1
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Grzech D, Smit SJ, Alam RM, Boccia M, Nakamura Y, Hong B, Barbole R, Heinicke S, Kunert M, Seibt W, Grabe V, Caputi L, Lichman BR, O'Connor SE, Aharoni A, Sonawane PD. Incorporation of nitrogen in antinutritional Solanum alkaloid biosynthesis. Nat Chem Biol 2024:10.1038/s41589-024-01735-w. [PMID: 39271954 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-024-01735-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are specialized metabolites produced by hundreds of Solanum species including food crops, such as tomato, potato and eggplant. Unlike true alkaloids, nitrogen is introduced at a late stage of SGA biosynthesis through an unknown transamination reaction. Here, we reveal the mechanism by which GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM12 (GAME12) directs the biosynthesis of nitrogen-containing steroidal alkaloid aglycone in Solanum. We report that GAME12, a neofunctionalized γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transaminase, undergoes changes in both active site specificity and subcellular localization to switch from its renown and generic activity in core metabolism to function in a specialized metabolic pathway. Moreover, overexpression of GAME12 alone in engineered S. nigrum leaves is sufficient for de novo production of nitrogen-containing SGAs. Our results highlight how hijacking a core metabolism GABA shunt enzyme is crucial in numerous Solanum species for incorporating a nitrogen to a steroidal-specialized metabolite backbone and form defensive alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagny Grzech
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Samuel J Smit
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Ryan M Alam
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Marianna Boccia
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Yoko Nakamura
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Benke Hong
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ranjit Barbole
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sarah Heinicke
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Maritta Kunert
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Wibke Seibt
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Veit Grabe
- Microscopic Imaging Service Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Caputi
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin R Lichman
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Sarah E O'Connor
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Prashant D Sonawane
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.
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2
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Anaia RA, Chiocchio I, Sontowski R, Swinkels B, Vergara F, van Dam NM. Ontogeny and organ-specific steroidal glycoside diversity is associated with differential expression of steroidal glycoside pathway genes in two Solanum dulcamara leaf chemotypes. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024. [PMID: 39150982 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
Solanaceous plants, such as Solanum dulcamara, produce steroidal glycosides (SGs). Leaf SG profiles vary among S. dulcamara individuals, leading to distinct phytochemical phenotypes ('chemotypes') and intraspecific phytochemical diversity ('chemodiversity'). However, if and how SG chemodiversity varies among organs and across ontogeny, and how this relates to SG metabolism gene expression is unknown. Among organs and across ontogeny, S. dulcamara plants with saturated (S) and unsaturated (U) SG leaf chemotypes were selected and clonally propagated. Roots, stems and leaves were harvested from vegetative and flowering plants. Extracts were analysed using untargeted LC-MS. Expression of candidate genes in SG metabolism (SdGAME9, SdGAME4, SdGAME25, SdS5αR2 and SdDPS) was analysed using RT-qPCRs. Our analyses showed that SG chemodiversity varies among organs and across ontogeny in S. dulcamara; SG richness (Dmg) was higher in flowering than vegetative plants. In vegetative plants, Dmg was higher for leaves than for roots. Lack of SdGAME25 expression in U-chemotype leaves, while readily expressed in roots and stems, suggests a pivotal role for SdGAME25 in differentiation of leaf chemotypes in vegetative and flowering plants. By acting as an ontogeny-dependent chemotypic switch, differential regulation of SdGAME25 enables adaptive allocation of SGs, thereby increasing SG chemodiversity in leaves. This indicates that differential expression and/or regulation of glycoalkaloid metabolism genes, rather than their presence or absence, explains observed chemotypic variation in SG chemodiversity among organs and across ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Anaia
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Plant and Animal Biology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - I Chiocchio
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - R Sontowski
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Großbeeren, Germany
| | - B Swinkels
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Plant and Animal Biology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - F Vergara
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - N M van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Großbeeren, Germany
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3
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Lucier R, Kamileen MO, Nakamura Y, Serediuk S, Barbole R, Wurlitzer J, Kunert M, Heinicke S, O'Connor SE, Sonawane PD. Steroidal scaffold decorations in Solanum alkaloid biosynthesis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:1236-1254. [PMID: 38937971 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are specialized metabolites produced by hundreds of Solanum species, including important vegetable crops such as tomato, potato, and eggplant. Although it has been known that SGAs play important roles in defense in plants and "anti-nutritional" effects (e.g., toxicity and bitterness) to humans, many of these molecules have documented anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anti-pyretic activities. Among these, α-solasonine and α-solamargine isolated from black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) are reported to have potent anti-tumor, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory activities. Notably, α-solasonine and α-solamargine, along with the core steroidal aglycone solasodine, are the most widespread SGAs produced among the Solanum plants. However, it is still unknown how plants synthesize these bioactive steroidal molecules. Through comparative metabolomic-transcriptome-guided approach, biosynthetic logic, combinatorial expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, and functional recombinant enzyme assays, here we report the discovery of 12 enzymes from S. nigrum that converts the starting cholesterol precursor to solasodine aglycone, and the downstream α-solasonine, α-solamargine, and malonyl-solamargine SGA products. We further identified six enzymes from cultivated eggplant that catalyze the production of α-solasonine, α-solamargine, and malonyl-solamargine SGAs from solasodine aglycone via glycosylation and atypical malonylation decorations. Our work provides the gene tool box and platform for engineering the production of high-value, steroidal bioactive molecules in heterologous hosts using synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Lucier
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mohamed O Kamileen
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Yoko Nakamura
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; Research Group Biosynthesis and NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sofiia Serediuk
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ranjit Barbole
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jens Wurlitzer
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Maritta Kunert
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah Heinicke
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah E O'Connor
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Prashant D Sonawane
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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4
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Wang LH, Tan DH, Zhong XS, Jia MQ, Ke X, Zhang YM, Cui T, Shi L. Review on toxicology and activity of tomato glycoalkaloids in immature tomatoes. Food Chem 2024; 447:138937. [PMID: 38492295 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Owing to the lack of selection and limited intelligence in mechanical picking, some immature tomatoes that contain alkaloids are thrown away. Tomatine alkaloids are steroidal alkaloids naturally present in Solanaceae plants, which are distributed in small amounts in immature tomato fruits and decrease as the fruits ripen. Tomato glycoalkaloids are harmful to human health. However, in small quantities, there is some evidence that these compounds might be beneficial, as other non-antioxidant bioactivities. This article considers recent research on the biological effects of tomato glycoalkaloids in immature tomatoes, providing reference value for the potential development of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hao Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - De-Hong Tan
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xue-Song Zhong
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Mei-Qi Jia
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xue Ke
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yu-Mei Zhang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Tong Cui
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Lin Shi
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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5
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Kong CH, Li Z, Li FL, Xia XX, Wang P. Chemically Mediated Plant-Plant Interactions: Allelopathy and Allelobiosis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:626. [PMID: 38475470 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Plant-plant interactions are a central driver for plant coexistence and community assembly. Chemically mediated plant-plant interactions are represented by allelopathy and allelobiosis. Both allelopathy and allelobiosis are achieved through specialized metabolites (allelochemicals or signaling chemicals) produced and released from neighboring plants. Allelopathy exerts mostly negative effects on the establishment and growth of neighboring plants by allelochemicals, while allelobiosis provides plant neighbor detection and identity recognition mediated by signaling chemicals. Therefore, plants can chemically affect the performance of neighboring plants through the allelopathy and allelobiosis that frequently occur in plant-plant intra-specific and inter-specific interactions. Allelopathy and allelobiosis are two probably inseparable processes that occur together in plant-plant chemical interactions. Here, we comprehensively review allelopathy and allelobiosis in plant-plant interactions, including allelopathy and allelochemicals and their application for sustainable agriculture and forestry, allelobiosis and plant identity recognition, chemically mediated root-soil interactions and plant-soil feedback, and biosynthesis and the molecular mechanisms of allelochemicals and signaling chemicals. Altogether, these efforts provide the recent advancements in the wide field of allelopathy and allelobiosis, and new insights into the chemically mediated plant-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chui-Hua Kong
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Feng-Li Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin-Xin Xia
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
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6
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Piccolo V, Pastore A, Maisto M, Keivani N, Tenore GC, Stornaiuolo M, Summa V. Agri-Food Waste Recycling for Healthy Remedies: Biomedical Potential of Nutraceuticals from Unripe Tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum L.). Foods 2024; 13:331. [PMID: 38275698 PMCID: PMC10815480 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Unripe tomatoes represent an agri-food waste resulting from industrial by-processing products of tomatoes, yielding products with a high content of bioactive compounds with potential nutraceutical properties. The food-matrix biological properties are attributed to the high steroidal glycoalkaloid (SGA) content. Among them, α-tomatine is the main SGA reported in unripe green tomatoes. This review provides an overview of the main chemical and pharmacological features of α-tomatine and green tomato extracts. The extraction processes and methods employed in SGA identification and the quantification are discussed. Special attention was given to the methods used in α-tomatine qualitative and quantitative analyses, including the extraction procedures and the clean-up methods applied in the analysis of Solanum lycopersicum L. extracts. Finally, the health-beneficial properties and the pharmacokinetics and toxicological aspects of SGAs and α-tomatine-containing extracts are considered in depth. In particular, the relevant results of the main in vivo and in vitro studies reporting the therapeutic properties and the mechanisms of action were described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vincenzo Summa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.P.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (N.K.); (G.C.T.); (M.S.)
