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Kleuter M, Yu Y, Pancaldi F, Jan van der Goot A, Trindade LM. Prone to loss: senescence-regulated protein degradation leads to lower protein extractability in aging tomato leaves. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024:112284. [PMID: 39414151 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 10/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/18/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of proteins extracted from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves as cost-effective resources for human consumption or animal feed has gained interest. Thus, increasing protein extractability from tomato leaves became a new breeding target. However, the genetic factors influencing this trait remains poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed changes in leaf protein content, protein composition, and extraction yield across developmental stages, which are vegetative growth, flowering, fruit-forming, and mature fruit. Moreover, tomato gene expression across developmental stages was also studied, to identify genes underlying variability in leaf protein extraction. Protein extraction yield decreased from 0.51g/g to 0.01g/g leaf protein from the vegetative to mature stage. However, total protein content inferred with Dumas combustion analysis did not change over the developmental stages tested, while the protein-to-peptide ratio decreased significantly. To further analyze potential causes underlying the decline of protein-to-peptide ratio, the enzymatic activity of proteases - i.e. the enzymes responsible for protein degradation - and the expression of genes encoding these enzymes was studied along plant development. The overall specific activity of proteases did not change significantly throughout plant development. On the contrary, the gene expression of distinct members of the aspartic, cysteine, and subtilase protease families increased. Overall, our findings suggest that extraplastidic protein degradation likely underlies the protein degradation observed during senescence. In the future, the reduction of the activity of extraplastidic proteases through biotechnology could represent an effective strategy to develop tomato varieties with improved protein extraction yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietheres Kleuter
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Yafei Yu
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Francesco Pancaldi
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Atze Jan van der Goot
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Luisa M Trindade
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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2
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Sangwan M, Chaudhary H, Mehan S, Khan Z, Bahauddin AA, Alrehaili BD, Elbadawy HM, Almikhlafi MA, Narula AS, Kalfin R, Wanas H. Effect of mitochondrial coenzyme-Q10 precursor solanesol in gentamicin-induced experimental nephrotoxicity: Evidence from restoration of ETC-complexes and histopathological alterations. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2024; 12:e70022. [PMID: 39358913 PMCID: PMC11446958 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.70022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity occurs when the body is exposed to certain drugs or toxins. When kidney damage occurs, the kidney fails to eliminate excess urine and waste. Solanesol (C45H74O) is a tri-sesquiterpenoid alcohol first isolated from tobacco, and it is widely distributed in plants of the Solanaceae family. Solanesol (SNL) is an intermediate in the synthesis of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), an antioxidant which protects nerve cells. This study investigated the protective effect of SNL at doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. Animals were distributed into six groups and administered 100 mg/kg gentamicin-intraperitoneal injection for 14 days. Biochemical assessments were performed on kidney homogenate, blood, and serum. Treatment with SNL was shown as lower serum levels of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and Tumor necrosis factor alpha)TNF-α ((p < .001). It also restored reduced glutathione (GSH) and mitochondrial complex enzymatic activity as protective measures against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. SNL were shown to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress markers (p < .001). Histological findings furtherly augmented the protective effects of SNL. Long-term SNL therapy also restored mitochondrial electron transport chain complex enzymes, such as complex-I (p < .001). In conclusion, these findings suggest that SNL can represent a protective therapeutic option for drug-induced nephrotoxicity, a long-term adverse effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics such as gentamicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minakshi Sangwan
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencePDM UniversityBahadurgarhHaryanaIndia
| | - Hema Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencePDM UniversityBahadurgarhHaryanaIndia
- School of Medical and Allied SciencesK R Mangalam UniversityGurugramIndia
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of PharmacologyISF College of Pharmacy (An Autonomous (College)MogaPunjabIndia
| | - Zuber Khan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of PharmacologyISF College of Pharmacy (An Autonomous (College)MogaPunjabIndia
| | - Ammar A. Bahauddin
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of PharmacyTaibah UniversityMedinaKingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar D. Alrehaili
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of PharmacyTaibah UniversityMedinaKingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hossein M. Elbadawy
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of PharmacyTaibah UniversityMedinaKingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohannad A. Almikhlafi
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of PharmacyTaibah UniversityMedinaKingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Reni Kalfin
- Institute of NeurobiologyBulgarian Academy of SciencesSofiaBulgaria
- Department of HealthcareSouth‐West University BlagoevgradBlagoevgradBulgaria
| | - Hanna Wanas
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of PharmacyTaibah UniversityMedinaKingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of MedicineCairo UniversityGizaEgypt
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3
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Bueno da Silva M, Wiese-Klinkenberg A, Usadel B, Genzel F. Potato Berries as a Valuable Source of Compounds Potentially Applicable in Crop Protection and Pharmaceutical Sectors: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:15449-15462. [PMID: 38970497 PMCID: PMC11261637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a major agricultural crop cultivated worldwide. To meet market demand, breeding programs focus on enhancing important agricultural traits such as disease resistance and improvement of tuber palatability. However, while potato tubers get a lot of attention from research, potato berries are mostly overlooked due to their level of toxicity and lack of usefulness for the food production sector. Generally, they remain unused in the production fields after harvesting the tuber. These berries are toxic due to high levels of glycoalkaloids, which might confer some interesting bioactivities. Berries of various solanaceous species contain bioactive secondary metabolites, suggesting that potato berries might contain similarly valuable metabolites. Therefore, possible applications of potato berries, e.g., in the protection of plants against pests and pathogens, as well as the medical exploitation of their anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and antifungal properties, are plausible. The presence of valuable compounds in potato berries could also contribute to the bioeconomy by providing a novel use for otherwise discarded agricultural side streams. Here we review the potential use of these berries for the extraction of compounds that can be exploited to produce pharmaceuticals and plant protection products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Bueno da Silva
