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Gismondi A, Di Marco G, Canuti L, Altamura MM, Canini A. Ultrastructure and development of the floral nectary from Borago officinalis L. and phytochemical changes in its secretion. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 345:112135. [PMID: 38797382 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Although Boraginaceae have been classified as good sources of nectar for many insects, little is still known about their nectar and nectaries. Thus, in the present contribution, we investigated the nectar production dynamics and chemistry in Borago officinalis L. (borage or starflower), together with its potential interaction capacity with pollinators. A peak of nectar secretion (∼5.1 µL per flower) was recorded at anthesis, to decrease linearly during the following 9 days. In addition, TEM and SEM analyses were performed to understand ultrastructure and morphological changes occurring in borage nectary before and after anthesis, but also after its secretory phase. Evidence suggested that nectar was transported by the apoplastic route (mainly from parenchyma to epidermis) and then released essentially by exocytotic processes, that is a granulocrine secretion. This theory was corroborated by monitoring the signal of complex polysaccharides and calcium, respectively, via Thiéry staining and ESI/EELS technique. After the secretory phase, nectary underwent degeneration, probably through autophagic events and/or senescence induction. Furthermore, nectar (Nec) and other flower structures (i.e., sepals, gynoecia with nectaries, and petals) from borage were characterized by spectrophotometry and HPLC-DAD, in terms of plant secondary metabolites, both at early (E-) and late (L-) phase from anthesis. The content of phytochemicals was quantified and discussed for all samples, highlighting potential biological roles of these compounds in the borage flower (e.g., antimicrobial, antioxidant, staining effects). Surprisingly, a high significant accumulation of flavonoids was registered in L-Nec, with respect to E-Nec, indicating that this phenomenon might be functional and able to hide molecular (e.g., defence against pathogens) and/or ecological (e.g., last call for pollinators) purposes. Indeed, it is known that these plant metabolites influence nectar palatability, encouraging the approach of specialist pollinators, deterring nectar robbers, and altering the behaviour of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Gismondi
- Dept. of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome 00133, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Di Marco
- Dept. of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome 00133, Italy.
| | - Lorena Canuti
- Dept. of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Canini
- Dept. of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome 00133, Italy.
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2
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El-Naggar HM, Osman AR. Enhancing growth and bioactive metabolites characteristics in Mentha pulegium L. via silicon nanoparticles during in vitro drought stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:657. [PMID: 38987699 PMCID: PMC11234791 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05313-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The development and production of secondary metabolites from priceless medicinal plants are restricted by drought stress. Mentha pulegium L. belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is a significant plant grown in the Mediterranean region for its medicinal and aesthetic properties. This study investigated the effects of three polyethylene glycol (PEG) (0, 5, and 10%) as a drought stress inducer and four silicon nanoparticle (SiNP) (0, 25, 50, and 100 ppm) concentrations as an elicitor to overcome the adverse effect of drought stress, on the growth parameters and bioactive chemical composition of M. pulegium L. plants grown in vitro. The experiment was performed as a factorial experiment using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 12 treatments with two factors (3 PEG × 4 SiNPs concentrations), 6 replicates were used for each treatment for a total of 72 experimental units.The percentage of shoot formation was inversely proportional to the PEG concentration; for the highest PEG concentration, the lowest percentage of shoot formation (70.26%) was achieved at 10% PEG. SiNPs at 50 ppm enhanced shoot formation, the number of shoots, shoot height, fresh and dry weight, rosmarinic acid, total phenols, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. The methanol extract from M. pulegium revealed the presence of significant secondary metabolites using gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The principal constituents of the extract were limonene (2.51, 2.99%), linalool (3.84, 4.64%), geraniol (6.49, 8.77%), menthol (59.73, 65.43%), pulegone (3.76, 2.76%) and hexadecanoic acid methyl ester or methyl palmitate (3.2, 4.71%) for the 0 ppm SiNPs, PEG 0% and 50 ppm SiNPs, and PEG 10%, respectively. Most of the chemical components identified by GC‒MS in the methanol extract were greater in the 50 ppm SiNP and 10% PEG treatment groups than in the control group. SiNP improves drought tolerance by regulating biosynthesis and accumulating some osmolytes and lessens the negative effects of polyethylene glycol-induced drought stress.Based on the results, the best treatment for most of the parameters was 50 ppm SiNPs combined with 10% PEG, the morphological and chemical characteristics were inversely proportional to the PEG concentration, as the highest PEG concentration (10%) had the lowest results. Most parameters decreased at the highest SiNP concentration (100 ppm), except for the DPPH scavenging percentage, as there was no significant difference between the 50 and 100 ppm SiNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M El-Naggar
- Department of Floriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University (El-Shatby), Alexandria, 21545, Egypt.
| | - Amira R Osman
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22516, Beheira, Egypt.
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Taboada-Ruiz L, Pardo R, Ruiz B, Díaz-Somoano M, Calvo LF, Paniagua S, Fuente E. Progress and challenges in valorisation of biomass waste from ornamental trees pruning through pyrolysis processes. Prospects in the bioenergy sector. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 249:118388. [PMID: 38331149 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, the scarcity of energy resources is promoting the search for alternative energy sources, boosting interest in the use of forest lignocellulosic residue in the energy sector. In this study, the focus is on the energy recovery from two lignocellulosic residues originated during the pruning of ornamental trees (Horse Chestnut, CI, and False Acacia, FA). Both conventional and flash pyrolysis techniques were applied. The experimental pyrolysis variables were obtained from the study of the thermal behaviour of the pruning residues in thermogravimetric analysis. It was carried out under 5 heating rates and kinetic parameters were estimated using Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method. Results denoted higher maximum mass loss rate values for the same release temperature regions under FA experiments. Also, FA samples had lower final residues for the processes. However, activation energy values were so close for both species. FA was also linked to the faster reactions according frequency factor outcomes. Conventional pyrolysis of pruning residues was carried out in a horizontal oven of original design at a heating rate of 25 °C/min, at 750 °C and 60 min of permanence at that temperature; flash pyrolysis was tested in that oven at 750 and 850 °C. In these pyrolysis processes, three fractions were obtained: bio-char, bio-oil and gas. The physicochemical attributes of the bio-chars suggested their potential utility as biofuels (28.4-29.8 MJ/kg), adsorbent precursors or soil additives. Conventional pyrolysis bio-oils had a dominant monoaromatic hydrocarbons nature, with phenols being the most abundant (≥60%), while flash bio-oils contain mainly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Conventional pyrolysis gases contained up to 60 vol% of CO2; flash pyrolysis gases had high combustible gas content (CO, CH4, H2) and a low CO2 content (<25 vol%). As a result, their calorific value (18.06 MJ/kg) exhibited a threefold increase compared to the gas produced through conventional pyrolysis (6.04 MJ/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Taboada-Ruiz
- Biocarbon, Circularity and Sustainability Group (BC&S), Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología del Carbono (INCAR), CSIC, C/ Francisco Pintado Fe, 26, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - R Pardo
- Biocarbon, Circularity and Sustainability Group (BC&S), Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología del Carbono (INCAR), CSIC, C/ Francisco Pintado Fe, 26, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - B Ruiz
- Biocarbon, Circularity and Sustainability Group (BC&S), Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología del Carbono (INCAR), CSIC, C/ Francisco Pintado Fe, 26, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - M Díaz-Somoano
- Biocarbon, Circularity and Sustainability Group (BC&S), Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología del Carbono (INCAR), CSIC, C/ Francisco Pintado Fe, 26, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - L F Calvo
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Physics, Chemical Engineering Area, IMARENABIO, University of León, Avda. Portugal 41, 24071, León, Spain
| | - S Paniagua
- Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, Valladolid, 47011, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, Valladolid, 47011, Spain
| | - E Fuente
- Biocarbon, Circularity and Sustainability Group (BC&S), Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología del Carbono (INCAR), CSIC, C/ Francisco Pintado Fe, 26, 33011, Oviedo, Spain.
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4
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Thakral V, Raturi G, Sudhakaran S, Mandlik R, Sharma Y, Shivaraj SM, Tripathi DK, Sonah H, Deshmukh R. Silicon, a quasi-essential element: Availability in soil, fertilizer regime, optimum dosage, and uptake in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108459. [PMID: 38484684 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The essentiality of silicon (Si) has always been a matter of debate as it is not considered crucial for the lifecycles of most plants. But beneficial effects of endogenous Si and its supplementation have been observed in many plants. Silicon plays a pivotal role in alleviating the biotic and abiotic stress in plants by acting as a physical barrier as well as affecting molecular pathways involved in stress tolerance, thus widely considered as "quasi-essential". In soil, most of Si is found in complex forms as mineral silicates which is not available for plant uptake. Monosilicic acid [Si(OH)4] is the only plant-available form of silicon (PAS) present in the soil. The ability of a plant to uptake Si is positively correlated with the PAS concentration of the soil. Since many cultivated soils often lack a sufficient amount of PAS, it has become common practice to supplement Si through the use of Si-based fertilizers in various crop cultivation systems. This review outlines the use of natural and chemical sources of Si as fertilizer, different regimes of Si fertilization, and conclude by identifying the optimum concentration of Si required to observe the beneficial effects in plants. Also, the different mathematical models defining the mineral dynamics for Si uptake at whole plant scale considering various natural factors like plant morphology, mineral distribution, and transporter expression have been discussed. Information provided here will further help in increasing understanding of Si role and thereby facilitate efficient exploration of the element as a fertilizer in crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Thakral
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendragarh, Haryana, India; Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gaurav Raturi
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sreeja Sudhakaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendragarh, Haryana, India; Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rushil Mandlik
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendragarh, Haryana, India; Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Yogesh Sharma
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - S M Shivaraj
- Department of Science, Alliance University, Bengaluru, India
| | - Durgesh Kumar Tripathi
- Crop Nanobiology and Molecular Biology Lab, Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture (AIOA), Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Humira Sonah
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendragarh, Haryana, India.
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendragarh, Haryana, India.