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7
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Grădinaru TC, Gilca M, Vlad A, Dragoș D. Relevance of Phytochemical Taste for Anti-Cancer Activity: A Statistical Inquiry. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16227. [PMID: 38003415 PMCID: PMC10671173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting inflammation and the pathways linking inflammation with cancer is an innovative therapeutic strategy. Tastants are potential candidates for this approach, since taste receptors display various biological functions, including anti-inflammatory activity (AIA). The present study aims to explore the power different tastes have to predict a phytochemical's anti-cancer properties. It also investigates whether anti-inflammatory phytocompounds also have anti-cancer effects, and whether there are tastes that can better predict a phytochemical's bivalent biological activity. Data from the PlantMolecularTasteDB, containing a total of 1527 phytochemicals, were used. Out of these, only 624 phytocompounds met the inclusion criterion of having 40 hits in a PubMed search, using the name of the phytochemical as the keyword. Among them, 461 phytochemicals were found to possess anti-cancer activity (ACA). The AIA and ACA of phytochemicals were strongly correlated, irrespective of taste/orosensation or chemical class. Bitter taste was positively correlated with ACA, while sweet taste was negatively correlated. Among chemical classes, only flavonoids (which are most frequently bitter) had a positive association with both AIA and ACA, a finding confirming that taste has predictive primacy over chemical class. Therefore, bitter taste receptor agonists and sweet taste receptor antagonists may have a beneficial effect in slowing down the progression of inflammation to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora-Cristiana Grădinaru
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Marilena Gilca
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Adelina Vlad
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Dorin Dragoș
- Department of Medical Semiology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- 1st Internal Medicine Clinic, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
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8
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Merino I, Guasca AO, Krmela A, Arif U, Ali A, Westerberg E, Jalmi SK, Hajslova J, Schulzova V, Sitbon F. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses identify external conditions and key genes underlying high levels of toxic glycoalkaloids in tubers of stress-sensitive potato cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1210850. [PMID: 37860257 PMCID: PMC10582707 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1210850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Introduction High levels of toxic steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) in potato tubers constitute a recognized food quality problem. Tuber SGA levels vary between potato cultivars and can increase after post-harvest stresses such as wounding and light exposure. A few cultivars, e.g., 'Magnum Bonum' and 'Lenape,' have been withdrawn from commercial sales due to excessive SGA levels during some cultivation years. However, these sudden SGA increases are diffucult to predict, and their causes are not understood. To identify external and genetic factors that underlie sudden SGA increases in certain potato cultivars, we have here in a 2-year study investigated 'Magnum Bonum' and five additional table potato cultivars for their SGA levels after wounding and light exposure. Results and methods Results showed that 'Magnum Bonum' has an unusual strong SGA response to light exposure, but not to wounding, whereas 'Bintje' displayed an opposite regulation. Levels of calystegine alkaloids were not significantly altered by treatments, implicating independent metabolic regulation of SGA and calystegine levels also under conditions of high SGA accumulation. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses identified a small number of key genes whose expression correlated with SGA differences between cultivars. Overexpression of two key genes in transgenic low-SGA potato cultivars increased their leaf SGA levels significantly. Discussion The results show that a strong response to light can underlie the SGA peaks that occasionally occur in certain potato cultivars and indicate that a between-cultivar variation in the expression of single SGA key genes can account for cultivar SGA differerences. We propose that current attempts to mitigate the SGA hazard will benefit from an increased consideration of cultivar-dependent SGA responses to post-harvest conditions, particularly light exposure. The identified key SGA genes can now be used as a molecular tool in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Merino
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Olarte Guasca
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ales Krmela
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Usman Arif
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ashfaq Ali
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), SciLifeLab at Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik Westerberg
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Siddhi Kashinanth Jalmi
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jana Hajslova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vera Schulzova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Folke Sitbon
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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Wolters PJ, Wouters D, Tikunov YM, Ayilalath S, Kodde LP, Strijker MF, Caarls L, Visser RGF, Vleeshouwers VGAA. Tetraose steroidal glycoalkaloids from potato provide resistance against Alternaria solani and Colorado potato beetle. eLife 2023; 12:RP87135. [PMID: 37751372 PMCID: PMC10522338 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants with innate disease and pest resistance can contribute to more sustainable agriculture. Natural defence compounds produced by plants have the potential to provide a general protective effect against pathogens and pests, but they are not a primary target in resistance breeding. Here, we identified a wild relative of potato, Solanum commersonii, that provides us with unique insight in the role of glycoalkaloids in plant immunity. We cloned two atypical resistance genes that provide resistance to Alternaria solani and Colorado potato beetle through the production of tetraose steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGA). Moreover, we provide in vitro evidence to show that these compounds have potential against a range of different (potato pathogenic) fungi. This research links structural variation in SGAs to resistance against potato diseases and pests. Further research on the biosynthesis of plant defence compounds in different tissues, their toxicity, and the mechanisms for detoxification, can aid the effective use of such compounds to improve sustainability of our food production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Doret Wouters
- Wageningen University and ResearchWageningenNetherlands
| | | | | | - Linda P Kodde
- Wageningen University and ResearchWageningenNetherlands
| | | | - Lotte Caarls
- Wageningen University and ResearchWageningenNetherlands
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10
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Xu C, Xia B, Zhang Z, Lin Y, Li C, Lin L. Research progress in steroidal saponins from the genus Polygonatum: Chemical components, biosynthetic pathways and pharmacological effects. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 213:113731. [PMID: 37245687 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The genus Polygonatum Mill. belongs to the Liliaceae family, which is widely distributed all over the world. Modern studies have found that Polygonatum plants are very rich in chemical compounds such as saponins, polysaccharides and flavonoids. Steroidal saponins are the most commonly studied saponins in the genus Polygonatum and a total of 156 compounds have been isolated from 10 species of the genus. These molecules possess antitumor, immunoregulatory, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering and anti-osteoporotic activities. In this review, we summarize recent advances in studies of the chemical constituents of steroidal saponins from Polygonatum, including their structural characteristics, possible biosynthetic pathways and pharmacological effects. Then, the relationship between the structure and some physiological activities is considered. This review aims to provide reference for further exploitation and utilization of the genus Polygonatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Xu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, PR China
| | - Bohou Xia
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, PR China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, PR China
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, PR China
| | - Chun Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China.
| | - Limei Lin
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, PR China.
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11
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Sonawane PD, Gharat SA, Jozwiak A, Barbole R, Heinicke S, Almekias-Siegl E, Meir S, Rogachev I, Connor SEO, Giri AP, Aharoni A. A BAHD-type acyltransferase concludes the biosynthetic pathway of non-bitter glycoalkaloids in ripe tomato fruit. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4540. [PMID: 37500644 PMCID: PMC10374582 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato is the highest value fruit and vegetable crop worldwide, yet produces α-tomatine, a renowned toxic and bitter-tasting anti-nutritional steroidal glycoalkaloid (SGA) involved in plant defense. A suite of modifications during tomato fruit maturation and ripening converts α-tomatine to the non-bitter and less toxic Esculeoside A. This important metabolic shift prevents bitterness and toxicity in ripe tomato fruit. While the enzymes catalyzing glycosylation and hydroxylation reactions in the Esculeoside A pathway have been resolved, the proposed acetylating step remains, to date, elusive. Here, we discovered that GAME36 (GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM36), a BAHD-type acyltransferase catalyzes SGA-acetylation in cultivated and wild tomatoes. This finding completes the elucidation of the core Esculeoside A biosynthetic pathway in ripe tomato, allowing reconstitution of Esculeoside A production in heterologous microbial and plant hosts. The involvement of GAME36 in bitter SGA detoxification pathway points to a key role in the evolution of sweet-tasting tomato as well as in the domestication and breeding of modern cultivated tomato fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant D Sonawane
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany.
