenic diet, and a low oxalate diet. We also explore the research examining dietary supplements such as fatty acids, pro- and prebiotics, vitamins, minerals, glutathione, phytochemicals, and hormones. The research on dietary approaches to managing ASDs is limited and the results are mixed. However, a few approaches, such as the gluten-free/casein-free diet, fatty acid supplementation, and pre/probiotics have generally demonstrated improved GI and associated behavioral symptoms. Given that GI issues seem to be overrepresented in ASD populations, and that GI issues have been associated with a number behavioral and neurological deficits, dietary manipulation may offer a cheap and easily implemented approach to improve the lives of those with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Hartman
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
| | - Dhira Patel
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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21
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Karhu E, Zukerman R, Eshraghi RS, Mittal J, Deth RC, Castejon AM, Trivedi M, Mittal R, Eshraghi AA. Nutritional interventions for autism spectrum disorder. Nutr Rev 2019; 78:515-531. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an increasingly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder with considerable clinical heterogeneity. With no cure for the disorder, treatments commonly center around speech and behavioral therapies to improve the characteristic social, behavioral, and communicative symptoms of ASD. Gastrointestinal disturbances are commonly encountered comorbidities that are thought to be not only another symptom of ASD but to also play an active role in modulating the expression of social and behavioral symptoms. Therefore, nutritional interventions are used by a majority of those with ASD both with and without clinical supervision to alleviate gastrointestinal and behavioral symptoms. Despite a considerable interest in dietary interventions, no consensus exists regarding optimal nutritional therapy. Thus, patients and physicians are left to choose from a myriad of dietary protocols. This review, summarizes the state of the current clinical and experimental literature on nutritional interventions for ASD, including gluten-free and casein-free, ketogenic, and specific carbohydrate diets, as well as probiotics, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and dietary supplements (vitamins A, C, B6, and B12; magnesium and folate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Karhu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ryan Zukerman
- Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Rebecca S Eshraghi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jeenu Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Richard C Deth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Ana M Castejon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Malav Trivedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
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22
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Mouro FM, Miranda-Lourenço C, Sebastião AM, Diógenes MJ. From Cannabinoids and Neurosteroids to Statins and the Ketogenic Diet: New Therapeutic Avenues in Rett Syndrome? Front Neurosci 2019; 13:680. [PMID: 31333401 PMCID: PMC6614559 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is an X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder caused mainly by mutations in the MECP2 gene, being one of the leading causes of mental disability in females. Mutations in the MECP2 gene are responsible for 95% of the diagnosed RTT cases and the mechanisms through which these mutations relate with symptomatology are still elusive. Children with RTT present a period of apparent normal development followed by a rapid regression in speech and behavior and a progressive deterioration of motor abilities. Epilepsy is one of the most common symptoms in RTT, occurring in 60 to 80% of RTT cases, being associated with worsening of other symptoms. At this point, no cure for RTT is available and there is a pressing need for the discovery of new drug candidates to treat its severe symptoms. However, despite being a rare disease, in the last decade research in RTT has grown exponentially. New and exciting evidence has been gathered and the etiopathogenesis of this complex, severe and untreatable disease is slowly being unfolded. Advances in gene editing techniques have prompted cure-oriented research in RTT. Nonetheless, at this point, finding a cure is a distant reality, highlighting the importance of further investigating the basic pathological mechanisms of this disease. In this review, we focus our attention in some of the newest evidence on RTT clinical and preclinical research, evaluating their impact in RTT symptomatology control, and pinpointing possible directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Melo Mouro
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Miranda-Lourenço
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria José Diógenes
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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23
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Huang J, Li YQ, Wu CH, Zhang YL, Zhao ST, Chen YJ, Deng YH, Xuan A, Sun XD. The effect of ketogenic diet on behaviors and synaptic functions of naive mice. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01246. [PMID: 30848079 PMCID: PMC6456772 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Beyond its application as an epilepsy therapy, the ketogenic diet (KD) has been considered a potential treatment for a variety of other neurological and metabolic disorders. However, whether KD promotes functional restoration by reducing the pathological processes underlying individual diseases or through some independent mechanisms is not clear. METHODS In this study, we evaluated the effect of KD on a series of behaviors and synaptic functions of young adult naive mice. Wild-type C57BL/6J mice at age of 2-3 months were fed with control diet or KD for three months. Body weight and caloric intake were monitored throughout the experiments. We assessed behavioral performance with seizure induction, motor coordination and activity, anxiety level, spatial learning and memory, sociability, and depression. Synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation were also recorded. RESULTS KD-fed mice performed equivalent to control-diet-fed mice in the behavioral tests and electrophysiological assays except exhibiting slower weight gain and increased seizure threshold. CONCLUSIONS Our results contribute to the better understanding of effects of the KD on physiological behaviors and synaptic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Quan Li
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cui-Hong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shen-Ting Zhao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Jun Chen
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Hong Deng
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aiguo Xuan
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Guangzhou, China
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24
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Ling Y, Wang DD, Sun YX, Zhao DJ, Ni H. Neuro-Behavioral Status and the Hippocampal Expression of Metabolic Associated Genes in Wild-Type Rat Following a Ketogenic Diet. Front Neurol 2019; 10:65. [PMID: 30804881 PMCID: PMC6370680 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