- Institute
of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Bioeconomy Science
Center (BioSC), CEPLAS, Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Anika Wiese-Klinkenberg
- Institute
of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Bioeconomy Science
Center (BioSC), CEPLAS, Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Björn Usadel
- Institute
of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Bioeconomy Science
Center (BioSC), CEPLAS, Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, CEPLAS, Institute for Biological
Data Science, Heinrich Heine University
Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Franziska Genzel
- Institute
of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Bioeconomy Science
Center (BioSC), CEPLAS, Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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4
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Shen K, Xia L, Gao X, Li C, Sun P, Liu Y, Fan H, Li X, Han L, Lu C, Jiao K, Xia C, Wang Z, Deng B, Pan F, Sun T. Tobacco as bioenergy and medical plant for biofuels and bioproduction. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33920. [PMID: 39055830 PMCID: PMC11269859 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tobacco, a widely cultivated crop, has been extensively utilized by humans for an extended period. However, the tobacco industry generates a significant amount of organic waste, and the effective utilization of this tobacco waste has been limited. Currently, most tobacco waste is either recycled as reconstituted tobacco sheets or disposed of in landfills. However, tobacco possesses far more potential value than just these applications. This article provides an overview of the diverse uses of tobacco waste in agriculture, medicine, chemical engineering, and energy sectors. In the realm of agriculture, tobacco waste finds primary application as fertilizers and pesticides. In medical applications, the bioactive compounds present in tobacco are fully harnessed, resulting in the production of phenols, solanesol, polysaccharides, proteins, and even alkaloids. These bioactive compounds exhibit beneficial effects on human health. Additionally, the applications of tobacco waste in chemical engineering and energy sectors are centered around the utilization of lignocellulosic compounds and certain fuels. Chemical platform compounds derived from tobacco waste, as well as selected fuel sources, play a significant role in these areas. The rational utilization of tobacco waste represents a promising prospect, particularly in the present era when sustainable development is widely advocated. Moreover, this approach holds significant importance for enhancing energy utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Shen
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liwei Xia
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cuiyu Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yikuan Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hu Fan
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xu Li
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Leyuan Han
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengfei Lu
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaixuan Jiao
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen Xia
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Deng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fanda Pan
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tulai Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
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Carreno-Quintero N, Tohge T, Van Acker R, McKee LS, Zhou Q, Bolze A, Xing X, Özparpucu M, Rüggeberg M, Piofczyk T, Koram Y, Bulone V, Boerjan W, Fernie AR, Fraser PD. Non-targeted discovery of high-value bio-products in Nicotiana glauca L: a potential renewable plant feedstock. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2024; 11:12. [PMID: 38647836 PMCID: PMC10991672 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of plant-based feedstocks is an important aspect of biorefining. Nicotiana glauca is a solanaceous, non-food crop that produces large amounts of biomass and is well adapted to grow in suboptimal conditions. In the present article, compatible sequential solvent extractions were applied to N. glauca leaves to enable the generation of enriched extracts containing higher metabolite content comparing to direct leaf extracts. Typically, between 60 to 100 metabolite components were identified within the fractions. The occurrence of plant fatty acids, fatty acid alcohols, alkanes, sterols and terpenoids was detected by gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and metabolite identification was confirmed by comparison of physico-chemical properties displayed by available authentic standards. Collectively, co-products such waxes, oils, fermentable sugars, and terpenoids were all identified and quantified. The enriched fractions of N. glauca revealed a high level of readily extractable hydrocarbons, oils and high value co-products. In addition, the saccharification yield and cell wall composition analyses in the stems revealed the potential of the residue material as a promising lignocellulosic substrate for the production of fermentable sugars. In conclusion a multifractional cascade for valuable compounds/commodities has been development, that uses N. glauca biomass. These data have enabled the evaluation of N. glauca material as a potential feedstock for biorefining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Carreno-Quintero
- Biochemistry Department, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
- Vegetable Crop Research Unit, Keygene N.V, Agro Business Park, 90 6708 PW, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Rebecca Van Acker
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lauren S McKee
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qi Zhou
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antje Bolze
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Xiaohui Xing
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Merve Özparpucu
- Institute for Building Materials, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
- Applied Wood Materials, Swiss Federal Laboratories of Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rüggeberg
- Institute for Building Materials, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
- Applied Wood Materials, Swiss Federal Laboratories of Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Piofczyk
- Pilot Pflanzenöltechnologie Magdeburg e. V. (PPM e. V.), Berliner Chaussee 66, 39114, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yaw Koram
- Neutral Supply Chain Limited, 337 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire, SL1 5PR, UK
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Paul D Fraser
- Biochemistry Department, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK.