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Sachin A Gharat
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Adam Jozwiak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ranjit Barbole
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sarah Heinicke
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Efrat Almekias-Siegl
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Sagit Meir
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ilana Rogachev
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Sarah E O' Connor
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Ashok P Giri
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
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12
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Delbrouck JA, Desgagné M, Comeau C, Bouarab K, Malouin F, Boudreault PL. The Therapeutic Value of Solanum Steroidal (Glyco)Alkaloids: A 10-Year Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2023; 28:4957. [PMID: 37446619 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28134957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroidal (glycol)alkaloids S(G)As are secondary metabolites made of a nitrogen-containing steroidal skeleton linked to a (poly)saccharide, naturally occurring in the members of the Solanaceae and Liliaceae plant families. The genus Solanum is familiar to all of us as a food source (tomato, potato, eggplant), but a few populations have also made it part of their ethnobotany for their medicinal properties. The recent development of the isolation, purification and analysis techniques have shed light on the structural diversity among the SGAs family, thus attracting scientists to investigate their various pharmacological properties. This review aims to overview the recent literature (2012-2022) on the pharmacological benefits displayed by the SGAs family. Over 17 different potential therapeutic applications (antibiotic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, etc.) were reported over the past ten years, and this unique review analyzes each pharmacological effect independently without discrimination of either the SGA's chemical identity or their sources. A strong emphasis is placed on the discovery of their biological targets and the subsequent cellular mechanisms, discussing in vitro to in vivo biological data. The therapeutic value and the challenges of the solanum steroidal glycoalkaloid family is debated to provide new insights for future research towards clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien A Delbrouck
- Institut de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Michael Desgagné
- Institut de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Christian Comeau
- Institut de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Kamal Bouarab
- Centre SEVE, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - François Malouin
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Pierre-Luc Boudreault
- Institut de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
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13
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Wang W, Hou L, Li S, Li J. The Functional Characterization of DzCYP72A12-4 Related to Diosgenin Biosynthesis and Drought Adaptability in Dioscorea zingiberensis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098430. [PMID: 37176134 PMCID: PMC10179397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dioscorea zingiberensis is a perennial herb famous for the production of diosgenin, which is a valuable initial material for the industrial synthesis of steroid drugs. Sterol C26-hydroxylases, such as TfCYP72A616 and PpCYP72A613, play an important role in the diosgenin biosynthesis pathway. In the present study, a novel gene, DzCYP72A12-4, was identified as C26-hydroxylase and was found to be involved in diosgenin biosynthesis, for the first time in D. zingiberensis, using comprehensive methods. Then, the diosgenin heterogenous biosynthesis pathway starting from cholesterol was created in stable transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) harboring DzCYP90B71(QPZ88854), DzCYP90G6(QPZ88855) and DzCYP72A12-4. Meanwhile, diosgenin was detected in the transgenic tobacco using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography system (Vanquish UPLC 689, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany) tandem MS (Q Exactive Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany). Further RT-qPCR analysis showed that DzCYP72A12-4 was highly expressed in both rhizomes and leaves and was upregulated under 15% polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment, indicating that DzCYP72A12-4 may be related to drought resistance. In addition, the germination rate of the diosgenin-producing tobacco seeds was higher than that of the negative controls under 15% PEG pressure. In addition, the concentration of malonaldehyde (MDA) was lower in the diosgenin-producing tobacco seedlings than those of the control, indicating higher drought adaptability. The results of this study provide valuable information for further research on diosgenin biosynthesis in D. zingiberensis and its functions related to drought adaptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weipeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lixiu Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Song Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jiaru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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14
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Shoji T, Saito K. Downregulation of a cluster of genes encoding nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter family proteins in tomato with a mutated JRE4 transcription factor. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2023; 40:71-76. [PMID: 38213915 PMCID: PMC10777122 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.1113a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
A group of anti-nutritional specialized metabolites called steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are produced in Solanum species such as tomato, potato, and eggplant. The transcription factor JASMONATE-RESPONSIVE ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 4 (JRE4) regulates many SGA biosynthesis genes in tomato and potato. Here we report that the expression of a cluster of genes encoding nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter family (NPF) members is downregulated in the jre4-1 loss-of-function tomato mutant, which has a low-SGA phenotype compared to the wild type. NPFs are a large family of plant membrane transporters that transport a wide range of substrates, including specialized metabolites. We found that the JRE4-regulated NPF genes are induced by the defense-related phytohormone jasmonate. Conversely, jasmonate-mediated induction of gene expression was attenuated by ethylene treatment of the leaves. The co-regulation of the NPF genes with SGA biosynthesis genes by JRE4 suggests that NPF transporters are involved in the SGA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Shoji
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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15
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Duraiswamy A, Sneha A. NM, Jebakani K. S, Selvaraj S, Pramitha J. L, Selvaraj R, Petchiammal K. I, Kather Sheriff S, Thinakaran J, Rathinamoorthy S, Kumar P. R. Genetic manipulation of anti-nutritional factors in major crops for a sustainable diet in future. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1070398. [PMID: 36874916 PMCID: PMC9976781 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1070398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of healthy food, in order to strengthen the immune system, is now a major focus of people worldwide and is essential to tackle the emerging pandemic concerns. Moreover, research in this area paves the way for diversification of human diets by incorporating underutilized crops which are highly nutritious and climate-resilient in nature. However, although the consumption of healthy foods increases nutritional uptake, the bioavailability of nutrients and their absorption from foods also play an essential role in curbing malnutrition in developing countries. This has led to a focus on anti-nutrients that interfere with the digestion and absorption of nutrients and proteins from foods. Anti-nutritional factors in crops, such as phytic acid, gossypol, goitrogens, glucosinolates, lectins, oxalic acid, saponins, raffinose, tannins, enzyme inhibitors, alkaloids, β-N-oxalyl amino alanine (BOAA), and hydrogen cyanide (HCN), are synthesized in crop metabolic pathways and are interconnected with other essential growth regulation factors. Hence, breeding with the aim of completely eliminating anti-nutrition factors tends to compromise desirable features such as yield and seed size. However, advanced techniques, such as integrated multi-omics, RNAi, gene editing, and genomics-assisted breeding, aim to breed crops in which negative traits are minimized and to provide new strategies to handle these traits in crop improvement programs. There is also a need to emphasize individual crop-based approaches in upcoming research programs to achieve smart foods with minimum constraints in future. This review focuses on progress in molecular breeding and prospects for additional approaches to improve nutrient bioavailability in major crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Duraiswamy
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Nancy Mano Sneha A.
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Sherina Jebakani K.
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Sellakumar Selvaraj
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Lydia Pramitha J.
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Ramchander Selvaraj
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Indira Petchiammal K.
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Sharmili Kather Sheriff
- Agronomy, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Jenita Thinakaran
- Horticulture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Samundeswari Rathinamoorthy
- Crop Physiology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar P.
- Plant Biochemistry, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
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16
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Shoji T, Saito K. A RING membrane-anchor E3 ubiquitin ligase gene is co-expressed with steroidal glycoalkaloid biosynthesis genes in tomato. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:421-425. [PMID: 37283616 PMCID: PMC10240918 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.1031a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RING membrane-anchor (RMA) E3 ubiquitin ligases are involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated protein degradation, which mediates the regulated destruction of ER-resident enzymes in various organisms. We determined that the transcription factor JASMONATE-RESPONSIVE ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 4 (JRE4) co-regulates the expression of the RMA-type ligase gene SlRMA1, but not its homolog SlRMA2, with steroidal glycoalkaloid biosynthesis genes in tomato, perhaps to prevent the overaccumulation of these metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Shoji
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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17
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Shoji T, Saito K. A Jasmonate-Responsive ERF Transcription Factor Regulates Steroidal Glycoalkaloid Biosynthesis Genes in Eggplant. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3336. [PMID: 36501375 PMCID: PMC9736504 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are a class of cholesterol-derived anti-nutritional defense compound that are produced in species of the genus Solanum, such as tomato (S. lycopersicum), potato (S. tuberosum), and eggplant (S. melongena). However, the regulation of defense-related metabolites in eggplant remains underexplored. In tomato and potato, the JASMONATE-RESPONSIVE ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 4 (JRE4) transcription factor positively regulates a large number of genes involved in SGA biosynthesis. Here, we report that the overexpression of eggplant JRE4 (SmJRE4) induces numerous metabolic genes involved in SGA biosynthesis in leaves. We demonstrate the jasmonate-dependent induction of SmJRE4 and its downstream metabolic genes and show that ethylene treatment attenuates this induction. Our findings thus provide molecular insights into SGA biosynthesis and its regulation in this major crop.