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5
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Dabravolski SA, Isayenkov SV. The Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Silicon Action in Salt Stress Amelioration. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:525. [PMID: 38498577 PMCID: PMC10893008 DOI: 10.3390/plants13040525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Salinity is one of the most common abiotic stress factors affecting different biochemical and physiological processes in plants, inhibiting plant growth, and greatly reducing productivity. During the last decade, silicon (Si) supplementation was intensively studied and now is proposed as one of the most convincing methods to improve plant tolerance to salt stress. In this review, we discuss recent papers investigating the role of Si in modulating molecular, biochemical, and physiological processes that are negatively affected by high salinity. Although multiple reports have demonstrated the beneficial effects of Si application in mitigating salt stress, the exact molecular mechanism underlying these effects is not yet well understood. In this review, we focus on the localisation of Si transporters and the mechanism of Si uptake, accumulation, and deposition to understand the role of Si in various relevant physiological processes. Further, we discuss the role of Si supplementation in antioxidant response, maintenance of photosynthesis efficiency, and production of osmoprotectants. Additionally, we highlight crosstalk of Si with other ions, lignin, and phytohormones. Finally, we suggest some directions for future work, which could improve our understanding of the role of Si in plants under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siarhei A. Dabravolski
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Braude Academic College of Engineering, Snunit 51, Karmiel 2161002, Israel;
| | - Stanislav V. Isayenkov
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Strasse 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
- Department of Plant Food Products and Biofortification, Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Baidi-Vyshneveckogo Str. 2a, 04123 Kyiv, Ukraine
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Zuo H, Shen H, Dong S, Wu S, He F, Zhang R, Wang Z, Shi H, Hao X, Tan Y, Ma C, Li S, Liu Y, Zhang F, Xiao J. Potential short-term effects of earthquake on the plant-soil interface in alpine grassland of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1240719. [PMID: 37915511 PMCID: PMC10616788 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1240719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Earthquakes are environmental disturbances affecting ecosystem functioning, health, and biodiversity, but their potential impacts on plant-soil interface are still poorly understood. In this study, grassland habitats in areas near and away from the seismo-fault in Madou, a region typical of alpine conditions on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, were randomly selected. The impacts of earthquake on soil properties and plant nutrient content in the short term were emphasized, and their potential relationships with community diversity and productivity were examined. According to the findings of the study, the Maduo earthquake led to a decrease in soil nutrient content in alpine grassland ecosystems, especially soil TC, TN, TP, TCa, AP, AK, NH4 +-N, and SOC, and inhibited the absorption of N, Ca, and Mg nutrients by plants. In addition, the diversity and productivity of communities were affected by both direct and indirect earthquake pathways. The negative impacts of seismic fracture on soil structure had the most significant direct impact on plant community diversity. Earthquakes also indirectly reduced community productivity by reducing the soil N content and inhibiting the absorption of plant nutrients. Our findings suggested that earthquakes could potentially decrease the stability of the alpine grassland ecosystem on the QTP by affecting nutrient availability at the plant-soil interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zuo
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Shen
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Shikui Dong
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Shengnan Wu
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengcai He
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziying Wang
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Shi
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghai Hao
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Youquan Tan
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhui Ma
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengmei Li
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqi Liu
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiannan Xiao
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Cera A, Verdugo-Escamilla C, Marín JA, Palacio S. Calcium sulphate biomineralisation: Artefact of sample preparation? PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14017. [PMID: 37882257 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Calcium biomineralisation is widely documented in plants. However, crystallisation of Ca-sulphate-containing minerals is closely related to water content, and sample processing, such as drying, alters the water balance of plant tissues. We hypothesised that common sample processing practices may favour the formation of crystals, leading to spurious crystallisation not observed in unaltered plant tissues. We selected three species (Ononis tridentata, Helianthemum squamatum and Gypsophila struthium) with reported gypsum biomineralisation. We used x-ray diffractometry on fresh intact or sliced leaves, and on the same leaves processed by subsequent drying, to address whether sample processing alters crystal formation. Ca-sulphate crystals were detected in dry samples of all species but not in fresh intact samples. Ca-sulphate crystallisation occurred in some cut fresh samples, although the accumulation greatly increased after drying. In addition, G. struthium exhibited Ca-oxalate crystals in both fresh and dry treatments, with a tendency for greater accumulation in dry treatments. Our results demonstrate that the Ca-sulphate crystals observed by x-ray diffractometry in these species are artefacts caused by common sample processing practices, such as excessive drying and slicing samples. We encourage future studies on the biomineral potential of plants to avoid the use of procedures that alter the water balance of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Cera
- Centro de Ecologia Aplicada Prof. Baeta Neves (CEABN-InBIO), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Departamento Biodiversidad y Restauración, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Jaca, Spain
| | - Cristóbal Verdugo-Escamilla
- Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalográficos, Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, Armilla, Spain
| | - Juan A Marín
- Departamento de Pomologia, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sara Palacio
- Departamento Biodiversidad y Restauración, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Jaca, Spain
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Lawrie NS, Cuetos NM, Sini F, Salam GA, Ding H, Vancolen A, Nelson JM, Erkens RHJ, Perversi G. Systematic review on raphide morphotype calcium oxalate crystals in angiosperms. AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plad031. [PMID: 37554287 PMCID: PMC10406436 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals are biominerals present in a wide variety of plants. Formation of these crystals is a biomineralization process occurring in vacuoles within specialized cells called crystal idioblasts. This process is dependent on two key components: deprotonated oxalic acid, and calcium ions (Ca2+), and can result in multiple crystal morphologies. Raphides are needle-like CaOx crystals found in various plant organs and tissues. Though their function is highly debated, they can potentially store calcium, sequester heavy metals, protect against herbivory and possibly programmed cell death. The last review of the taxonomic and anatomical distribution of raphides across the plant kingdom dates back to 1980, in a review by Franceschi and Horner, prompting an updated systematic review of raphides in plants. We conduct a broad literature search to record plant taxa and tissue locations containing raphides. We provide an overview of raphide-forming plant taxa, discussing phylogenetic distribution of raphides at the order level, and report on the specific locations of raphides within plants. Our review reveals raphide occurrence has been studied in 33 orders, 76 families and 1305 species, with raphides presence confirmed in 24 orders, 46 families and 797 species. These taxa represented less than 1 % of known species per family. Leaves are the most prominent raphide-containing primary location in all three major angiosperm clades investigated: Eudicots, Magnoliids, and Monocots. Roots are least reported to contain raphides. The collation of such information lays the groundwork to unveil the genetic origin and evolution of raphides in plants, and highlights targets for future studies of the presence and role of plant raphides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha S Lawrie
- Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nekane Medrano Cuetos
- Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Sini
- Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ghifary A Salam
- Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hangyu Ding
- Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur Vancolen
- Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica M Nelson
- Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roy H J Erkens
- Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Giuditta Perversi
- Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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9
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de Tombeur F, Raven JA, Toussaint A, Lambers H, Cooke J, Hartley SE, Johnson SN, Coq S, Katz O, Schaller J, Violle C. Why do plants silicify? Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:275-288. [PMID: 36428125 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite seminal papers that stress the significance of silicon (Si) in plant biology and ecology, most studies focus on manipulations of Si supply and mitigation of stresses. The ecological significance of Si varies with different levels of biological organization, and remains hard to capture. We show that the costs of Si accumulation are greater than is currently acknowledged, and discuss potential links between Si and fitness components (growth, survival, reproduction), environment, and ecosystem functioning. We suggest that Si is more important in trait-based ecology than is currently recognized. Si potentially plays a significant role in many aspects of plant ecology, but knowledge gaps prevent us from understanding its possible contribution to the success of some clades and the expansion of specific biomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix de Tombeur
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France; School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| | - John A Raven
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, UK; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Aurèle Toussaint
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Julia Cooke
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Sue E Hartley
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Sylvain Coq
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Ofir Katz
- Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Mount Masada, Tamar Regional Council, Israel; Eilat Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Eilat, Israel
| | - Jörg Schaller
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Cyrille Violle
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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10
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Verma KK, Zeng Y, Song XP, Singh M, Wu KC, Rajput VD, Li YR. Nanosilicon: An approach for abiotic stress mitigation and sustainable agriculture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1025974. [PMID: 36618645 PMCID: PMC9816422 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1025974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses causing extensive yield loss in various crops globally. Over the past few decades, the application of silicon nanoparticles (nSi) has emerged as one of the abiotic stress mitigators. The initial responses of plants are shown by the biogenesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to sustain cellular/organellar integrity to ensure in vivo operation of metabolic functions by regulating physiological and biochemical pathways during stress conditions. Plants have evolved various antioxidative systems to balance/maintain the process of homeostasis via enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities to repair the losses. In the adverse environment, supplementation of Si mitigates the stress condition and improved the growth and development of plants. Its ameliorative effects were correlated with the enhanced antioxidant enzymes activities to maintain the equilibrium between the ROS generation and reduction. However, there are limited studies covered the role of nSi in the abiotic stress condition. This review addresses the accumulation and/or uptake of nSi in several crops and its mode of action linked with improved plants' growth and tolerance capabilities to confer sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan K. Verma
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuan Zeng
- International Co-operation Division, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiu-Peng Song
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Munna Singh
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Kai-Chao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Vishnu D. Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Yang-Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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11
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Silicon modifies C:N:P stoichiometry and improves the physiological efficiency and dry matter mass production of sorghum grown under nutritional sufficiency. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16082. [PMID: 36167895 PMCID: PMC9515215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20662-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicon (Si) may be involved in the modification of C:N:P stoichiometry and in physiological processes, increasing sorghum growth and grain production. The objective was to evaluate the effect of Si supply on C:N:P:Si stoichiometry, physiological response, growth, and grain production of sorghum. The experiment was carried out in pots with four concentrations of Si: 0; 1.2; 2.4; and 3.6 mmol L−1 in a completely randomized design, with six replicates. Physiological attributes and dark green color index were measured and grain and biomass production were determined. Posteriorly, the plant material was ground to determine silicon (Si), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) contents in order to analyze C:N:P:Si stoichiometry. C:Si and C:N ratios decreased at all Si concentrations applied (1.2, 2.4, and 3.6 mmol L−1) and in all plant parts studied, being lower at 3.6 mmol L−1. The lowest C:P ratios of leaves and roots were observed at 3.6 mmol L−1 Si and the lowest C:P ratio of stems was observed at 1.2 mmol L−1 Si. Si concentrations were not significant for the N:P ratio of leaves. The highest N:P ratio of stems was observed at 3.6 mmol L−1, while the lowest N:P ratio of roots was observed at 2.4 and 3.6 mmol L−1. Regardless of photosynthetic parameters, the application of 1.2 mmol L−1 Si enhanced photosynthetic rate. The application of 2.4 and 3.6 mmol L−1 enhanced stomatal conductance and dark green color index. The mass of 1000 grains was not influenced by Si applications, while Si applications at all concentrations studied (1.2, 2.4, and 3.6 mmol L−1) enhanced shoot and total dry matter, not affecting root dry matter and grain production. In conclusion, Si supply modifies C:N:P:Si stoichiometry and increases physiologic parameters, growth, development, and grain production in sorghum.