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Yu Y, Kleuter M, Taghian Dinani S, Trindade LM, van der Goot AJ. The role of plant age and leaf position on protein extraction and phenolic compounds removal from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves using food-grade solvents. Food Chem 2023; 406:135072. [PMID: 36470086 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The large availability and considerable amount of proteins (approx. 30 % on dry matter) make tomato leaves attractive as a potential new protein source. In this study, the feasibility of extracting proteins and removing phenolic compounds from tomato leaves using food-grade solvents as function of plant age and leaf position was investigated. Water and 50-50 % ethanol-water were used. We found that most proteins (>70 mg/g leaf protein) remained in the pellet after extraction. The protein purity of the dry matter present in the supernatant did not exceed the original leaf protein content. Additionally, leaf position had stronger effect than plant age on the leaf protein content and extraction yield. Ethanol-water was more efficient in removing phenolic compounds than water. The most phenolic compounds was removed from the top leaves. For future processing, the diversity of leaves has to be considered when striving for full utilization of tomato plants (fruits and leaves).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Yu
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Marietheres Kleuter
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Somayeh Taghian Dinani
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Luisa M Trindade
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Atze Jan van der Goot
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Biorefinery of Tomato Leaves by Integrated Extraction and Membrane Processes to Obtain Fractions That Enhance Induced Resistance against Pseudomonas syringae Infection. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12060585. [PMID: 35736292 PMCID: PMC9229720 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12060585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tomato leaves have been shown to contain significant amounts of important metabolites involved in protection against abiotic and biotic stress and/or possessing important therapeutic properties. In this work, a systematic study was carried out to evaluate the potential of a sustainable process for the fractionation of major biomolecules from tomato leaves, by combining aqueous extraction and membrane processes. The extraction parameters (temperature, pH, and liquid/solid ratio (L/S)) were optimized to obtain high amounts of biomolecules (proteins, carbohydrates, biophenols). Subsequently, the aqueous extract was processed by membrane processes, using 30–50 kDa and 1–5 kDa membranes for the first and second stage, respectively. The permeate from the first stage, which was used to remove proteins from the aqueous extract, was further fractionated in the second stage, where the appropriate membrane material was also selected. Of all the membranes tested in the first stage, regenerated cellulose membranes (RC) showed the best performance in terms of higher rejection of proteins (85%) and lower fouling index (less than 15% compared to 80% of the other membranes tested), indicating that they are suitable for fractionation of proteins from biophenols and carbohydrates. In the second stage, the best results were obtained by using polyethersulfone (PES) membranes with an NMWCO of 5 kDa, since the greatest difference between the rejection coefficients of carbohydrates and phenolic compounds was obtained. In vivo bioactivity tests confirmed that fractions obtained with PES 5 kDa membranes were able to induce plant defense against P. syringae.
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Lan T, Yu C, Li R, Ma Z, Xi X, Chu Q. A Simple and Standardized Method for the Determination of Total Solanesol in Potato Leaves and Its Extracts Based on HPLC-MS. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:479-484. [PMID: 33956983 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solanesol is an important pharmaceutical intermediate raw material, mainly used to synthesize coenzyme Q10, vitamin K2. It can be found prominent in potato stems and leaves. But now potato stems and leaves are always abandoned or discarded as they are not suitable for use as feed in aquaculture or other purposes. These agricultural waste resources can be reutilized as the corresponding extracts. OBJECTIVE To develop a simple and standardized method for the detection of total solanesol in potato leaves and its extracts. METHODS N-hexane was chosen as the extraction solvent for three times in the solanesol extraction from potato leaves. HPLC-MS was used for the detection. RESULTS The LOQ was 0.3 µg/g and the linear range was from 0.1 to 50 µg/mL. The precision and stability were evaluated by the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of three samples (potato leaves, Extract-1, Extract-2) for interday and intraday. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by the recoveries of three different spiked concentrations of solanesol for three samples, and results showed it ranged from 80.7% to 99.0% with RSDs less than 8.7%. CONCLUSIONS The method we established can provide a simple and standardized way for the extraction and detection of total solanesol. HIGHLIGHTS The work laid a foundation for the resource reutilization of potato stem and leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lan
- China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Congcong Yu
- Hebei Guanzhuo Detection Technology Stock CO., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
- Innovation Center of Food Quality and Safety Testing Technology of Hebei Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310018, China
| | - Ren Li
- China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Zheng Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310018, China
| | - Xingjun Xi
- China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Qiao Chu
- China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing 100191, PR China
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9
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Model assisted supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation of added-value products from tobacco scrap. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.105046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Röhlen-Schmittgen S, Ellenberger J, Groher T, Hunsche M. Boosting leaf contents of rutin and solanesol in bio-waste of Solanum lycopersicum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:888-897. [PMID: 32905983 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In tomato production, the accruing green biomass shows promising potential as source of health-promoting compounds, such as rutin and solanesol, that are of high interest due to their medicinal properties. Naturally, they accumulate in plants growing in suboptimal growing conditions, e.g. influenced by biotic and abiotic stressors. With the aim to evaluate the potential use of tomato residues as source, we analyzed both leaf metabolites during a complete cultivation cycle, while applying single and combined stresses practically realized in greenhouse production. In the late season, contents of both metabolites were significantly enhanced by nutrient deficit in combination with 2 °C colder nights for 4 weeks and prolonged for in total 9 weeks. Particularly, higher solanesol contents were achieved by salt stress and elevated temperature after one week, even stronger when combined with drought. At harvest, stressed plants consist of less green biomass reducing the overall economic potential. However, practicable abiotic stresses should be considered as potential tool to induce the accumulation of beneficial compounds. Extracting profitable metabolites from the green biomass of the model crop tomato supports the overall goal to promote sustainable approaches in horticultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Ellenberger