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18
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Vos PG, Paulo MJ, Bourke PM, Maliepaard CA, van Eeuwijk FA, Visser RGF, van Eck HJ. GWAS in tetraploid potato: identification and validation of SNP markers associated with glycoalkaloid content. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2022; 42:76. [PMID: 37313326 PMCID: PMC10248624 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-022-01344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are a useful tool to unravel the genetic architecture of complex traits, but the results can be difficult to interpret. Population structure, genetic heterogeneity, and rare alleles easily result in false positive or false negative associations. This paper describes the analysis of a GWAS panel combined with three bi-parental mapping populations to validate GWAS results, using phenotypic data for steroidal glycoalkaloid (SGA) accumulation and the ratio (SGR) between the two major glycoalkaloids α-solanine and α-chaconine in potato tubers. SGAs are secondary metabolites in the Solanaceae family, functional as a defence against various pests and pathogens and in high quantities toxic for humans. With GWAS, we identified five quantitative trait loci (QTL) of which Sga1.1, Sgr8.1, and Sga11.1 were validated, but not Sga3.1 and Sgr7.1. In the bi-parental populations, Sga5.1 and Sga7.1 were mapped, but these were not identified with GWAS. The QTLs Sga1.1, Sga7.1, Sgr7.1, and Sgr8.1 co-localize with genes GAME9, GAME 6/GAME 11, SGT1, and SGT2, respectively. For other genes involved in SGA synthesis, no QTLs were identified. The results of this study illustrate a number of pitfalls in GWAS of which population structure seems the most important. We also show that introgression breeding for disease resistance has introduced new haplotypes to the gene pool involved in higher SGA levels in certain pedigrees. Finally, we show that high SGA levels remain unpredictable in potato but that α-solanine/α-chaconine ratio has a predictable outcome with specific SGT1 and SGT2 haplotypes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-022-01344-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G. Vos
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Centre for BioSystems Genomics, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Current Address: HZPC, Edisonweg 5, 8501 XG Joure, The Netherlands
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - M. João Paulo
- Present Address: Centre for BioSystems Genomics, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M. Bourke
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chris A. Maliepaard
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fred A. van Eeuwijk
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G. F. Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Centre for BioSystems Genomics, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Herman J. van Eck
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Centre for BioSystems Genomics, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Ngo TH, Park J, Jo YD, Jin CH, Jung CH, Nam B, Han AR, Nam JW. Content of Two Major Steroidal Glycoalkaloids in Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom) Mutant Lines at Different Ripening Stages. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2895. [PMID: 36365348 PMCID: PMC9654965 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Esculeoside A and tomatine are two major steroidal alkaloids in tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum) that exhibit anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-hyperlipidemia activities. Tomatine contained in immature tomato fruit is converted to esculeoside A as the fruit matures. To develop new tomato varieties based on the content analysis of functional secondary metabolites, 184 mutant lines were generated from the original cultivar (S. lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom) by radiation breeding. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detector was used to identify the mutant lines with good traits by analyzing tomatine and esculeoside A content. Compared with the original cultivar, candidates for highly functional cultivars with high esculeoside A content were identified in the mature fruit of the mutant lines. The mutant lines with low and high tomatine content at an immature stage were selected as edible cultivars due to toxicity reduction and as a source of tomatine with various pharmacological activities, respectively. During the process of ripening from green to red tomatoes, the rate of conversion of tomatine to esculeoside A was high in the green tomatoes with a low tomatine content, whereas green tomatoes with a high tomatine content exhibited a low conversion rate. Using methanol extracts prepared from unripe and ripe fruits of the original cultivar and its mutant lines and two major compounds, we examined their cytotoxicity against FaDu human hypopharynx squamous carcinoma cells. Only tomatine exhibited cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 5.589 μM, whereas the other samples did not exhibit cytotoxicity. Therefore, radiation breeding represents a useful tool for developing new cultivars with high quality, and metabolite analysis is applicable for the rapid and objective selection of potential mutant lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung Huy Ngo
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si 38541, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Jisu Park
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si 56212, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Yeong Deuk Jo
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si 56212, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
| | - Chang Hyun Jin
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si 56212, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Chan-Hun Jung
- Jeonju AgroBio-Materials Institute, Jeonju-si 54810, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Bomi Nam
- Institute of Natural Cosmetic Industry for Namwon, Namwon-si 55801, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Ah-Reum Han
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si 56212, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Joo-Won Nam
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si 38541, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
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20
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Wang S, Qiang Q, Xiang L, Fernie AR, Yang J. Targeted approaches to improve tomato fruit taste. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 10:uhac229. [PMID: 36643745 PMCID: PMC9832879 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is the most valuable fruit and horticultural crop species worldwide. Compared with the fruits of their progenitors, those of modern tomato cultivars are, however, often described as having unsatisfactory taste or lacking flavor. The flavor of a tomato fruit arises from a complex mix of tastes and volatile metabolites, including sugars, acids, amino acids, and various volatiles. However, considerable differences in fruit flavor occur among tomato varieties, resulting in mixed consumer experiences. While tomato breeding has traditionally been driven by the desire for continual increases in yield and the introduction of traits that provide a long shelf-life, consumers are prepared to pay a reasonable premium for taste. Therefore, it is necessary to characterize preferences of tomato flavor and to define its underlying genetic basis. Here, we review recent conceptual and technological advances that have rendered this more feasible, including multi-omics-based QTL and association analyses, along with the use of trained testing panels, and machine learning approaches. This review proposes how the comprehensive datasets compiled to date could allow a precise rational design of tomato germplasm resources with improved organoleptic quality for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouchuang Wang
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: , or . Tel: 86-0898-66184571. Fax number: 0898-66184571
| | | | - Lijun Xiang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: , or . Tel: 86-0898-66184571. Fax number: 0898-66184571
| | - Jun Yang
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: , or . Tel: 86-0898-66184571. Fax number: 0898-66184571
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21
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Faria-Silva C, de Sousa M, Carvalheiro MC, Simões P, Simões S. Alpha-tomatine and the two sides of the same coin: An anti-nutritional glycoalkaloid with potential in human health. Food Chem 2022; 391:133261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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22
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Powell AF, Zhang J, Hauser D, Vilela JA, Hu A, Gates DJ, Mueller LA, Li FW, Strickler SR, Smith SD. Genome sequence for the blue-flowered Andean shrub Iochroma cyaneum reveals extensive discordance across the berry clade of Solanaceae. THE PLANT GENOME 2022; 15:e20223. [PMID: 35666039 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) family, Solanaceae, is a model clade for a wide range of applied and basic research questions. Currently, reference-quality genomes are available for over 30 species from seven genera, and these include numerous crops as well as wild species [e.g., Jaltomata sinuosa (Miers) Mione and Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Watson]. Here we present the genome of the showy-flowered Andean shrub Iochroma cyaneum (Lindl.) M. L. Green, a woody lineage from the tomatillo (Physalis philadelphica Lam.) subfamily Physalideae. The assembled size of the genome (2.7 Gb) is more similar in size to pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) (2.6 Gb) than to other sequenced diploid members of the berry clade of Solanaceae [e.g., potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), tomato, and Jaltomata]. Our assembly recovers 92% of the conserved orthologous set, suggesting a nearly complete genome for this species. Most of the genomic content is repetitive (69%), with Gypsy elements alone accounting for 52% of the genome. Despite the large amount of repetitive content, most of the 12 I. cyaneum chromosomes are highly syntenic with tomato. Bayesian concordance analysis provides strong support for the berry clade, including I. cyaneum, but reveals extensive discordance along the backbone, with placement of chili pepper and Jaltomata being highly variable across gene trees. The I. cyaneum genome contributes to a growing wealth of genomic resources in Solanaceae and underscores the need for expanded sampling of diverse berry genomes to dissect major morphological transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Zhang
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Julianne A Vilela
- Philippine Genome Center, Program for Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry and Fisheries, Univ. of the Phillipines Los Baños, Laguna, Phillipines
| | - Alice Hu
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Daniel J Gates
- School of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Current address: Checkerspot, Inc., Alameda, CA, USA
| | | | - Fay-Wei Li
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Plant Biology Section, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Stacey D Smith
- Dep. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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23
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Irungu FG, Tanga CM, Ndiritu FG, Mwaura L, Moyo M, Mahungu SM. Use of magnetic fields reduces α‐chaconine, α‐solanine, and total glycoalkaloids in stored potatoes (
Solanum tuberosum
L.). J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Gichuho Irungu
- Department of Food Technology Chuka University Chuka Kenya
- Department of Dairy and Food Science and Technology Egerton University Kenya
| | | | | | - Lucy Mwaura
- Food and Nutritional Evaluation Laboratory International Potato Center (CIP) Nairobi Kenya
| | - Mukani Moyo
- Food and Nutritional Evaluation Laboratory International Potato Center (CIP) Nairobi Kenya
| | - Symon Maina Mahungu
- Department of Dairy and Food Science and Technology Egerton University Kenya
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24
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Baur S, Bellé N, Hausladen H, Wurzer S, Brehm L, Stark TD, Hücklhoven R, Hofmann T, Dawid C. Quantitation of Toxic Steroidal Glycoalkaloids and Newly Identified Saponins in Post-Harvest Light-Stressed Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) Varieties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:8300-8308. [PMID: 35775364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although domesticated potatoes contain a large variety of steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) and saponins, in the past, many research projects mainly focused on the two major SGAs, α-solanine and α-chaconine. This study investigates the quantitative changes, induced by post-harvest LED light exposure, of six SGAs and four saponins in 12 potato cultivars at three different time points (1, 7, and 16 days), by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Altogether, SGA contents of 3.0-17.1 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW) could be observed in the analyzed tubers with potato varieties highly exceeding the newly discussed safety limit of 10 mg/100 g. The overall contents of 0.1-5.4 mg/100 g FW of the so far barely studied saponins, like protoneodioscin or barogenin-solatrioside, highly differed between the assayed potato cultivars. Furthermore, cultivar-specific regulations of SGAs and saponins could be observed due to light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Baur
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Nicole Bellé
- Chair of Phytopathology, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Hans Hausladen
- Plant Technology Center, Technische Universität München, Dürnast 9, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wurzer
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Laura Brehm
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Timo D Stark
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ralph Hücklhoven
- Chair of Phytopathology, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Corinna Dawid
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
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25
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Xu ZP, Liu Y, Wang SY, Li ZW, Li XM, Lu DX, Pan J, Kuang HX, Yang BY. Eight undescribed steroidal saponins including an unprecedented 16, 26-epoxy-furostanol saponin from Solanum xanthocarpum and their cytotoxic activities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 199:113171. [PMID: 35398090 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Eight undescribed steroidal saponins named solasaponins A-H were isolated from the fruits of Solanum xanthocarpum, including an unusual 16,26-epoxy-furostanol saponin, two furostanol saponins, three isospirostanol saponins, two pseudo-spirostanol saponins. The structures of all compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic data analyses (1D, 2D NMR, and HRESIMS) combined with physico-chemical analysis methods (acid hydrolysis, optical rotation, and IR). The cytotoxicities of all compounds in vitro against two human cancer cell lines (A-549 and HepG2) were evaluated by CCK-8 assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Peng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Si-Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Zi-Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Xiao-Mao Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Dong-Xu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Juan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Hai-Xue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Bing-You Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China.