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12
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Rubio L, Costa M, Barrulas P, Lores M, Garcia-Jares C, Barrocas-Dias C. Understanding the chemical and mineralogical composition of commercial henna and jagua tattoos and dyes-a multi-analytical approach. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6233-6246. [PMID: 35829771 PMCID: PMC9314285 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04194-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Temporary tattoos and dyes constitute a great analytical challenge in relation to the regulatory control of their ingredients. Most of these commercial products are not labeled according to their content and their chemical nature is highly diverse. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze these complex samples to evaluate the potential presence of metallic impurities, to ensure the safety of cosmetic products contributing to health protection. This study proposes a multi-analytical methodology, which includes handheld X-ray fluorescence (h-XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), complemented by variable pressure scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (VP-SEM-EDS) to fully characterize 34 commercial samples of jagua and henna tattoos and dyes. The approach allowed the identification of the main constituents providing complementary compositional data and differences between sample types were established. In addition, information on the degree of natural pigments homogeneity was also obtained. The results' discussion considering the current European cosmetics regulation may be useful to support the drafting of safety requirements and specific regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rubio
- CRETUS, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Mafalda Costa
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Palácio do Vimioso, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809, Évora, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Barrulas
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Palácio do Vimioso, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809, Évora, Portugal
| | - Marta Lores
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Garcia-Jares
- CRETUS, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina Barrocas-Dias
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Palácio do Vimioso, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809, Évora, Portugal.,Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, School of Sciences and Technology, Rua Romão Ramalho, 59, 7000-671, Évora, Portugal
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13
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Shih MC, Xie PJ, Chen J, Chesson P, Sheue CR. Size always matters, shape matters only for the big: potential optical effects of silica bodies in
Selaginella. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220204. [PMID: 35857904 PMCID: PMC9257597 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Silica bodies are commonly found in
Selaginella
, but their function is unclear. Lens-like appearance and location in many species above giant chloroplasts of dorsal epidermal cells suggest optical functions. Silica body morphology in three
Selaginella
species was studied by microscopy. Optical effects were assessed by wave-optic simulations. Large convex, approximately hemispherical (papillose) and small approximately conical (concave–convex) silica bodies were found in different species. Both types lead to a concentrated spot of light high in the dorsal epidermal cell. Large convex bodies concentrate light 10–25 times in a shape-dependent manner by refraction, and small silica bodies concentrate light in a shape-insensitive, but wavelength-dependent, manner by diffraction (red light: approx. 2.3 times; blue light: approx. 1.5 times). Due to chloroplast movement, this concentrated light is above the chloroplast under high light, but within it under low light. Beyond the spot of concentration, light is dispersed into the chloroplast. Thin
Selaginella
leaves mean these effects may enhance light capture and minimize photodamage, but other effects such as inhibition of herbivory, mechanical support, and immune responses need to be considered. Silica bodies undoubtedly have optical effects, but their significance to the functioning of the plant requires direct studies of ecophysiological performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chih Shih
- Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xing Da Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xing Da Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jung Xie
- Department of Life Sciences and Center of Global Change Biology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xing Da Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Jiannyeu Chen
- Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xing Da Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xing Da Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Peter Chesson
- Department of Life Sciences and Center of Global Change Biology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xing Da Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Chiou-Rong Sheue
- Department of Life Sciences and Center of Global Change Biology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xing Da Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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14
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Shivaraj SM, Mandlik R, Bhat JA, Raturi G, Elbaum R, Alexander L, Tripathi DK, Deshmukh R, Sonah H. Outstanding Questions on the Beneficial Role of Silicon in Crop Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:4-18. [PMID: 34558628 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is widely accepted as a beneficial element for plants. Despite the substantial progress made in understanding Si transport mechanisms and modes of action in plants, several questions remain unanswered. In this review, we discuss such outstanding questions and issues commonly encountered by biologists studying the role of Si in plants in relation to Si bioavailability. In recent years, advances in our understanding of the role of Si-solubilizing bacteria and the efficacy of Si nanoparticles have been made. However, there are many unknown aspects associated with structural and functional features of Si transporters, Si loading into the xylem, and the role of specialized cells like silica cells and compounds preventing Si polymerization in plant tissues. In addition, despite several 1,000 reports showing the positive effects of Si in high as well as low Si-accumulating plant species, the exact roles of Si at the molecular level are yet to be understood. Some evidence suggests that Si regulates hormonal pathways and nutrient uptake, thereby explaining various observed benefits of Si uptake. However, how Si modulates hormonal pathways or improves nutrient uptake remains to be explained. Finally, we summarize the knowledge gaps that will provide a roadmap for further research on plant silicon biology, leading to an exploration of the benefits of Si uptake to enhance crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Shivaraj
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
| | - Rushil Mandlik
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab 160014, India
| | - Javaid Akhter Bhat
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Gaurav Raturi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab 160014, India
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- R H Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Lux Alexander
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Bratislava SK-84215, Slovakia
| | - Durgesh Kumar Tripathi
- Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313, India
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
| | - Humira Sonah
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
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15
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Mondragón M, Elizalde LE, Rejón V. Biominerals in the leaves of Agave karwinskii Zucc. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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16
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RODRIGUES MHP, KUPSKI L, SOUZA TDD, ARIAS JLDO, D’OCA MM, FURLONG EB. Relations between nutrients and bioactive compounds of commercial tomato varieties by the Principal Component Analysis. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.60020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Yan S, Hu Q, Wei Y, Jiang Q, Yin M, Dong M, Shen J, Du X. Calcium nutrition nanoagent rescues tomatoes from mosaic virus disease by accelerating calcium transport and activating antiviral immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1092774. [PMID: 36561462 PMCID: PMC9764000 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1092774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As an essential structural, metabolic and signaling element, calcium shows low remobilization from old to young tissues in plants, restricting the nutrient-use efficiency and control efficacy against mosaic virus disease. Nanotechnology has been applied to prevent/minimize nutrient losses and improve the accessibility of poorly-available nutrients. Herein, the current study applied a star polycation (SPc) to prepare a calcium nutrition nanoagent. The SPc could assemble with calcium glycinate through hydrogen bond and Van der Waals force, forming stable spherical particles with nanoscale size (17.72 nm). Transcriptomic results revealed that the calcium glycinate/SPc complex could activate the expression of many transport-related genes and disease resistance genes in tomatoes, suggesting the enhanced transport and antiviral immunity of SPc-loaded calcium glycinate. Reasonably, the calcium transport was accelerated by 3.17 times into tomato leaves with the help of SPc, and the protective effect of calcium glycinate was remarkably improved to 77.40% and 67.31% toward tomato mosaic virus with the help of SPc after the third and fifth applications. Furthermore, SPc-loaded calcium glycinate could be applied to increase the leaf photosynthetic rate and control the unusual fast growth of tomatoes. The current study is the first success to apply nano-delivery system for enhanced calcium transport and antiviral immunity, which is beneficial for increasing nutrient-use efficiency and shows good prospects for field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yan
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Hu
- Development Center for Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinhong Jiang
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Meizhen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Lab of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangge Du, ; Jie Shen,
| | - Xiangge Du
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangge Du, ; Jie Shen,
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18
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Investigating the Mineral Composition of Peat by Combining FTIR-ATR and Multivariate Analysis. MINERALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/min11101084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mineral content of peat has received little attention until the last few decades, when peat cores have been increasingly used to study past dust deposition. Paleodust deposition is commonly reconstructed through elemental datasets, which are used to infer deposition rates, storminess patterns, mineral composition, source identification, and fertilization effects. To date, only a few studies have directly analyzed the mineralogy (by XRD and SEM) and particle size of peat mineral matter, and the conducted studies have usually been constrained by the need to remove a large amount of organic matter, which risks altering the mineral component. One alternative is to use quick, nondestructive techniques, such as FTIR-ATR, that require little sample preparation. In this study, we analyzed by FTIR-ATR both the bulk peat and ash fractions of a sequence taken in a minerogenic mire that covered a wide inorganic matter content range (6%–57%). Aided by principal component analysis on transposed IR spectral data, we were able to identify the main minerals in bulk peat and ash, quartz, mica (likely muscovite), K feldspar (likely microcline), and plagioclase (likely anorthite), which are consistent with the local geology of the mire catchment. Changes in mineral composition during the last ca. 2800 years were coeval with previously reconstructed environmental changes using the same core. Our results suggest that FTIR-ATR has great potential to investigate peat mineral matter and the processes that drive its compositional change.