- INRES Horticultural Science, University of Bonn, Auf dem Huegel 6, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tanja Groher
- INRES Horticultural Science, University of Bonn, Auf dem Huegel 6, 53121, Bonn, Germany; Agroscope, Taenikon, 8356, Ettenhausen, Switzerland
| | - Mauricio Hunsche
- INRES Horticultural Science, University of Bonn, Auf dem Huegel 6, 53121, Bonn, Germany; COMPO EXPERT International GmbH, 48155, Muenster, Germany
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Yan N, Gai X, Xue L, Du Y, Shi J, Liu Y. Effects of NtSPS1 Overexpression on Solanesol Content, Plant Growth, Photosynthesis, and Metabolome of Nicotiana tabacum. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040518. [PMID: 32316447 PMCID: PMC7238068 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nicotiana tabacum solanesyl diphosphate synthase 1 (NtSPS1) is the key enzyme in solanesol biosynthesis. However, changes in the solanesol content, plant growth, photosynthesis, and metabolome of tobacco plants after NtSPS1 overexpression (OE) have not been previously reported. In the present study, these parameters, as well as photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, were compared between NtSPS1 OE and wild type (WT) lines of tobacco. As expected, NtSPS1 OE significantly increased solanesol content in tobacco leaves. Although NtSPS1 OE significantly increased leaf growth, photosynthesis, and chlorophyll content, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in the leaves of the NtSPS1 OE lines were only slightly higher than those in the WT leaves. Furthermore, NtSPS1 OE resulted in 64 differential metabolites, including 30 up-regulated and 34 down-regulated metabolites, between the OE and WT leaves. Pathway enrichment analysis of these differential metabolites identified differentially enriched pathways between the OE and WT leaves, e.g., carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms. The maximum carboxylation rate of RuBisCO and the maximum rate of RuBP regeneration were also elevated in the NtSPS1 OE line. To our knowledge, this is the first study to confirm the role of NtSPS1 in solanesol biosynthesis and its possible functional mechanisms in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yan
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China;
- Correspondence: (N.Y.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-532-8870-1035 (N.Y. & Y.L.)
| | - Xiaolei Gai
- Yunnan Tobacco Leaf Company, Kunming 650000, China;
| | - Lin Xue
- Anhui Wannan Tobacco Leaf Co., Ltd., Xuancheng 242000, China;
| | - Yongmei Du
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China;
| | - John Shi
- Guelph Food Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada;
| | - Yanhua Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China;
- Correspondence: (N.Y.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-532-8870-1035 (N.Y. & Y.L.)
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12
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Effect of UV Radiation and Salt Stress on the Accumulation of Economically Relevant Secondary Metabolites in Bell Pepper Plants. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The green biomass of horticultural plants contains valuable secondary metabolites (SM), which can potentially be extracted and sold. When exposed to stress, plants accumulate higher amounts of these SMs, making the extraction and commercialization even more attractive. We evaluated the potential for accumulating the flavones cynaroside and graveobioside A in leaves of two bell pepper cultivars (Mavras and Stayer) when exposed to salt stress (100 mM NaCl), UVA/B excitation (UVA 4–5 W/m2; UVB 10–14 W/m2 for 3 h per day), or a combination of both stressors. Plant age during the trials was 32–48 days. HPLC analyses proved the enhanced accumulation of both metabolites under stress conditions. Cynaroside accumulation is effectively triggered by high-UV stress, whereas graveobioside A contents increase under salt stress. Highest contents of secondary metabolites were observed in plants exposed to combined stress. Effects of stress on overall plant performance differed significantly between treatments, with least negative impact on above ground biomass found for high-UV stressed plants. The usage of two non-destructive instruments (Dualex and Multiplex) allowed us to gain insights into the ontogenetical effects at the leaf level and temporal development of SM contents. Indices provided by those devices correlate fairly with amounts detected via HPLC (Cynaroside: r2 = 0.46–0.66; Graveobioside A: r2 = 0.51–0.71). The concentrations of both metabolites tend to decrease at leaf level during the ontogenetical development even under stress conditions. High-UV stress should be considered as a tool for enriching plant leaves with valuable SM. Effects on the performance of plants throughout a complete production cycle should be evaluated in future trials. All data is available online.
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13
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Solanesol derived therapeutic carriers for anticancer drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2019; 572:118823. [PMID: 31715346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolites of a large number of inert drug carriers can cause long-term exogenous biological toxicity. Therefore, carriers with simultaneous therapeutic effects may be a good choice for drug delivery. Herein, a series of pharmacologically active solanesol derivatives were synthesized and investigated for use as micellar drug carriers for cancer therapy. Solanesyl thiosalicylic acid (STS) was first synthesized by introducing a thiosalicylic acid group to solanesol, inspired by the characteristic structure of farnesyl thiosalicylic acid (FTS) which is a non-toxic inhibitor of all active forms of the RAS protein. Then, two amphiphilic derivatives of STS were formed with ester- and hydrazone (HZ)-bond linked methyl poly(ethylene glycol)(mPEG), mPEG-STS and mPEG-HZ-STS, respectively. The PEGylated STS could be formed stable nano-sized micelles loaded with Doxorubicin (DOX). In vitro, DOX loaded mPEG-STS and mPEG-HZ-STS micelles exhibited stronger tumor inhibition ability compared with free DOX. In vivo, blank mPEG-STS and mPEG-HZ-STS micelles showed an obvious inhibiting effect on tumor growth while the drug loaded micelles had the greatest tumor inhibition effect. The enhanced therapeutic effects and the synergistic effect observed with this solanesol-based drug delivery system could be attributed to the inherent therapeutic qualities of the drug carriers.