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26
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Dzakovich MP, Francis DM, Cooperstone JL. Steroidal alkaloid biosynthesis is coordinately regulated and differs among tomatoes in the red-fruited clade. THE PLANT GENOME 2022; 15:e20192. [PMID: 35184399 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The tomato (Solanum spp.) clade of Solanaceae features a unique assortment of cholesterol-derived steroidal alkaloids. However, little quantitative data exists reporting the profile and concentration of these alkaloids across diverse fruit germplasm. To address the lack of knowledge regarding the chemical diversity, concentration, and genetic architecture controlling tomato steroidal alkaloids, we quantitatively profiled and genotyped two tomato populations representing diversity in the red-fruited clade. We grew 107 genetically diverse fresh market, processing, landrace, and wild tomato in multiple environments. Nine steroidal alkaloid groups were quantified using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The diversity panel and a biparental population segregating for high alpha-tomatine were genotyped to identify and validate quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with steroidal alkaloids. Landraces and wild material exhibited higher alkaloid concentrations and more chemical diversity. Average total content of steroidal alkaloids, often dominated by lycoperoside F/G/esculeoside A, ranged from 1.9 to 23.3 mg 100 g-1 fresh wt. across accessions. Landrace and wild cherry accessions distinctly clustered based on elevated concentrations of early or late-pathway steroidal alkaloids. Significant correlations were observed among alkaloids from the early and late parts of the biosynthetic pathway in a species-dependent manner. A QTL controlling multiple, early steroidal alkaloid pathway intermediates on chromosome 3 was identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and validated in a backcross population. Overall, tomato steroidal alkaloids are diverse in the red-fruited clade and their biosynthesis is regulated in a coordinated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Dzakovich
- Dep. of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State Univ., 2001 Fyffe Court, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Dep. of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Ave., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David M Francis
- Dep. of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State Univ./Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Jessica L Cooperstone
- Dep. of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State Univ., 2001 Fyffe Court, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Dep. of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State Univ., 2015 Fyffe Court., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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27
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Sonawane PD, Jozwiak A, Barbole R, Panda S, Abebie B, Kazachkova Y, Gharat SA, Ramot O, Unger T, Wizler G, Meir S, Rogachev I, Doron-Faigenboim A, Petreikov M, Schaffer A, Giri AP, Scherf T, Aharoni A. 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases drive expansion of steroidal alkaloid structural diversity in the genus Solanum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1394-1410. [PMID: 35238413 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Solanum steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are renowned defence metabolites exhibiting spectacular structural diversity. Genes and enzymes generating the SGA precursor pathway, SGA scaffold and glycosylated forms have been largely identified. Yet, the majority of downstream metabolic steps creating the vast repertoire of SGAs remain untapped. Here, we discovered that members of the 2-OXOGLUTARATE-DEPENDENT DIOXYGENASE (2-ODD) family play a prominent role in SGA metabolism, carrying out three distinct backbone-modifying oxidative steps in addition to the three formerly reported pathway reactions. The GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM34 (GAME34) enzyme catalyses the conversion of core SGAs to habrochaitosides in wild tomato S. habrochaites. Cultivated tomato plants overexpressing GAME34 ectopically accumulate habrochaitosides. These habrochaitoside enriched plants extracts potently inhibit Puccinia spp. spore germination, a significant Solanaceae crops fungal pathogen. Another 2-ODD enzyme, GAME33, acts as a desaturase (via hydroxylation and E/F ring rearrangement) forming unique, yet unreported SGAs. Conversion of bitter α-tomatine to ripe fruit, nonbitter SGAs (e.g. esculeoside A) requires two hydroxylations; while the known GAME31 2-ODD enzyme catalyses hydroxytomatine formation, we find that GAME40 catalyses the penultimate step in the pathway and generates acetoxy-hydroxytomatine towards esculeosides accumulation. Our results highlight the significant contribution of 2-ODD enzymes to the remarkable structural diversity found in plant steroidal specialized metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant D Sonawane
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
- Department of Natural Products, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Adam Jozwiak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ranjit Barbole
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sayantan Panda
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
- Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rural delivery Negev, 85280, Israel
| | - Bekele Abebie
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO-Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Yana Kazachkova
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Sachin A Gharat
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ofir Ramot
- Metabolic Insights Ltd, Ness Ziona, 7414001, Israel
| | - Tamar Unger
- Israel Structural Proteomics Centre, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Guy Wizler
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Sagit Meir
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ilana Rogachev
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Adi Doron-Faigenboim
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO-Volcani Center, Rishon LeZiyyon, 7505101, Israel
| | - Marina Petreikov
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO-Volcani Center, Rishon LeZiyyon, 7505101, Israel
| | - Arthur Schaffer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO-Volcani Center, Rishon LeZiyyon, 7505101, Israel
| | - Ashok P Giri
- Department of Natural Products, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Tali Scherf
- NMR unit, Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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28
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Hua X, Song W, Wang K, Yin X, Hao C, Duan B, Xu Z, Su T, Xue Z. Effective prediction of biosynthetic pathway genes involved in bioactive polyphyllins in Paris polyphylla. Commun Biol 2022; 5:50. [PMID: 35027659 PMCID: PMC8758714 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03000-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The genes in polyphyllins pathway mixed with other steroid biosynthetic genes form an extremely complex biosynthetic network in Paris polyphylla with a giant genome. The lack of genomic data and tissue specificity causes the study of the biosynthetic pathway notably difficult. Here, we report an effective method for the prediction of key genes of polyphyllin biosynthesis. Full-length transcriptome from eight different organs via hybrid sequencing of next generation sequencingand third generation sequencing platforms annotated two 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs), 216 cytochrome P450s (CYPs), and 199 UDP glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Combining metabolic differences, gene-weighted co-expression network analysis, and phylogenetic trees, the candidate ranges of OSC, CYP, and UGT genes were further narrowed down to 2, 15, and 24, respectively. Beside the three previously characterized CYPs, we identified the OSC involved in the synthesis of cycloartenol and the UGT (PpUGT73CR1) at the C-3 position of diosgenin and pennogenin in P. polyphylla. This study provides an idea for the investigation of gene cluster deficiency biosynthesis pathways in medicinal plants. Xin Hua, Wei Song, and ZheYong Xue et al. report an effective method to predict key genes involved in polyphyllin biosynthesis in plants. Their results provide further insight into biosynthesis pathways in Paris polyphylla, and the approach may be relevant to other medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Song
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kangzong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Xue Yin
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Changqi Hao
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Baozhong Duan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China. .,Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Tongbing Su
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (BAAFS), Beijing, China. .,National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, 100097, China.
| | - Zheyong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.