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19
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Karabourniotis G, Liakopoulos G, Bresta P, Nikolopoulos D. The Optical Properties of Leaf Structural Elements and Their Contribution to Photosynthetic Performance and Photoprotection. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1455. [PMID: 34371656 PMCID: PMC8309337 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Leaves have evolved to effectively harvest light, and, in parallel, to balance photosynthetic CO2 assimilation with water losses. At times, leaves must operate under light limiting conditions while at other instances (temporally distant or even within seconds), the same leaves must modulate light capture to avoid photoinhibition and achieve a uniform internal light gradient. The light-harvesting capacity and the photosynthetic performance of a given leaf are both determined by the organization and the properties of its structural elements, with some of these having evolved as adaptations to stressful environments. In this respect, the present review focuses on the optical roles of particular leaf structural elements (the light capture module) while integrating their involvement in other important functional modules. Superficial leaf tissues (epidermis including cuticle) and structures (epidermal appendages such as trichomes) play a crucial role against light interception. The epidermis, together with the cuticle, behaves as a reflector, as a selective UV filter and, in some cases, each epidermal cell acts as a lens focusing light to the interior. Non glandular trichomes reflect a considerable part of the solar radiation and absorb mainly in the UV spectral band. Mesophyll photosynthetic tissues and biominerals are involved in the efficient propagation of light within the mesophyll. Bundle sheath extensions and sclereids transfer light to internal layers of the mesophyll, particularly important in thick and compact leaves or in leaves with a flutter habit. All of the aforementioned structural elements have been typically optimized during evolution for multiple functions, thus offering adaptive advantages in challenging environments. Hence, each particular leaf design incorporates suitable optical traits advantageously and cost-effectively with the other fundamental functions of the leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Karabourniotis
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece; (G.L.); (D.N.)
| | - Georgios Liakopoulos
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece; (G.L.); (D.N.)
| | - Panagiota Bresta
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece;
| | - Dimosthenis Nikolopoulos
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece; (G.L.); (D.N.)
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20
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Paiva ÉAS. Do calcium oxalate crystals protect against herbivory? Naturwissenschaften 2021; 108:24. [PMID: 34043088 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-021-01735-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals have challenged human curiosity since the advent of microscopy. These crystals are linked to the control of calcium levels in plant cells, but they have also been attributed several other functions, including protection against herbivory. However, the protection offered by CaOx crystals against herbivory may be overstated, as claims have been mainly based on their shapes and hard and indigestible nature rather than on experimental evidence. I contend that it is improbable that a constitutive defense, present since very early in the evolution of plants, has not been superseded by herbivores, especially insects. Here, I present arguments and evidence that suggest that these crystals have low efficiency in protecting plants against herbivores. First, I argue that insects with chewing mouthparts possess a semipermeable structure that protects their midgut, minimizing damage from crystals. Second, the action of CaOx crystals is purely mechanical and similar to other inert materials such as sand. Therefore, CaOx crystals only provide effective protection from herbivory in very particular cases and should not be considered an effective defense without supporting experimental evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Élder Antônio Sousa Paiva
- Plant Secretion & Reproduction (PlantSeR) Lab, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.
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21
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Tripathi DK, Vishwakarma K, Singh VP, Prakash V, Sharma S, Muneer S, Nikolic M, Deshmukh R, Vaculík M, Corpas FJ. Silicon crosstalk with reactive oxygen species, phytohormones and other signaling molecules. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 408:124820. [PMID: 33516974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous applications of silicon (Si) can initiate cellular defence pathways to enhance plant resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Plant Si accumulation is regulated by several transporters of silicic acid (e.g. Lsi1, Lsi2, and Lsi6), but the precise mechanisms involved in overall Si transport and its beneficial effects remains unclear. In stressed plants, the accumulation of Si leads to a defence mechanism involving the formation of amorphous or hydrated silicic acid caused by their polymerization and interaction with other organic substances. Silicon also regulates plant ionic homeostasis, which involves the nutrient acquisition, availability, and replenishment in the soil through biogeochemical cycles. Furthermore, Si is implicated in modulating ethylene-dependent and jasmonate pathways, as well as other phytohormones, particularly under stress conditions. Crosstalk between Si and phytohormones could lead to improvements in Si-mediated crop growth, especially when plants are exposed to stress. The integration of Si with reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism appears to be a part of the signaling cascade that regulates plant phytohormone homeostasis, as well as morphological, biochemical, and molecular responses. This review aims to provide an update on Si interplays with ROS, phytohormones, and other signaling molecules that regulate plant development under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durgesh Kumar Tripathi
- Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture (AIOA), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, India
| | - Kanchan Vishwakarma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, India
| | - Vijay Pratap Singh
- Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, A Constituent PG College of University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Ved Prakash
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Shivesh Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Sowbiya Muneer
- School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Miroslav Nikolic
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Marek Vaculík
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, Mlynská dolina, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Botany, Plant Science. and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry and Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Profesor Albareda, Granada, Spain.
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22
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Pritchard A, Nielsen BD, Robison C, Manfredi JM. Low dietary silicon supplementation may not affect bone and cartilage in mature, sedentary horses. J Anim Sci 2021; 98:5996088. [PMID: 33216909 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As osteoarthritis is a major cause of lameness in horses in the United States, improving collagen health prior to onset and increasing collagen turnover within affected joints could improve health- and welfare-related outcomes. Through its positive effects on bone mineral content and density and its role in increasing collagen synthesis, silicon (Si) may slow the development and progression of osteoarthritis, thereby reducing lameness. This study evaluated the hypothesis that Si supplementation would increase cartilage turnover through increased collagen degradation and formation markers, as well as bone formation markers, resulting in reduced lameness severity when compared with controls. Ten mature Standardbred geldings were assigned to either a Si-treated (SIL) or control (CON) group and group-housed on pasture for 84 d. Horses were individually fed to ensure no cross-contamination of Si other than what was present in the environment. For the duration of the study, SIL horses received a Si-collagen supplement at the rate of 0.3 g supplement/(100 kg body weight day). Serum samples were taken weekly for osteocalcin, and plasma samples were taken on days 0, 42, and 84 for plasma minerals. On days 0, 42, and 84, subjective and objective lameness exams were performed, and radiographs and synovial fluid samples were taken from reference and osteoarthritic joints. Plasma minerals were similar in both groups and were lower on day 84 than on day 0 (P < 0.05). Si supplementation, fed at the manufacturer's recommended rate, did not improve lameness or radiographs when compared with controls, and supplemented horses did not show greater collagen degradation and/or synthesis markers in synovial fluid than controls, indicating that cartilage turnover remained unaffected. However, a minimum beneficial threshold and range for Si supplementation standardized to body weight need to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby Pritchard
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Brian D Nielsen
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Cara Robison
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Jane M Manfredi
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
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Biswas O, Ghosh R, Agrawal S, Morthekai P, Paruya DK, Mukherjee B, Bera M, Bera S. A comprehensive calibrated phytolith based climatic index from the Himalaya and its application in palaeotemperature reconstruction. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:142280. [PMID: 33182176 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Past climate reconstructions from palaeoecological records require an understanding of relationships between modern vegetation and climate. Phytoliths are being used widely to reconstruct variations in C3/C4 grasses in the past vegetation and corresponding climate. However, little understanding is available on their relationships with the climate driver(s). Even though, the driver(s) regulating C3/C4 grass distributions vary regionally, while reconstructing the past distributions, a grass phytolith-based climatic index (Ic) has often been found to be used globally without assessing its regional consistency. In the Himalaya, the working potential of Ic has proven to be unsatisfactory when compared to other regions of the globe. To improve the efficacy of Ic, we have identified the redundant grass phytolith morphs and revised it by including four exclusive C3-grass indicator morphotypes (bilobate trapezoidal, bilobate scooped, saddle tall and saddle plateaued) to the existing Ic calculation. Thus, a new climatic index, revised Ic (rIc) is proposed in this article. We have compared the rIc with modern climate variables and a relationship with mean annual temperature (MAT) is established with statistical validation. To assess the working potential of the proposed calibration function in the past temperature reconstructions, we have estimated the late Holocene MAT variations in the Himalaya using rIc. We infer that in the mountainous regions like the Himalaya, even with irregular precipitation distribution, variability in C3/C4 grass distributions and their phytolith spectra seem to be a primary function of temperature. Further, we recommend that rIc can be satisfactorily used to reconstruct past temperature variations in the Himalaya and similar mountainous regions where soil water availability is not a limiting factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oindrila Biswas
- Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Ruby Ghosh
- Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, 53, University Road, Lucknow 226007, India.
| | - Shailesh Agrawal
- Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, 53, University Road, Lucknow 226007, India
| | - P Morthekai
- Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, 53, University Road, Lucknow 226007, India
| | - Dipak Kumar Paruya
- Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Biswajit Mukherjee
- Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Meghma Bera
- Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Subir Bera
- Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India.
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24
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Kamal-Eldin A, George N, Sobti B, AlRashidi N, Ghnimi S, Ali AA, Andersson AAM, Andersson R, Antony A, Hamed F. Dietary fiber components, microstructure, and texture of date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera, L.). Sci Rep 2020; 10:21767. [PMID: 33303871 PMCID: PMC7728813 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78713-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Date fruits vary widely in the hardness of their edible parts and they are classified accordingly into soft, semi-dry, and dry varieties. Fruit texture, a significant parameter in determining consumer acceptance, is related to the tissue structure and chemical composition of the fruit, mainly the ratio of sucrose to reducing sugars. This study aimed to understand the relationship between the chemical composition, microstructure, and texture profile of 10 major Emirati date fruits. The soluble sugars, glucose and fructose, represent ca 80 g/100 g of the fruits on the basis of dry weight (DW) while the dietary fiber contents varied 5.2-7.4 g/100 dg D.W. with lignin being the main determinant of the variability. The textures of the samples were studied using instrumental texture profile analysis. While no correlation was found between the soluble sugar and texture parameters in this study, the different fiber constituents correlated variably with the different parameters of date fruit texture. Lignin, arabinoxylan, galactomannan, and pectin were found to correlate significantly with fruit hardness and the related parameters, gumminess and chewiness. Both lignin and arabinoxylan correlated with resilience, and arabinoxylan exhibited a strong correlation with cohesiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf Kamal-Eldin
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Health, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, UAE.