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14
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Junker-Frohn LV, Lück M, Schmittgen S, Wensing J, Carraresi L, Thiele B, Groher T, Reimer JJ, Bröring S, Noga G, Jupke A, Schurr U, Usadel B, Wiese-Klinkenberg A, Wormit A. Tomato's Green Gold: Bioeconomy Potential of Residual Tomato Leaf Biomass as a Novel Source for the Secondary Metabolite Rutin. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:19071-19080. [PMID: 31763530 PMCID: PMC6868607 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
At the end of the annual horticultural production cycle of greenhouse-grown crops, large quantities of residual biomass are discarded. Here, we propose a new value chain to utilize horticultural leaf biomass for the extraction of secondary metabolites. To increase the secondary metabolite content of leaves, greenhouse-grown crop plants were exposed to low-cost abiotic stress treatments after the last fruit harvest. As proof of concept, we evaluated the production of the flavonoid rutin in tomato plants subjected to nitrogen deficiency. In an interdisciplinary approach, we observed the steady accumulation of rutin in young plants under nitrogen deficiency, tested the applicability of nitrogen deficiency in a commercial-like greenhouse, developed a high efficiency extraction for rutin, and evaluated the acceptance of the proposed value chain by its key actors economically. On the basis of the positive interdisciplinary evaluation, we identified opportunities and challenges for the successful establishment of horticultural leaf biomass as a novel source for secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V. Junker-Frohn
- Institute of Bio
and Geosciences, Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Bioeconomy
Science Center, c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Manuel Lück
- Chair of Fluid Process Engineering (AVT.FVT), RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
- Bioeconomy
Science Center, c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Simone Schmittgen
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Resource Conservation (INRES), Horticultural
Sciences, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
- Bioeconomy
Science Center, c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Joana Wensing
- Institute for Food and Resource Economics
(ILR), Chair for Technology and Innovation Management in Agribusiness, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Bioeconomy
Science Center, c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Laura Carraresi
- Institute for Food and Resource Economics
(ILR), Chair for Technology and Innovation Management in Agribusiness, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Bioeconomy
Science Center, c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Björn Thiele
- Institute of Bio
and Geosciences, Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Bioeconomy
Science Center, c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Tanja Groher
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Resource Conservation (INRES), Horticultural
Sciences, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
- Bioeconomy
Science Center, c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Julia J. Reimer
- Institute for Biology I—Botany, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Bioeconomy
Science Center, c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bröring
- Institute for Food and Resource Economics
(ILR), Chair for Technology and Innovation Management in Agribusiness, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Bioeconomy
Science Center, c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Georg Noga
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Resource Conservation (INRES), Horticultural
Sciences, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
- Bioeconomy
Science Center, c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas Jupke
- Chair of Fluid Process Engineering (AVT.FVT), RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
- Bioeconomy
Science Center, c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schurr
- Institute of Bio
and Geosciences, Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Bioeconomy
Science Center, c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Björn Usadel
- Institute of Bio
and Geosciences, Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Biology I—Botany, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anika Wiese-Klinkenberg
- Institute of Bio
and Geosciences, Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Bioeconomy
Science Center, c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexandra Wormit
- Institute for Biology I—Botany, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Bioeconomy
Science Center, c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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15
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Extraction of phytochemicals from tomato leaf waste using subcritical carbon dioxide. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2019.102204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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16
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Yan N, Liu Y, Liu L, Du Y, Liu X, Zhang H, Zhang Z. Bioactivities and Medicinal Value of Solanesol and Its Accumulation, Extraction Technology, and Determination Methods. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080334. [PMID: 31382471 PMCID: PMC6722674 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Solanesol, an aliphatic terpene alcohol composed of nine isoprene units, is mainly found in solanaceous plants. Particularly, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), belonging to the Solanaceae family, is the richest plant source of solanesol, and its leaves have been regarded as the ideal material for solanesol extraction. Since the discovery of solanesol in tobacco, significant progress has been achieved in research on solanesol’s bioactivities, medicinal value, accumulation, extraction technology, and determination methods. Solanesol possesses strong free radical absorption ability and antioxidant activity owing to the presence of several non-conjugated double bonds. Notably, solanesol’s anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and antimicrobial activities have been previously demonstrated. Solanesol is a key intermediate in the synthesis of coenzyme Q10, vitamin K2, and the anticancer agent synergiser N-solanesyl-N,N′-bis(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl) ethylenediamine. Other applications of solanesol include solanesol derivative micelles for hydrophobic drug delivery, solanesol-derived scaffolds for bioactive peptide multimerization, and solanesol-anchored DNA for mediating vesicle fusion. Solanesol accumulation in plants is influenced by genetic and environmental factors, including biotic stresses caused by pathogen infections, temperature, illumination, and agronomic measures. Seven extraction technologies and seven determination methods of solanesol are also systematically summarized in the present review. This review can serve as a reference for solanesol’s comprehensive application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yan
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Yanhua Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Linqing Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yongmei Du
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Zhongfeng Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
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17