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29
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Trujillo-Pahua V, Vargas-Ponce O, Rodríguez-Zaragoza FA, Ordaz-Ortiz JJ, Délano-Frier JP, Winkler R, Sánchez-Hernández CV. Metabolic response to larval herbivory in three Physalis species. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1962050. [PMID: 34435930 PMCID: PMC9208789 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1962050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Physalis genus includes species of commercial importance due to their ornamental, edible and medicinal properties. These qualities stem from their variety of biologically active compounds. We performed a metabolomic analysis of three Physalis species, i.e., P. angulata, P. grisea, and P. philadelphica, differing in domestication stage and cultivation practices, to determine the degree of inter-species metabolite variation and to test the hypothesis that these related species mount a common metabolomic response to foliar damage caused by Trichoplusia ni larvae. The results indicated that the metabolomic differences detected in the leaves of these species were species-specific and remained even after T. ni herbivory. They also show that each Physalis species displayed a unique response to insect herbivory. This study highlighted the metabolite variation present in Physalis spp. and the persistence of this variability when faced with biotic stressors. Furthermore, it sets an experimental precedent from which highly species-specific metabolites could be identified and subsequently used for plant breeding programs designed to increase insect resistance in Physalis and related plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Trujillo-Pahua
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Ofelia Vargas-Ponce
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Fabián A. Rodríguez-Zaragoza
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - José J. Ordaz-Ortiz
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada-Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica Para la Biodiversidad, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - John P. Délano-Frier
- Unidad de Biotecnología e Ingeniería Genética De Plantas, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Robert Winkler
- Unidad de Biotecnología e Ingeniería Genética De Plantas, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Carla V. Sánchez-Hernández
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
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30
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Correction. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1984521. [PMID: 34613886 PMCID: PMC9208773 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1984521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
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31
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Ramos CC, Sousa ALD, Almeida CMSD, Oliveira RRD. Chemophenetics of Solanum based on steroidal alkaloids. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2021.104318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Sugiyama A. Flavonoids and saponins in plant rhizospheres: roles, dynamics, and the potential for agriculture. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1919-1931. [PMID: 34113972 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants are in constant interaction with a myriad of soil microorganisms in the rhizosphere, an area of soil in close contact with plant roots. Recent research has highlighted the importance of plant-specialized metabolites (PSMs) in shaping and modulating the rhizosphere microbiota; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment and function of the microbiota mostly remain unaddressed. Flavonoids and saponins are a group of PSMs whose biosynthetic pathways have largely been revealed. Although these PSMs are abundantly secreted into the rhizosphere and exert various functions, the secretion mechanisms have not been clarified. This review summarizes the roles of flavonoids and saponins in the rhizosphere with a special focus on interactions between plants and the rhizosphere microbiota. Furthermore, this review introduces recent advancements in the dynamics of these metabolites in the rhizosphere and indicates potential applications of PSMs for crop production and discusses perspectives in this emerging research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Sugiyama
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Japan
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33
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Abstract
Eggplant is one of the most important vegetable crops known for its nutritive benefits due to the abundance of various bioactive compounds, which include proteins, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, phenolics, and dry matter content. In addition, eggplant has significant pharmaceutical properties that have been recently recognized. Eggplant produces secondary metabolites, including glycoalkaloids, antioxidant compounds, and vitamins, which appear to be the major source of its health benefits. It has been reported that there is a considerable correlation between the regular use of phytochemicals and the defense against diseases. Therefore, researchers must analyze the biochemical composition of eggplants to obtain more information about their nutritional quality and health benefits. In this review, an attempt is made to explain the qualitative and quantitative aspects of different biochemicals present in eggplant, in addition to their beneficial health effects.
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34
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Biosynthesis of α-solanine and α-chaconine in potato leaves (Solanum tuberosum L.) - A 13CO 2 study. Food Chem 2021; 365:130461. [PMID: 34229992 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
α-Solanine and α-chaconine are the major glycoalkaloids (SGAs) in potatoes, but up to now the biosynthesis of these saponins is not fully understood. In planta13CO2 labeling experiments monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) unraveled the SGA biosynthetic pathways from CO2 photosynthates via early precursors to the SGAs. After a pulse of ~ 700 ppm 13CO2 for four hours, followed by a chase period for seven days, specific 13C-distributions were detected in SGAs from the leaves of the labeled plant. NMR analysis determined the positional 13C-enrichments in α-solanine and α-chaconine characterized by 13C2-pairs in their aglycones. These patterns were in perfect agreement with a mevalonate-dependent biosynthesis of the isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate precursors. The 13C-distributions also suggested cyclization of the 2,3-oxidosqualene precursor into the solanidine aglycone backbone involving a non-stereoselective hydroxylation step of the sterol a mixture of 25S-/25R-epimers of the SGAs.
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35
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Sulli M, Barchi L, Toppino L, Diretto G, Sala T, Lanteri S, Rotino GL, Giuliano G. An Eggplant Recombinant Inbred Population Allows the Discovery of Metabolic QTLs Controlling Fruit Nutritional Quality. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:638195. [PMID: 34079565 PMCID: PMC8166230 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.638195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) represents the third most important crop of the Solanaceae family and is an important component of our daily diet. A population of 164 F6 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), derived from two eggplant lines differing with respect to several key agronomic traits, "305E40" and "67/3," was grown to the commercial maturation stage, and fruits were harvested, separated into peel and flesh, and subjected to liquid chromatography Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis. Through a combination of untargeted and targeted metabolomics approaches, a number of metabolites belonging to the glycoalkaloid, anthocyanin, and polyamine classes and showing a differential accumulation in the two parental lines and F1 hybrid were identified. Through metabolic profiling of the RILs, we identified several metabolomic quantitative trait loci (mQTLs) associated with the accumulation of those metabolites. Each of the metabolic traits proved to be controlled by one or more quantitative trait loci (QTLs); for most of the traits, one major mQTL (phenotypic variation explained [PVE] ≥ 10%) was identified. Data on mQTL mapping and dominance-recessivity relationships of measured compounds in the parental lines and F1 hybrid, as well as an analysis of the candidate genes underlying the QTLs and of their sequence differences in the two parental lines, suggested a series of candidate genes underlying the traits under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sulli
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Centre, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Barchi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Laura Toppino
- CREA, Council for Agricultural and Economics Research, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Montanaso Lombardo, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Centre, Rome, Italy
| | - Tea Sala
- CREA, Council for Agricultural and Economics Research, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Montanaso Lombardo, Italy
| | - Sergio Lanteri
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Leonardo Rotino
- CREA, Council for Agricultural and Economics Research, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Montanaso Lombardo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Giuliano
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Centre, Rome, Italy
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You Y, van Kan JA. Bitter and sweet make tomato hard to (b)eat. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:90-100. [PMID: 33220068 PMCID: PMC8126962 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The glycoalkaloid saponin α-tomatine is a tomato-specific secondary metabolite that accumulates to millimolar levels in vegetative tissues and has antimicrobial and antinutritional activity that kills microbial pathogens and deters herbivorous insects. We describe recent insights into the biosynthetic pathway of α-tomatine synthesis and its regulation. We discuss the mode of action of α-tomatine by physically interacting with sterols, thereby disrupting membranes, and how tomato protects itself from its toxic action. Tomato pathogenic microbes can enzymatically hydrolyze, and thereby inactivate, α-tomatine using either of three distinct types of glycosyl hydrolases. We also describe findings that extend well beyond the simple concept of plants producing toxins and pathogens inactivating them. There are reports that toxicity of α-tomatine is modulated by external pH, that α-tomatine can trigger programmed cell death in fungi, that cellular localization matters for the impact of α-tomatine on invading microbes, and that α-tomatine breakdown products generated by microbial hydrolytic enzymes can modulate plant immune responses. Finally, we address a number of outstanding questions that deserve attention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohua You
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Jan A.L. van Kan
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
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37
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Rasool S, Cárdenas PD, Pattison DI, Jensen B, Meyling NV. Isolate-Specific Effect of Entomopathogenic Endophytic Fungi on Population Growth of Two-Spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) and Levels of Steroidal Glycoalkaloids in Tomato. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:476-488. [PMID: 33740175 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) can be experimentally established in several plant species as endophytes. Ecological effects of EPF inoculations on plant growth and plant-herbivore interactions have been demonstrated, potentially by altering plant physiological responses. However, the role of these responses in plant-fungus-herbivore tripartite interactions has not been well elucidated. Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are plant specialized metabolites with bioactive properties against arthropod herbivores. Here, the effects of seed treatments by three EPF isolates, representing Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium brunneum, and M. robertsii, on population growth of two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch) were evaluated on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). The levels of two SGAs, α-tomatine and dehydrotomatine, were determined in tomato leaves by LC-MS with and without T. urticae infestations after EPF inoculations. Interestingly, the population growth of T. urticae was significantly highest with M. brunneum and lowest with M. robertsii and B. bassiana at 15 days after infestation. Overall there was a significant negative correlation between SGAs content and the number of T. urticae. The levels of SGAs were significantly induced by T. urticae presence in all treatments, while only M. robertsii showed significantly higher levels of SGAs than M. brunneum and control in one of two experiments. Contrastingly, the effects on SGAs accumulation and population growth of T. urticae did not directly correlate with EPF endophytic colonization patterns of the inoculated plants. This study suggests a link between ecological effects and physiological responses mediated by EPF inoculations and T. urticae infestation with potential implications for plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Rasool
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Pablo D Cárdenas
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - David I Pattison
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Birgit Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nicolai V Meyling
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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38
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Parthasarathy A, Borrego EJ, Savka MA, Dobson RCJ, Hudson AO. Amino acid-derived defense metabolites from plants: A potential source to facilitate novel antimicrobial development. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100438. [PMID: 33610552 PMCID: PMC8024917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
For millennia, humanity has relied on plants for its medicines, and modern pharmacology continues to reexamine and mine plant metabolites for novel compounds and to guide improvements in biological activity, bioavailability, and chemical stability. The critical problem of antibiotic resistance and increasing exposure to viral and parasitic diseases has spurred renewed interest into drug treatments for infectious diseases. In this context, an urgent revival of natural product discovery is globally underway with special attention directed toward the numerous and chemically diverse plant defensive compounds such as phytoalexins and phytoanticipins that combat herbivores, microbial pathogens, or competing plants. Moreover, advancements in “omics,” chemistry, and heterologous expression systems have facilitated the purification and characterization of plant metabolites and the identification of possible therapeutic targets. In this review, we describe several important amino acid–derived classes of plant defensive compounds, including antimicrobial peptides (e.g., defensins, thionins, and knottins), alkaloids, nonproteogenic amino acids, and phenylpropanoids as potential drug leads, examining their mechanisms of action, therapeutic targets, and structure–function relationships. Given their potent antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and antiviral properties, which can be superior to existing drugs, phytoalexins and phytoanticipins are an excellent resource to facilitate the rational design and development of antimicrobial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anutthaman Parthasarathy
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Eli J Borrego
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Michael A Savka
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Renwick C J Dobson
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - André O Hudson
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester, New York, USA.