| | - Navomy George
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Health, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, UAE
| | - Bhawna Sobti
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Health, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, UAE
| | - Nouf AlRashidi
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Health, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, UAE
| | - Sami Ghnimi
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, 43 Bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Abdul Aziz Ali
- Department of Economics and Statistics, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Annica A M Andersson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, BioCentre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O Box 7015, 75007, Uppsala, SE, Sweden
| | - Roger Andersson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, BioCentre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O Box 7015, 75007, Uppsala, SE, Sweden
| | - Asha Antony
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Fathalla Hamed
- Department of Physics, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
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25
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Soukup M, Rodriguez Zancajo VM, Kneipp J, Elbaum R. Formation of root silica aggregates in sorghum is an active process of the endodermis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6807-6817. [PMID: 31504726 PMCID: PMC7709912 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Silica deposition in plants is a common phenomenon that correlates with plant tolerance to various stresses. Deposition occurs mostly in cell walls, but its mechanism is unclear. Here we show that metabolic processes control the formation of silica aggregates in roots of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), a model plant for silicification. Silica formation was followed in intact roots and root segments of seedlings. Root segments were treated to enhance or suppress cell wall biosynthesis. The composition of endodermal cell walls was analysed by Raman microspectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Our results were compared with in vitro reactions simulating lignin and silica polymerization. Silica aggregates formed only in live endodermal cells that were metabolically active. Silicic acid was deposited in vitro as silica onto freshly polymerized coniferyl alcohol, simulating G-lignin, but not onto coniferyl alcohol or ferulic acid monomers. Our results show that root silica aggregates form under tight regulation by endodermal cells, independently of the transpiration stream. We raise the hypothesis that the location and extent of silicification are primed by the chemistry and structure of polymerizing lignin as it cross-links to the wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Soukup
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Victor M Rodriguez Zancajo
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Janina Kneipp
- Chemistry Department and School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Rasoolizadeh A, Santhanam P, Labbé C, Shivaraj SM, Germain H, Bélanger RR. Silicon influences the localization and expression of Phytophthora sojae effectors in interaction with soybean. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6844-6855. [PMID: 32090252 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In plant-pathogen interactions, expression and localization of effectors in the aqueous apoplastic region play a crucial role in the establishment or suppression of pathogen development. Silicon (Si) has been shown to protect plants in several host-pathogen interactions, but its mode of action remains a source of debate. Its deposition in the apoplastic area of plant cells suggests that it might interfere with receptor-effector recognition. In this study, soybean plants treated or not with Si were inoculated with Phytophthora sojae and differences in the ensuing infection process were assessed through different microscopy techniques, transcript analysis of effector and defense genes, and effector (Avr6) localization through immunolocalization and fluorescence labeling. In plants grown without Si, the results showed the rapid (4 d post-inoculation) host recognition by P. sojae through the development of haustorium-like bodies, followed by expression and release of effectors into the apoplastic region. In contrast, Si treatment resulted in limited pathogen development, and significantly lower expression and presence of Avr6 in the apoplastic region. Based on immunolocalization and quantification of Avr6 through fluorescence labeling, our results suggest that the presence of Si in the apoplast interferes with host recognition and/or limits receptor-effector interactions, which leads to an incompatible interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caroline Labbé
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Hugo Germain
- Département de chimie, biochimie et physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Richard R Bélanger
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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27
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Protein-driven biomineralization: Comparing silica formation in grass silica cells to other biomineralization processes. J Struct Biol 2020; 213:107665. [PMID: 33227416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Biomineralization is a common strategy adopted by organisms to support their body structure. Plants practice significant silicon and calcium based biomineralization in which silicon is deposited as silica in cell walls and intracellularly in various cell-types, while calcium is deposited mostly as calcium oxalate in vacuoles of specialized cells. In this review, we compare cellular processes leading to protein-dependent mineralization in plants, diatoms and sponges (phylum Porifera). The mechanisms of biomineralization in these organisms are inherently different. The composite silica structure in diatoms forms inside the cytoplasm in a membrane bound vesicle, which after maturation is exocytosed to the cell surface. In sponges, separate vesicles with the mineral precursor (silicic acid), an inorganic template, and organic molecules, fuse together and are extruded to the extracellular space. In plants, calcium oxalate mineral precipitates in vacuolar crystal chambers containing a protein matrix which is never exocytosed. Silica deposition in grass silica cells takes place outside the cell membrane when the cells secrete the mineralizing protein into the apoplasm rich with silicic acid (the mineral precursor molecules). Our review infers that the organism complexity and precursor reactivity (calcium and oxalate versus silicic acid) are main driving forces for the evolution of varied mineralization mechanisms.
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28
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Karabourniotis G, Horner HT, Bresta P, Nikolopoulos D, Liakopoulos G. New insights into the functions of carbon-calcium inclusions in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:845-854. [PMID: 32583442 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-calcium inclusions (CCaI) either as calcium oxalate crystals (CaOx) or amorphous calcium carbonate cystoliths are spread among most photosynthetic organisms. They represent dynamic structures with a significant construction cost and their appearance during evolution indicates an ancient origin. Both types of inclusions share some similar functional characteristics providing adaptive advantages such as the regulation of Ca levels, and the release of CO2 and water molecules upon decomposition. The latter seems to be essential under drought conditions and explains the intense occurrence of these structures in plants thriving in dry climates. It seems, however, that for plants CaOx may represent a more prevalent storage system compared with CaCO3 due to the multifunctionality of oxalate. This compound participates in a number of important soil biogeochemical processes, creates endosymbiosis with beneficial bacteria and provides tolerance against a combination of abiotic (nutrient deprivation, metal toxicity) and biotic (pathogens, herbivores) stress factors. We suggest a re-evaluation of the roles of these fascinating plant structures under a new and holistic approach that could enhance our understanding of carbon sequestration at the whole plant level and provide future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Karabourniotis
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, 11855, Greece
| | - Harry T Horner
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Panagiota Bresta
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, 11855, Greece
| | - Dimosthenis Nikolopoulos
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, 11855, Greece
| | - Georgios Liakopoulos
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, 11855, Greece
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Sheng H, Chen S. Plant silicon-cell wall complexes: Identification, model of covalent bond formation and biofunction. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:13-19. [PMID: 32736240 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element on earth crust, consisting primarily of silicate minerals. Si is found in the tissues of almost all terrestrial plants and is mostly deposited in specialized cells or cell walls as amorphous silica. Numerous discoveries have shown that in addition to non-covalent interactions through amorphous silica, Si can form covalent bonds with plant cell wall components such as hemicelluloses, pectin and lignin. The covalent bonds may be formed via Si-O-C linkages between monosilicic acid (H4SiO4) and cis-diols of cell wall polysaccharides or lignin. The covalently bound organosilicon, independent of amorphous inorganic silica, may play a crucial role in plant cell wall structure and remodeling and thus plant growth and its resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. This review discusses the existing research on the discovery of plant silicon-cell wall complexes and proposes a model of their covalent bond formation and biofunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachun Sheng
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
| | - Shaolin Chen
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
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George N, Antony A, Ramachandran T, Hamed F, Kamal-Eldin A. Microscopic Investigationsof Silicification and Lignification Suggest Their Coexistence in Tracheary Phytoliths in Date Fruits ( Phoenix dactylifera L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:977. [PMID: 32733510 PMCID: PMC7359715 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Date fruits are special representative of hard fruits and one of the richest sources of dietary silica and edible lignin, which are believed to have several health benefits. In this study, we used optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate the presence of associations between silicification and lignification in date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera, L.). Phloroglucinol staining was employed to observe lignification in date fruits, while silicification was studied by SEM of whole fruits and their acid digesta. This work revealed the presence of heterogeneity and complexity in the silica phytoliths and the lignified structures in date fruits. It was found that lignin exists independently of silica in the secondary cell walls of parenchymal and sclereid cells and that silica exists independently of lignin in the spheroid phytoliths that surround the sclereid cells. Interestingly, a small proportion of lignin and silica seemed to co-exist as partners in the spiral coils of the tracheid phytoliths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navomy George
- Department of Food, Nutrition & Health, College of Food & Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asha Antony
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food & Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tholkappiyan Ramachandran
- Department of Physics, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fathalla Hamed
- Department of Physics, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Afaf Kamal-Eldin
- Department of Food, Nutrition & Health, College of Food & Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Abstract
A biomineral is a crystalline or amorphous mineral product of the biochemical activity of an organism and the local accumulation of elements available in the environment. The cactus family has been characterized by accumulating calcium oxalates, although other biominerals have been detected. Five species of Cacteae were studied to find biominerals. For this, anatomical sections and Fourier transform infrared, field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry analyses were used. In the studied regions of the five species, they presented prismatic or spherulite dihydrate calcium oxalate crystals, as the predominant biomineral. Anatomical sections of Astrophytum asterias showed prismatic crystals and Echinocactus texensis amorphous silica bodies in the hypodermis. New findings were for Ariocarpus retusus subsp. trigonus peaks assigned to calcium carbonate and for Mammillaria sphaerica peaks belonging to silicates.
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Putative Silicon Transporters and Effect of Temperature Stresses and Silicon Supplementation on Their Expressions and Tissue Silicon Content in Poinsettia. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9050569. [PMID: 32365688 PMCID: PMC7284485 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is a beneficial element for plants. To understand Si uptake and accumulation in poinsettia, the Si transporters and their expression patterns were investigated. Nodulin 26-like intrinsic membrane proteins (NIPs) act as transporters of water and small solutes, including silicic acid. In this study, one NIP member, designated EpLsi1, was identified. Additionally, a protein from the citrate transporter family, designated EpLsi2, was identified. Sequence analyses indicated that EpLsi1 belonged to the NIP-I subgroup, which has a low Si uptake capacity. Consistently, the measured tissue Si content in the poinsettia was less than 1.73 ± 0.17 mg·g−1 dry weight, which was very low when compared to that in high Si accumulators. The expressions of EpLsi1 and EpLsi2 in poinsettia cuttings treated with 0 mg·L−1 Si decreased under temperature stresses. A short-term Si supplementation decreased the expressions of both EpLsi1 and EpLsi2 in the roots and leaves, while a long-term Si supplementation increased the expression of EpLsi1 in the leaves, bracts, and cyathia, and increased the expression of EpLsi2 in the roots and leaves. Tissue Si content increased in the roots of cuttings treated with 75 mg·L−1 Si at both 4 and 40 °C, indicating that the transport activities of the EpLsi1 were enhanced under temperature stresses. A long-term Si supplementation increased the tissue Si content in the roots of poinsettia treated with 75 mg·L−1 Si. Overall, poinsettia was a low Si accumulator, the expressions of Si transporters were down-regulated, and the tissue Si content increased with temperature stresses and Si supplementation. These results may help the breeding and commercial production of poinsettia.