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Arab M, Bahramian B, Schindeler A, Fathi A, Valtchev P, McConchie R, Dehghani F. A benign process for the recovery of solanesol from tomato leaf waste. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01523. [PMID: 31049434 PMCID: PMC6479160 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Solanesol, the precursor for the synthesis of coenzyme Q10, is currently recovered from tobacco leaves by conventional extraction techniques that require multiple purification steps and a large amount of organic solvents. We recently identified tomato leaves as an alternative source of solanesol and hypothesized that a high-pressure CO2 extraction could be used as a clean extraction process. The effect of CO2 pressure and temperature on the extraction of solanesol was determined to achieve high yield and purity. It was found that solanesol could be extracted efficiently by subcritical CO2 at 25 °C from tomato leaves. The extract contained 40% solanesol and other active compounds such as vitamin K1. A higher level of purity of 93% was achieved using a secondary purification step. Different conventional methods for solanesol extraction was compared to determine the most efficient technique for production of solanesol from tomato leaf. The highest yield of solanesol was achieved at nearly 1% dry weight with using subcritical CO2, which was superior to conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Arab
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Science, Sydney, 2015, NSW, Australia
| | - Bahareh Bahramian
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Centre for Excellence in Advanced Food Enginomics, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Aaron Schindeler
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
- Orthopaedic Research & Biotechnology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Sydney, 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Ali Fathi
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Valtchev
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Centre for Excellence in Advanced Food Enginomics, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Robyn McConchie
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Science, Sydney, 2015, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Centre for Excellence in Advanced Food Enginomics, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Fariba Dehghani
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Centre for Excellence in Advanced Food Enginomics, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
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18
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Yan N, Du Y, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Liu X, Shi J, Liu Y. RNA Sequencing Provides Insights into the Regulation of Solanesol Biosynthesis in Nicotiana tabacum Induced by Moderately High Temperature. Biomolecules 2018; 8:E165. [PMID: 30544626 PMCID: PMC6316125 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Solanesol is a terpene alcohol composed of nine isoprene units that mainly accumulates in solanaceous plants, especially tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). The present study aimed to investigate the regulation of solanesol accumulation in tobacco leaves induced by moderately high temperature (MHT). Exposure to MHT resulted in a significant increase in solanesol content, dry weight, and net photosynthetic rate in tobacco leaves. In MHT-exposed tobacco leaves, 492 and 1440 genes were significantly up- and downregulated, respectively, as revealed by RNA-sequencing. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that most of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly related to secondary metabolite biosynthesis, metabolic pathway, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, hydrolase activity, catalytic activity, and oxidation-reduction process. Moreover, 122 transcription factors of DEGs were divided into 22 families. Significant upregulation of N. tabacum 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NtHMGR), 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (NtDXR), geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (NtGGPS), and solanesyl diphosphate synthase (NtSPS) and significant downregulation of N. tabacum 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (NtDXS) and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (NtFPS) transcription upon MHT exposure were monitored by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). This study indicated that solanesol accumulation in tobacco leaves can be manipulated through regulation of the environmental temperature and established a basis for further elucidation of the molecular mechanism of temperature regulation of solanesol accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yan
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Yongmei Du
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Zhongfeng Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - John Shi
- Guelph Food Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
| | - Yanhua Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
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19
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Groher T, Schmittgen S, Noga G, Hunsche M. Limitation of mineral supply as tool for the induction of secondary metabolites accumulation in tomato leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 130:105-111. [PMID: 29980095 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural residues are natural sources for secondary metabolites as high value ingredients for industrial uses. The present work aims to exploit the accumulation potential of rutin and solanesol in tomato leaves following nitrogen and general mineral deficiency in a commercial-like greenhouse. Physiological responses of tomato plants were monitored non-destructively with a multiparametric fluorescence sensor, and biochemical parameters were determined by means of HPLC analysis. Nitrogen and general mineral limitation led to an accumulation of rutin in young tomato leaves while solanesol concentration was higher in mature leaves. In young leaves, the fluorescence indices SFR_R and NBI_G showed lower values compared to control plants for both stress treatments. On the contrary, FLAV and ANTH_RG values increased during the experiment, but no differences could be recorded in mature leaves. However, correlation analysis indicates, that the FLAV index is not a reliable tool to estimate the concentration of rutin and solanesol tomato leaves. To monitor fruit yield/quality as primary objective of tomato production, fruits showing symptoms of blossom end rot (BER) were counted before and after stress treatments. BER was determined more frequently for plants grown under a general mineral deficiency, concluding that a practical applicability at the end of fruit production is advisable. Our results indicate that by-products from Solanaceae plants are promising resources for valuable bioactive leaf compounds. To achieve the highest concentrations, the seasonal variation, the optimal environmental conditions, the concentrations in different plant organs and varieties as well as different production systems are of high interest for commercial implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Groher
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation - Horticultural Science, University of Bonn, Auf dem Huegel 6, 53121, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Simone Schmittgen
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation - Horticultural Science, University of Bonn, Auf dem Huegel 6, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Noga