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39
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Mbaluto CM, Ahmad EM, Fu M, Martínez-Medina A, van Dam NM. The impact of Spodoptera exigua herbivory on Meloidogyne incognita-induced root responses depends on the nematodes' life cycle stages. AOB PLANTS 2020; 12:plaa029. [PMID: 32665829 PMCID: PMC7336558 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Induced responses to above-ground and below-ground herbivores may interact via systemic signalling in plants. We investigated whether the impact of above-ground herbivory on root-knot nematode-induced responses depends on the nematode's life cycle stages. Tomato plants were infected with the nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) for 5, 15 or 30 days before receiving Spodoptera exigua caterpillars above-ground. We collected root materials after 24 h of caterpillar feeding. We investigated phytohormones and α-tomatine levels, and the expression of defence and glycoalkaloid metabolism (GAME) marker genes in tomato roots. Nematode infection alone increased the endogenous root levels of jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), α-tomatine and the expression of the GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM 1 (GAME1) gene mostly at 30 days post-nematode inoculation. Caterpillar feeding alone upregulated Lipoxygenase D and downregulated Basic-β-1-glucanase and GAME1 expression in roots. On nematode-infected plants, caterpillar feeding decreased JA levels, but it increased the expression of Leucine aminopeptidase A. The induction patterns of ABA and SA suggest that caterpillars cause cross-talk between the JA-signalling pathway and the SA and ABA pathways. Our results show that caterpillar feeding attenuated the induction of the JA pathway triggered by nematodes, mostly in the nematodes' reproduction stage. These results generate a better understanding of the molecular and chemical mechanisms underlying frequent nematode-plant-caterpillar interactions in natural and agricultural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispus M Mbaluto
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität-Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Esraa M Ahmad
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Melody Fu
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | - Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Plant-Microorganism Interaction Unit, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität-Jena, Jena, Germany
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40
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Fernie AR, Wen W. Editorial overview: Evolution of metabolic diversity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 55:A1-A4. [PMID: 32546303 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Weiwei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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41
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Sonawane PD, Jozwiak A, Panda S, Aharoni A. 'Hijacking' core metabolism: a new panache for the evolution of steroidal glycoalkaloids structural diversity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 55:118-128. [PMID: 32446857 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are defense specialized metabolites produced by thousands of Solanum species. These metabolites are remarkable in structural diversity formed following modifications in their core scaffold. In recent years, it became clear that a large portion of this chemical repertoire was acquired through various molecular mechanisms involving 'hijacking' of core metabolism enzymes. This was typically accompanied by gene duplication and divergence and further neofunctionalization as well as modified subcellular localization and evolution of new substrate preferences. In this review, we highlight recent findings in the SGAs biosynthetic pathway and elaborate on similar occurrences in other chemical classes that enabled evolution of specialized metabolic pathways and its underlying structural diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant D Sonawane
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adam Jozwiak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sayantan Panda
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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42
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Normandin C, Malouin F, Marsault E. Gram-Scale Synthesis of Tomatidine, a Steroid Alkaloid with Antibiotic Properties Against Persistent Forms of Staphylococcus aureus. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad Normandin
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Université de Sherbrooke; 3001, 12th Avenue N J1H 5N4 Sherbrooke Quebec Canada
| | - François Malouin
- Département de Biologie; Université de Sherbrooke; 2500 Boul. de l'Université J1K 2X9 Sherbrooke Québec Canada
| | - Eric Marsault
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Université de Sherbrooke; 3001, 12th Avenue N J1H 5N4 Sherbrooke Quebec Canada
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43
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Min D, Li F, Cui X, Zhou J, Li J, Ai W, Shu P, Zhang X, Li X, Meng D, Guo Y, Li J. SlMYC2 are required for methyl jasmonate-induced tomato fruit resistance to Botrytis cinerea. Food Chem 2020; 310:125901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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44
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Dzakovich MP, Hartman JL, Cooperstone JL. A High-Throughput Extraction and Analysis Method for Steroidal Glycoalkaloids in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:767. [PMID: 32636855 PMCID: PMC7318899 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tomato steroidal glycoalkaloids (tSGAs) are a class of cholesterol-derived metabolites uniquely produced by the tomato clade. These compounds provide protection against biotic stress due to their fungicidal and insecticidal properties. Although commonly reported as being anti-nutritional, both in vitro as well as pre-clinical animal studies have indicated that some tSGAs may have a beneficial impact on human health. However, the paucity of quantitative extraction and analysis methods presents a major obstacle for determining the biological and nutritional functions of tSGAs. To address this problem, we developed and validated the first comprehensive extraction and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) quantification method for tSGAs. Our extraction method allows for up to 16 samples to be extracted simultaneously in 20 min with 93.0 ± 6.8 and 100.8 ± 13.1% recovery rates for tomatidine and alpha-tomatine, respectively. Our UHPLC-MS/MS method was able to chromatographically separate analytes derived from 18 tSGA peaks representing 9 different tSGA masses, as well as two internal standards, in 13 min. Tomato steroidal glycoalkaloids that did not have available standards were annotated using high resolution mass spectrometry as well as product ion scans that provided fragmentation data. Lastly, we utilized our method to survey a variety of commonly consumed tomato-based products. Total tSGA concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 3.4 mg/serving and represent some of the first reported tSGA concentrations in tomato-based products. Our validation studies indicate that our method is sensitive, robust, and able to be used for a variety of applications where concentrations of biologically relevant tSGAs need to be quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Dzakovich
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jordan L. Hartman
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jessica L. Cooperstone
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Jessica L. Cooperstone,
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45
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Cárdenas PD, Almeida A, Bak S. Evolution of Structural Diversity of Triterpenoids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1523. [PMID: 31921225 PMCID: PMC6929605 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved to produce a blend of specialized metabolites that serve functional roles in plant adaptation. Among them, triterpenoids are one of the largest subclasses of such specialized metabolites, with more than 14,000 known structures. They play a role in plant defense and development and have potential applications within food and pharma. Triterpenoids are cyclized from oxidized squalene precursors by oxidosqualene cyclases, creating more than 100 different cyclical triterpene scaffolds. This limited number of scaffolds is the first step towards creating the vast structural diversity of triterpenoids followed by extensive diversification, in particular, by oxygenation and glycosylation. Gene duplication, divergence, and selection are major forces that drive triterpenoid structural diversification. The triterpenoid biosynthetic genes can be organized in non-homologous gene clusters, such as in Avena spp., Cucurbitaceae and Solanum spp., or scattered along plant chromosomes as in Barbarea vulgaris. Paralogous genes organized as tandem repeats reflect the extended gene duplication activities in the evolutionary history of the triterpenoid saponin pathways, as seen in B. vulgaris. We review and discuss examples of convergent and divergent evolution in triterpenoid biosynthesis, and the apparent mechanisms occurring in plants that drive their increasing structural diversity within and across species. Using B. vulgaris' saponins as examples, we discuss the impact a single structural modification can have on the structure of a triterpenoid and how this affect its biological properties. These examples provide insight into how plants continuously evolve their specialized metabolome, opening the way to study uncharacterized triterpenoid biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Søren Bak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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46
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Pathways to defense metabolites and evading fruit bitterness in genus Solanum evolved through 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5169. [PMID: 31727889 PMCID: PMC6856131 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Solanum comprises three food crops (potato, tomato, and eggplant), which are consumed on daily basis worldwide and also producers of notorious anti-nutritional steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs). Hydroxylated SGAs (i.e. leptinines) serve as precursors for leptines that act as defenses against Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say), an important pest of potato worldwide. However, SGA hydroxylating enzymes remain unknown. Here, we discover that 2-OXOGLUTARATE-DEPENDENT-DIOXYGENASE (2-ODD) enzymes catalyze SGA-hydroxylation across various Solanum species. In contrast to cultivated potato, Solanum chacoense, a widespread wild potato species, has evolved a 2-ODD enzyme leading to the formation of leptinines. Furthermore, we find a related 2-ODD in tomato that catalyzes the hydroxylation of the bitter α-tomatine to hydroxytomatine, the first committed step in the chemical shift towards downstream ripening-associated non-bitter SGAs (e.g. esculeoside A). This 2-ODD enzyme prevents bitterness in ripe tomato fruit consumed today which otherwise would remain unpleasant in taste and more toxic. Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) accumulate in Solanum, but their hydroxylating enzymes are unknown. Here, the authors report 2-OXOGLUTARATE DEPENDENT DIOXYGENASE enzymes that catalyze the committed hydroxylation steps in the biosynthesis of leptinine insecticidal compounds in wild potato or non-bitter SGAs in cultivated tomato.