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Lv G, Du C, Ma F, Shen Y, Zhou J. In situ detection of rice leaf cuticle responses to nitrogen supplies by depth-profiling Fourier transform photoacoustic spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 228:117759. [PMID: 31708462 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant cuticle is an important interface on the outmost region of plant and will make the response to environmental changes. However, research about how the variable nutritional status affect plant cuticle is limited. This was the first report about the manners of rice leaf cuticle in answer to different nutritional circumstances of nitrogen detected by the Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) which with a main superiority for in situ and depth-profiling in mid-infrared range. Rice leaves from the seedlings treated with three nitrogen levels designed as low (22N1), medium (N2) and high (N3) concentration were scanned by three moving mirror velocities (0.32 cm s-1, 0.47 cm s-1, and 0.63 cm s-1) at 900-4000 cm-1 to acquire the spectra of leaf surfaces. Well-resolved peaks had been detected at 3400, 2800, 1650, 1520 and 1050 cm-1. Combining with the structures and compositions of cuticle, the spectra recorded with 0.63 cm s-1 were identified to be from cuticle, and were used to analyze the responses of cuticle. Through curve-fitting, the absorption ratio of the peaks at (cm-1) 1050/3400, 1050/2800 and 1650/2800 shown regular changes,which were suggested to corresponded with ν(CO)/ν(OH), ν(CO)/ν(CH) and ν(C=C)/ν(CH) mainly. These ratios were supported to reflect the amount or variation of cuticle components, such as cutin, fatty alcohols, acids and unsaturated compounds. It provided insights about how nitrogen affected cuticles and showed great potentials to utilized FTIR-PAS for detecting cuticle variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoqiang Lv
- The State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Changwen Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Fei Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yazhen Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jianmin Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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Chaiwong N, Bouain N, Prom-u-thai C, Rouached H. Interplay Between Silicon and Iron Signaling Pathways to Regulate Silicon Transporter Lsi1 Expression in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1065. [PMID: 32793256 PMCID: PMC7387502 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is not an essential element, but it is a beneficial element for growth and development of many plant species. Nevertheless, how plants regulate the initial uptake of silicon (Si) remains poorly understood. It has been proposed that the regulation of Si uptake is largely regulated by Si availability. However, the current model is clearly reductionist and does not consider the availability of essential micro-elements such as iron (Fe). Therefore, the present study investigates the regulation of the Si transporter Lsi1, in three rice varieties grown under different Si and Fe regimes. The Lsi1 transcript was compared to intracellular concentrations of Si and Fe in roots. The amount of Lsi1 transcript was mainly altered in response to Si-related treatments. Split-root experiments showed that the expression of Lsi1 is locally and systemically regulated in response to Si signals. Interestingly, the accumulation of Lsi1 transcripts appeared to be dependent on Fe availability in root growth environment. Results suggest that the expression of Lsi1 depends on a regulatory network that integrates Si and Fe signals. This response was conserved in the three rice cultivars tested. This finding is the first step toward a better understanding of the co-regulation of Si homeostasis with other essential nutrients in plants. Finally, our data clearly show that a better understanding of Si/Fe signaling is needed to define the fundamental principles supporting plant health and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanthana Chaiwong
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- Agronomy Division, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nadia Bouain
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Chanakan Prom-u-thai
- Agronomy Division, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Chanakan Prom-u-thai, ; Hatem Rouached, ;
| | - Hatem Rouached
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Chanakan Prom-u-thai, ; Hatem Rouached, ;
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Giannopoulos A, Nikolopoulos D, Bresta P, Samantas A, Reppa C, Karaboiki K, Dotsika E, Fasseas C, Liakopoulos G, Karabourniotis G. Cystoliths of Parietaria judaica can serve as an internal source of CO2 for photosynthetic assimilation when stomata are closed. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5753-5763. [PMID: 31270538 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The recently reported 'alarm photosynthesis' acts as a biochemical process that assimilates CO2 derived from the decomposition of calcium oxalate crystals. This study examined whether CaCO3 cystoliths could also serve as CO2 pools, fulfilling a similar role. Shoots of Parietaria judaica were subjected to carbon starvation, abscisic acid (ABA), or bicarbonate treatments, and the volume of cystoliths and the photochemical parameters of photosystem II (PSII) were determined. The size of cystoliths was reduced under carbon starvation or ABA treatments, whereas it was restored by xylem-provided bicarbonate. Under carbon starvation, ABA, or bicarbonate treatments, the photochemical efficiency of PSII was higher, while non-photochemical quenching, representing the safe dissipation of excess PSII energy due to lack of electron sinks, was lower in treated samples compared with controls. This observation suggests the involvement of ABA or other carbon starvation cues in the release of subsidiary CO2 for photosynthesis, inevitably from an internal source, which could be the cystoliths. Carbon remobilized from cystoliths can be photosynthetically assimilated, thus acting as a safety valve under stress. Together with alarm photosynthesis, these results show a tight link between leaf carbon deposits and photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Giannopoulos
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimosthenis Nikolopoulos
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Bresta
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aris Samantas
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Chrysavgi Reppa
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Karaboiki
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elissavet Dotsika
- Stable Isotope Unit, Institute of Material Science, National Centre for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos Fasseas
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Liakopoulos
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Karabourniotis
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Paiva EAS. Are calcium oxalate crystals a dynamic calcium store in plants? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1707-1711. [PMID: 31081933 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals occur as intravacuolar deposits in most angiosperm species. Different functions have been attributed to these crystals, some of which are very speculative, until now. Calcium regulation and homeostasis seem to be the most widespread function of CaOx crystals. Being rich in calcium, these crystals constitute a reserve of calcium for plants. However, despite being bioavailable, this reserve is functional in just a few situations due to the low mobility of calcium for phloem translocation. Therefore, CaOx crystals as a calcium reserve is a paradox because in most cases the reserve cannot be used. However, in most plants, these crystals occur in organs or tissues that will be discarded, which allows the elimination of excess calcium. This suggests that CaOx crystals have a functional role in excess calcium excretion. There is some evidence that, for calcium, this excretory function is relevant for plants since they lack an excretory system dedicated to discarding solid wastes, such as calcium salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elder Antônio Sousa Paiva
- Plant Secretion & Reproduction (PlantSeR) Lab, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Villard C, Larbat R, Munakata R, Hehn A. Defence mechanisms of Ficus: pyramiding strategies to cope with pests and pathogens. PLANTA 2019; 249:617-633. [PMID: 30689053 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ficus species have adapted to diverse environments and pests by developing physical or chemical protection strategies. Physical defences are based on the accumulation of minerals such as calcium oxalate crystals, amorphous calcium carbonates and silica that lead to tougher plants. Additional cellular structures such as non-glandular trichomes or laticifer cells make the leaves rougher or sticky upon injury. Ficus have also established structures that are able to produce specialized metabolites (alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolics) or proteins (proteases, protease inhibitors, oxidases, and chitinases) that are toxic to predators. All these defence mechanisms are distributed throughout the plant and can differ depending on the genotype, the stage of development or the environment. In this review, we present an overview of these strategies and discuss how these complementary mechanisms enable effective and flexible adaptation to numerous hostile environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloé Villard
- UMR1121, Université de Lorraine-INRA Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ENSAIA, 2 Avenue Forêt de Haye, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Romain Larbat
- UMR1121, Université de Lorraine-INRA Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ENSAIA, 2 Avenue Forêt de Haye, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Ryosuke Munakata
- UMR1121, Université de Lorraine-INRA Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ENSAIA, 2 Avenue Forêt de Haye, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Alain Hehn
- UMR1121, Université de Lorraine-INRA Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ENSAIA, 2 Avenue Forêt de Haye, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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Coskun D, Deshmukh R, Sonah H, Menzies JG, Reynolds O, Ma JF, Kronzucker HJ, Bélanger RR. The controversies of silicon's role in plant biology. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:67-85. [PMID: 30007071 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 67 I. Introduction 68 II. Silicon transport in plants: to absorb or not to absorb 69 III. The role of silicon in plants: not just a matter of semantics 71 IV. Silicon and biotic stress: beyond mechanical barriers and defense priming 76 V. Silicon and abiotic stress: a proliferation of proposed mechanisms 78 VI. The apoplastic obstruction hypothesis: a working model 79 VII. Perspectives and conclusions 80 Acknowledgements 81 References 81 SUMMARY: Silicon (Si) is not classified as an essential plant nutrient, and yet numerous reports have shown its beneficial effects in a variety of species and environmental circumstances. This has created much confusion in the scientific community with respect to its biological roles. Here, we link molecular and phenotypic data to better classify Si transport, and critically summarize the current state of understanding of the roles of Si in higher plants. We argue that much of the empirical evidence, in particular that derived from recent functional genomics, is at odds with many of the mechanistic assertions surrounding Si's role. In essence, these data do not support reports that Si affects a wide range of molecular-genetic, biochemical and physiological processes. A major reinterpretation of Si's role is therefore needed, which is critical to guide future studies and inform agricultural practice. We propose a working model, which we term the 'apoplastic obstruction hypothesis', which attempts to unify the various observations on Si's beneficial influences on plant growth and yield. This model argues for a fundamental role of Si as an extracellular prophylactic agent against biotic and abiotic stresses (as opposed to an active cellular agent), with important cascading effects on plant form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Coskun
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Humira Sonah
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - James G Menzies
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB, R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Olivia Reynolds
- Biosecurity and Food Safety, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Herbert J Kronzucker
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Richard R Bélanger
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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Limo MJ, Sola-Rabada A, Boix E, Thota V, Westcott ZC, Puddu V, Perry CC. Interactions between Metal Oxides and Biomolecules: from Fundamental Understanding to Applications. Chem Rev 2018; 118:11118-11193. [PMID: 30362737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metallo-oxide (MO)-based bioinorganic nanocomposites promise unique structures, physicochemical properties, and novel biochemical functionalities, and within the past decade, investment in research on materials such as ZnO, TiO2, SiO2, and GeO2 has significantly increased. Besides traditional approaches, the synthesis, shaping, structural patterning, and postprocessing chemical functionalization of the materials surface is inspired by strategies which mimic processes in nature. Would such materials deliver new technologies? Answering this question requires the merging of historical knowledge and current research from different fields of science. Practically, we need an effective defragmentation of the research area. From our perspective, the superficial accounting of material properties, chemistry of the surfaces, and the behavior of biomolecules next to such surfaces is a problem. This is particularly of concern when we wish to bridge between technologies in vitro and biotechnologies in vivo. Further, besides the potential practical technological efficiency and advantages such materials might exhibit, we have to consider the wider long-term implications of material stability and toxicity. In this contribution, we present a critical review of recent advances in the chemistry and engineering of MO-based biocomposites, highlighting the role of interactions at the interface and the techniques by which these can be studied. At the end of the article, we outline the challenges which hamper progress in research and extrapolate to developing and promising directions including additive manufacturing and synthetic biology that could benefit from molecular level understanding of interactions occurring between inanimate (abiotic) and living (biotic) materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion J Limo