While a ketogenic diet (KD) is a well-established therapy for medically intractable epilepsy, clinical evidence of relevant adverse events of a KD has also been reported. We asked whether this kind of diet would have deleterious effects on wild-type brain function by evaluating KD-induced biochemical changes in the hippocampus as well as neurobehavioral changes occurring in wild-type rats. Fifty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups on postnatal day 28 (P28): wild-type rats fed with a KD qd (daily for 4 weeks, KD) or qod (every other day for 4 weeks, KOD), and wild-type rats fed with standard normal laboratory diet (ND). Neurobehavioral changes were observed on P35, P42, and P49. The hippocampal mossy fiber sprouting, the expression levels of zinc transporters (ZnTs) and lipid metabolism related genes were detected by Timm staining, RT-qPCR and western blot analysis, respectively, on P58. The KD-treated KOD and KD groups showed a significant delay of negative geotaxis reflex on P35, but not on P42 or P49. In the open field test, daily KD treatment only led to a reduction in exploratory activity and increased grooming times but induced no significant changes in the scores of vertical activity or delay time. KD qod treated rats (KOD) displayed a slight delay in the place navigation test on P35 compared with the KD group. There were no significant differences in Timm staining among the three groups. In parallel with these changes, KD treatment (both KD and KOD) induced significantly downregulated mRNA levels of Apoa1, Pdk4, and upregulated expression of ApoE, ANXN7, and cPLA2 in the hippocampus when compared with the ND group (except in the case of ApoE in the KOD group). Notably, both the mRNA and protein levels of cPLA2 in the KOD rats were significantly downregulated compared with the KD group but still markedly higher than in the ND group. No significant difference was found in ZnTs among the three groups. Our data suggest that early-life KD can provoke minor neurobehavioral effects in particular a delay in negative geotaxis reflex and an increase in grooming activity. The hippocampal lipid metabolism signaling pathway, especially cPLA2, may be the target of the protective effect of KD on long-term brain injury after developmental seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Ling
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu-Xiao Sun
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dong-Jing Zhao
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong Ni
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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25
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Gogou M, Kolios G. Are therapeutic diets an emerging additional choice in autism spectrum disorder management? World J Pediatr 2018; 14:215-223. [PMID: 29846886 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-018-0164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A nutritional background has been recognized in the pathophysiology of autism and a series of nutritional interventions have been considered as complementary therapeutic options. As available treatments and interventions are not effective in all individuals, new therapies could broaden management options for these patients. Our aim is to provide current literature data about the effect of therapeutic diets on autism spectrum disorder. DATA SOURCE A systematic review was conducted by two reviewers independently. Prospective clinical and preclinical studies were considered. RESULT Therapeutic diets that have been used in children with autism include ketogenic and gluten/casein-free diet. We were able to identify 8 studies conducted in animal models of autism demonstrating a beneficial effect on neurophysiological and clinical parameters. Only 1 clinical study was found showing improvement in childhood autism rating scale after implementation of ketogenic diet. With regard to gluten/casein-free diet, 4 clinical studies were totally found with 2 of them showing a favorable outcome in children with autism. Furthermore, a combination of gluten-free and modified ketogenic diet in a study had a positive effect on social affect scores. No serious adverse events have been reported. CONCLUSION Despite encouraging laboratory data, there is controversy about the real clinical effect of therapeutic diets in patients with autism. More research is needed to provide sounder scientific evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gogou
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University General Hospital AHEPA, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloníki, Greece.
| | - G Kolios
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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26
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Tengeler AC, Kozicz T, Kiliaan AJ. Relationship between diet, the gut microbiota, and brain function. Nutr Rev 2018; 76:603-617. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anouk C Tengeler
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud university medical center, Center for Medical Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Center PRIME, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud university medical center, Center for Medical Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Center PRIME, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Pedriatrics, Hayward Genetics Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Amanda J Kiliaan
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud university medical center, Center for Medical Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Center PRIME, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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27
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Shao X, Tang Y, Long H, Gu H, Zhang J, Deng P, Zhao Y, Cen X. HMG-CoA synthase 2 drives brain metabolic reprogramming in cocaine exposure. Neuropharmacology 2017; 148:377-393. [PMID: 28987936 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The brain is a high energy-consuming organ that typically utilizes glucose as the main energy source for cerebral activity. When glucose becomes scarce under conditions of stress, ketone bodies, such as β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and acetone, become extremely important. Alterations in brain energy metabolism have been observed in psychostimulant abusers; however, the mode of brain metabolic programming in cocaine dependence remains largely unknown. Here, we profiled the metabolites and metabolic enzymes from brain nucleus accumbens (NAc) of mice exposed to cocaine. We found that cocaine modified energy metabolism and markedly activated ketogenesis pathway in the NAc. The expression of HMG-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2), a critical rate-limiting ketogenesis enzyme, was markedly up-regulated. After switching metabolic pathways from ketogenesis to glycolysis through activation of glucokinase, cocaine-evoked metabolic reprogramming regained homeostasis, and the cocaine effect was attenuated. Importantly, both the pharmacological and genetic inhibition of HMGCS2 significantly suppressed cocaine-induced ketogenesis and behavior. In conclusion, cocaine induces a remarkable energy reprogramming in the NAc, which is characterized by HMGCS2-driven ketogenesis. Such effect may facilitate adaptations to cocaine-induced energy stress in the brain. Our findings establish an important link between drug-induced energy reprogramming and cocaine effect, and may have implication in the treatment of cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Shao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yunxuan Tang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Hailei Long
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Hui Gu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Pengchi Deng
- Analytical &Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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