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47
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Barchi L, Pietrella M, Venturini L, Minio A, Toppino L, Acquadro A, Andolfo G, Aprea G, Avanzato C, Bassolino L, Comino C, Molin AD, Ferrarini A, Maor LC, Portis E, Reyes-Chin-Wo S, Rinaldi R, Sala T, Scaglione D, Sonawane P, Tononi P, Almekias-Siegl E, Zago E, Ercolano MR, Aharoni A, Delledonne M, Giuliano G, Lanteri S, Rotino GL. A chromosome-anchored eggplant genome sequence reveals key events in Solanaceae evolution. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11769. [PMID: 31409808 PMCID: PMC6692341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47985-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
With approximately 450 species, spiny Solanum species constitute the largest monophyletic group in the Solanaceae family, but a high-quality genome assembly from this group is presently missing. We obtained a chromosome-anchored genome assembly of eggplant (Solanum melongena), containing 34,916 genes, confirming that the diploid gene number in the Solanaceae is around 35,000. Comparative genomic studies with tomato (S. lycopersicum), potato (S. tuberosum) and pepper (Capsicum annuum) highlighted the rapid evolution of miRNA:mRNA regulatory pairs and R-type defense genes in the Solanaceae, and provided a genomic basis for the lack of steroidal glycoalkaloid compounds in the Capsicum genus. Using parsimony methods, we reconstructed the putative chromosomal complements of the key founders of the main Solanaceae clades and the rearrangements that led to the karyotypes of extant species and their ancestors. From 10% to 15% of the genes present in the four genomes were syntenic paralogs (ohnologs) generated by the pre-γ, γ and T paleopolyploidy events, and were enriched in transcription factors. Our data suggest that the basic gene network controlling fruit ripening is conserved in different Solanaceae clades, and that climacteric fruit ripening involves a differential regulation of relatively few components of this network, including CNR and ethylene biosynthetic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Barchi
- University of Torino - DISAFA - Plant Genetics and Breeding, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Pietrella
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Res Ctr, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Roma, Italy.,Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Olive, Citrus and Tree Fruit, 47121, Forlì, Italy
| | - Luca Venturini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, Kensington, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Minio
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Toppino
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, 26836, Montanaso Lombardo, LO, Italy
| | - Alberto Acquadro
- University of Torino - DISAFA - Plant Genetics and Breeding, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Andolfo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Aprea
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Res Ctr, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Roma, Italy
| | - Carla Avanzato
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Bassolino
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, 26836, Montanaso Lombardo, LO, Italy
| | - Cinzia Comino
- University of Torino - DISAFA - Plant Genetics and Breeding, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Dal Molin
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Alberto Ferrarini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Louise Chappell Maor
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ezio Portis
- University of Torino - DISAFA - Plant Genetics and Breeding, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Sebastian Reyes-Chin-Wo
- UC Davis Genome Center-GBSF, 451 Health Sciences Drive, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Riccardo Rinaldi
- University of Torino - DISAFA - Plant Genetics and Breeding, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Tea Sala
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, 26836, Montanaso Lombardo, LO, Italy
| | - Davide Scaglione
- IGA Technology Services, Via J. Linussio, 51, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Prashant Sonawane
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Paola Tononi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Efrat Almekias-Siegl
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Elisa Zago
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Massimo Delledonne
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Giuliano
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Res Ctr, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Roma, Italy.
| | - Sergio Lanteri
- University of Torino - DISAFA - Plant Genetics and Breeding, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Leonardo Rotino
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, 26836, Montanaso Lombardo, LO, Italy
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48
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Wang S, Alseekh S, Fernie AR, Luo J. The Structure and Function of Major Plant Metabolite Modifications. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:899-919. [PMID: 31200079 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a myriad of structurally and functionally diverse metabolites that play many different roles in plant growth and development and in plant response to continually changing environmental conditions as well as abiotic and biotic stresses. This metabolic diversity is, to a large extent, due to chemical modification of the basic skeletons of metabolites. Here, we review the major known plant metabolite modifications and summarize the progress that has been achieved and the challenges we are facing in the field. We focus on discussing both technical and functional aspects in studying the influences that various modifications have on biosynthesis, degradation, transport, and storage of metabolites, as well as their bioactivity and toxicity. Finally, we discuss some emerging insights into the evolution of metabolic pathways and metabolite functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouchuang Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 572208, China
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany; Centre of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany; Centre of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria.
| | - Jie Luo
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 572208, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Bac-Molenaar JA, Mol S, Verlaan MG, van Elven J, Kim HK, Klinkhamer PGL, Leiss KA, Vrieling K. Trichome Independent Resistance against Western Flower Thrips in Tomato. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1011-1024. [PMID: 30715458 PMCID: PMC6534821 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Western flower thrips (WFT) are a major pest on many crops, including tomato. Thrips cause yield losses, not only through feeding damage, but also by the transmission of viruses of which the Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus is the most important one. In cultivated tomato, genetic diversity is extremely low, and all commercial lines are susceptible to WFT. Several wild relatives are WFT resistant and these resistances are based on glandular trichome-derived traits. Introgression of these traits in cultivated lines did not lead to WFT resistant commercial varieties so far. In this study, we investigated WFT resistance in cultivated tomato using a F2 population derived from a cross between a WFT susceptible and a WFT resistant cultivated tomato line. We discovered that this WFT resistance is independent of glandular trichome density or trichome-derived volatile profiles and is associated with three QTLs on chromosomes 4, 5 and 10. Foliar metabolic profiles of F3 families with low and high WFT feeding damage were clearly different. We identified α-tomatine and a phenolic compound as potential defensive compounds. Their causality and interaction need further investigation. Because this study is based on cultivated tomato lines, our findings can directly be used in nowadays breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna A Bac-Molenaar
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products Lab, Institute of Biology Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University and Research, Violierenweg 1, MV Bleiswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Selena Mol
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products Lab, Institute of Biology Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Rijk Zwaan Breeding B.V, Burgemeester Crezeelaan 40, KX De Lier, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten G Verlaan
- Rijk Zwaan Breeding B.V, Burgemeester Crezeelaan 40, KX De Lier, The Netherlands
| | - Joke van Elven
- Rijk Zwaan Breeding B.V, Burgemeester Crezeelaan 40, KX De Lier, The Netherlands
| | - Hye Kyong Kim
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products Lab, Institute of Biology Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products Lab, Institute of Biology Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten A Leiss
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products Lab, Institute of Biology Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University and Research, Violierenweg 1, MV Bleiswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products Lab, Institute of Biology Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Although flavor is an essential element for consumer acceptance of food, breeding programs have focused primarily on yield, leading to significant declines in flavor for many vegetables. The deterioration of flavor quality has concerned breeders; however, the complexity of this trait has hindered efforts to improve or even maintain it. Recently, the integration of flavor-associated metabolic profiling with other omics methodologies derived from big data has become a prominent trend in this research field. Here, we provide an overview of known metabolites contributing to flavor in the major vegetables as well as genetic analyses of the relevant metabolic pathways based on different approaches, especially multi-omics. We present examples demonstrating how omics analyses can help us to understand the accomplishments of historical flavor breeding practices and implement further improvements. The integration of genetics, cultivation, and postharvest practices with genome-scale data analyses will create enormous potential for further flavor quality improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangtao Zhu
- The CAAS-YNNU Joint Academy of Potato Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Junbo Gou
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Harry Klee
- Horticultural Sciences Department, Plant Innovation Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Sanwen Huang
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture and Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
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