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS , United Kingdom.,Interface and Surface Analysis Centre, School of Pharmacy , University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Anna Sola-Rabada
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS , United Kingdom
| | - Estefania Boix
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS , United Kingdom.,Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems , Aalto University , P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto , Finland
| | - Veeranjaneyulu Thota
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS , United Kingdom
| | - Zayd C Westcott
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS , United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Puddu
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS , United Kingdom
| | - Carole C Perry
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS , United Kingdom
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Rahman A, El Hayek E, Blake JM, Bixby RJ, Ali AM, Spilde M, Otieno AA, Miltenberger K, Ridgeway C, Artyushkova K, Atudorei V, Cerrato JM. Metal Reactivity in Laboratory Burned Wood from a Watershed Affected by Wildfires. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:8115-8123. [PMID: 30020776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated interfacial processes affecting metal mobility by wood ash under laboratory-controlled conditions using aqueous chemistry, microscopy, and spectroscopy. The Valles Caldera National Preserve in New Mexico experiences catastrophic wildfires of devastating effects. Wood samples of Ponderosa Pine, Colorado Blue Spruce, and Quaking Aspen collected from this site were exposed to temperatures of 60, 350, and 550 °C. The 350 °C Pine ash had the highest content of Cu (4997 ± 262 mg kg-1), Cr (543 ± 124 mg kg-1), and labile dissolved organic carbon (DOC, 11.3 ± 0.28 mg L-1). Sorption experiments were conducted by reacting 350 °C Pine, Spruce, and Aspen ashes separately with 10 μM Cu(II) and Cr(VI) solutions. Up to a 94% decrease in Cu(II) concentration was observed in solution while Cr(VI) concentration showed a limited decrease (up to 13%) after 180 min of reaction. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses detected increased association of Cu(II) on the near surface region of the reacted 350 °C Pine ash from the sorption experiments compared to the unreacted ash. The results suggest that dissolution and sorption processes should be considered to better understand the potential effects of metals transported by wood ash on water quality that have important implications for postfire recovery and response strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asifur Rahman
- Department of Civil Engineering, MSC01 1070 , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
| | - Eliane El Hayek
- Department of Chemistry, MSC03 2060 , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
| | - Johanna M Blake
- U.S. Geological Survey , 6700 Edith Blvd. NE , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87113 , United States
| | - Rebecca J Bixby
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, MSC03 2020 , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
| | - Abdul-Mehdi Ali
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, MSC03 2040 , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
| | - Michael Spilde
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, MSC03 2040 , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
| | - Amanda A Otieno
- Water Resources Program, MSC05 3110 , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
| | - Keely Miltenberger
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, MSC03 2040 , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
| | - Cyrena Ridgeway
- Department of Civil Engineering , New Mexico State University , Las Cruces , New Mexico 88001 , United States
| | - Kateryna Artyushkova
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, MSC01 1120 , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
| | - Viorel Atudorei
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, MSC03 2040 , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
| | - José M Cerrato
- Department of Civil Engineering, MSC01 1070 , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
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Asgari F, Majd A, Jonoubi P, Najafi F. Effects of silicon nanoparticles on molecular, chemical, structural and ultrastructural characteristics of oat (Avena sativa L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 127:152-160. [PMID: 29587167 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, nanoparticles are extensively being utilized in medicine, industry, and agriculture thus distributed into the environment. Hence, it is essential to examine exactly the impact of these materials on a variety of organisms, including various species of plants. Therefore, in the current study, we compared the effects of sodium silicate and nano silicon (SiNP) (both at two concentrations of 5 and 10 mM) separately on lignification of the xylem cell wall, antioxidant enzyme activities, ultrastructure of leaf and root cells, expression of silicon transporter (Lsi1) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and also evaluated the protein content and chemical content of oat plants (Avena sativa L.) cultured hydroponically. The results indicated that SiNPs didn't have a toxic effect on the oat plants, and in many cases they enhanced plant growth. The effect of SiNPs on the chemical content of the treated plants was almost identical with silicate. The silicon transporter (Lsi1) gene was expressed in plants exposed to SiNPs, however, at lower levels (∼37% in roots) than those exposed to silicate treatments. The SiNPs increased PAL expression and lignification in leaves and roots, however, at lower levels those of silicate (˃50% in fourth leaves of 10 mM concentration). They were aggregated in the roots (268-366 nm) and deposited in nano size on the cell walls of leaves. In general, their effects in the plants were identical to silicate but differed in intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faride Asgari
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, South Mofatteh, P.O. Box: 15614, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Majd
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, South Mofatteh, P.O. Box: 15614, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Parissa Jonoubi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, South Mofatteh, P.O. Box: 15614, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farzaneh Najafi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, South Mofatteh, P.O. Box: 15614, Tehran, Iran.
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Rasoolizadeh A, Labbé C, Sonah H, Deshmukh RK, Belzile F, Menzies JG, Bélanger RR. Silicon protects soybean plants against Phytophthora sojae by interfering with effector-receptor expression. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:97. [PMID: 29848307 PMCID: PMC5977513 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1312-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silicon (Si) is known to protect against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic plant pathogens; however, the mechanisms by which it exerts its prophylactic role remain unknown. In an attempt to obtain unique insights into the mode of action of Si, we conducted a full comparative transcriptomic analysis of soybean (Glycine max) plants and Phytophthora sojae, a hemibiotroph that relies heavily on effectors for its virulence. RESULTS Supplying Si to inoculated plants provided a strong protection against P. sojae over the course of the experiment (21 day). Our results showed that the response of Si-free (Si-) plants to inoculation was characterized early (4 dpi) by a high expression of defense-related genes, including plant receptors, which receded over time as the pathogen progressed into the roots. The infection was synchronized with a high expression of effectors by P. sojae, the nature of which changed over time. By contrast, the transcriptomic response of Si-fed (Si+) plants was remarkably unaffected by the presence of P. sojae, and the expression of effector-coding genes by the pathogen was significantly reduced. CONCLUSION Given that the apoplast is a key site of interaction between effectors and plant defenses and receptors in the soybean-P. sojae complex, as well as the site of amorphous-Si accumulation, our results indicate that Si likely interferes with the signaling network between P. sojae and the plant, preventing or decreasing the release of effectors reaching plant receptors, thus creating a form of incompatible interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliyeh Rasoolizadeh
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l’Agriculture et de l’Alimentation, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Caroline Labbé
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l’Agriculture et de l’Alimentation, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Humira Sonah
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l’Agriculture et de l’Alimentation, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Rupesh K. Deshmukh
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l’Agriculture et de l’Alimentation, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - François Belzile
- Département de Phytologie and Institue de biologie intégrative et des systèmes, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec Canada
| | - James G. Menzies
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5 Canada
| | - Richard R. Bélanger
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l’Agriculture et de l’Alimentation, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
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Sola-Rabada A, Sahare P, Hickman GJ, Vasquez M, Canham LT, Perry CC, Agarwal V. Biogenic porous silica and silicon sourced from Mexican Giant Horsetail (Equisetum myriochaetum) and their application as supports for enzyme immobilization. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 166:195-202. [PMID: 29597152 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Porous silica-based materials are attractive for biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility and biodegradable character. In addition, inorganic supports such as porous silicon are being developed due to integrated circuit chip compatibility and tunable properties leading to a wide range of multidisciplinary applications. In this contribution, biosilica extracted from a rarely studied plant material (Equisetum Myriochaetum), its conversion to silicon and the potential for both materials to be used as supports for enzyme immobilization are investigated. E. myriochaetum was subject to conventional acid digestion to extract biogenic silica with a% yield remarkably higher (up to 3 times) than for other Equisetum sp. (i.e. E. Arvense). The surface area of the isolated silica was ∼400 m2/g, suitable for biotechnological applications. Biogenic silicon was obtained by magnesiothermic reduction. The materials were characterized by SEM-EDX, XRD, FT-IR, ICP-OES, TGA and BET analysis and did not contain significant levels of class 1 heavy elements (such as Pb, Cd, Hg and As). Two commercial peroxidases, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and Coprinus cinereus peroxidase (CiP) were immobilized onto the biogenic materials using three different functionalization routes: (A) carbodiimide, (B) amine + glutaraldehyde and (C) amine + carbodiimide. Although both biogenic silica and porous silicon could be used as supports differences in behaviour were observed for the two enzymes. For HRP, loading onto biogenic silica via the glutaraldehyde immobilization technique (route B) was most effective. The loading of CiP showed a much higher peroxidase activity onto porous silicon than silica functionalized by the carbodiimide method (route A). From the properties of the extracted materials obtained from Equisetum Myriochaetum and the immobilization results observed, these materials appear to be promising for industrial and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sola-Rabada
- Biomolecular and Materials Interface Research Group, Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Padma Sahare
- Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62209, Mexico; Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas, UMSNH, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Graham J Hickman
- Biomolecular and Materials Interface Research Group, Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Vasquez
- Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62209, Mexico
| | - Leigh T Canham
- Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratories, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Carole C Perry
- Biomolecular and Materials Interface Research Group, Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom.
| | - Vivechana Agarwal
- Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62209, Mexico.