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation - Horticultural Science, University of Bonn, Auf dem Huegel 6, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mauricio Hunsche
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation - Horticultural Science, University of Bonn, Auf dem Huegel 6, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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20
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Yao X, Lu B, Lü C, Bai Q, Yan D, Wu Y, Hong Z, Xu H. Solanesol induces the expression of heme oxygenase-1 via p38 and Akt and suppresses the production of proinflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 cells. Food Funct 2018; 8:132-141. [PMID: 27921103 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01073c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the anti-inflammatory effect of solanesol and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) plays an important role in cytoprotection against oxidative stress and inflammation. Solanesol induced HO-1 expression both at the level of mRNA and proteins, resulting in increased HO-1 activity. Solanesol treatment enhanced the level of the phosphorylated form, nuclear translocation, ARE-binding, and transcriptional activity of Nrf2. p38 and Akt contributed to ARE-driven HO-1 expression. Solanesol activated both p38 and Akt, and treatments with SB203580 (a p38 kinase inhibitor), LY294002 (an Akt inhibitor), specific p38 siRNA and Akt siRNA suppressed the solanesol-induced activation of Nrf2, resulting in a decrease in HO-1 expression. Solanesol also elevated the autophagic protein LC3B-II level. SnPP (a HO-1 inhibitor) and HO-1 siRNA markedly abolished the anti-inflammatory effect of solanesol against LPS-induced cell damage. Likewise, SB203580, LY294002, 3-MA and Baf-A1 inhibited the solanesol-induced anti-inflammatory effect. These studies demonstrate that solanesol attenuates inflammation by HO-1 induction via p38 and Akt signaling. Thus, it is quite plausible that HO-1 induction by solanesol could trigger anti-inflammatory pathways including limiting LPS-stimulated cytokine production through autophagic signaling via p38 and Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Yao
- Department of Biology and Food Engineering, Bengbu University, Bengbu, PR China.
| | - Binyu Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chaotian Lü
- Department of Biology and Food Engineering, Bengbu University, Bengbu, PR China.
| | - Qin Bai
- Department of Biology and Food Engineering, Bengbu University, Bengbu, PR China.
| | - Dazhong Yan
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yanli Wu
- Department of Biology and Food Engineering, Bengbu University, Bengbu, PR China.
| | - Zibing Hong
- Department of Biology and Food Engineering, Bengbu University, Bengbu, PR China.
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Biology and Food Engineering, Bengbu University, Bengbu, PR China.
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21
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Yan N, Liu Y, Zhang H, Du Y, Liu X, Zhang Z. Solanesol Biosynthesis in Plants. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040510. [PMID: 28333111 PMCID: PMC6154334 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Solanesol is a non-cyclic terpene alcohol composed of nine isoprene units that mainly accumulates in solanaceous plants. Solanesol plays an important role in the interactions between plants and environmental factors such as pathogen infections and moderate-to-high temperatures. Additionally, it is a key intermediate for the pharmaceutical synthesis of ubiquinone-based drugs such as coenzyme Q10 and vitamin K2, and anti-cancer agent synergizers such as N-solanesyl-N,N′-bis(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl) ethylenediamine (SDB). In plants, solanesol is formed by the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway within plastids. Solanesol’s biosynthetic pathway involves the generation of C5 precursors, followed by the generation of direct precursors, and then the biosynthesis and modification of terpenoids; the first two stages of this pathway are well understood. Based on the current understanding of solanesol biosynthesis, we here review the key enzymes involved, including 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (IPI), geranyl geranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS), and solanesyl diphosphate synthase (SPS), as well as their biological functions. Notably, studies on microbial heterologous expression and overexpression of key enzymatic genes in tobacco solanesol biosynthesis are of significant importance for medical uses of tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yan
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Yanhua Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Yongmei Du
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Zhongfeng Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
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Yan N, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Shi J, Timko MP, Du Y, Liu X, Liu Y. Organ- and Growing Stage-Specific Expression of Solanesol Biosynthesis Genes in Nicotiana tabacum Reveals Their Association with Solanesol Content. Molecules 2016; 21:E1536. [PMID: 27854285 PMCID: PMC6273945 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Solanesol is a noncyclic terpene alcohol that is composed of nine isoprene units and mainly accumulates in solanaceous plants, especially tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). In the present study, RNA-seq analyses of tobacco leaves, stems, and roots were used to identify putative solanesol biosynthesis genes. Six 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), two 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), two 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (IspD), four 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-d-erythritol kinase (IspE), two 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclo-diphosphate synthase (IspF), four 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate synthase (IspG), two 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate reductase (IspH), six isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (IPI), and two solanesyl diphosphate synthase (SPS) candidate genes were identified in the solanesol biosynthetic pathway. Furthermore, the two N. tabacum SPS proteins (NtSPS1 and NtSPS2), which possessed two conserved aspartate-rich DDxxD domains, were highly homologous with SPS enzymes from other solanaceous plant species. In addition, the solanesol contents of three organs and of leaves from four growing stages of tobacco plants corresponded with the distribution of chlorophyll. Our findings provide a comprehensive evaluation of the correlation between the expression of different biosynthesis genes and the accumulation of solanesol, thus providing valuable insight into the regulation of solanesol biosynthesis in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yan
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Zhongfeng Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - John Shi
- Guelph Food Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
| | - Michael P Timko
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
| | - Yongmei Du
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Yanhua Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