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Amorphous Phase Mediated Crystallization: Fundamentals of Biomineralization. CRYSTALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst8010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Crusciol CAC, de Arruda DP, Fernandes AM, Antonangelo JA, Alleoni LRF, Nascimento CACD, Rossato OB, McCray JM. Methods and extractants to evaluate silicon availability for sugarcane. Sci Rep 2018; 8:916. [PMID: 29343823 PMCID: PMC5772061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The correct evaluation of silicon (Si) availability in different soil types is critical in defining the amount of Si to be supplied to crops. This study was carried out to evaluate two methods and five chemical Si extractants in clayey, sandy-loam, and sandy soils cultivated with sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids). Soluble Si was extracted using two extraction methods (conventional and microwave oven) and five Si extractants (CaCl2, deionized water, KCl, Na-acetate buffer (pH 4.0), and acetic acid). No single method and/or extractant adequately estimated the Si availability in the soils. Conventional extraction with KCl was no more effective than other methods in evaluating Si availability; however, it had less variation in estimating soluble Si between soils with different textural classes. In the clayey and sandy soils, the Na-acetate buffer (pH 4.0) and acetic acid were effective in evaluating the Si availability in the soil regardless of the extraction methods. The extraction with acetic acid using the microwave oven, however, overestimated the Si availability. In the sandy-loam soil, extraction with deionized water using the microwave oven method was more effective in estimating the Si availability in the soil than the other extraction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), College of Agricultural Sciences, Dep. of Crop Science, Lageado Experimental Farm, P.O. Box 237, 18610-307, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Dorival Pires de Arruda
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), College of Agricultural Sciences, Dep. of Crop Science, Lageado Experimental Farm, P.O. Box 237, 18610-307, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adalton Mazetti Fernandes
- UNESP, Center of Tropical Tubers and Starches (CERAT), Lageado Experimental Farm, P.O. Box 237, 18610-307, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Arthur Antonangelo
- Oklahoma State University, Plant and Soil Sciences Department, Agricultural Hall, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078-6028, USA
| | - Luís Reynaldo Ferracciú Alleoni
- University of São Paulo (USP), Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Dep. of Soil Science, P.O. Box 09, 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Antonio Costa do Nascimento
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), College of Agricultural Sciences, Dep. of Crop Science, Lageado Experimental Farm, P.O. Box 237, 18610-307, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Otávio Bagiotto Rossato
- Instituto Federal Catarinense, Campus Concórdia, Rodovia SC 283, Fragosos, 89703-720, Concordia, SC, Brazil
| | - James Mabry McCray
- University of Florida, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade, Florida, 33430-4702, USA
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Haddad C, Arkoun M, Jamois F, Schwarzenberg A, Yvin JC, Etienne P, Laîné P. Silicon Promotes Growth of Brassica napus L. and Delays Leaf Senescence Induced by Nitrogen Starvation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:516. [PMID: 29740460 PMCID: PMC5925743 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element in soil and has several beneficial effects, especially in plants subjected to stress conditions. However, the effect of Si in preventing nitrogen (N) starvation in plants is poorly documented. The aim of this work was to study the effect of a short Si supply duration (7 days) on growth, N uptake, photosynthetic activity, and leaf senescence progression in rapeseed subjected (or not) to N starvation. Our results showed that after 1 week of Si supply, Si improves biomass and increases N uptake and root expression of a nitrate transporter gene. After 12 days of N starvation, compared to -Si plants, mature leaf from +Si plants showed a high chlorophyll content, a maintain of net photosynthetic activity, a decrease of oxidative stress markers [hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA)] and a significant delay in senescence. When N-deprived plants were resupplied with N, a greening again associated with an increase of photosynthetic activity was observed in mature leaves of plants pretreated with Si. Moreover, during the duration of N resupply, an increase of N uptake and nitrate transporter gene expression were observed in plants pretreated with Si. In conclusion, this study has shown a beneficial role of Si to alleviate damage associated with N starvation and more especially its role in delaying of leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cylia Haddad
- Normandie Université, Caen, France
- UMR 950 Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie et Nutritions NCS, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 950 Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie et Nutritions NCS, Caen, France
| | - Mustapha Arkoun
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation, Groupe Roullier, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Franck Jamois
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation, Groupe Roullier, Saint-Malo, France
| | | | - Jean-Claude Yvin
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation, Groupe Roullier, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Philippe Etienne
- Normandie Université, Caen, France
- UMR 950 Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie et Nutritions NCS, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 950 Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie et Nutritions NCS, Caen, France
- *Correspondence: Philippe Etienne, Philippe Laîné,
| | - Philippe Laîné
- Normandie Université, Caen, France
- UMR 950 Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie et Nutritions NCS, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 950 Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie et Nutritions NCS, Caen, France
- *Correspondence: Philippe Etienne, Philippe Laîné,
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47
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Iline-Vul T, Adiram-Filiba N, Matlahov I, Geiger Y, Abayev M, Keinan-Adamsky K, Akbey U, Oschkinat H, Goobes G. Understanding the roles of functional peptides in designing apatite and silica nanomaterials biomimetically using NMR techniques. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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48
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Klotzbücher T, Klotzbücher A, Kaiser K, Vetterlein D, Jahn R, Mikutta R. Variable silicon accumulation in plants affects terrestrial carbon cycling by controlling lignin synthesis. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:e183-e189. [PMID: 28755386 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Current climate and land-use changes affect regional and global cycles of silicon (Si), with yet uncertain consequences for ecosystems. The key role of Si in marine ecology by controlling algae growth is well recognized but research on terrestrial ecosystems neglected Si since not considered an essential plant nutrient. However, grasses and various other plants accumulate large amounts of Si, and recently it has been hypothesized that incorporation of Si as a structural plant component may substitute for the energetically more expensive biosynthesis of lignin. Herein, we provide evidence supporting this hypothesis. We demonstrate that in straw of rice (Oryza sativa) deriving from a large geographic gradient across South-East Asia, the Si concentrations (ranging from 1.6% to 10.7%) are negatively related to the concentrations of carbon (31.3% to 42.5%) and lignin-derived phenols (32 to 102 mg/g carbon). Less lignin may explain results of previous studies that Si-rich straw decomposes faster. Hence, Si seems a significant but hardly recognized factor in organic carbon cycling through grasslands and other ecosystems dominated by Si-accumulating plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thimo Klotzbücher
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anika Klotzbücher
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Klaus Kaiser
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Doris Vetterlein
- Department of Soil Physics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research- UFZ, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Reinhold Jahn
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Robert Mikutta
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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49
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Pierantoni M, Tenne R, Brumfeld V, Kiss V, Oron D, Addadi L, Weiner S. Plants and Light Manipulation: The Integrated Mineral System in Okra Leaves. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1600416. [PMID: 28546910 PMCID: PMC5441490 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Calcium oxalate and silica minerals are common components of a variety of plant leaves. These minerals are found at different locations within the leaf, and there is little conclusive evidence about the functions they perform. Here tools are used from the fields of biology, optics, and imaging to investigate the distributions of calcium oxalate, silica minerals, and chloroplasts in okra leaves, in relation to their functions. A correlative approach is developed to simultaneously visualize calcium oxalates, silica minerals, chloroplasts, and leaf soft tissue in 3D without affecting the minerals or the organic components. This method shows that in okra leaves silica and calcium oxalates, together with chloroplasts, form a complex system with a highly regulated relative distribution. This distribution points to a significant role of oxalate and silica minerals to synergistically optimize the light regime in the leaf. The authors also show directly that the light scattered by the calcium oxalate crystals is utilized for photosynthesis, and that the ultraviolet component of light passing through silica bodies, is absorbed. This study thus demonstrates that calcium oxalates increase the illumination level into the underlying tissue by scattering the incoming light, and silica reduces the amount of UV radiation entering the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pierantoni
- Department of Structural BiologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot76100Israel
| | - Ron Tenne
- Department of Physics and Complex SystemsWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot76100Israel
| | - Vlad Brumfeld
- Department of Chemical Research SupportWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot76100Israel
| | - Vladimir Kiss
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot76100Israel
| | - Dan Oron
- Department of Physics and Complex SystemsWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot76100Israel
| | - Lia Addadi
- Department of Structural BiologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot76100Israel
| | - Steve Weiner
- Department of Structural BiologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot76100Israel
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50
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Joester M, Seifert S, Emmerling F, Kneipp J. Physiological influence of silica on germinating pollen as shown by Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:542-552. [PMID: 27174545 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The process of silicification in plants and the biochemical effects of silica in plant tissues are largely unknown. To study the molecular changes occurring in growing cells that are exposed to higher than normal concentration of silicic acid, Raman spectra of germinating pollen grains of three species (Pinus nigra, Picea omorika, and Camellia japonica) were analyzed in a multivariate classification approach that takes into account the variation of biochemical composition due to species, plant tissue structure, and germination condition. The results of principal component analyses of the Raman spectra indicate differences in the utilization of stored lipids, a changed mobilization of storage carbohydrates in the pollen grain bodies, and altered composition and/or structure of cellulose of the developing pollen tube cell walls. These biochemical changes vary in the different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Joester
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Seifert
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janina Kneipp
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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