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Han S, Chen H, Zhang X, Liu T, Fu Y. Levels of Selected Groups of Compounds in Refill Solutions for Electronic Cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 18:708-14. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Hu RS, Wang J, Li H, Ni H, Chen YF, Zhang YW, Xiang SP, Li HH. Simultaneous extraction of nicotine and solanesol from waste tobacco materials by the column chromatographic extraction method and their separation and purification. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Solanesol protects human hepatic L02 cells from ethanol-induced oxidative injury via upregulation of HO-1 and Hsp70. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:600-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Systematic discovery of molecular probes targeting multiple non-orthosteric and spatially distinct sites in the botulinum neurotoxin subtype A (BoNT/A). Mol Cell Probes 2015; 29:135-43. [PMID: 25745992 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of molecular probes targeting proteins has traditionally relied on labeling compounds already known to bind to the protein of interest. These known ligands bind to orthosteric or allosteric sites in their target protein as a way to control their activity. Binding pockets other than known orthosteric or allosteric sites may exist that are large enough to accommodate a ligand without significantly disrupting protein activity. Such sites may provide opportunities to discriminate between subtypes or other closely related proteins, since they are under less evolutionary pressure to be conserved. The Protein Scanning with Virtual Ligand Screening (PSVLS) approach was previously used to identify a novel inhibitor and a fluorescent probe against the catalytic site of the botulinum neurotoxin subtype A (BoNT/A). PSVLS screens compound databases against multiple sites within a target protein, and the results for all the sites probed against BoNT/A, not only the catalytic site, are available online. Here, we analyze the PSVLS data for multiple sites in order to identify molecular probes with affinity for binding pockets other than the catalytic site of BoNT/A. BoNT/A is a large protein with a light (LC) and a heavy (HC) chain that can be assayed separately. We used scintillation proximity assay (SPA) to test experimentally 5 probe candidates predicted computationally to have affinity for different non-orthosteric binding regions within the HC and LC, and one compound predicted not to have affinity for either domain. The binding profiles obtained experimentally confirmed the targeting of multiple and spatially distinct pockets within BoNT/A. Moreover, inhibition assay results indicate that some of these probes do not significantly interfere with the catalytic activity of BoNT/A.
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Parmar SS, Jaiwal A, Dhankher OP, Jaiwal PK. Coenzyme Q10 production in plants: current status and future prospects. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 35:152-64. [PMID: 24090245 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.823594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) or Ubiquinone10 (UQ10), an isoprenylated benzoquinone, is well-known for its role as an electron carrier in aerobic respiration. It is a sole representative of lipid soluble antioxidant that is synthesized in our body. In recent years, it has been found to be associated with a range of patho-physiological conditions and its oral administration has also reported to be of therapeutic value in a wide spectrum of chronic diseases. Additionally, as an antioxidant, it has been widely used as an ingredient in dietary supplements, neutraceuticals, and functional foods as well as in anti-aging creams. Since its limited dietary uptake and decrease in its endogenous synthesis in the body with age and under various diseases states warrants its adequate supply from an external source. To meet its growing demand for pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries, there is a great interest in the commercial production of CoQ10. Various synthetic and fermentation of microbial natural producers and their mutated strains have been developed for its commercial production. Although, microbial production is the major industrial source of CoQ10 but due to low yield and high production cost, other cost-effective and alternative sources need to be explored. Plants, being photosynthetic, producing high biomass and the engineering of pathways for producing CoQ10 directly in food crops will eliminate the additional step for purification and thus could be used as an ideal and cost-effective alternative to chemical synthesis and microbial production of CoQ10. A better understanding of CoQ10 biosynthetic enzymes and their regulation in model systems like E. coli and yeast has led to the use of metabolic engineering to enhance CoQ10 production not only in microbes but also in plants. The plant-based CoQ10 production has emerged as a cost-effective and environment-friendly approach capable of supplying CoQ10 in ample amounts. The current strategies, progress and constraints of CoQ10 production in plants are discussed in this review.
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Jozwiak A, Brzozowski R, Bujnowski Z, Chojnacki T, Swiezewska E. Application of supercritical CO2 for extraction of polyisoprenoid alcohols and their esters from plant tissues. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2023-8. [PMID: 23673976 PMCID: PMC3679403 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d038794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a method of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with carbon dioxide of polyisoprenoids from plant photosynthetic tissues is described. SFE was an effective extraction method for short- and medium-chain compounds with even higher yield than that observed for the "classical extraction" method with organic solvents. Moreover, SFE-derived extracts contained lower amounts of impurities (e.g., chlorophylls) than those obtained by extraction of the same tissue with organic solvents. Elevated temperature and extended extraction time of SFE resulted in a higher rate of extraction of long-chain polyisoprenoids. Ethanol cofeeding did not increase the extraction efficiency of polyisoprenoids; instead, it increased the content of impurities in the lipid extract. Optimization of SFE time and temperature gives the opportunity of prefractionation of complex polyisoprenoid mixtures accumulated in plant tissues. Extracts obtained with application of SFE are very stable and free from organic solvents and can further be used directly in experimental diet supplementation or as starting material for preparation of semisynthetic polyisoprenoid derivatives, e.g., polyisoprenoid phosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jozwiak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics,Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; and Industrial Chemistry Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Brzozowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics,Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; and Industrial Chemistry Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zygmunt Bujnowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics,Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; and Industrial Chemistry Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Chojnacki
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics,Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; and Industrial Chemistry Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics,Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; and Industrial Chemistry Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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